Ultrasound Estimation of Fetal Macrosomia at Term: Diagnostic Accuracy Within 24 Hours of Delivery

Obstetric ultrasonography is now an essential tool for monitoring pregnancy. In France, three ultrasounds are recommended during a singleton pregnancy (at 12, 22, and 32 weeks of amenorrhea) to improve maternal and neonatal care. Among the parameters studied, fetal weight estimation allows for the assessment of fetal growth and the detection of certain conditions such as intrauterine growth restriction or macrosomia. Fetal weight estimation is based primarily on the Hadlock formula, which combines several biometric measurements (head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length). This estimate has a margin of error of 6 to 10% compared to birth weight, which is still accurate enough to guide important medical decisions, such as inducing labor or performing a cesarean section. However, an estimation error can have negative consequences for both mother and child. Fetal macrosomia is defined as a birth weight greater than or equal to 4000 g. It affects approximately 5 to 10% of pregnancies. Screening is mainly based on ultrasound, particularly in the second and third trimesters. Macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of complications for the mother (cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, or deep vein thrombosis) and the child (shoulder dystocia, fractures, brachial plexus palsy, or neonatal asphyxia). These risks are increased in cases of macrosomia in the context of maternal diabetes. Within the gynecology-obstetrics department, physicians use the protocole of macrosomia screening described in the DAME trial. If macrosomia is suspected an additional ultrasound is performed at around 36 weeks of amenorrhea. The Hadlock formula is used to estimate fetal weight. The ultrasound criteria for suspecting macrosomia are an estimated fetal weight above the 95th percentile (90th percentile in cases of maternal diabetes) according to WHO curves. In these cases, induction is offered between 38 and 39 weeks of amenorrhea, if the cervix is favorable. A ce