Mitochondrial extracellular vesicles in cardiorenal syndrome: emerging mediators of mitochondrial signaling and inter-organ crosstalk

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) comprises five clinically distinct patterns of acute, chronic, or systemic heart-kidney interaction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is shared by cardiac and renal injury, but the cardiorenal setting is distinguished by the possibility that mitochondrial stress arising in one or