FMRI-neurofeedback in Parkinson's Disease

Rationale: Current treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is mainly based on the modulation of neural activity in the motor circuits of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex by either drug intervention (dopamine replacement therapy or dopaminergic medication) or deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, many Parkinson patients have an insufficient (long-term) response to medical treatments, and DBS is an invasive procedure with resource implications and potential side effects. Moreover, not all patients are eligible for DBS. Therefore, new ways of administering neuromodulation are needed. A potential avenue may be self-regulation of brain circuits through neurofeedback. Self-regulation of motor circuits through mental imagery and neurofeedback using real-time functional MRI (fMRI) signals has already been shown to be feasible, and there are also preliminary data on clinical benefits of such self-regulation training. We here aim to use the non-invasive fMRI-neurofeedback method to train patients in the regulation of brain circuits that are implicated in successful drug treatment and/or DBS. Objective: To investigate brain mechanisms and efficacy of an fMRI-neurofeedback protocol that targets the brain's motor circuits through the basal ganglia. Study design: Randomised controlled trial Study population: Patients with Parkinson's disease Investigation: In the experimental group, fMRI-neurofeedback will be administered in 4 separate sessions of about 2 hours each over approximately one month. The MRI measurement in each session will be approximately 60 minutes long and include upregulation training of brain activity in specific target areas by mental imagery. The fMRI signals are processed such that the patients get visual feedback about the success of the upregulation. In addition, patients are asked to practice the self-regulation strategies on a daily basis at home between the neurofeedback sessions. The control intervention will consist of mental imager