Supplementary file 1_Modeling mathematics preservice teachers' intention to adopt blended learning for teaching and assessment in education 5.0: integrating self-efficacy, attitude, and innovation attributes.docx

Background Blended learning has become a key pedagogical approach for advancing Education 5.0 by integrating digital and face-to-face instructional practices. However, limited empirical evidence exists on the institutional, psychological, and innovation-related factors influencing preservice mathe