Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment on Apelin and Oxidative Stress Levels

Periodontitis is a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory disease triggered by microorganisms in the dental biofilm. The limited data of clinical periodontal measurements in the diagnosis of periodontitis have led to the search for more reliable biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis and follow-up of periodontal diseases. Apelin is another adipokine that has been investigated in a small number of studies so far; its receptor (apelin reseptor (APJ)) was first identified in 1993 and later isolated as a molecule in 1998. Studies have focused on this form of apelin-13 due to its high biological activity. Although apelin-13 is considered the most biologically active form, it has been shown that apelin-36 has a much higher binding affinity to APJ than apelin-13. Periodontitis is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults, and is associated with systemic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. The elucidation of these possible interactions has been the focus of many studies. Apelin is associated with insulin secretion, as well as its effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Studies in both humans and animals have shown that type 2 diabetes and obesity are typically associated with increased plasma apelin levels. Based on this observation, recent studies have shown that salivary and serum apelin levels are higher in individuals with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes compared to healthy individuals. Considering all this information, the investigators considered that apelin may be a biomarker for periodontal diseases due to its inflammation-regulating effects as a result of the change in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) apelin-13, apelin-36 and total oxidant status (TOS)/total antioxidant status (TAS) levels compared to the initial level after non-surgical periodontal treatment in systemically healthy and periodontitis individuals, considering the relationship of adipokines with periodontal disease in this study.