The Influence of the First and Second Language (L1 and L2, or both) on the Acquisition of a Third Language (L3)

This academic work, based on field research, explores the intricate process of third language acquisition (L3), specifically how previously learned languages (first and second languages or both) affect it. It begins by establishing foundational concepts such as the delineation and the framework of first (L1), second (L2), and third languages (L3), and the nuances of multilingualism, highlighting that language dominance of individuals can shift over time from many angles. The core of the paper investigates various cross-linguistic influences (CLI), encompassing phenomena like transfer (both positive and negative) and interference, which occur when existing language knowledge impacts new learning i.e. the acquisition of L3. The study delves into various models of L3 acquisition developed in recent years by scholars, such as the Cumulative Enhancement Model, the L2-Status Model, the Typological Primacy Model, the Linguistic Proximity Model, and the Scalpel Model, critically discussing their strengths and weaknesses in explaining crosslinguistic influence (CLI). Ultimately, the study concludes that there is no clear, universally accepted theory for acquiring a third language. The study emphasises that the transfer of language skills is a dynamic and individual process that is characterised by a complex interplay of various factors. These include linguistic similarities, language dominance, environmental influences and individual cognitive factors. Other factors that are not covered in the article also play a role.