FLAME: Airway Inflammation Monitoring in Asthma and Cystic Fibrosis

Background By means of measurements of series of non-invasive inflammatory markers in exhaled breath (condensate), a reflection of inflammatory processes and oxidative stress, can be obtained. Thereby, these techniques could be important in monitoring asthma and CF lung disease in children. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) reflect ongoing inflammation and oxidative stress in the airways. These markers have a promising capacity for monitoring diagnoses of CF and asthma lung disease. Aim To study the course of inflammatory markers in time in children with asthma and CF, in stable periods and during pulmonary exacerbations. In addition, we study the ability of inflammatory markers to predict safe tapering of medical treatment in both populations. 1. To study the course of inflammatory markers in EBC during an exacerbation. 2. To study which IM are already elevated before a clinical exacerbation is evident and can predict exacerbations in time. 3. To study which inflammatory markers can predict safe discontinuation of antibiotics in children with CF, or tapering of inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma. 4. To study the relationship between inflammatory markers in EBC, the severity and control of CF and asthma, the symptoms and lung function within patients will be analysed. Methods Children with CF (n=30) and children with asthma (n=40) were recruited included from our outpatient clinic. During this longitudinal study patients visit the outpatient clinic were followed-up for 12 months; every two months during one year. patients visited our outpatient clinic. In addition to these standard visits, During exacerbations patients four extra visits were planned during an exacerbation. were asked to visit the University Hospital Maastricht four times. These additional visits were planned with a maximum of two times during the study. By means of a home monitor, children were asked to assess measureme