Eigenvalue stability and new perturbation bounds for the extremal eigenvalues of a matrix

Let $A$ be a full ranked $ n\times n$ matrix, with singular values $σ_1 (A) \ge \dots \ge σ_n (A) >0$. The condition number $κ(A):= σ_1(A)/σ_n(A)=\|A\|\cdot \|A\|^{-1}$ is a key parameter in the analysis of algorithms taking $A$ as input. In practice, matrices (representing real data) are often pert