Evaluation of Clinical Pharmacy Services and Drug Use in Renal Impairment.

Clinical pharmacy services aim to optimise medication use, enhance patient outcomes, and reduce the risk of drug-related harm through patient-centred pharmaceutical care. In hospital settings, clinical pharmacists collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals as part of a multidisciplinary team to identify, prevent, and resolve drug-related problems (DRPs). Pharmacist interventions are defined as any action initiated by a pharmacist that directly contributes to patient management or results in a modification of medication therapy. The clinical and economic benefits of such interventions have been widely recognised in various healthcare environments. This quasi-experimental study aims to investigate the impact of clinical pharmacy services on drug use and the management of DRPs in patients with renal impairment admitted to the general internal medicine ward. The study also evaluates the contribution of the clinical pharmacist to optimising the use of drugs that require renal dose adjustment. The study was conducted in a university hospital and included three consecutive patient groups: observation (control), education, and intervention. In the observation group, no pharmacist intervention was performed. In the education group, physicians received a structured educational presentation on renal dose adjustment for commonly prescribed medications. In the intervention group, the clinical pharmacist actively participated in daily ward rounds, identified and resolved DRPs, and provided recommendations to physicians. DRPs were classified using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) classification version 9.1. This study evaluates whether the integration of a clinical pharmacist into the healthcare team can improve the quality of pharmacotherapy, reduce DRPs-particularly those associated with renal dysfunction-and enhance patient safety and outcomes in hospitalised patients.