Cervical Cancer Screening Via Self-sampling

Prevention of cervical cancer is one of the priority areas of the Comprehensive Plan to Combat Cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023-2027. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections cause a wide variety of benign and malignant conditions, including cervical cancer. More than 90% of cervical cancer cases are attributed to HR-HPV infections, with HPV-16 and HPV-18 being reported to cause 70-75% of cases. At the present time, cervical cancer remains the fourth most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Moreover, the majority of cervical cancer cases (90%) occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where cervical cancer remains the leading cause of death from cancer. Each year, the number of cervical cancer cases is dynamically increasing globally. Between 2000 and 2020 the absolute number of cervical cancer cases increased from 471 000 to 600 000. In 2020, there were around 350,000 deaths from cervical cancer. Moreover, by 2030 it is estimated that the number of new cervical cancer cases will reach 700 000, and the annual number of deaths will reach 400 000. Therefore, given such a significant annual increase in the number of cases and deaths, the elimination of cervical cancer is a global public health challenge. The prevalence of HPV infection in Kazakhstan is high, around 39% among women attending gynecological clinics. Consequently, the cervical cancer incidence in Kazakhstan has increased over the past decade, and cervical cancer is the second leading cancer type among women in the country. Moreover, among Central Asian countries, Kazakhstan has the second-highest incidence rate of cervical cancer. The cervical cancer screening program is covered by the government and utilizes Papanicolaou test (Pap-test) performed by gynecologists in outpatient clinics all over the country. However, the screening coverage was reported to be low, covering only around 46% of the eligible population, and does not reach the demand level of 70% suggested by