LLM in Urodynamic Education

Urodynamic investigations, including cystometry and pressure-flow studies, are considered the gold standard for the objective diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction according to current international guidelines. However, accurate interpretation requires simultaneous analysis of multiple pressure and flow parameters, verification of technical study quality, and structured application of International Continence Society (ICS) diagnostic criteria, making pressure-flow urodynamic interpretation one of the most challenging skills to standardize during urology residency training. Traditional training largely depends on apprenticeship-based exposure, which is highly variable across training centers. The primary aim of this prospective educational study is to evaluate the effect of a structured, modular, large language model (LLM)-assisted tutoring program on urology residents' pressure-flow urodynamic interpretation performance, using a case-based, expert-referenced assessment protocol administered at three time points (pre-test, mid-test, and post-test).