Non-intrusive Detection of Temporary Neurologic Impairment by Opioids

The investigators aim to prove the feasibility of a non-invasive means to identify temporary neurological impairment resulting from the use of a commonly prescribed opioid by identifying an oculomotor biosignature associated with temporary neurologic impairment in pain-free opioid-naïve subjects, and to initiate the development of such a signature. The investigators also sought to establish the presence of a dose-dependent biosignature for opioid impairment.