Large Language Models in the Loop: A Stability- and Network-Aware Survey in Networked Control, Cyber-Physical, and Multi-Agent Systems

Modern networked control systems (NCSs), cyber-physical systems (CPSs), and complex multi-agent network systems (CNSs) increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) for high-level decision-making. However, the slow, stochastic nature of LLMs directly conflicts with the strict stability and safet