Effects of Dried Apple on Metabolic Responses

Metabolic syndrome is a combination of metabolic comorbidities associated with obesity, which include impaired glucose tolerance and regulation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent with the growing trend of obesity that characterizes the US, with 34% of adults 20 years of age and older meeting the criteria. The number of people with diabetes is expected to increase dramatically over the next decades, coinciding with rising obesity rates in many countries. Recent studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of apple and apple products in reducing the risk of chronic disease due to their rich content of fiber, nutrients and various phytochemicals. The primary objective of the proposed research is to determine the acute effect of consumption of 240 kcal servings of dried apples versus a lowfat/high fiber muffin on blood glucose, serum insulin, and fullness (satiety). The secondary objective of the proposed research is to determine the acute effect of consumption of dried apple versus a low-fat muffin on various cognitive domains. As with any organ, the brain requires nutrients to build and maintain its structure and function, in order to perform in a harmonious manner and avoid damage from aging. Epidemiological, clinical and basic research studies suggest protective effects of several classes of nutrients against cognitive decline and risk of dementia. Twenty five male and female participants between the ages of 20-45 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 25 will be recruited to participate in the study at San Diego State University. Each participant will consume both test foods, the dried apple and muffin, on two separate visits to the lab at least a week apart. The participants will come to each lab visit after a 10 hour overnight fast. After arriving at the laboratory, the participant's will complete a cognitive pre-test (Concussion Vital Signs Test Battery) consisting of eight