When Vocal Tone and Literal Meaning Diverge: An Acoustic-Semantic Incongruity Study for Large Audio-Language Models

Affective cues across modalities may be incongruous (e.g., sarcasm or mocking praise), potentially leading to misinterpretation when relying on a single modality. Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have recently gained popularity and been applied to multimodal emotion recognition, but their ability