Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001-2025 Updated September 11, 2026 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44323 Congressional Research Service SUMMARY Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001-2025 Levels of pay for congressional staff are a source of recurring questions among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There may be interest in congressional pay data for multiple reasons, including assessment of the costs of congressional operations, guidance in setting pay levels for staff in Member offices, or comparison of congressional staff pay levels with those of other federal government pay systems. This report provides pay data for 16 staff position titles that are typically used in House Members’ offices. These positions are the following: Caseworker, Chief of Staff, Communications Director, Constituent Services Director, Constituent Services Representative, Deputy Chief of Staff, District Deputy Director, District Director, Field Representative, Legislative Assistant, Legislative Correspondent, Legislative Director, Operations Director, Scheduler, Senior Legislative Assistant, and Staff Assistant. The following table provides 2025 median pay levels for positions for which data are available in constant 2026 dollars and change in pay between 2024 and 2025. 2025 Median Pay and Percentage Change for Selected Staff Positions in House Members’ Offices in 2026 Dollars and Percentage Change, 2024-2025 Position 2025 Pay, Constant 2026$ Change, 2024- 2025 Position 2025 Pay, Constant 2026$ Change, 2024- 2025 Caseworker $70,368 -1.12% Field Representative $68,742 -0.46% Chief of Staff $190,046 -4.39% Legislative Assistant $80,110 -1.32% Communications Dir. $105,296 -1.12% Legislative Correspondent $62,921 -8.89% Constituent Services Dir. $89,989 -2.45% Legislative Director $122,657 -1.62% Constituent Services Rep. $68,656 4.54% Operations Director $99,614 2.30% Deputy Chief of Staff $142,894 -0.26% Scheduler $78,381 1.15% District Deputy Director $94,509 -0.01% Sr. Legislative Assistant $91,171 2.10% District Director $127,578 1.18% Staff Assistant $61,643 1.30% Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Change is based on 2026 dollars per the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. Report tables provide aggregate statistics on pay for each staff position for 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2019-2025, including quartiles, median pay, and average pay. Available data for 2001-2025 are available to congressional staff upon request. Graphic displays are also included where data are available, providing representations of pay from the following two perspectives: • a line graph showing change in median pay, 2001-2025, in nominal (current) and 2026 dollars; and • distributions of 2025 pay in 2026 dollars, in $10,000 increments. The Congressional Research Service provides a number of products on congressional staffing matters. These include CRS Report R44322, House Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, 2001-2025 ; CRS Report R44324, Staff Pay, Selected Positions in Senators’ Offices, FY2001 -FY2025 ; CRS Report R44325, Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2025 ; and CRS Report R46262, Congressional Staff: Duties and Qualifications Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions . R44323 September 11, 2026 R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National Government Jane M. Wright Research Assistant Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001-2025 Congressional Research Service Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Data Concerns ................................................................................................................................. 2 Data Tables and Visualizations ........................................................................................................ 2 House Member Office Staff Pay Tables .......................................................................................... 4 Tables Table 1. Annual Maximum Pay for Staff in House Members’ Offices, 2001-2026 ........................ 3 Table 2. 2025 Median Pay, 2026 Dollars, Changes in Pay for Selected Staff in House Member Offices, Members of Congress, and Selected General Schedule Employees ................ 5 Table 3. Caseworker ........................................................................................................................ 6 Table 4. Chief of Staff ..................................................................................................................... 7 Table 5. Communications Director .................................................................................................. 8 Table 6. Constituent Services Director ............................................................................................ 9 Table 7. Constituent Services Representative ................................................................................ 10 Table 8. Deputy Chief of Staff ........................................................................................................ 11 Table 9. District Deputy Director .................................................................................................. 12 Table 10. District Director ............................................................................................................. 13 Table 11. Field Representative ...................................................................................................... 14 Table 12. Legislative Assistant ...................................................................................................... 15 Table 13. Legislative Correspondent ............................................................................................. 16 Table 14. Legislative Director ....................................................................................................... 17 Table 15. Operations Director ....................................................................................................... 18 Table 16. Scheduler ....................................................................................................................... 19 Table 17. Senior Legislative Assistant ........................................................................................... 20 Table 18. Staff Assistant ................................................................................................................ 21 Contacts Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 22 Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Members Offices, 2001-2025 Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction Levels of pay for congressional staff are a source of recurring questions among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. Members of the House of Representatives typically set the terms and conditions of employment for staff in their offices. These include job titles, duties, and rates of pay, subject to minimum and maximum levels. 1 There may be interest in congressional pay data from multiple perspectives, including assessment of the costs of congressional operations; guidance in setting pay levels for staff in Member offices; or comparison of congressional staff pay levels with those of other federal government pay systems. Publicly available resources do not provide aggregated congressional staff pay data in a readily retrievable form. Pay information in this report is based on the Statement of Disbursements of the House (SOD), 2 published quarterly by the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), 3 as collated by LegiStorm. Data in this report are based on official House reports of specific staff positions. Additionally, this report provides annual data, which allows for observations about the nature of House Member staff compensation over time. This report provides pay data for 16 staff position titles that are typically used in House Members’ offices. The positions include the following: Caseworker Chief of Staff Communications Director Constituent Services Director Constituent Services Representative Deputy Chief of Staff District Deputy Director District Director Field Representative Legislative Assistant Legislative Correspondent Legislative Director Operations Director Scheduler Senior Legislative Assistant Staff Assistant The collection of House Members’ staff pay data for the years 2001-2025 proceeded as follows. For each year, a random sample 4 of 45 offices was taken for each position. House staff had to hold a position with the same job title in the Member’s office for the entire calendar year examined and not receive pay from any other congressional employing authority to be included. Generally, each position has no more than one observation per House Member’s office each year. Every recorded payment ascribed in the LegiStorm data to those staff for the calendar year is included. Data collected for this report may differ from an employee’s stated annual salary due to the inclusion of overtime, bonuses, or other payments 5 in addition to base salary paid in the course of a year. 1 Effective January 17, 2025, the maximum annual pay for House staff, a figure that has increased over time, is the equivalent of Level II of the Executive Schedule, $228,000 for 2026. A minimum salary of $45,000 per year was also established. See Order of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, January 17, 2025, set out as a note following 2 U.S.C. 4532. Maximum payable rates for House Member office staff since 2001 are available in Table 1 . 2 In this report, pay refers to monies paid by the House to staff, and excludes other components of total compensation, which might include paid leave or employer contributions to various insurance and retirement benefits. 3 Volumes of the Statement of Disbursements since July 2009 are available at http://disbursements.house.gov/. 4 Each year, a different, random sample of Members’ offices was taken for each position. A study that examines pay data based on different job titles, or which combines pay data from positions of similar titles or presumptive duties (e.g., legislative aide, legislative assistant and senior legislative assistant, or executive assistants, schedulers, office managers, and executive assistant/schedulers), or estimates of pay using different data collection criteria, could result in findings that are different from those provided here. 5 For each year, the SOD reports pay data for five time periods: January 1 and 2; January 3-March 31; April 1-June 30; July 1-September 30; and October 1-December 31. The aggregate pay of those five periods equals the annual pay of a (continued...) Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Members Offices, 2001-2025 Congressional Research Service 2 For some positions, it was not possible to identify 45 employees who held that title for the entire year. This report provides no data on positions with 16 or fewer identifiable staff. The Congressional Research Service provides a number of products on congressional staffing matters. These include CRS Report R44322, House Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, 2001-2025 ; CRS Report R44324, Staff Pay, Selected Positions in Senators’ Offices, FY2001- FY2025 ; CRS Report R44325, Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2025 ; and CRS Report R46262, Congressional Staff: Duties and Qualifications Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions . Data Concerns There may be some advantages to relying on official salary expenditure data instead of survey findings, but data presented here are subject to some challenges that could affect the findings or their interpretation. Some of the concerns include the following: • There are no data for first-term Members in the first session of a Congress. Authority to use the Member Representational Allowance (MRA) for the previous year expires January 2, and new MRA authority begins on January 3 when new Members elected in general elections typically take office. • The SOD reports monies paid directly by the House to staff but does not provide the individual value of other components of compensation, which might include paid leave or employer contributions to various insurance and retirement benefits. • Pay data provide no insight into the education, work experience, position, office, congressional tenure, and full- or part-time status of staff, or other potential explanations for levels of compensation. • Data do not differentiate between staff based in Washington, DC, district offices, or both. • Member offices that do not utilize any of the 16 job position titles, or whose pay data were not reported consistently, are excluded. • Potential differences could exist in the job duties of positions with the same title. Aggregation of pay by job title rests in part on the assumption that staff with the same title carry out similar tasks. Given the wide discretion congressional employing authorities have in setting the terms and conditions of employment, there may be differences in the duties of similarly titled staff that could have effects on their levels of pay. Data Tables and Visualizations Tables in this section provide background information on House pay practices, comparative data for each position, and detailed pay data and visualizations for each position. Table 1 provides the maximum payable rates for House Member staff since 2001 in both nominal (current) and congressional staff member. The brief reporting period accommodates accounting of the Members’ Representational Allowance (MRA), which authorizes expenditures from January 3 to January 2 of the following year. Other forms of payment do not appear to be recorded in a consistent manner. Sometimes overtime and other pay is listed as separate entries, and in other instances, significant one-time changes in a quarterly total might suggest payments in addition to regular salary. Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Members Offices, 2001-2025 Congressional Research Service 3 constant 2026 dollars. Constant dollar calculations throughout the report are based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for various years. Table 2 provides available percentage changes in median pay in 2026 dollars for 16 positions; for Members of Congress; and for salaries paid under the General Schedule in Washington, DC, and surrounding areas and in the Rest of the United States (RUS) area. Table 3-Table 18 provide available pay data for each staff position for 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021-2025, including data distributed by quartile, median pay, and average pay. Staff pay tables also provide a comparison, at various intervals to 2025, based on data availability, of the cumulative percentage change in median pay for that position, in 2026 dollars. 6 Graphic displays are also included for each position, providing representations of pay from the following two perspectives: • distributions of 2025 pay in 2026 dollars, in $10,000 increments; and • a line graph showing changes in median pay, 2001-2025 (or available data), in nominal (current) and 2026 dollars. Table 1. Annual Maximum Pay for Staff in House Members’ Offices, 2001-2026 Year Nominal $ Constant 2026$ Year Nominal $ Constant 2026$ 2001 $140,451 $262,284 2014 $168,411 $235,273 2002 $145,226 $266,980 2015 $168,411 $234,994 2003 $149,728 $269,123 2016 $168,411 $232,066 2004 $153,022 $267,909 2017 $168,411 $227,226 2005 $156,848 $265,609 2018 $168,411 $221,808 2006 $159,828 $262,197 2019 $168,411 $217,860 2007 $159,828 $254,936 2020 $173,900 $222,220 2008 $163,795 $251,603 2021 $199,300 $243,249 2009 $168,411 $259,617 2022 $203,700 $230,198 2010 $168,411 $255,428 2023 $212,100 $230,214 2011 $168,411 $247,612 2024 $212,100 $223,618 2012 $168,411 $242,592 2025 $225,700 $231,856 2013 $168,411 $239,089 2026 $228,000 $228,000 Source: 2 U.S.C. 4532 note, CRS calculations based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI- U) for the first half of 2026. 6 2026 CPI-U based on the first half of the year. Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Members Offices, 2001-2025 Congressional Research Service 4 House Member Office Staff Pay Tables Interpreting Pay T ables: Statistics Describing Pay Data For each year that data are available, statistical values for staff positions are included in Table 3 - Table 18 , including the following: Minimum & Maximum The smallest and largest pay level, respectively, for each position. Average (Mean) The mean is the average of a list of numbers, in which the sum of all the values is divided by the total number of values. For example, if three salaries, $30,000, $45,000, and $90,000, were identified for a given staff position, the average (mean) would be ($30,000 + $45,000 + $90,000) ÷ 3 = $55,000. Median The midpoint at which half of the numbers in a list are higher and the other half lower. For example, if three salaries, $30,000, $45,000, and $90,000, were identified for a given staff position, the midpoint (median) would be $45,000. Statistical Quartiles Statistical values that divide data into quarters. In a list of numbers, Quartile 1 (Q1) is a number that falls in the middle between the lowest number, or minimum, and the median. For example, if Q1 for a given staff position was $50,000, this would indicate that 25% of employees in that position make $50,000 or less. Quartile 2 (Q2) is also the median. Quartile 3 (Q3) is a number that falls in the middle between the median and the highest number in the list, or maximum. Numbers between Q1 and Q3 compose the interquartile range, the difference between the largest and smallest values in the middle 50% of a list of numbers. Quartiles might also be described as percentiles, as shown below. Statistical Measures Used in Pay Tables Minimum Quartile 1 (Q1) Quartile 2 (Q2) Median Quartile 3 (Q3) Maximum Average Lowest number in a list 25 th Percentile 50 th Percentile 75 th percentile Highest number in a list The mean, or number expressing the central value in a set of data 25% of staff make less than Q1 50% of staff make less than Q2 75% of staff make less than Q3 Middle number between Minimum and Median Median—midpoint at which half of the numbers in a list are higher and the other half lower Middle number between Median and Maximum Lower Quartile Interquartile Range = Q3-Q1 Upper Quartile Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Members Offices, 2001-2025 Congressional Research Service 5 Table 2. 2025 Median Pay, 2026 Dollars, Changes in Pay for Selected Staff in House Member Offices, Members of Congress, and Selected General Schedule Employees 2025 Pay Constant 2026$ 2024- 2025 2021- 2025 2016- 2025 2011- 2025 2006- 2025 2001 -2025 Caseworker $70,368 -1.12% 2.83% 1.52% -1.32% -2.05% 6.96% Chief of Staff $190,046 -4.39% -7.34% -7.38% -14.30% -13.01% -2.38% Communications Director $105,296 -1.12% 0.90% 12.17% -8.18% 1.73% -11.29% Constituent Services Director $89,989 -2.45% — — — — — Constituent Services Representative $68,656 4.54% 7.15% 13.24% 4.54% 8.00% 12.12% Deputy Chief of Staff $142,894 -0.26% -0.43% — — — — District Deputy Director $94,509 -0.01% -2.93% — — — — District Director $127,578 1.18% 4.70% 3.16% -7.22% -7.97% -6.21% Field Representative $68,742 -0.46% 3.34% 4.66% 2.87% -8.39% 3.69% Legislative Assistant $80,110 -1.32% 10.89% 17.68% 11.51% 0.17% 4.40% Legislative Correspondent $62,921 -8.89% -5.39% 13.43% 8.07% 4.37% 7.60% Legislative Director $122,657 -1.62% 5.76% 4.11% -3.83% 0.34% -0.86% Operations Director $99,614 2.30% — — — — — Scheduler $78,381 1.15% 8.85% 11.09% 8.11% -0.08% -0.74% Senior Legislative Assistant $91,171 2.10% 11.08% — — — — Staff Assistant $61,643 1.30% 13.79% 33.89% 20.36% 6.85% 6.48% Congressional Staff Positions Pay Change Summary Increase 6 10 10 6 6 6 Decrease 10 4 1 5 5 6 Members of Congress, General Schedule Pay Change MCs $178,746 -2.56% -15.83% -25.45% -30.13% -34.04% -34.03% General Schedule, DC Varies -0.40% -2.12% -2.45% -5.38% -2.39% 4.93% General Schedule, RUS Varies -0.70% -3.74% -6.96% -10.01% -10.91% -6.12% Source: CRS calculations, based on pay data provided in Table 3 - Table 18 for congressional positions in 2026 dollars; CRS Report 97-1011, Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables , for Members of Congress; and the Office of Personnel Management for federal civilian workers in the District of Columbia and surrounding areas and rest of the U.S. localities, various years. Nominal Member pay in 2026 is $174,000. General Schedule pay for individuals varies by grade, step, and locality, but percentage changes are consistent within each locality. “—“ indicates data are unavailable. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-6 Table 3. Caseworker Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 45 $21,750 $30,000 $35,229 $40,122 $61,572 $36,189 $40,617 $56,023 $65,788 $74,926 $114,981 $67,581 2006 45 $23,667 $39,000 $43,792 $52,250 $66,867 $45,431 $38,826 $63,979 $71,840 $85,716 $109,694 $74,529 2011 45 $31,200 $43,000 $48,500 $58,000 $83,155 $50,395 $45,873 $63,222 $71,309 $85,276 $122,262 $74,094 2016 45 $29,667 $40,544 $50,300 $56,837 $89,100 $50,290 $40,880 $55,869 $69,312 $78,319 $122,778 $69,299 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $35,200 $50,125 $56,067 $59,583 $83,333 $55,682 $42,962 $61,178 $68,430 $72,723 $101,710 $67,961 2022 45 $47,583 $57,000 $65,250 $75,200 $105,000 $67,489 $53,773 $64,415 $73,738 $84,982 $118,659 $76,268 2023 45 $50,000 $60,000 $67,267 $75,500 $111,375 $69,118 $54,270 $65,124 $73,011 $81,948 $120,887 $75,021 2024 45 $49,000 $59,264 $67,500 $75,700 $122,175 $69,586 $51,661 $62,482 $71,166 $79,811 $128,810 $73,365 2025 45 $50,000 $60,735 $68,500 $76,917 $109,500 $69,557 $51,364 $62,392 $70,368 $79,015 $112,487 $71,455 Change 2024-2025 -1.12% 2021-2025 2.83% 2016-2025 1.52% 2011-2025 -1.32% 2006-2025 -2.05% 2001-2025 6.96% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-7 Table 4. Chief of Staff Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 45 $76,361 $95,000 $104,250 $114,833 $137,020 $106,313 $142,600 $177,407 $194,681 $214,445 $255,877 $198,534 2006 45 $94,000 $119,499 $133,180 $156,750 $159,828 $135,327 $154,207 $196,038 $218,481 $257,148 $262,197 $222,004 2011 45 $103,124 $133,500 $150,833 $165,000 $168,411 $146,853 $151,622 $196,283 $221,768 $242,597 $247,612 $215,915 2016 45 $116,534 $133,820 $148,902 $159,700 $168,411 $147,637 $160,581 $184,401 $205,183 $220,063 $232,066 $203,441 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $126,487 $153,239 $168,046 $175,658 $184,483 $164,212 $154,380 $187,031 $205,103 $214,394 $225,165 $200,424 2022 45 $125,085 $172,018 $182,983 $194,900 $202,233 $180,246 $141,357 $194,395 $206,786 $220,253 $228,540 $203,693 2023 45 $104,486 $169,407 $182,600 $197,495 $217,155 $182,377 $113,409 $183,874 $198,194 $214,361 $235,700 $197,952 2024 45 $97,255 $170,000 $188,525 $203,350 $212,100 $184,040 $102,536 $179,232 $198,763 $214,393 $223,618 $194,034 2025 45 $144,041 $174,000 $185,000 $205,533 $225,700 $188,872 $147,970 $178,746 $190,046 $211,139 $231,856 $194,024 Change 2024-2025 -4.39% 2021-2025 -7.34% 2016-2025 -7.38% 2011-2025 -14.30% 2006-2025 -13.01% 2001-2025 -2.38% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-8 Table 5. Communications Director Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 32 $35,233 $51,118 $63,563 $72,000 $99,020 $63,538 $65,796 $95,459 $118,699 $134,456 $184,914 $118,654 2006 45 $29,010 $55,711 $63,095 $73,140 $101,361 $65,260 $47,591 $91,394 $103,507 $119,986 $166,282 $107,058 2011 45 $44,817 $61,800 $78,000 $88,250 $120,000 $77,045 $65,893 $90,863 $114,682 $129,753 $176,434 $113,277 2016 45 $48,000 $58,546 $68,125 $82,680 $120,300 $73,690 $66,143 $80,675 $93,875 $113,931 $165,771 $101,543 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $60,000 $76,578 $85,500 $98,500 $129,008 $87,658 $73,231 $93,465 $104,354 $120,221 $157,457 $106,988 2022 45 $71,872 $84,812 $95,046 $109,296 $153,917 $97,467 $81,221 $95,845 $107,410 $123,513 $173,938 $110,146 2023 45 $76,500 $97,500 $105,000 $112,083 $172,875 $105,014 $83,033 $105,827 $113,967 $121,655 $187,639 $113,983 2024 45 $80,500 $95,375 $101,000 $111,000 $176,281 $105,127 $84,872 $100,554 $106,485 $117,028 $185,854 $110,836 2025 45 $72,000 $95,250 $102,500 $115,200 $215,250 $106,361 $73,964 $97,848 $105,296 $118,342 $221,121 $109,262 Change 2024-2025 -1.12% 2021-2025 0.90% 2016-2025 12.17% 2011-2025 -8.18% 2006-2025 1.73% 2001-2025 -11.29% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-9 Table 6. Constituent Services Director Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2022 40 $56,458 $71,517 $81,292 $90,875 $118,794 $81,873 $63,803 $80,820 $91,866 $102,696 $134,247 $92,523 2023 27 $48,250 $85,208 $94,750 $104,873 $145,208 $94,189 $52,371 $92,485 $102,842 $113,830 $157,609 $102,232 2024 45 $63,300 $79,530 $87,500 $100,500 $138,873 $90,032 $66,738 $83,849 $92,252 $105,958 $146,415 $94,921 2025 45 $55,000 $80,244 $87,600 $99,875 $146,914 $90,626 $56,500 $82,433 $89,989 $102,599 $150,921 $93,098 Change 2024-2025 -2.45% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-10 Table 7. Constituent Services Representative Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 30 $25,894 $28,789 $32,791 $37,401 $46,880 $33,815 $48,356 $53,762 $61,235 $69,844 $87,546 $63,148 2006 45 $21,500 $33,523 $38,750 $42,417 $52,167 $38,263 $35,271 $54,995 $63,569 $69,584 $85,579 $62,770 2011 45 $28,500 $39,000 $44,667 $54,000 $72,298 $46,425 $41,903 $57,341 $65,673 $79,395 $106,298 $68,259 2016 45 $22,903 $39,775 $44,000 $56,400 $74,417 $46,874 $31,559 $54,809 $60,631 $77,718 $102,544 $64,592 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $24,060 $47,500 $52,500 $58,348 $70,500 $52,157 $29,366 $57,975 $64,077 $71,215 $86,047 $63,658 2022 45 $42,667 $55,000 $59,000 $67,583 $90,000 $61,220 $48,217 $62,154 $66,675 $76,375 $101,707 $69,183 2023 45 $49,500 $58,000 $62,806 $70,833 $106,767 $65,582 $53,727 $62,953 $68,169 $76,883 $115,885 $71,183 2024 45 $49,000 $58,833 $62,292 $72,000 $110,750 $65,751 $51,661 $62,028 $65,674 $75,910 $116,764 $69,322 2025 45 $51,840 $61,600 $66,833 $75,000 $95,000 $69,240 $53,254 $63,280 $68,656 $77,046 $97,591 $71,129 Change 2024-2025 4.54% 2021-2025 7.15% 2016-2025 13.24% 2011-2025 4.54% 2006-2025 8.00% 2001-2025 12.12% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-11 Table 8. Deputy Chief of Staff Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2021 36 $72,500 $98,500 $117,583 $135,000 $178,858 $108,065 $88,488 $120,221 $143,513 $164,770 $218,300 $131,895 2022 38 $85,667 $117,061 $130,977 $149,396 $183,783 $133,752 $96,810 $132,289 $148,014 $168,829 $207,690 $151,150 2023 45 $89,000 $112,200 $127,750 $153,456 $200,989 $123,162 $96,601 $121,782 $138,660 $166,562 $218,154 $133,681 2024 45 $76,875 $122,333 $135,884 $101,988 $206,852 $139,877 $81,050 $128,977 $143,263 $107,526 $218,085 $147,473 2025 45 $100,833 $130,542 $139,100 $162,706 $199,400 $145,422 $103,584 $134,102 $142,894 $167,143 $204,839 $149,388 Change 2024-2025 -0.26% 2021-2025 -0.43% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-12 Table 9. District Deputy Director Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2021 26 $45,583 $65,000 $79,772 $82,940 $102,000 $76,438 $55,635 $79,334 $97,364 $101,230 $124,493 $93,294 2022 31 $61,813 $81,306 $92,917 $101,216 $131,250 $94,046 $69,853 $91,882 $105,003 $114,382 $148,323 $106,280 2023 37 $62,000 $82,000 $88,667 $97,782 $148,420 $91,217 $67,295 $89,003 $96,239 $106,133 $161,095 $99,007 2024 40 $60,000 $72,144 $89,650 $98,333 $117,383 $89,776 $63,258 $76,062 $94,519 $103,673 $123,758 $94,651 2025 45 $53,625 $83,000 $92,000 $101,933 $120,850 $93,324 $55,088 $85,264 $94,509 $104,714 $124,146 $95,869 Change 2024-2025 -0.01% 2021-2025 -2.93% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-13 Table 10. District Director Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 45 $49,538 $58,667 $72,844 $78,240 $101,624 $70,062 $92,509 $109,557 $136,033 $146,109 $189,777 $130,837 2006 45 $53,000 $76,630 $84,501 $95,958 $141,100 $86,077 $86,946 $125,711 $138,624 $157,419 $231,474 $141,210 2011 45 $68,000 $84,000 $93,519 $111,250 $165,000 $99,733 $99,979 $123,504 $137,500 $163,569 $242,597 $146,636 2016 45 $58,417 $79,500 $89,750 $105,917 $145,265 $94,988 $80,497 $109,549 $123,673 $145,951 $200,172 $130,892 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $74,900 $90,000 $99,833 $113,350 $179,000 $105,009 $91,417 $109,847 $121,848 $138,346 $218,473 $128,166 2022 45 $85,250 $105,931 $122,500 $137,617 $202,233 $126,800 $96,339 $119,710 $138,435 $155,518 $228,540 $143,295 2023 45 $73,500 $101,000 $117,433 $127,083 $212,100 $117,564 $79,777 $109,626 $127,462 $137,936 $230,214 $127,604 2024 45 $62,833 $109,750 $119,592 $134,333 $176,250 $121,005 $66,246 $115,710 $126,086 $141,628 $185,821 $127,576 2025 45 $77,292 $107,000 $124,191 $139,417 $186,725 $123,894 $79,400 $109,918 $127,578 $143,219 $191,818 $127,274 Change 2024-2025 1.18% 2021-2025 4.70% 2016-2025 3.16% 2011-2025 -7.22% 2006-2025 -7.97% 2001-2025 -6.21% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-14 Table 11. Field Representative Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 45 $22,131 $31,250 $35,500 $40,795 $75,275 $38,242 $41,328 $58,358 $66,294 $76,182 $140,572 $71,415 2006 45 $24,750 $40,471 $45,743 $52,759 $90,454 $47,080 $40,602 $66,393 $75,041 $86,551 $148,389 $77,235 2011 45 $21,000 $40,333 $45,450 $53,000 $72,992 $46,732 $30,876 $59,301 $66,824 $77,925 $107,318 $68,710 2016 45 $25,000 $39,050 $47,667 $56,250 $71,890 $48,188 $34,449 $53,810 $65,684 $77,511 $99,062 $66,401 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $35,000 $48,000 $54,500 $63,292 $79,600 $55,726 $42,718 $58,585 $66,518 $77,249 $97,153 $68,015 2022 45 $47,167 $55,583 $66,400 $76,000 $122,750 $67,174 $53,302 $62,814 $75,037 $85,886 $138,717 $75,912 2023 45 $41,625 $60,000 $65,250 $74,000 $100,462 $67,138 $45,180 $65,124 $70,822 $80,320 $109,042 $72,871 2024 45 $48,333 $60,000 $65,500 $76,100 $95,000 $67,303 $50,958 $63,258 $69,057 $80,233 $100,159 $70,958 2025 45 $49,000 $61,000 $66,917 $74,900 $107,065 $68,031 $50,336 $62,664 $68,742 $76,943 $109,985 $69,887 Change 2024-2025 -0.46% 2021-2025 3.34% 2016-2025 4.66% 2011-2025 2.87% 2006-2025 -8.39% 2001-2025 3.69% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-15 Table 12. Legislative Assistant Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 45 $30,154 $37,748 $41,092 $45,676 $70,000 $43,493 $56,311 $70,493 $76,736 $85,297 $130,721 $81,220 2006 45 $35,994 $45,500 $48,750 $55,928 $69,631 $50,584 $59,049 $74,643 $79,974 $91,749 $114,230 $82,983 2011 45 $32,500 $42,992 $48,863 $53,333 $96,400 $50,506 $47,784 $63,211 $71,842 $78,415 $141,735 $74,258 2016 45 $36,896 $46,500 $49,400 $59,583 $72,967 $52,276 $50,842 $64,076 $68,072 $82,104 $100,546 $72,035 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $40,700 $55,325 $59,190 $65,597 $95,417 $61,575 $49,675 $67,525 $72,243 $80,063 $116,458 $75,153 2022 45 $48,750 $65,304 $70,832 $79,592 $118,333 $72,560 $55,091 $73,799 $80,046 $89,945 $133,726 $81,999 2023 45 $51,000 $68,000 $73,000 $78,000 $90,725 $73,008 $55,355 $73,808 $79,234 $84,661 $98,473 $79,243 2024 45 $60,000 $72,111 $77,000 $85,250 $115,000 $78,866 $63,258 $76,027 $81,181 $89,880 $121,245 $83,148 2025 45 $60,000 $76,000 $77,983 $83,938 $89,583 $78,712 $61,637 $78,073 $80,110 $86,227 $92,027 $80,859 Change 2024-2025 -1.32% 2021-2025 10.89% 2016-2025 17.68% 2011-2025 11.51% 2006-2025 0.17% 2001-2025 4.40% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. $40 $63 $85 Nominal $ Constant $ Median Pay CRS-16 Table 13. Legislative Correspondent Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 31 $24,500 $27,750 $31,313 $33,167 $84,267 $33,552 $45,752 $51,822 $58,474 $61,937 $157,363 $62,657 2006 45 $27,583 $33,500 $36,750 $42,500 $73,315 $39,217 $45,250 $54,957 $60,288 $69,721 $120,274 $64,335 2011 45 $28,833 $37,000 $39,600 $43,750 $86,250 $42,489 $42,393 $54,400 $58,223 $64,325 $126,812 $62,471 2016 45 $25,000 $37,000 $40,255 $43,000 $58,667 $40,713 $34,449 $50,985 $55,470 $59,253 $80,841 $56,102 Most Recent Five Years 2021 39 $38,667 $50,744 $54,487 $54,535 $54,583 $52,023 $47,193 $61,933 $66,502 $66,561 $66,620 $63,496 2022 45 $44,167 $53,833 $59,749 $65,271 $107,833 $61,963 $49,912 $60,836 $67,522 $73,762 $121,860 $70,023 2023 34 $49,500 $57,570 $64,004 $71,877 $133,000 $66,898 $53,727 $62,487 $69,470 $78,015 $144,358 $72,611 2024 45 $49,505 $60,500 $65,500 $70,400 $82,778 $65,948 $52,194 $63,785 $69,057 $74,223 $87,273 $69,530 2025 28 $52,000 $58,125 $61,250 $69,165 $90,000 $64,525 $53,418 $59,710 $62,921 $71,051 $92,455 $66,285 Change 2024-2025 -8.89% 2021-2025 -5.39% 2016-2025 13.43% 2011-2025 8.07% 2006-2025 4.37% 2001-2025 7.60% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-17 Table 14. Legislative Director Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 45 $47,000 $60,000 $66,250 $72,458 $91,412 $66,932 $87,770 $112,047 $123,718 $135,311 $170,706 $124,991 2006 45 $55,542 $66,318 $74,515 $87,550 $101,917 $76,599 $91,117 $108,795 $122,241 $143,625 $167,194 $125,660 2011 45 $47,075 $76,978 $86,750 $93,750 $117,500 $85,639 $69,214 $113,179 $127,547 $137,839 $172,758 $125,914 2016 45 $63,722 $77,000 $85,500 $94,359 $128,150 $87,306 $87,808 $106,104 $117,817 $130,025 $176,588 $120,306 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $75,667 $85,870 $95,021 $101,500 $127,000 $95,449 $92,353 $104,806 $115,975 $123,883 $155,006 $116,498 2022 45 $51,000 $101,833 $109,453 $117,500 $147,500 $110,099 $57,634 $115,079 $123,691 $132,785 $166,687 $124,421 2023 45 $80,786 $105,000 $110,500 $118,200 $147,500 $111,853 $87,685 $113,967 $119,937 $128,294 $160,097 $121,405 2024 45 $92,111 $109,250 $118,250 $123,750 $184,750 $120,314 $97,113 $115,183 $124,672 $130,470 $194,783 $126,848 2025 45 $91,340 $111,667 $119,400 $131,278 $171,000 $123,112 $93,831 $114,712 $122,657 $134,858 $175,664 $126,470 Change 2024-2025 -1.62% 2021-2025 5.76% 2016-2025 4.11% 2011-2025 -3.83% 2006-2025 0.34% 2001-2025 -0.86% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-18 Table 15. Operations Director Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2022 21 $63,917 $79,000 $87,500 $104,833 $153,693 $95,676 $72,231 $89,276 $98,882 $118,470 $173,686 $108,122 2023 27 $48,250 $85,208 $94,750 $104,873 $145,208 $94,189 $52,371 $92,485 $102,842 $113,830 $157,609 $102,232 2024 45 $50,225 $81,217 $92,356 $111,961 $161,597 $96,461 $52,952 $85,627 $97,371 $118,041 $170,373 $101,699 2025 32 $77,000 $88,813 $96,969 $110,208 $145,042 $100,258 $79,100 $91,235 $99,614 $113,214 $148,998 $102,992 Change 2024-2025 2.30% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-19 Table 16. Scheduler Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 19 $34,117 $37,125 $42,286 $45,066 $57,000 $42,699 $63,711 $69,329 $78,966 $84,158 $106,444 $79,738 2006 42 $30,167 $39,006 $47,817 $57,594 $83,000 $50,781 $49,488 $63,989 $78,443 $94,483 $136,161 $83,307 2011 26 $35,000 $40,312 $49,309 $61,680 $90,942 $53,293 $51,460 $59,271 $72,499 $90,686 $133,711 $78,356 2016 45 $35,000 $44,940 $51,202 $56,604 $92,500 $52,758 $48,229 $61,926 $70,556 $77,999 $127,463 $72,700 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $30,867 $52,375 $59,000 $67,367 $131,333 $60,932 $37,673 $63,925 $72,011 $82,222 $160,295 $74,369 2022 45 $50,960 $68,033 $74,458 $79,698 $107,250 $74,378 $57,589 $76,883 $84,144 $90,065 $121,201 $84,054 2023 38 $50,000 $69,203 $75,323 $85,965 $161,000 $79,104 $54,270 $75,113 $81,756 $93,306 $174,750 $85,860 2024 45 $48,667 $68,500 $73,500 $82,030 $110,889 $77,006 $51,310 $72,220 $77,491 $86,485 $116,911 $81,187 2025 45 $55,181 $70,000 $76,300 $80,327 $116,667 $77,816 $56,686 $71,909 $78,381 $82,518 $119,849 $79,939 Change 2024-2025 1.15% 2021-2025 8.85% 2016-2025 11.09% 2011-2025 8.11% 2006-2025 -0.08% 2001-2025 -0.74% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-20 Table 17. Senior Legislative Assistant Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2021 31 $42,325 $61,250 $67,250 $77,792 $109,000 $69,995 $51,658 $74,757 $82,080 $94,946 $133,037 $85,430 2022 38 $59,622 $77,552 $83,156 $91,124 $121,333 $85,913 $67,378 $87,640 $93,973 $102,977 $137,117 $97,088 2023 26 $58,214 $80,250 $88,000 $93,646 $123,222 $88,416 $63,185 $87,103 $95,515 $101,644 $133,746 $95,967 2024 39 $60,297 $74,000 $84,700 $89,000 $108,453 $84,219 $63,571 $78,019 $89,300 $93,833 $114,342 $88,792 2025 25 $65,000 $82,000 $88,750 $93,817 $116,650 $87,900 $66,773 $84,237 $91,171 $96,375 $119,832 $90,298 Change 2024-2025 2.10% 2021-2025 11.08% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. “—” indicates no data available. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. CRS-21 Table 18. Staff Assistant Nominal, Current $ Constant, 2026 $ Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average 2001 45 $21,667 $28,750 $31,000 $35,166 $79,516 $33,302 $40,461 $53,689 $57,891 $65,670 $148,491 $62,189 2006 45 $21,834 $31,500 $35,167 $42,917 $63,830 $38,120 $35,818 $51,676 $57,691 $70,405 $104,714 $62,536 2011 45 $26,250 $31,127 $34,833 $43,325 $87,500 $38,681 $38,595 $45,765 $51,215 $63,700 $128,650 $56,871 2016 45 $19,000 $30,000 $33,413 $38,139 $64,183 $34,941 $26,182 $41,339 $46,042 $52,555 $88,443 $48,148 Most Recent Five Years 2021 45 $24,583 $39,500 $44,383 $50,602 $66,000 $44,646 $30,004 $48,210 $54,171 $61,760 $80,554 $54,491 2022 45 $37,667 $48,950 $53,667 $60,507 $86,879 $56,209 $42,566 $55,317 $60,648 $68,378 $98,181 $63,521 2023 45 $45,000 $50,625 $56,472 $59,250 $89,667 $56,840 $48,843 $54,948 $61,295 $64,310 $97,324 $61,695 2024 45 $47,000 $54,000 $57,717 $64,000 $81,973 $59,560 $49,552 $56,933 $60,851 $67,476 $86,425 $62,794 2025 45 $46,497 $54,867 $60,007 $65,400 $81.292 $60,657 $47,765 $56,363 $61,643 $67,184 $204,839 $62,311 Change 2024-2025 1.30% 2021-2025 13.79% 2016-2025 33.89% 2011-2025 20.36% 2006-2025 6.85% 2001-2025 6.48% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Statement of Disbursements of the House , as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid green. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001-2025 Congressional Research Service R44323 · VERSION 17 · UPDATED 22 Author Information R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National Government Jane M. Wright Research Assistant Acknowledgments A number of CRS staff made substantial contributions to this report. William T. Egar, former Analyst in American National Government, provided technical assistance and authored a section of the report. Sandra L. Edwards, User Support Specialist, and Andrew M. Schaefer, Editor, provided formatting, editorial, and production support. Previous versions of the report were supported by the following. Tyler L. Wolanin, Raymond T. Williams and Lara Chausow, former Research Assistants, were coauthors and collected some of the data provided. Barbara L. Schwemle, Analyst in American National Government, provided technical assistance. Casey Burgat, former Research Assistant, provided update support. Jonathan P. Kardashian, User Support Specialist, Wendy Matera, User Support Specialist, Michael M. McCarthy, Editor, Claudia Guidi, formerly a User Support Specialist, and Alex Marine, former Editor, provided formatting, editorial, and production support. Jacobo Licona, Brian Hamel, Joe Wisniewski, and Claire Laurence, former CRS interns, collected data for this report. Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.