The Potential of Carnosine Supplementation in Optimising Cardiometabolic Health

The investigators hypothesise that carnosine supplementation will improve: 1. glycaemic control 2. cardiovascular risk factors 3. cognitive outcomes in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, and this will be modulated by reduction in chronic low grade inflammation, oxidative stress and circulating advanced glycation end products levels. 3\. Aims To determine the potential of carnosine supplementation for 14 weeks to improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and improve cognitive function as well as identify metabolic pathways involved, specifically by: 1. Improving glycaemic control (HBA1c, fasting and 2 hour glucose and glucose area under the curve after oral glucose tolerance test) 2. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors (lipids; arterial (aortic) stiffness; central blood pressure (cBP); endothelial function). 3. Improve cognitive function (global cognitive score formed by a composite of 4 cognitive tests) 4. Decrease the chronic low grade inflammation, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, and advanced lipoxidation end products, and increase detoxification of reactive carbonyl species (RCSs).