Paraneoplastic Syndrome in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world with rising incidence. Globally, there has been substantial variation in prevalence of risk factors for HCC over years, like control of viral hepatitis in developing countries but growing epidemic of fatty liver disease in developed world. Changing epidemiology of HCC is related to trends in these risk factors, Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are defined as systemic, metabolic, or other distant consequences of malignancy resulting, either directly or indirectly, from production by the neoplasm of substances that gain access to the blood stream, thereby exerting their effects on distant organs or tissues There is four major HCC-associated paraneoplastic syndromes among Cirrhotic patients,i.e.hypercholesterolemia,hypoglycemia,hypercalcemia,and erythrocytosis .