Being and Existence

Being and Existence offers a systematic philosophical and scientific critique of Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time, proposing an alternative ontological framework grounded in contemporary neurobiology, evolutionary theory, psychology, and social science. The book argues that there is no unified metaphysical “Being,” but rather multiple beings embedded in distinct social and evolutionary contexts. It challenges Heidegger’s central thesis that temporality—particularly diachronic time oriented toward the future—constitutes the fundamental existential condition of human beings. Instead, it introduces the concept of synchronicity with the existential universe as the primary ontological condition of human existence. The work develops a scientifically grounded theory of belonging as the core existential structure of human life. It identifies three fundamental ways of belonging: 1. Love (attachment to close others), 2. Social significance (belonging to a social group and its institutions), and 3. Existential significance (belonging to the biological and material universe). Drawing from attachment theory, neurobiology, evolutionary anthropology, sociology, and cross-cultural analysis, the book argues that existential anxiety does not primarily arise from awareness of death or responsibility for future self-definition, as Heidegger maintained. Rather, anxiety emerges from failures in belonging. The manuscript also provides a comparative analysis of Heidegger and Sartre, critiques essential ontological freedom, and reinterprets human existence through the scientific distinction between synchronic time (cyclical, relational, structural time) and diachronic time (irreversible, entropic time). The book concludes that human existence is fundamentally defined not by temporal projection toward death, but by relational synchronicity with the existential universe. By integrating philosophy with contemporary science, Being and Existence advances a post-essentialist ontology that redefines the meaning of being, freedom, anxiety, and human existence.