Comparison of CRP Levels, Neutrophil Count, and Clinical Outcomes of Low Dose Ketamine Between at Anesthesia Induction and at the End of Surgery in Patients Undergo Elective Laparotomy

The effects of anesthesia and surgery can lead to stress responses that result in hormonal and metabolic changes in the body. The immune system and the nervous system communicate both ways, and it was found that nociception and proinflammatory cytokines play a joint regulatory role, i.e., increased production of proinflammatory cytokines can worsen the pain. Major surgery can trigger the release of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.