Déjà Vu: The Shared History of SOF - Switzerland as a Case Study

Special operations forces have become a mainstay of military operations in the twenty-first century, but the journey to reach this point has been neither quick nor painless. Most of the existing literature on SOF history, the theories and principles of its use, SOF’s role in achieving national security objectives, and its strategic utility and disutility, was written from the perspective of major military powers like the United States.1 Although Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland, in particular, have expanded the analysis of SOF from a small state perspective in recent years, their historical investigations remain underdeveloped. 2 This article explores the origins of Switzerland’s special forces to answer the following question: Are there any similarities in the ways that small states and major powers created and developed their SOF? This analysis finds that, despite apparent differences between the SOF of major powers and those of a small state like Switzerland, there are common characteristics in their origins and development that decision-makers should understand to avoid misapplying their forces.