SPARQL 1.2 Service Description W3C Working Draft 23 April 2026 More details about this document This version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2026/WD-sparql12-service-description-20260423/ Latest published version: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-service-description/ Latest editor's draft: https://w3c.github.io/sparql-service-description/spec/ History: https://www.w3.org/standards/history/sparql12-service-description/ Commit history Test suite: https://w3c.github.io/rdf-tests/ Latest Recommendation: https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/REC-sparql11-service-description-20130321 Editors: Ruben Taelman Gregory Williams Former editor: Gregory Todd Williams Feedback: GitHub w3c/sparql-service-description ( pull requests , new issue , open issues ) [email protected] with subject line [sparql12-service-description] … message topic … ( archives ) Copyright © 2012-2026 World Wide Web Consortium . W3C ® liability , trademark and permissive document license rules apply. Abstract This document describes SPARQL service description, a method for discovering, and vocabulary for describing SPARQL services made available via the SPARQL 1.2 Protocol . These descriptions provide a mechanism by which a client or end user can discover information about the SPARQL service such as supported extension functions and details about the available dataset. Status of This Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C standards and drafts index . This specification is published by the RDF Star Working Group as part of the update of specifications for format and errata. This document was published by the RDF & SPARQL Working Group as a Working Draft using the Recommendation track . Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by W3C and its Members. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than a work in progress. Future updates to this upcoming Recommendation may incorporate new features . This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent that the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy . This document is governed by the 18 August 2025 W3C Process Document . Set of Documents This document is one of twelve SPARQL 1.2 documents produced by the RDF & SPARQL Working Group . List of documents SPARQL 1.2 Documents: What’s New in SPARQL 1.2 SPARQL 1.2 Concepts SPARQL 1.2 Query Language SPARQL 1.2 Update SPARQL 1.2 Service Description (this document) SPARQL 1.2 Federated Query SPARQL 1.2 Query Results JSON Format SPARQL 1.2 Query Results CSV and TSV Formats SPARQL 1.2 Query Results XML Format SPARQL 1.2 Entailment Regimes SPARQL 1.2 Protocol SPARQL 1.2 Graph Store Protocol Table of Contents Abstract Status of This Document Set of Documents 1. Introduction 1.1 Terminology 2. Accessing a Service Description 3. Service Description Vocabulary 3.1 SPARQL Service Description Namespace and OWL Ontology 3.2 Properties 3.2.1 sd:endpoint 3.2.2 sd:feature 3.2.3 sd:defaultEntailmentRegime 3.2.4 sd:entailmentRegime 3.2.5 sd:defaultSupportedEntailmentProfile 3.2.6 sd:supportedEntailmentProfile 3.2.7 sd:extensionFunction 3.2.8 sd:extensionAggregate 3.2.9 sd:languageExtension 3.2.10 sd:supportedLanguage 3.2.11 sd:supportedVersion 3.2.12 sd:propertyFeature 3.2.13 sd:defaultDataset 3.2.14 sd:availableGraphs 3.2.15 sd:resultFormat 3.2.16 sd:inputFormat 3.2.17 sd:defaultGraph 3.2.18 sd:namedGraph 3.2.19 sd:name 3.2.20 sd:graph 3.3 Classes 3.3.1 sd:Service 3.3.2 sd:Feature 3.3.3 sd:Language 3.3.4 sd:Function 3.3.5 sd:Aggregate 3.3.6 sd:EntailmentRegime 3.3.7 sd:EntailmentProfile 3.3.8 sd:GraphCollection 3.3.9 sd:Dataset 3.3.10 sd:Graph 3.3.11 sd:NamedGraph 3.4 Instances 3.4.1 sd:SPARQL10Query 3.4.2 sd:SPARQL11Query 3.4.3 sd:SPARQL11Update 3.4.4 sd:SPARQLQuery 3.4.5 sd:SPARQLUpdate 3.4.6 sd:DereferencesURIs 3.4.7 sd:UnionDefaultGraph 3.4.8 sd:RequiresDataset 3.4.9 sd:EmptyGraphs 3.4.10 sd:BasicFederatedQuery 3.4.11 Other Instances 4. Example (Informative) 4.1 RDF/XML Service Description 4.2 Turtle Service Description 5. Conformance 5.1 Conformance A. Changes between SPARQL 1.1 Service Description and SPARQL 1.2 Service Description B. Privacy Considerations C. Security Considerations D. Internationalization Considerations E. Index E.1 Terms defined by this specification E.2 Terms defined by reference F. References F.1 Normative references F.2 Informative references 1. Introduction A SPARQL service description lists the features of a SPARQL service made available via the SPARQL 1.2 Query Language . This document describes both a method for discovering a service description from a specific SPARQL service and an RDF schema for encoding such descriptions in RDF. 1.1 Terminology When this document uses the words MUST , MUST NOT , SHOULD , SHOULD NOT , and MAY , and the words appear as emphasized text, they must be interpreted as described in [ RFC2119 ]. The following terms are also in use throughout this document: SPARQL Service Any implementation conforming to the SPARQL 1.2 Protocol (this document's use of "SPARQL Service" is the same as " SPARQL Protocol service " as defined in the SPARQL 1.2 Protocol) [ SPARQL12-PROTOCOL ]. SPARQL endpoint The URI at which a SPARQL Service listens for requests from clients. 2. Accessing a Service Description SPARQL services made available via the SPARQL Protocol SHOULD return a service description document at the service endpoint when dereferenced using the HTTP GET operation without any query parameter strings provided. This service description MUST be made available in an RDF serialization, MAY be embedded in (X)HTML by way of RDFa Core 1.1 - Third Edition , and SHOULD use content negotiation if available in other RDF representations. 3. Service Description Vocabulary 3.1 SPARQL Service Description Namespace and OWL Ontology The SPARQL service description namespace IRI is: http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql-service-description# The prefix used in this document for this namespace is sd . An RDF encoding of the Service Description ontology is available by HTTP content negotiation from the namespace IRI . 3.2 Properties 3.2.1 sd:endpoint Relates an instance of sd:Service to a SPARQL endpoint that implements the SPARQL Protocol service for the service. The object of the sd:endpoint property is an IRI. type: owl:InverseFunctionalProperty domain: sd:Service 3.2.2 sd:feature Relates an instance of sd:Service with a resource representing a supported feature. domain: sd:Service range: sd:Feature 3.2.3 sd:defaultEntailmentRegime Relates an instance of sd:Service with a resource representing an entailment regime used for basic graph pattern matching. This property is intended for use when a single entailment regime by default applies to all graphs in the default dataset of the service. In situations where a different entailment regime applies to a specific graph in the dataset, the sd:entailmentRegime property should be used to indicate this fact in the description of that graph. subPropertyOf: sd:feature domain: sd:Service range: sd:EntailmentRegime 3.2.4 sd:entailmentRegime Relates a named graph description with a resource representing an entailment regime used for basic graph pattern matching over that graph. domain: sd:NamedGraph range: sd:EntailmentRegime 3.2.5 sd:defaultSupportedEntailmentProfile Relates an instance of sd:Service with a resource representing a supported profile of the default entailment regime (as declared by sd:defaultEntailmentRegime ). Entailment profiles are discussed more in SPARQL 1.2 Entailment Regimes [ SPARQL12-ENTAILMENT ]. Note that this specification does not make any conformance requirements on the compatibility of an advertised entailment profile with the advertised entailment regime in a service description. Providing a reasonable combination of values to the sd:entailmentRegime / sd:defaultEntailmentRegime and sd:supportedEntailmentProfile / sd:defaultSupportedEntailmentProfile properties is up to the creator of a service description. subPropertyOf: sd:feature domain: sd:Service range: sd:EntailmentProfile 3.2.6 sd:supportedEntailmentProfile Relates a named graph description with a resource representing a supported profile of the entailment regime (as declared by sd:entailmentRegime ) used for basic graph pattern matching over that graph. domain: sd:NamedGraph range: sd:EntailmentProfile 3.2.7 sd:extensionFunction Relates an instance of sd:Service to a function that may be used in a SPARQL SELECT expression or a FILTER , HAVING , GROUP BY , ORDER BY , or BIND clause. subPropertyOf: sd:feature domain: sd:Service range: sd:Function 3.2.8 sd:extensionAggregate Relates an instance of sd:Service to an aggregate that may be used in a SPARQL aggregate query (for instance in a HAVING clause or SELECT expression ) besides the standard list of supported aggregates COUNT, SUM, MIN, MAX, AVG, GROUP_CONCAT, and SAMPLE. subPropertyOf: sd:feature domain: sd:Service range: sd:Aggregate 3.2.9 sd:languageExtension Relates an instance of sd:Service to a resource representing an implemented extension to the SPARQL Query or Update language. subPropertyOf: sd:feature domain: sd:Service range: sd:Feature 3.2.10 sd:supportedLanguage Relates an instance of sd:Service to a SPARQL language (e.g. Query and Update) that it implements. subPropertyOf: sd:feature domain: sd:Service range: sd:Language 3.2.11 sd:supportedVersion Relates an instance of sd:Service to a SPARQL language version that it supports. This property is related to the sd:supportedLanguage property, as the combination of language and version will indicate a specific feature set supported by the service. For example, when a service description indicates support for the sd:SPARQLQuery language and sparql:version-1.2-basic version, support for SPARQL 1.2 Query [ SPARQL12-QUERY ] with RDF 1.2 Basic conformance is indicated. subPropertyOf: sd:feature domain: sd:Service range: rdfs:Resource 3.2.12 sd:propertyFeature Relates an instance of sd:Service to a resource representing an implemented feature that extends the SPARQL Query or Update language and that is accessed by using the named property. subPropertyOf: sd:feature domain: sd:Service range: sd:Feature 3.2.13 sd:defaultDataset Relates an instance of sd:Service to a description of the default dataset available when no explicit dataset is specified in the query, update request or via protocol parameters. type: owl:InverseFunctionalProperty domain: sd:Service range: sd:Dataset 3.2.14 sd:availableGraphs Relates an instance of sd:Service to a description of the graphs which are allowed in the construction of a dataset via the SPARQL Protocol, with FROM/FROM NAMED clauses in a query, or with USING/USING NAMED in an update request, if the service limits the scope of dataset construction. domain: sd:Service range: sd:GraphCollection 3.2.15 sd:resultFormat Relates an instance of sd:Service to a format that is supported for serializing query results. URIs for commonly used serialization formats are defined by Unique URIs for File Formats . For formats that do not have an existing URI, the < http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/media_type > and < http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/preferred_suffix > properties defined in that document SHOULD be used to describe the format. domain: sd:Service range: < http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/Format > 3.2.16 sd:inputFormat Relates an instance of sd:Service to a format that is supported for parsing RDF input; for example, via a SPARQL 1.2 Update LOAD statement , or when URIs are dereferenced in FROM/FROM NAMED/USING/USING NAMED clauses (see also sd:DereferencesURIs below). URIs for commonly used serialization formats are defined by Unique URIs for File Formats . For formats that do not have an existing URI, the < http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/media_type > and < http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/preferred_suffix > properties defined in that document SHOULD be used to describe the format. domain: sd:Service range: < http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/Format > 3.2.17 sd:defaultGraph Relates an instance of sd:Dataset to the description of its default graph. domain: sd:Dataset range: sd:Graph 3.2.18 sd:namedGraph Relates an instance of sd:GraphCollection (or its subclass sd:Dataset ) to the description of one of its named graphs. The description of such a named graph MUST include the sd:name property and MAY include the sd:graph property. domain: sd:GraphCollection range: sd:NamedGraph 3.2.19 sd:name Relates a named graph to the name by which it may be referenced in a FROM/FROM NAMED clause. The object of the sd:name property is an IRI. domain: sd:NamedGraph 3.2.20 sd:graph Relates a named graph to its graph description. domain: sd:NamedGraph range: sd:Graph 3.3 Classes 3.3.1 sd:Service An instance of sd:Service represents a SPARQL service made available via the SPARQL Protocol. type: rdfs:Class 3.3.2 sd:Feature An instance of sd:Feature represents a feature of a SPARQL service. Specific types of features include functions , aggregates , languages , and entailment regimes and profiles . This document defines five instances of sd:Feature : sd:DereferencesURIs , sd:UnionDefaultGraph , sd:RequiresDataset , sd:EmptyGraphs , and sd:BasicFederatedQuery . type: rdfs:Class 3.3.3 sd:Language An instance of sd:Language represents one of the SPARQL languages (Query or Update). The combination of a sd:Language with a version indicates a specific service configuration providing particular features or extensions. Note The previous version of this specification [ SPARQL11-SERVICE-DESCRIPTION ] defined sd:Language as indicating both a language and a version . This has been changed so that sd:Language now only represents languages. A service's supported versions of the language is now specified using the sd:supportedVersion property. The previously-defined sd:Language instances which include a version number are preserved below for backwards compatibility. This document defines five instances of sd:Language : sd:SPARQL10Query , sd:SPARQL11Query , sd:SPARQL11Update , sd:SPARQLQuery , and sd:SPARQLUpdate . type: rdfs:Class subClassOf: sd:Feature 3.3.4 sd:Function An instance of sd:Function represents a function that may be used in a SPARQL SELECT expression or a FILTER , HAVING , GROUP BY , ORDER BY , or BIND clause. type: rdfs:Class subClassOf: sd:Feature 3.3.5 sd:Aggregate An instance of sd:Aggregate represents an aggregate that may be used in a SPARQL aggregate query (for instance in a HAVING clause or SELECT expression ) besides the standard list of supported aggregates COUNT, SUM, MIN, MAX, AVG, GROUP_CONCAT, and SAMPLE. type: rdfs:Class subClassOf: sd:Feature 3.3.6 sd:EntailmentRegime An instance of sd:EntailmentRegime represents an entailment regime used in basic graph pattern matching (as described by SPARQL 1.2 Query Language ). URIs for commonly used entailment regimes are defined by Unique URIs for Semantic Web Entailment Regimes . type: rdfs:Class subClassOf: sd:Feature 3.3.7 sd:EntailmentProfile An instance of sd:EntailmentProfile represents a profile of an entailment regime. An entailment profile MAY impose restrictions on what constitutes valid RDF with respect to entailment. URIs for commonly used entailment profiles are defined by Unique URIs for OWL 2 Profiles . type: rdfs:Class subClassOf: sd:Feature 3.3.8 sd:GraphCollection An instance of sd:GraphCollection represents a collection of zero or more named graph descriptions. Each named graph description belonging to an sd:GraphCollection MUST be linked with the sd:namedGraph predicate. type: rdfs:Class 3.3.9 sd:Dataset An instance of sd:Dataset represents a RDF Dataset comprised of a default graph and zero or more named graphs. The default graph of an sd:Dataset MUST be linked with the sd:defaultGraph predicate. type: rdfs:Class subClassOf: sd:GraphCollection 3.3.10 sd:Graph An instance of sd:Graph represents the description of an RDF graph. This document does not define properties with domain sd:Graph . Instead, such instances may be described using other appropriate vocabularies (see example below ). type: rdfs:Class 3.3.11 sd:NamedGraph An instance of sd:NamedGraph represents a named graph having a name (via sd:name ) and an optional graph description (via sd:graph ). type: rdfs:Class 3.4 Instances 3.4.1 sd:SPARQL10Query sd:SPARQL10Query is an sd:Language representing the SPARQL 1.0 Query Language . type: sd:Language 3.4.2 sd:SPARQL11Query sd:SPARQL11Query is an sd:Language representing the SPARQL 1.1 Query Language . type: sd:Language 3.4.3 sd:SPARQL11Update sd:SPARQL11Update is an sd:Language representing the SPARQL 1.1 Update language. type: sd:Language 3.4.4 sd:SPARQLQuery sd:SPARQLQuery is an sd:Language representing the SPARQL Query language SPARQL 1.2 Query Language . Relevant supported versions are: sparql:version-1.2 sparql:version-1.2-basic sparql:version-1.1 sparql:version-1.0 type: sd:Language 3.4.5 sd:SPARQLUpdate sd:SPARQLUpdate is an sd:Language representing the SPARQL Update langauge SPARQL 1.2 Update language. Relevant supported versions are: sparql:version-1.2 sparql:version-1.2-basic sparql:version-1.1 sparql:version-1.0 type: sd:Language 3.4.6 sd:DereferencesURIs sd:DereferencesURIs , when used as the object of the sd:feature property, indicates that a SPARQL service will dereference [ WEBARCH ] URIs used in FROM/FROM NAMED and USING/USING NAMED clauses and use the resulting RDF in the dataset during query evaluation. type: sd:Feature 3.4.7 sd:UnionDefaultGraph sd:UnionDefaultGraph , when used as the object of the sd:feature property, indicates that the default graph of the dataset used during query and update evaluation (when an explicit dataset is not specified) is comprised of the union of all the named graphs in that dataset. type: sd:Feature 3.4.8 sd:RequiresDataset sd:RequiresDataset , when used as the object of the sd:feature property, indicates that the SPARQL service requires an explicit dataset declaration (based on either FROM/FROM NAMED clauses in a query, USING/USING NAMED clauses in an update, or the appropriate SPARQL Protocol parameters ). type: sd:Feature 3.4.9 sd:EmptyGraphs sd:EmptyGraphs , when used as the object of the sd:feature property, indicates that the underlying graph store supports empty graphs. A graph store that supports empty graphs MUST NOT remove graphs that are left empty after triples are removed from them. (See 3.1 Graph Update in SPARQL 1.2 Update .) type: sd:Feature 3.4.10 sd:BasicFederatedQuery sd:BasicFederatedQuery , when used as the object of the sd:feature property, indicates that the SPARQL service supports basic federated query using the SERVICE keyword as defined by SPARQL 1.2 Federated Query . type: sd:Feature 3.4.11 Other Instances Apart from the instances listed above, custom extensions and other documents may define further instance URIs usable within service descriptions; the following documents also list instance URIs that may be used with some of the properties defined in the previous sections: Unique URIs for Semantic Web Entailment Regimes (members of the class sd:EntailmentRegime usable with the properties sd:defaultEntailmentRegime and sd:entailmentRegime ) Unique URIs for OWL 2 Profiles (members of the class sd:EntailmentProfile usable with the properties sd:defaultSupportedEntailmentProfile and sd:supportedEntailmentProfile ) Unique URIs for File Formats (members of the class < http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/Format > usable with the properties sd:resultFormat and sd:inputFormat ) 4. Example (Informative) The following HTTP traces illustrate the retrieval of a service description from the SPARQL endpoint http://www.example/sparql/ . This RDF describes a SPARQL service available at the URL http://www.example/sparql/ that supports the SPARQL 1.2 Query language. The service will dereference URLs used in FROM/FROM NAMED clauses, supports both the RDF/XML and Turtle serialization formats, supports the http://example.org/Distance extension function, and has a dataset with a default graph and one named graph, both described using the voiD vocabulary [ VOID ]. The default graph contains 100 triples and supports RDFS entailment while the graph named http://www.example/named-graph contains 2000 triples and supports OWL2 RL entailment. 4.1 RDF/XML Service Description Given the HTTP request: GET /sparql/ HTTP/1.1 Host : www.example the SPARQL service responds with an RDF/XML encoded service description (no content negotiation or RDFa encoding is used): HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date : Fri, 09 Oct 2009 17:31:12 GMT Server : Apache/1.3.29 (Unix) PHP/4.3.4 DAV/1.0.3 Connection : close Content-Type : application/rdf+xml <?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "utf-8" ?> < rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:sd = "http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql-service-description#" xmlns:prof = "http://www.w3.org/ns/owl-profile/" xmlns:void = "http://rdfs.org/ns/void#" > < sd:Service > < sd:endpoint rdf:resource = "http://www.example/sparql/" /> < sd:supportedLanguage rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql-service-description#SPARQLQuery" /> < sd:supportedVersion rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql#version-1.2" /> < sd:supportedVersion rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql#version-1.2-basic" /> < sd:resultFormat rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/RDF_XML" /> < sd:resultFormat rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/Turtle" /> < sd:feature rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql-service-description#DereferencesURIs" /> < sd:defaultEntailmentRegime rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/entailment/RDFS" /> < sd:extensionFunction > < sd:Function rdf:about = "http://example.org/Distance" /> </ sd:extensionFunction > < sd:defaultDataset > < sd:Dataset > < sd:defaultGraph > < sd:Graph > < void:triples rdf:datatype = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer" > 100 </ void:triples > </ sd:Graph > </ sd:defaultGraph > < sd:namedGraph > < sd:NamedGraph > < sd:name rdf:resource = "http://www.example/named-graph" /> < sd:entailmentRegime rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/entailment/OWL-RDF-Based" /> < sd:supportedEntailmentProfile rdf:resource = "http://www.w3.org/ns/owl-profile/RL" /> < sd:graph > < sd:Graph > < void:triples rdf:datatype = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer" > 2000 </ void:triples > </ sd:Graph > </ sd:graph > </ sd:NamedGraph > </ sd:namedGraph > </ sd:Dataset > </ sd:defaultDataset > </ sd:Service > </ rdf:RDF > 4.2 Turtle Service Description Given the HTTP request: GET /sparql/ HTTP/1.1 Host : www.example Accept : text/turtle the SPARQL service responds with a Turtle encoded service description: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date : Fri, 09 Oct 2009 17:31:12 GMT Server : Apache/1.3.29 (Unix) PHP/4.3.4 DAV/1.0.3 Connection : close Content-Type : text/turtle PREFIX sd: <http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql-service-description#> PREFIX ent: <http://www.w3.org/ns/entailment/> PREFIX prof: <http://www.w3.org/ns/owl-profile/> PREFIX void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#> PREFIX sparql: <http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql#> [] a sd:Service ; sd:endpoint <http://www.example/sparql/> ; sd:supportedLanguage sd:SPARQLQuery ; sd:supportedVersion sparql:version-1.2, sparql:version-1.2-basic ; sd:resultFormat <http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/RDF_XML>, <http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/Turtle> ; sd:extensionFunction <http://example.org/Distance> ; sd:feature sd:DereferencesURIs ; sd:defaultEntailmentRegime ent:RDFS ; sd:defaultDataset [ a sd:Dataset ; sd:defaultGraph [ a sd:Graph ; void:triples 100 ] ; sd:namedGraph [ a sd:NamedGraph ; sd:name <http://www.example/named-graph> ; sd:entailmentRegime ent:OWL-RDF-Based ; sd:supportedEntailmentProfile prof:RL ; sd:graph [ a sd:Graph ; void:triples 2000 ] ] ] . <http://example.org/Distance> a sd:Function . 5. Conformance As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative. The key words MAY , MUST , MUST NOT , SHOULD , and SHOULD NOT in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [ RFC2119 ] [ RFC8174 ] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 5.1 Conformance A SPARQL service conformant with this specification: MUST return RDF content when the service endpoint URL is accessed as described in section 2 Accessing a Service Description . The RDF content returned from dereferencing a service endpoint URL <service-endpoint-URL> MUST include at least one triple matching: ?service sd:endpoint <service-endpoint-URL> . The RDF content returned MUST make use of the vocabulary defined in this document in accordance with the usage specified in section 3 Service Description Vocabulary . A. Changes between SPARQL 1.1 Service Description and SPARQL 1.2 Service Description This section is non-normative. sd:Language and sd:supportedLanguage updated to only differentiate Query and Update, leaving language versioning to the new sd:supportedVersion. Update fragment identifiers for references to RFC9110 in 2. Accessing a Service Description Use PREFIX instead of @prefix in all Turtle examples B. Privacy Considerations TODO C. Security Considerations TODO D. Internationalization Considerations TODO E. Index E.1 Terms defined by this specification E.2 Terms defined by reference [ RDF12-CONCEPTS ] defines the following: RDF 1.2 Basic conformance [ RDF12-TURTLE ] defines the following: Turtle [ RFC9110 ] defines the following: content negotiation [ SPARQL-QUERY ] defines the following: SPARQL 1.0 Query Language [ SPARQL12-ENTAILMENT ] defines the following: SPARQL 1.2 Entailment Regimes [ SPARQL12-FEDERATED-QUERY ] defines the following: SERVICE keyword [ SPARQL12-PROTOCOL ] defines the following: appropriate SPARQL Protocol parameters SPARQL Protocol service [ SPARQL12-QUERY ] defines the following: BIND FILTER FROM/FROM NAMED GROUP BY HAVING ORDER BY RDF Dataset SELECT expression supported aggregates [ SPARQL12-UPDATE ] defines the following: 3.1 Graph Update in SPARQL 1.2 Update LOAD statement USING/USING NAMED [ WEBARCH ] defines the following: dereference F. References F.1 Normative references [RDF12-CONCEPTS] RDF 1.2 Concepts and Abstract Data Model . Andy Seaborne; Gregg Kellogg; Olaf Hartig; Pierre-Antoine Champin. W3C. 7 April 2026. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-concepts/ [RDF12-TURTLE] RDF 1.2 Turtle . Gregg Kellogg; Dominik Tomaszuk. W3C. 21 April 2026. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-turtle/ [RDFa-core] RDFa Core 1.1 - Third Edition . Ben Adida; Mark Birbeck; Shane McCarron; Ivan Herman et al. W3C. 17 March 2015. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/ [RFC2119] Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels . S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119 [RFC8174] Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words . B. Leiba. IETF. May 2017. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174 [rfc9110] HTTP Semantics . R. Fielding, Ed.; M. Nottingham, Ed.; J. Reschke, Ed. IETF. June 2022. Internet Standard. URL: https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9110.html [SPARQL-QUERY] SPARQL Query Language for RDF . Eric Prud'hommeaux; Andy Seaborne. W3C. 15 January 2008. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ [SPARQL11-QUERY] SPARQL 1.1 Query Language . Steven Harris; Andy Seaborne. W3C. 21 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/ [SPARQL11-UPDATE] SPARQL 1.1 Update . Paula Gearon; Alexandre Passant; Axel Polleres. W3C. 21 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-update/ [SPARQL12-ENTAILMENT] SPARQL 1.2 Entailment Regimes . Peter Patel-Schneider. W3C. 9 April 2026. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-entailment/ [SPARQL12-FEDERATED-QUERY] SPARQL 1.2 Federated Query . Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams. W3C. 26 January 2026. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-federated-query/ [SPARQL12-PROTOCOL] SPARQL 1.2 Protocol . Andy Seaborne; Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 14 August 2025. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-protocol/ [SPARQL12-QUERY] SPARQL 1.2 Query Language . Olaf Hartig; Andy Seaborne; Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 16 April 2026. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-query/ [SPARQL12-UPDATE] SPARQL 1.2 Update . Ruben Taelman; Andy Seaborne; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 14 August 2025. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-update/ [VOID] Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary . Keith Alexander; Richard Cyganiak; Michael Hausenblas; Jun Zhao. W3C. 3 March 2011. W3C Working Group Note. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/void/ [WEBARCH] Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One . Ian Jacobs; Norman Walsh. W3C. 15 December 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/ F.2 Informative references [SPARQL11-SERVICE-DESCRIPTION] SPARQL 1.1 Service Description . Gregory Williams. W3C. 21 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-service-description/ [SPARQL12-CONCEPTS] SPARQL 1.2 Concepts . The W3C RDF & SPARQL Working Group. W3C. W3C Editor's Draft. URL: https://w3c.github.io/sparql-concepts/spec/ [SPARQL12-GRAPH-STORE-PROTOCOL] SPARQL 1.2 Graph Store Protocol . Andy Seaborne; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 19 December 2024. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-graph-store-protocol/ [SPARQL12-NEW] What’s New in SPARQL 1.2 . The W3C RDF & SPARQL Working Group. W3C. W3C Editor's Draft. URL: https://w3c.github.io/sparql-new/spec/ [SPARQL12-RESULTS-CSV-TSV] SPARQL 1.2 Query Results CSV and TSV Formats . Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 28 March 2026. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-results-csv-tsv/ [SPARQL12-RESULTS-JSON] SPARQL 1.2 Query Results JSON Format . Andy Seaborne; Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 28 March 2026. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-results-json/ [SPARQL12-RESULTS-XML] SPARQL 1.2 Query Results XML Format . Ruben Taelman; Dominik Tomaszuk; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 27 December 2024. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-results-xml/ ↑ Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.11 sd:supportedVersion Permalink Referenced in: § 4.2 Turtle Service Description Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Accessing a Service Description Permalink Referenced in: § 3.4.1 sd:SPARQL10Query Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.5 sd:defaultSupportedEntailmentProfile Permalink Referenced in: § 3.4.10 sd:BasicFederatedQuery Permalink Referenced in: § 3.4.8 sd:RequiresDataset Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Terminology § 3.2.1 sd:endpoint Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.7 sd:extensionFunction § 3.3.4 sd:Function Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.7 sd:extensionFunction § 3.3.4 sd:Function Permalink Referenced in: § 3.4.6 sd:DereferencesURIs § 3.4.8 sd:RequiresDataset Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.7 sd:extensionFunction § 3.3.4 sd:Function Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.7 sd:extensionFunction § 3.2.8 sd:extensionAggregate § 3.3.4 sd:Function § 3.3.5 sd:Aggregate Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.7 sd:extensionFunction § 3.3.4 sd:Function Permalink Referenced in: § 3.3.9 sd:Dataset Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.7 sd:extensionFunction § 3.2.8 sd:extensionAggregate § 3.3.4 sd:Function § 3.3.5 sd:Aggregate Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.8 sd:extensionAggregate § 3.3.5 sd:Aggregate Permalink Referenced in: § 3.4.9 sd:EmptyGraphs Permalink Referenced in: § 3.2.16 sd:inputFormat Permalink Referenced in: § 3.4.6 sd:DereferencesURIs § 3.4.8 sd:RequiresDataset Permalink Referenced in: § 3.4.6 sd:DereferencesURIs