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Postoperative Analgesia by Epidural vs IV Ketamine Concurrent With Caudal Anesthesia in Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery
Preemptive analgesia can improve postoperative pain management. Ketamine may prevent central sensitization during surgery and result in preemptive analgesia. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of ketamine as a preemptive analgesic as previous studies have shown the involvement of N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor in neuroplasticity.
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