Placement of Permanent Pacemaker Study

The purpose of this study is to determine the predictors for placement of permanent pacemakers soon after cardiac surgery. We will measure the following to see what influence, if any, they have on predicting the need for permanent pacemaker implantation. 1. Type of cardiac surgery 2. Gender of patient 3. Patient's age 4. Preoperative heart rhythm and rate 5. Duration on cardiopulmonary bypass 6. Immediate post cardiopulmonary bypass heart rhythm and rate. 7. All heart rhythms and rates identified in the postoperative period prior to permanent pacemaker implantation. 8. Underlying heart rhythm and rates when permanent pacemaker is placed. 9. Ejection fraction before surgery 10. Ejection fraction immediately post-cardiopulmonary bypass