Comparison of the Efficacy of Intraperitoneal Instillation of Fentanyl Versus Nalbuphine as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine for Postoperative Pain Relief in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Given the complexity of postoperative pain following laparoscopic surgery, specialists recommend a multimodal approach to effective analgesic management . The origin of pain after LC is multifactorial and complex in nature. Pain arising from incision sites is parietal pain, whereas pain from the gall bladder bed is mainly visceral in nature, and shoulder pain is mainly referred owing to the residual CO2 irritating the diaphragm. Various strategies have been employed for pain relief after laparoscopic procedures, including the use of intraperitoneal local anesthetics, either alone or in combination with opioid analgesics. the efficacy of intraperitoneal instillation of fentanyl versus nalbuphine as adjuvants to Bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy