Full-radius dimension-free maximal inequalities for discrete Euclidean balls

For every $1<p\le\infty$, we prove dimension-free maximal inequalities over all radii for normalized averages over Euclidean balls in $\mathbb Z^d$. In particular, this settles the $\ell^2$ question attributed to Stein. The proof uses a two-saddle expansion at integer squared radii to compare ball m