Identification of a New Gene Involved in Hereditary Lipodystrophy

Human lipodystrophies (lipoD) represent a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by generalized or partial fat loss, with fat hypertrophy in other depots when partial.3, 4 Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and diabetes are generally associated, leading to early complications. Acquired lipoD can be generalized, resembling congenital forms, or partial, as the Barraquer-Simons syndrome, with loss of fat in the upper part of the body contrasting with accumulation in the lower part. The most common forms of lipoD are iatrogenic. In human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, some first-generation antiretroviral drugs were strongly related with peripheral lipoatrophy and metabolic alterations. Genetic forms are very uncommon: recessive generalized congenital lipoD result in most cases from mutations in the genes encoding seipin or the 1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2). Dominant partial familial lipoD result from mutations in genes encoding the nuclear protein lamin A/C or the adipose transcription factor PPARgamma. Importantly, LMNA mutations are also responsible for metabolic laminopathies, resembling the metabolic syndrome and progeria, a syndrome of premature aging. Molecular genetic bases of many rare forms of genetic lipoD remain to be elucidated.