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An Exact Noise Floor for Contingency-Table Effect Sizes: A Per-Table Reporting Gate, and How Often It Would Change Reported Magnitudes
Cramer's V and the other chi-square-family effect sizes are positive under exact independence, so a reported value can be smaller than what the same statistic produces on a table with no association at all. The upward bias is classical (Tschuprow 1925; Bartlett 1937; corrected by Bergsma 2013), and
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