68Ga-PFA2 PET Imaging for the Diagnosis of Annexin A2-Positive Tumors

Tumor metastasis and invasion are the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, with over 90% of cancer patients dying from distant metastasis. Tumor cells spread to distant organs through local infiltration, hematogenous metastasis, or lymph node metastasis, complicating treatment and severely affecting the prognosis and survival rate of patients. Therefore, precise and early assessment of tumor invasion and metastasis is crucial for optimizing personalized treatment plans and improving patient survival. Currently, the detection of tumor metastasis primarily relies on imaging examinations, blood biomarkers, and histopathological analysis. Among these, 18F-FDG PET/CT plays a key role in tumor staging and distant metastasis evaluation. However, its sensitivity is low for certain tumors, such as well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and glioblastoma, and factors like inflammation can lead to false positives. Additionally, serum tumor markers (such as AFP, CEA, and CA19-9) often lack specificity in some patients, and histopathological analysis requires invasive sampling, making real-time monitoring difficult. Therefore, the development of non-invasive methods based on molecular targets for early and precise detection of tumor invasion and metastasis holds significant clinical value. Tumor invasion and metastasis is a complex process involving multiple molecules that drive cancer cell proliferation, invasion of surrounding tissues, and the formation of secondary tumors in distant organs. During invasion and metastasis, cancer cells are often subjected to mechanical stress, such as compression and shear forces, making the repair of cell membrane damage crucial for the survival of invasive cancer cells. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a multifunctional protein that plays a key role in cancer cell membrane repair, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Studies have shown that silencing ANXA2 or inhibiting its function with neutralizing antibo