Intranasal Human Milk for Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a leading cause of brain injury in infants born before term. Severe IVH, which occurs nearly exclusively in very preterm infants (born before 32 weeks gestation) who are already at risk of neurodevelopmental delays and cerebral palsy at baseline, results in a \~5 times higher risk of death or moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment, as well as short-term morbidities in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Infants with grade I and II IVH, although less severe than the higher grades of IVH, also have a higher risk of death or moderate to severe neurodevelopmental impairment compared to infants with a normal head ultrasound. Outcomes are worsened by the fact that the brains of these preterm infants are not fully developed, so the progenitor cells that would later differentiate and mature are damaged, resulting in hypomyelination and gray matter loss that are associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. There is no available therapy to treat the IVH or resultant brain injury, other than symptomatic management for resultant post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus with lumbar punctures and temporary or permanent shunts, which have significant risks on their own. This is a phase I trial to determine whether fresh intranasal human milk (HM) can be safely delivered as stem cell therapy to preterm IVH patients within a 3-hour window from HM expression and to identify signals which would indicate whether intranasal HM stimulates the repair of damaged brain tissue. Outcomes will be compared to HM fed historical IVH controls. Recruitment will take place in tertiary care NICUs in Toronto, which care for the highest proportion of very preterm infants with IVH in Canada. These NICUs have already adopted a common protocolized approach to manage severe IVH and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus with intensive monitoring, early symptomatic management, and detailed prospectively collected IVH data.