Examining the Impact of Phytoestrogens Supplementation on the Gene Expression, and Premenstrual Syndrome in Primenopausal Women

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigated the effects of flaxseed-derived phytoestrogen supplementation on selected gene-expression markers and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) severity among perimenopausal women aged 40-55 years in Jordan. Participants received either a flaxseed lignan extract providing 100 mg of lignans daily or a matched placebo for 12 weeks. Gene expression and PMS severity were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention to examine the potential effects of phytoestrogen supplementation on selected molecular markers and menstrual-related symptoms.