"Effectiveness of Supervised and Unsupervised mHealth-based Exercise Interventions on Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Within a Primary Care Context"

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are two of the most common chronic conditions worldwide, and they frequently occur together. Both conditions are closely linked to physical inactivity, which is currently recognized as a major risk factor for a wide range of diseases. Although structured exercise programs have shown benefits for people living with these conditions, maintaining long-term participation remains a significant challenge. The rise of mobile health (mHealth) technologies - such as smartphone apps and wearable devices - offers a promising new way to support people in becoming and staying more physically active. This study aims to compare the effects of two different 20-week exercise intervention programs versus standard medical care in adults aged 30 to 65 who have been diagnosed with both T2D and obesity. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 (Supervised Training): Participants will attend two in-person, supervised exercise sessions per week at a local sports facility, each lasting 60 minutes. Sessions will be led by a qualified trainer and will include strength, flexibility, and functional exercises. Participants will also receive weekly motivational text messages and group health coaching. Group 2 (Unsupervised mHealth Training): Participants will follow the same exercise plan independently using a mobile application (ActiVital), which is part of the Andalusian Physical Activity Prescription Plan (PAPEF). They will receive their weekly training schedule through the app and will also receive text messages and group health coaching. Group 3 (Control Group): Participants will continue with their usual medical care without any structured exercise program. All participants across the three groups will be provided with a Fitbit Charge 6 wearable device to monitor daily physical activity and health indicators. The study's central hypothesis is that both structured supervised exercise and app-guided unsupervised exercise w