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No Reform, No Election: CHADEMA's Campaign and the Legacy of Incomplete Political Reform in Tanzania, 1991–2025
On 23 March 2025, the Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (CHADEMA) launched its “No Reform, No Election” campaign in Mbeya City, demanding substantive electoral and political reforms as a condition for participation in Tanzania's forthcoming general election. Although the campaign emerged in the imme
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