Utilizing early symptom recognition and electrocardiograph findings of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) to decrease mortality and morbidity in women experiencing acute coronary syndromes (ACS)

In this critical review of current diagnostic and treatment modalities regarding acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in women and females, several strategies that can be utilized to decrease the time from symptom onset to diagnosis and definitive treatment will be introduced. The primary focus of this monograph is to present a systematic methodology for the diagnosis of STEMI in the presence of atypical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). There are both social and biological factors impacting the current lack of timely diagnosis and treatment in women and females who experience acute STEMI. As a result, it is the purpose of this paper to introduce three critical implementations for improving mortality and morbidity in women and females experiencing a STEMI. First, recognition of atypical ACS symptoms and timely acquisition of a 12-lead electrocardiograph (ECG) is crucial. Secondly, recognition of patterns indicating a STEMI or STEMI "equivalent" on the 12-lead ECG is required. Lastly, immediate treatment of the STEMI through percutaneous coronary intervention or fibrinolytic therapy, is pivotal in improving patient outcomes.