Iowa Fluoride Study/Iowa Bone Development Study

A cohort of newborns was recruited for the Iowa Fluoride Study from 1992-95 to assess the complex relationships among fluoride intakes, fluoride exposures, dental fluorosis, and dental caries. Detailed questionnaires were sent every 1.5-6 months concerning water sources, fluoride exposures, dietary intakes, etc. Standardized dental exams were conducted at \~ages 5, 9, 13, 17, and 23. At about age 5, participants were invited to join the offshoot Iowa Bone Development Study. Bone densitometry assessments were conducted at ages 5, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 23. These included Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) of hip, lumbar spine, and whole body from age 5; peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) of the radius and tibia from age 11; and Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) of the tibia from age 19. Physical activity and other factors also were assessed longitudinally.