The Book of the Epic: The World's Great Epics Told in Story

CHINESE AND JAPANESE POETRY CHINESE AND JAPANESE POETRY WHITE ASTER Epics as they are understood in Europe do not exist in either China or Japan, although orientals claim that name for poems which we would term idyls. A romantic tale, which passes as an epic in both countries, was written in Chinese verse by Professor Inouye, and has been rendered in classical Japanese by Naobumi Ochiai. It is entitled "The Lay of the Pious Maiden Shirakiku," which is The White Aster. The first canto opens with an exquisite description of an autumn sunset and of the leaves falling from the trees at the foot of Mount Aso. Then we hear a temple bell ringing in a distant grove, and see a timid maiden steal out weeping from a hut in the extremity of the village to gaze anxiously in the direction of the volcano, for her father left her three days before to go hunting and has not returned. Poor little White Aster fears some harm may have befallen her sire, and, although she creeps back into the hut and kindles a fire to make tea, her heads turns at every sound in the hope that her father has come back at last. Stealing out once more only to see wild geese fly past and the rain-clouds drift across the heavens, White Aster shudders and feels impelled to start in quest of the missing man. She, therefore, dons a straw cloak and red bamboo hat, and, although night will soon fall, steals down the village street, across the marsh, and begins to climb the mountain. Here the steep path winds with a swift ascent Toward the summit:—the long grass that grew In tufts upon the slopes, shrivelled and dry, Lay dead upon her path;—hushed was the voice Of the blithe chafers.—Only sable night Yawned threatening from the vale. While she is searching, the rain ceases and the clouds part, but no trace of her missing father does she find. Light has gone and darkness has already invaded the solitude, when White Aster descries a faint red gleam through the trees and hears the droning voice of a priest chanting his prayers. Going in the direction of light and sound, White Aster soon approaches a ruined temple, standing in the midst of a grove of cypress and camphor trees, amid bleached bones and mouldering graves overhung by weeping-willows. Her light footfall on the broken steps, falling upon the ear of the recluse, makes him fancy some demon is coming to tempt him, so seizing a light he thrusts it out of the door, tremblingly bidding the "fox ghost" begone. In the East foxes being spirits of evil and having the power to assume any form they wish, the priest naturally takes what seems a little maiden for a demon. But, when he catches a glimpse of White Aster's lovely innocent face and hears her touching explanation, he utterly changes his opinion, muttering that she must belong to some noble family, since her eyebrows are like twin "half-moons." "'Tis clear she comes of noble family: Her eyebrows are as twin half-moons: her hair Lies on her snowy temples, like a cloud: In charm of form she ranks with Sishih's self, That pearl of loveliness, the Chinese Helen." Taking his visitor gently by the hand, he leads her into the sanctuary, where he seats her at Buddha's feet, before inquiring who she is and what she is doing at night in the wilderness. White Aster timidly explains that, although born in one of the southern islands and cradled in a rich home, the pleasant tenor of her life was suddenly interrupted by the outbreak of war. Her home sacked and destroyed, she and her mother barely escaped with their lives. Taking refuge near a ruined temple, they erected a booth to shelter them, where the girl who had always been lapped in luxury had to perform all kinds of menial tasks. But even under such circumstances her life proved pleasant compared to what she suffered when news came that her father had rebelled against the king, and that he and his adherents had been crushed in the war. No poppy-draught could enable the two poor women to forget such terrible tidings, and it is no wonder the poor mother pined away. As the stream Flows to the sea and nevermore returns, So ebbed and ebbed her life. I cannot tell What in those days I suffered. Nature's self Seemed to be mourning with me, for the breeze Of Autumn breathed its last, and as it died The vesper-bell from yonder village pealed A requiem o'er my mother. Thus she died, But dead yet lives—for, ever, face and form, She stands before my eyes; and in my ears I ever seem to hear her loving voice, Speaking as in the days when, strict and kind, She taught me household lore,—in all a mother. Having carefully tended her mother to the end, poor little White Aster lived alone, until one day her father suddenly appeared, having found at last a way to escape and rejoin them. He was, however, broken-hearted on learning of his wife's death, and, hoping to comfort him, White Aster paid him all manner of filial attentions. She could not, however, restore happiness or peace to the bereaved man, who, besides mourning his wife, keenly regretted the absence of his son Akitoshi, whom he had driven from home in anger when the youth proved wild and overbearing. During this artless narrative the recluse had exhibited signs of deep emotion, and, when White Aster mentioned the name of her brother, he clasped his hands over his face as if to conceal its expression. After listening to her tale in silence, he kindly bade White Aster tarry there until sunrise, assuring her it would not be safe for her to wander in the mountain by night. Little White Aster, therefore slept at Buddha's feet, shivering with cold, for her garments were far too thin to protect her from the keen mountain air. As she slept she dreamt of her father, whose wraith appeared to her, explaining that a false step had hurled him down into a ravine, whence he has vainly been trying to escape for three days past! The second canto opens with a description of a beautiful red dawn, and of the gradual awakening of the birds, whose songs finally rouse the little maiden, who again sets off on her quest. Now the red dawn had tipped the mountain-tops, And birds, awaking, peered from out their nests, To greet the day with strains of matin joy; The while, the moon's pale sickle, silver white, Fading away, sunk in the western sky. Clear was the air and cloudless, save the mists That rolled in waves upon the mountain-tops. Or crept along the gullies. Skirting the trunks of mighty trees, stealing beneath whispering pines, White Aster threads different parts of the solitude, where she encounters deer and other timid game, seeking some trace of her father. She is so intent on this quest that she does not mark two dark forms which gradually creep nearer to her. These are robbers, who finally pounce upon White Aster and drag her into their rocky den, little heeding her tears or prayers; and, although the maiden cries for help, echo alone reiterates her desperate calls. The brigands' lair is beneath an overhanging cliff, where they have erected a miserable booth, whose broken thatch has to be supplemented by the dense foliage of the ginkgo tree overshadowing it. In front of this hut runs a brawling stream, while the rocks all around are hung with heavy curtains of ivy, which add to the gloom and dampness of the place. Here the sun Ne'er visits with his parting rays at eve, But all is gloom and silence save the cry Of some belated bird that wakes the night. Having brought their prisoner safely into this den, the robbers proceed to eat and drink, dispensing with chopsticks, so wolfish is their hunger. Meantime they roughly jeer at their captive, who sits helpless before them, tears streaming down her pale cheeks. Having satisfied their first imperious craving for food and drink, the brigands proceed to taunt their prisoner, until the captain, producing a koto or harp, bids her with savage threats make music, as they like to be merry. "Sit you down, And let us hear your skill; for I do swear That, if you hesitate, then with this sword I'll cut you into bits and give your flesh To yonder noisy crows. Mark well my words." So proficient is our little maiden on this instrument, that her slender fingers draw from the cords such wonderful sounds that all living creatures are spellbound. Even the robbers remain quiet while it lasts, and are so entranced that they fail to hear the steps of a stranger, stealing near the hut armed with sword and spear. Seeing White Aster in the brigands' power, this stranger bursts open the door and pounces upon the robbers, several of whom he slays after a desperate conflict. One of their number, however, manages to escape, and it is only when the fight is over that White Aster—who has covered her face with her hands—discovers that her rescuer is the kind-hearted recluse. He now informs her that, deeming it unsafe for her to thread the wilderness alone, he had soon followed her, intending to tell her he is her long-lost brother! Then he explains how, after being banished from home, he entered the service of a learned man, with whom he began to study, and that, perceiving at last the wickedness of his ways, he made up his mind to reform. But, although he immediately hastened home to beg his parents' forgiveness, he arrived there only to find his native town in ruins. Unable to secure any information in regard to his kin, he then became a recluse, and it was only because shame and emotion prevented his speaking that he had not immediately told White Aster who he was. Much then my spirit fought against itself, Wishing to tell my name and welcome you, My long-lost sister: but false shame forbade And kept my mouth tight closed. His tale ended, the recluse and his small sister leave the robbers' den, and steal hand in hand through the dusk, the forest's silence being broken only by the shrill cries of bands of monkeys. They are just about to emerge from this dark ravine, when the robber who managed to escape suddenly pounces upon the priest, determined to slay him so as to avenge his dead comrades. Another terrible fight ensues, which so frightens poor little White Aster that she runs off, losing her way in the darkness, and is not able to return to her brother's side in spite of all her efforts. The third canto tells how, after wandering around all night, White Aster finally emerges at dawn on the top of a cliff, at whose base nestles a tiny village, with one of the wonted shrines. Making her way down to this place, White Aster kneels in prayer, but her attitude is so weary that an old peasant, passing by, takes pity upon her and invites her to join his daughter in their little cottage. White Aster thus becomes an inmate of this rustic home, where she spends the next few years, her beauty increasing every day, until her fame spreads all over the land. Hearing of her unparalleled loveliness, the governor finally decides to marry her, although she is far beneath him in rank, and sends a matrimonial agent to bargain for her hand. The old rustic, awed by the prospect of so brilliant an alliance, consents without consulting White Aster, and he and the agent pick out in the calendar a propitious day for the wedding. When the agent has departed, the old man informs his guest how he has promised her hand in marriage, adding that she has no choice and must consent. But White Aster exclaims that her mother, on her way to the temple one day, heard a strange sound in the churchyard. There she discovered, amongst the flowers, a tiny abandoned girl, whom she adopted, giving her the name of the blossoms around her. "Once," she said, "Ere morn had scarce begun to dawn, I went To worship at the temple: as I passed Through the churchyard 'twixt rows of gravestones hoar, And blooming white chrysanthemums, I heard The piteous wailing of a little child. Which following, I found, amidst the flowers, A fair young child with crimson-mouthing lips And fresh soft cheek—a veritable gem. I took it as a gift that Buddha sent As guerdon of my faith, and brought it up As my own child, to be my husband's joy And mine: and, as I found thee couched Amidst white-blooming asters, I named thee White Aster in memorial of the day." The little maiden adds that her adopted mother made her promise never to marry any one save her so-called brother, and declares she is bound in honor to respect this maternal wish. The governor, anxious to secure this beautiful bride, meantime sends the agent hurrying back with a chest full of gifts, the acceptance of which will make the bargain binding. So the clever agent proceeds to exhibit tokens, which so dazzle the old peasant that he greedily accepts them all, while admiring neighbors gape at them in wonder. Poor little White Aster, perceiving it will be impossible to resist the pressure brought to bear upon her, steals out of the peasant's house at midnight, and, making her way across damp fields to the river, climbs up on the high bridge, whence she intends to fling herself into the rushing waters. She pauses, however, to utter a final prayer, and, closing her eyes, is about to spring when a hand grasps her and a glad voice exclaims she is safe! Turning around, White Aster's wondering eyes rest upon the recluse, who ever since he escaped from the brigand's clutches has vainly been seeking her everywhere. He declares they shall never part again and tenderly leads her home, where she is overjoyed to find her father, who still mourns her absence. Thankful for the return of his child, the father relates how, having fallen into a ravine,—where he found water and berries in plenty,—he vainly tried to scale the rocks, to escape from its depths and return home. All his efforts having proved vain, he was almost ready to give up in despair, when a band of monkeys appeared at the top of the cliff and by grimaces and sounds showed him how to climb out by means of the hanging vines. Trusting to these weak supports, the father scaled the rocks, but on arriving at the summit was surprised to discover no trace of the monkeys who had taught him how to escape. He remembered, however, that while hunting one day he had aimed at a mother monkey and her babe, but had not injured them because the poor mother had made such distressing sounds of despair. He adds it was probably in reward for this act of mercy that the monkeys saved his life. "I spared her life; And she, in turn, seeing my sorry plight, Cried to me from the rocks, and showed the way To flee from certain death." Thus, this epic ends with a neat little moral, and with the comforting assurance that White Aster, her father, and husband lived happy ever afterward. AMERICAN EPICS When Europeans first landed on this continent, they found it occupied by various tribes of Indians, speaking—it is estimated—some six hundred different languages or dialects. At first no systematic effort could be made to discover the religion or traditions of the native Americans, but little by little we have learned that they boasted a rich folk-lore, and that their nature-myths and hero-tales were recited by the fireside from generation to generation. Because there were tribes in different degrees of evolution between savagery and the rudimentary stages of civilization, there are more or less rude myths and folk-tales in the samples with which we have thus become familiar. Among the more advanced tribes, Indian folk-lore bears the imprint of a weirdly poetical turn of mind, and ideas are often vividly and picturesquely expressed by nature similes. Some of this folk-lore is embodied in hymns, or what have also been termed nature-epics, which are now being carefully preserved for future study by professional collectors of folk-lore. Aside from a few very interesting creation myths and stories of the Indian gods, there is a whole fund of nature legends of which we have a characteristic sample in Bayard Taylor's Mon-da-min, or Creation of the Maize, and also in the group of legends welded into a harmonious whole by Longfellow in the "American-Indian epic" Hiawatha. The early European settlers found so many material obstacles to overcome, that they had no leisure for the cultivation of literature. Aside from letters, diaries, and reports, therefore, no early colonial literature exists. But, with the founding of the first colleges in America,—Harvard, Yale, William and Mary, the College of New Jersey, and King's College (now Columbia),—and with the introduction of the printing press, the American literary era may be said to begin. The Puritans, being utterly devoid of aesthetic taste, considered all save religious poetry sinful in the extreme; so it was not until the middle of the seventeenth century that Fame could trumpet abroad the advent of "the Tenth Muse," or "the Morning Star of American Poetry," in the person of Anne Bradstreet! Among her poems—which no one ever reads nowadays—is "An Exact Epitome of the Three First Monarchies, viz., the Assyrian, Persian, and Grecian, and the Beginning of the Roman Commonwealth to the End of their Last King," a work which some authorities rank as the first American epic (1650). This was soon (1662) followed by Michael Wigglesworth's "Day of Doom," or "Poetical Description of the Great and Last Judgement," wherein the author, giving free play to his imagination, crammed so many horrors that it afforded ghastly entertainment for hosts of young Puritans while it passed through its nine successive editions in this country and two in England. Although devoid of real poetic merit, this work never failed to give perusers "the creeps," as the following sample will sufficiently prove: Then might you hear them rend and tear The air with their outcries; The hideous noise of their sad voice Ascendant to the skies. They wring their hands, their caitiff hands, And gnash their teeth for terror; They cry, they roar, for anguish sore, And gnaw their tongue for horror. But get away without delay; Christ pities not your cry; Depart to hell, there may you yell And roar eternally. The Revolutionary epoch gave birth to sundry epic ballads—such as Francis Hopkinson's Battle of the Kegs and Major André's Cow Chase—and "to three epics, each of them almost as long as the Iliad, which no one now reads, and in which one vainly seeks a touch of nature or a bit of genuine poetry." This enormous mass of verse includes Trumbull's burlesque epic, McFingal (1782), a work so popular in its day that collectors possess samples of no less than thirty pirated editions. Although favorably compared to Butler's Hudibras, and "one of the Revolutionary forces," this poem—a satire on the Tories—has left few traces in our language, aside from the familiar quotation: A thief ne'er felt the halter draw With good opinion of the law. The second epic of this period is Timothy Dwight's "Conquest of Canaan" in eleven books, and the third Barlow's "Columbiad." The latter interminable work was based on the poet's pompous Vision of Columbus, which roused great admiration when it appear (1807). While professing to relate the memorable voyage of Columbus in a grandly heroic strain, the Columbiad introduces all manner of mythical and fantastic personages and events. In spite of its writer's learning and imagination, this voluminous epic fell quite flat when published, and there are now very few persons who have accomplished the feat of reading it all the way through. Still, it contains passages not without merit, as the following lines prove: Long on the deep the mists of morning lay, Then rose, revealing, as they rolled away, Half-circling hills, whose everlasting woods Sweep with their sable skirts the shadowy floods: And say, when all, to holy transport given, Embraced and wept as at the gates of Heaven, When one and all of us, repentant, ran, And, on our faces, blessed the wondrous man: Say, was I then deceived, or from the skies Burst on my ear seraphic harmonies? "Glory to God!" unnumbered voices sung: "Glory to God!" the vales and mountains rang. Voices that hailed Creation's primal morn, And to the shepherds sung a Saviour born. Slowly, bare-headed, through the surf we bore The sacred cross, and, kneeling, kissed the shore. 'But what a scene was there? Nymphs of romance, Youths graceful as the Fawn, with eager glance, Spring from the glades, and down the alleys peep, Then headlong rush, bounding from steep to steep, And clap their hands, exclaiming as they run, "Come and behold the Children of the Sun!" Not content with an epic apiece, Barlow and Trumbull, with several other "Hartford wits," joined forces in composing the Anarchiad, which exercised considerable influence on the politics of its time. In 1819 appeared Washington Irving's Sketch-Book, which contains the two classics, Legend of the Sleepy Hollow, and Rip Van Winkle, which are sometimes quoted as inimitable samples of local epics in prose. Cooper's Leather-stocking series of novels, including the Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie, are also often designated as "prose epics of the Indian as he was in Cooper's imagination," while some of his sea-stories, such as The Pirate, have been dubbed "epics of the sea." Bryant, first-born of our famous group of nineteenth-century American poets, made use of many of the Indian myths and legends in his verse. But he rendered his greatest service to epic poetry by his translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey, accomplished when already eighty years of age. There are sundry famous American heroic odes or poems which contain epic lines, such as Halleck's Marco Bozzaris, Dana's Buccaneers, Lowell's Vision of Sir Launfal, and Biglow Papers, Whittier's Mogg Megone, Holmes's Grandmother's Story of Bunker Hill Battle, Taylor's Amram's Wooing, Emerson's Concord Hymn, etc., etc. Then, too, some critics rank as prose epics Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter, Poe's Fall of the House of Usher, Hale's Man Without a Country, Bret Harte's Luck of Roaring Camp, Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona, etc., etc. It is, however, Longfellow, America's most popular poet, who has written the nearest approach to a real epic, and the poems most likely to live, in his Wreck of the Hesperus, Skeleton in Armor, Golden Legend, Hiawatha, Tales of a Wayside Inn, Courtship of Miles Standish, and Evangeline, besides translating Dante's grand epic The Divine Comedy. In Longfellow's Wreck of the Hesperus we have a miniature nautical epic, in the Skeleton in Armor our only epic relating to the Norse discovery, in the Golden Legend, and in many of the Tales of a Wayside Inn, happy adaptations of mediaeval epics or romances. Hiawatha, often termed "the Indian Edda," is written in the metre of the old Finnish Kalevala, and contains the essence of many Indian legends, together with charming descriptions of the woods, the waters, and their furry, feathered, and finny denizens. Every one has followed entranced the career of Hiawatha, from birth to childhood and boyhood, watched with awe his painful initiation to manhood and with tender sympathy his idyllic wooing of Minnehaha and their characteristic wedding festivities. Innumerable youthful hearts have swelled at his anguish during the Famine, and countless tears have silently dropped at the death of the sweet little Indian squaw. After connecting this Indian legend with the coming of the White Man from the East, the poet, knowing the Red man had to withdraw before the new-comer skilfully made use of a sun-myth, and allowed us to witness Hiawatha's departure, full of allegorical significance: Thus departed Hiawatha, Hiawatha the Beloved, In the glory of the sunset, In the purple mists of evening, To the regions of the home-wind, Of the Northwest-wind Keewaydin, To the Islands of the Blessed, To the kingdom of Ponemah, To the land of the Hereafter! The Courtship of Miles Standish brings us to the time of the Pilgrim's settlement in the New World and has inspired many painters. The next poem, which some authorities consider Longfellow's masterpiece, is connected with another historical event, of a later date, the conquest of Acadia by the English. It is a matter of history that in 1755 the peaceful French farmers of Acadia, without adequate notice or proper regard for family ties, were hurried aboard waiting British vessels and arbitrarily deported to various ports, where they were turned adrift to join the scattered members of their families and earn their living as best they could. The outline of the story of Evangeline, and of her long, faithful search for her lover Gabriel, is too well known to need mention. There are besides few who cannot vividly recall the reunion of the long-parted lovers just as Gabriel's life is about to end. All through this hopeless search we are vouchsafed enchanting descriptions of places and people, and fascinating glimpses of scenery in various sections of our country, visiting in imagination the bayous of the South and the primeval forests, drifting along the great rivers, and revelling in the beauties of nature so exquisitely delineated for our pleasure. But, as is fitting in regard to the theme, an atmosphere of gentle melancholy hovers over the whole poem and holds the listener in thrall long as its musical verses fall upon the ear. Still stands the forest primeval; but under the shade of its branches Dwells another race, with other customs and language. Only along the shore of the mournful and misty Atlantic Linger a few Acadian peasants, whose fathers from exile Wandered back to their native land to die in its bosom. In the fisherman's cot the wheel and the loom are still busy; Maidens still wear their Norman caps and their kirtles of homespun, And by the evening fire repeat Evangeline's story, While from its rocky caverns the deep-voiced, neighboring ocean Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest. INDEX OF NAMES A Abbasides, 398 Abdiel, 298, 299 Abduction of Persephone, 64 Abel, 142, 311 Abeniaf, 116, 118 Abenteuerbuch, 326 Abraham, 311 Abstinence, 263 Abul Kasin Mansur, 398 Abu Zaid, 398 Acadia, 468 Achan, 170 Achates, 64-66 Acheron, 141 Achilleis, 63, 69 Achilles, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30-40, 42, 46, 53, 61, 88, 143, 269 Acrasia, 264, 265, 267-269 Active Virtues, 354 Açvaghosha, 415 Adam, 142, 179, 186, 293-298, 302-313, 317, 322 Adamastor, 134, 135 Adonais, 221 Adone, 139 Adonis, 139 Adrian V., Pope, 170 Adventurous Band, 202, 204 Adversary, 292, 395 Aegistheus, 43 Aeneas, 23, 25-27, 37, 64-74, 76-80, 142, 146 Aeneid, 63, 64-80, 83, 108 Aeolus, 50, 51, 64 Aeschere, 226 Aesculapius, 258 Aethiopia, 17 Aetna, Mt., 70 Afrasiab, 404, 408, 412 Africa, 64, 65, 116, 120, 126, 194 African, 71 Agamemnon, 18, 21, 26, 29-33, 36, 42, 53, 178 Age of Gold, 400, 417, 429 Agias of Troezene, 18 Agnani, 170 Agnello, 154 Ahab, 316 Ahasuerus, 394, 396 Aino, 377, 378 Aix, 87, 99 Aix la Chapelle, 99 Ajax, 18, 24, 28, 29, 31, 33-35, 53, 61 Akitoshi, 458 Aladine, 199, 200-202, 206, 213 Alamanni, 139 Alaric, 84 Al Asmai, 398 Alastor, 221 Alba, 283 Alba Longa, 64 Alban, 80 Albany, Duke of, 193 Albion's England, 220 Alborz, Mt., 402 Al-Bukhari, 394 Alcazar, 120 Alcinous, 46, 47, 55 Alcocer, 115 Alda, 89 Alethes, 201 Alexander, 19, 63, 107, 148, 218, 219, 233, 324, 361, 398 Alexanderlied, 324 Alexandra, 19 Alexandreid, 83 Alexandras, 392 Alexandria, 20 Alfonso, 111-113, 115, 116, 119-124 Alfonso V., 133 Alfred, King, 222 Aliscans, 81 Allah, 200 Allahabad, 436 Allan a Dale, 247-249, 251, 254 Allemaine, 100 Almesbury, 242 Alonzo, 132 Alphonso the Brave, 132 Alphonsos, 131 Alpine fog, 169 Alps, 233 Alsatian Chronicle, 327 Al-Tirmidhi, 394 Alvar Fanez, 109, 113, 118, 119, 123 Amadis de Gaule, 107, 127, 221 Amalung, 339 Amata, 79, 80 Amazons, 18, 199, 269, 281, 408 Ambrosius, Aurelianus, 230 America, 464 American Epics, 464-467 American-Indian Epic, 464 Americans, 464 Amfortas, 349, 351, 353-355 Aminta, 197 Amis et Amiles, 82, 83 Amoret, 273-278 Amram's Wooing, 467 Amrita, 420 Ananias, 154 Anarchiad, 467 Anastasius, Pope, 147 Anchises, 23, 68, 69, 72, 74 Ancient Mariner, 221 André, Major, 465 Andreas, 218 Andrew, 316 Andromache, 27, 28, 38 Andvari, 365 Aneurin, 216 Angel of Absolution, 165 Angel of Pity, 411 Angelica, 190-194, 196 Angels, 177, 187 Anglo-Norman, 229, 346 Anglo-Saxon, 222 Anlaf, 217 Anna, 70, 71 Anna, St., 188 Annales, 63 Annunciation, 166 Antaeus, 156 Antenora, 157 Antinous, 44, 57, 59, 60 Antioch, 83, 198, 207 Apocalypse, 396 Apollo, 18, 21, 25, 28, 28, 33, 34, 38, 39, 60, 177 Apollonius Rhodius, 20 Apollonius of Tyre, 218 Apostle of India, 136 Aquinas, St. Thomas of, 179, 180 Aquitania, 324 Arab, 397 Arab Days, 397 Arabia, 397, 401 Arabian and Persian Epics, 397-414 Arabian Conquest, 399 Arabian Nights, 327, 398 Arabians, 394 Arabian Tales, 394 Arabic, 393, 397, 398 Arab Iliad, 398 Arab Literature, 394 Arachne, 167 Aragon, 109, 125, 126 Arany, 393 Archangels, 177, 178, 187 Archimago, 256, 259-261, 264, 267 Arctinus of Miletus, 17, 18 Arden, 190, 191 Ardennes, 324 Argalio, 190 Argantes, 201, 204-206, 208 Argenti, 145 Argentina, 108 Argonautica, 20, 63, 139 Ariolant, 193 Ariosto, 85, 138, 189, 192, 197, 220 Aristotle, 218 Arjasp, 413 Arjuna, 435, 437, 439-444, 446 Ark, 166 Armida, 203, 204, 206, 207, 210-213 Arminius, 323 Armorica, 216 Arno, 168 Arnold, Edwin, 452 Arnold, Matthew, 221, 230, 408 Arrebo, 360 Artegall, Sir, 269, 270, 275, 276, 279, 280-284 Arthur, 82, 107, 137, 216, 218-220, 229-235, 239, 241, 242, 261, 281-283, 285, 286, 326, 349, 351-353 Arthur a Bland, 247 Arthuriana, 230 Arthurian Cycle, 216, 229-243, 346 Arthurian Legend, 219, 221, 222, 240 Arthurian Romances, 127 Asbjörnsen, 362 Ascanius, 66 Asia, 21, 75, 319 Asiatic, 394 Aso, Mt., 456 Assyria, 319 Assyrian, 465 Astolat, 236 Astolfo, 190, 194, 195, 196 Asvatmedha, 417 Aswathaman, 441, 442 Athens, 321 Atli, 370, 371 Attila, 323, 324, 328 Atridae, 18 Aucassin, 82,101-106 Aucassin et Nicolette, 82, 101-106 Aude, 99, 324 Augustan Age, 63 Augustine, St., 188 Augustus, 74 Aulis, 21 Auracana, 108 Aurora, 36, 44, 200 Austria, 392 Austriada, 108 Austrian, 392 Austro-Gothic, 328 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 392, 393 Automedon, 35 Avalon, Isle of, 242 Avarchide, 189 Avarice, 257 Ave Maria, 178 Awe, 282 Ayodhya, 416 Azevedo, 108 B Babylonia, 319 Bacchus, 129, 130, 135 Bactrachomyomachia, 20 Badajoz, 131 Bagdad, 399 Balaam, 397 Baldwin, 372 Balin and Balan, 240 Balkan Peninsula, 392, 393 Ballads of Robin Hood, 220 Balmung, 329, 362, 363 Baptist, John The, 213, 316 Bards, 214 Barlaam, 361 Barlaamssaga ok Josaphats, 361 Barlow, 466, 467 Barons' Wars, The, 220 Battle of Frogs and Mice, 20 Battle of the Kegs, 465 Battle of Maldon, 217 Batyushkoff, 372 Bavaria, 100, 192, 325 Bavieca, 120, 126 Beatrice, 133, 140, 147, 164, 168, 173-189 Bedevere, 229, 241, 242 Beelzebub, 289, 291, 298 Belacqua, 163 Belgard, 288 Beige, 282, 283 Belgium, 214, 282 Belgrade, 196 Belial, 290, 317 Belisarius, 138, 179 Bellicent, 82 Bellona, 26 Bellum Punicum, 63 Belphebe, 277, 278 Benedict, St., 184, 188 Benoit de St. Maur, 19, 219, 230 Beowulf, 217, 222-229 Béranger, Raymond, 179, 206 Bern (Verona), 323 Bernard, St., 188 Bernardo del Carpio, 107 Berni, 85, 138 Bertha, 324 Bertrand de Born, 155 Besançon, 92 Bethlehem, 315 Beves of Hamdoun, 317 Bhagavad-gita, 440 Bharata, 418, 423, 431, 432 Bhartruhari, 415 Bhima, 434, 436, 442 Bhishma, 433, 434, 438, 441, 443 Biaucaire, Count of, 102, 104-106 Bible, 217, 360, 415 Biglow Papers, 467 Bildad, 396 Bira, 101 Bird of God, 402 Blanchefleur, Lady, 354 Blatant Beast, 278, 283-288 Blaye, 99 Blue Sea, 378 Boccaccio, 138 Bodleian Library, 84 Bogovitch, 393 Bohemians, 392 Boiardo, 85, 138, 189, 192, 197 Boniface, Pope, 152, 170 Book of the Dun Cow, 215 Book of Heroes, 326 Book of Leinster, 215 Book of Taliessin, 216 Bordeaux, 99 Born, Bertrand de, 155 Bornier, 85 Bors, 229, 355 Bors, Sir, 352 Bosphorus, 186 Boston Library, 355 Bower of Bliss, 264, 268 Brabant, 351 Bradamant, 192, 196 Bradstreet, Anne, 465 Braggadocchio, 280 Bragi, 361 Brahma, 416-419, 447 Brahfans, 436, 437, 450 Bramimonde, 101 Branstock, 362, 369 Brengwain, 239 Breton, 100 Breton Cycle, 82 Briareus, 167 Bridal of Triermain, The, 221 Bride's Choice, 436, 447, 448, 450 Britain, 84, 216, 218, 219, 231, 232 British, 214, 267, 469 British Isles, 214 British Museum, 222 Britomart, 269, 270, 273-276, 279, 281 Brittany, 193, 216, 241 Broceliande, 241 Brons, 347, 348 Brown the Bear, 357-359 Brunetto, Sir, 149 Brunhild, 330-334, 337, 339 Brut, 218, 220 Brutus, 84, 139 Bryant, 467 Bryhtnoth's Death, 217 Brynhild, 367-371 Buccaneers, 467 Buddha, 415, 457, 458 Bulgarians, 196, 197, 393 Buonaventura, St., 180 Buovo d'Antona, 137 Burgos, 112, 114, 119 Burgundian, 127, 323, 328, 329, 334, 338-344 Burgundian-Hunnish Cycle, 324 Burgundy, 331-333, 339, 340, 367 Busirane, 273, 274 Butler, 466 Bylinas, 372 Byron, 221 Byrsa, 65 C Cabra, 110 Cacciaguida, 182. Cacus, 154 Caecilius, 171 Caedmon, 217 Caesar, 65, 318, 320 Caiaphas, 154 Cain, 223, 311 Caina, 157 Calahorra, 109 Calespine, Sir, 285, 287 Calicut, 135 Calidore, Sir, 283-285, 287, 288 Caliphs, 398 Callisthenes, 19 Calypso, 40, 44, 45 Camelot, 235, 241, 352 Camilla, 76, 79, 142 Camoëns, Luis de, 127, 128, 136 Campeador, 110, 126 Can Grande, 182 Canterbury, 232 Canterbury Tales, 138, 220 Capaneus, 149 Cape of Good Hope, 134 Cape of Tempests, 134 Capitol, 320 Care, 266 Carlemaine, 85, 100 Carleon, 234, 241 Carthage, 65, 71, 106 Carthaginians, 70-72 Cary, 140 Casella, 161 Cassandra, 67, 68 Cassius, 159 Castile, 108, 110, 112, 116, 131 Castilian, 115 Castle of the Maidens, 354 Catalogue of Beotian Heroines, 20 Cathay, 190, 191 Cato, 160, 161 Cattle of Cooly, 215 Celestine V., Pope, 141 Celt, 214 Celtic, 214, 215, 217 Centenera, 108 Central Europe, 392 Cerberus, 143, 284 Cervantes, 107 Ceuta, 133 Ceylon, 415, 424, 426-428 Champion of Purity, 354 Chancery, 265 Chanson de geste, 81, 82 Chanson de Roland, 81-101 Chaos, 290-293, 302 Chapelain, 84 Charity, 165, 174, 183, 262 Charlemagne, 81, 82, 85-90, 92, 94-100, 127, 137, 183, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 218, 323-325, 360, 361 Charles the Great (see Charlemagne), 326 Charles Martel, 179 Charon, 73, 141 Charybdis, 53, 54, 70 Chastity, 269 Chateaubriand, 84 Chaucer, 220 Chernubles, 91 Cherubim, 177, 184, 187 Chimera, 284 China, 456 Chinese, 415, 456 Chiron, 147 Chivalry, 261 Chosen People, 311, 321 Chrestien de Troyes, 82, 219 Christ, 81, 142, 145, 147, 154, 169, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184, 186, 188, 213, 293, 301, 312-315, 318-322, 327, 347, 393, 465 Christabel, 221 Christiad, 393 Christian Church, 174 Christian Epic, 64 Christian Era, 179 Christianity, 64, 81, 214, 360 Christians, 107, 178, 183, 191, 195, 198-200, 203, 205-208, 210-212, 217 Chrysa, 21 Church, 176 Ciacco, 144 Cid, the, 107, 108-146, 221 Cimmerian Shore, 52 Circassia, 192 Circassian, 205 Circe, 18, 51-54, 74 Citra-Kuta, 423 Civil Wars, 220 Claudianus, 64 Cleopatra, 143 Cloelia, 76 Clorinda, 199-202, 204-206, 208, 209 Clovis, 84 Clytemnestra, 43 Cocles, 76 Coimbra, 110, 127 Colada, 115, 122 Coleridge, 221 Colin Clout, 287 College of New Jersey, 464 Cologne, 92 Columbia, 464 Columbiad, 466 Columbus, 210 Combat des Trente, 84 Combel, 275 Comforter, 312 Concord Hymn, 467 Conington, 65 Conquest of Canaan, 466 Conrad von Kürenberg, 328 Constance, 230, 231 Constantine, 183, 230 Contemplation, 262 Cooper, 467 Cordova, 86 Coridon, 287, 288 Corineus, 219 Corneille, 107 Cornwall, 216, 237, 239 Corpes Woods, 124 Cortes, 123, 124 Courage, 259 Court Epics, 415 Courtesy, 283 Courtship of Miles Standish, 467, 468 Cow Chase, 465 Cowley, Abraham, 220 Crassus, 170 Crawford, 374 Creacion del Munde, 108 Creation of the Maize, 464 Crete, 69, 73, 149 Crist, 217 Croatian, 393 Cronica rimada, 107 Cross, 212 Crucifixions, 347 Crusade, 198, 199, 208 Crusade epics, 83 Crusaders, 198, 201-204, 206, 208, 209, 212, 213 Cuchulaind, 215 Cumae, 73, 146 Cumaean Sibyl, 70 Cunizza, 180 Cupid, 66, 286 Curse of Kehama, 221 Cycle of Brittany, 82 Cycle of France, 81 Cyclops, 36, 48-50, 70 Cyllenius, 61 Cymbeline, 219 Cymochles, 265 Cynewulf, 217 Cypria, 17 Cyprian Iliad, 63 Czechs, 392 Czuczor, 392 D Daedalus, 73, 179 Dagobert, 85 Dalian Frogaell, 215 Damascus, 203, 206 Damayanti, 447-451 Damian, 184 Dana, 467 Dandaka, 421 Danes, 227, 343 Danger, 84 Daniel, 171, 217, 318 Daniel, Samuel, 220 Danish, 217, 360 Dankwart, 342, 343 Dante, 137-189 Danube, 338, 339 Dasaratha, 417 Dauphin, 19 David, 166, 183, 220, 312, 318, 320 Davideis, 220 Day of Doom, 465 Dead Sea, 207 Death, 34, 291, 307, 308, 312, 314, 381, 382 Decameron, 138 Deceit, 265, 266 Deerslayer, 467 Deev, 400 Defense of Guinevere, 221 Delhi, 432, 438 Delos, 69 Deluge, 311, 439, 447 Demodocus, 46 Denmark, 222-225, 329, 371 Destiny, 195 Detraction, 283 Dharma, 446 Dhritarashtra, 433 Diana, 172 Diaz, 134 Dido, 65-67, 70-72, 74, 143, 170 Dietrich von Bern, 323, 328, 338, 340-343, 345, 346, 361 Diomedes, 25, 26, 29-33, 155 Dionysius, 148 Dis, 72, 145, 146, 159 Discord, 31, 75, 76, 193, 194 Disdain, 286 Divina Commedia, 137, 139-189 Divine Comedy, 139-189, 467 Divine Essence, 177 Divine Majesty, 188 Divine Song, 440 Doctors of the Church, 174 Doctor Patience, 262 Dog of Montargis, 83 Dolon, 31 Dominations, 177, 183, 187 Dominic, St., 180 Don Garcia, 109, 110 Don Gomez, 108 Don John, 133 Don Juan, 221 Don Pedro, 132 Don Quixote, 107 Don Ramon, 115 Don Sancho, 110, 111 Doomsday, 341 Dragontine, 191 Draupadi, 436-439, 442, 443, 445, 446 Drayton, 220 Drepanum, 70, 72, 74 Drona, 434, 435, 441, 442 Druidic cult, 214 Drunkenness, 444 Dryden, 220 Dublin, 255 Dudon, 202 Duessa, 257-259, 261, 264, 282 Du Guesclin, 84 Dumby, 124 Dunstan, St., 250 Durendal, 90, 91, 96, 97 Durindana, 90, 91 Dushyanta, 431, 432 Dutch, 356 Dwight, Timothy, 466 E Eagle, 183 Early Christian Epics, 395 Earthly Paradise, The, 221 Easter Day, 145 Ebro, 98 Ebuda, 193 Ecclesiastes, 396 Ector, Sir, 232, 234, 242 Edda, 215, 361, 362 Eden, 165, 186, 210, 294, 303, 314 Edward, 199 Egas Moniz, 131 Egilssaga, 361 Eginhart, 85 Egypt, 18, 43, 44, 161, 201, 204, 207, 289, 290, 317, 398 Egyptian, 19, 211, 212 Ekkehard, 324 Ekkewart, 333, 338, 340 Elaine, 229, 236, 352 Elder Edda, 361 Eleanor, Queen, 250, 251 Eleanora, 132 Elene, 218 Eleonora, 197 Elijah, 316, 317, 318 Eliphaz, 396 Elizabeth, 255, 281 Eljubarota, 133 Ellen, 247, 248 Elsa of Brabant, 351, 352 Elysian Fields, 44, 72, 741 Emerson, 467 Emmanuel, 133 Emmet, Prior of, 249 Empire, 176, 183 Empyrean, 176, 187 Enchanted Castle, 355 Endymion, 221 Enfances de Godefroi, 83 England, 192, 214, 217-220, 222, 230-232, 348, 465 English, 217, 243 Enid, 229 Ennius, 63 Enoch Arden, 222 Envy, 283 Eoiae, 20 Ephialtes, 156 Epic of Commerce, 128 Epic of the Gypsies, 393 Epic of Hades, 221 Epic of Kings, 398 Epics of the Netherlands, 356-359 Epic of Patriotism, 128 Epic Poetry, 17 Epic of the Volsungs, 362-371 Epigoni, 19 Epirus, 69 Epopée galante, 221 Erato, 75 Erec et Enide, 82 Ermanrich the Goth, 323 Erminia, 202, 205, 212 Ernst, Herzog, 325 Error, 256 Erse Poetry, 215 Erzilla, 108 Esau, 179 Eschenbach, Wolfram von, 219, 230, 326, 328, 352 Esther, 394, 396 Eternal City, 320 Eternal Rose, 187 Etruria, 76, 79 Etruscan, 76, 78 Ettarre, 229 Etzel, 328, 337-344, 346 Eugammon of Cyrene, 18 Eunoe, 174 Euphemia, Queen, 360 Euphemiaviser, 360 Europe, 127, 133, 137, 194, 198, 230, 372 European, 137, 216, 356 Europeans, 464 Euryalus, 77 Eurycleia, 42, 58 Eustace, 204 Evander, 76 Evangeline, 467, 469 Evangelists, 174 Eve, 188, 294-297, 302-310 Evelake, 348 Evil Pits, 151 Exact Epitome of the three first Monarchies, etc., 465 Excalibure, 283, 241, 242 Exodus, 217, 323, 395 Eyrbyggjasaga, 361 F Faerie Queene, 220, 255-288 Fafnir, 365, 366, 371 Fairy Queen, 261, 269 Faith, 165, 174, 183, 185, 262 Faithlessness, 257 Fame, 465 Famine, 468 Famine Tower, 157 Far East, 356 Farinata, 146 Faroese, 360 Fata Morgana, 194 Fate, 75, 77, 78 Fates, 170, 195 Faust, 327 Faustus, Dr., 327 Felez Munos, 122 Fénelon, 19, 84 Fennian, 215 Feridoun, 401, 402 Fernando, 132 Fernan Gonzales, 107 Ferrando, King, 108, 110 Ferrara, 192, 197, 211 Ferrau, 190, 191, 192 Fiance (bishop), 215 Fidessa, 257, 258 Fingal, 215 Finland, 372 Finn, 215 Finnish, 468 Finnish Epics, 372 Finns, 372, 373 Finnsburgh, 217, 225 Firdusi, 398, 399 First Crusade, 197 Fixed Stars, 176, 184 Flamença, 81 Flanders, 356 Florence, 140, 144, 146, 154, 163, 168, 182, 197 Florentine, 144 Flores and Blancheflour, 219 Florimell, Lady, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 280 Flourdelis, 283 Folco, 180 Folengo, 138 Force, 266 Forese, 171, 172, 177 Forest Book, 439 Fortiguerra, 139, 197 Fortitude, 160 Fortunate Isles, 210 Fortune, 144 Fountain of Youth, 83 Fountains Abbey, 250 Four sons of Aymon, 219 France, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92, 97, 99, 107, 127, 140, 191, 193, 214, 219, 283, 347 Francesca da Rimini, 143 Franciade, 84 Francis of Assisi, St., 180, 188 Franciscans, 180 Francus, 84 Frankish, 328 Franks, 84, 88, 89, 90, 100 Fraud, 266 Frederick II., 137, 148 Frederick of Telramund, 351 French, 85, 87, 89, 90, 170, 392, 393 French Classic, 18 French Epics, 81-106 Frenchmen, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100 Friendship, 275 Frisian, 323 Frithjof Saga, 360 Froschmeuseler, Der, 327 Frost God, 385 Furies, 75 Furor, 265 G Gabriel, St., 100, 101, 114, 181, 188, 198, 295, 296, 303, 314, 317, 322, 469 Gaelic Literature, 215 Galahad, 229, 236, 352, 353, 354, 355 Galland, 394 Gallicia, 110, 112 Gamelyn, Tale of, 220 Gan (Ganelon), 100 Ganelon, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 98, 99, 100, 324 Ganga, 432 Ganges, 133, 416, 419, 422, 432, 434, 435, 439, 443, 444, 446, 447 Ganymede, 165 Garcia Ordonez de Montalvo, 108 Garden of Eden, 174 Gareth and Lynette, 229, 240 Garin le Lorrain, 81 Gascony, 89 Gaucher, 230 Gawain, 229 Geats, 227, 229 Gemini, 184 Genesis, 217 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 216, 218, 219, 230 George of Merry England, St., 262 Georgos, 255, 260, 262, 264 Geraint and Enid, 229, 240 Gérard de Roussillon, 83 Gerbert, 230 Gereones, 282, 283 German, 392 German Epics, 323 German Literature, 327 Germany, 84, 214, 323, 325 Gernando, 204 Gernot, 344 Gerusalemme, 138 Gerusalemme, Conquistata, 138 Gerusalemme Distrutta, 139 Gerusalemme Liberata, 197 Geryon, 150, 151 Gherardeschi, Count Ugolino de, 157-158 Ghibelline, 146, 179 Giants, Battle of the, 64 Gibraltar, Strait of, 128, 186, 194, 210 Gideon, 318 Gildas, 218, 219, 230 Gil Diaz, 126 Gildippe, 199, 213 Ginevra, 193 Giovanna, 165 Girone il Cortese, 139 Giseler, 340 Glastonbury, 242, 348 Glauce, 269 Gleemen, 214, 360 Glittering Heath, 366 Gloriana, 255, 256, 262, 267, 269, 279, 283, 288 Gluttony, 257 Goa, 128 Goddess of Discord, 20 Goddess of Fame, 71 God of Death, 453 God of the Forest, 382 God of Sleep, 33 God of Time, 431 Godfrey of Bouillon, 138, 183, 198, 199, 201-204, 206, 207-213 Goethe, 84, 85, 327, 356 Golden Age, 107, 108, 415 Golden Fleece, 151, 268, 373 Golden Legend, 326, 467, 468 Golden Tree, 355 Gomorrah, 173 Good and Evil, 373 Gorgon, 146 Gorlois, 229, 231, 232 Goth, 323, 362, 371 Gothland, 363 Goths, 138, 362, 363, 364 Gottfried von Strassburg, 230 Gouvernail, 237 Graces, 287 Grandmother's Story of Bunker Hill Battle, 467 Grane, 364 Grantorto, 283 Great War, 440, 442, 444 Grecian, 463 Greece, 20, 24, 29, 36, 290, 393 Greek Epics, 17-62 Greek Literature, 17, 63 Greeks, 21, 25, 28-37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 51, 54, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 196, 214, 373 Grendel, 223-227, 229 Grettissaga, 361 Greyfell, 364 Griffeth, 416, 435 Grimbart, the Badger, 356-359 Guardians of the Holy Grail, 355 Gudrun, 325, 326, 367-371 Guelf Party, 140 Guelfs, 146, 150, 179 Guillaumey Charlotte, 216 Guido, 146 Guild, 367 Guillaurae d'Orange, 81 Guimaraens, 131 Guinevere, 229, 233-236, 242, 352 Guinicelli, 137 Gundulitch, 393 Gunnar, 367-371 Gunnlaugssaga, 361 Gunther, 323, 324, 328-337, 345 Guy of Warwick, 217 Guyle, 282 Guyon, Sir, 263-270, 280 Gyöngyösi, 392 H Hades, 53, 61, 72, 73, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149, 160, 161, 256, 258, 308, 380, 382, 383 Hadubrand, 323 Hagan, 325 Hagar, 318 Hagen, 324, 329-345 Hale, 467 Hall, 223 Halleck, 467 Haman, 169 Hanuman, 426, 427 Hardré, 82 Harivamça, 446 Harjala, 384 Harpies, 69, 75, 148 Harte, Bret, 467 Hartford, 467 Hartmann von der Aue, 219, 230, 326 Harvard, 464 Hasâr Afsâna, 398 Hastin, 432 Hastinapur, 432, 434 Hastings, 85 Hauteclaire, 91 Havelock the Dane, 217 Hawthorne, 467 Heavenly Wisdom, 174 Hebrew, 361 Hebrew Epics, 395 Hector, 17, 23, 24, 26-30, 32-35, 37-40, 67, 69, 74, 142 Heimskringla, 360, 361 Heinrich, Der Arme, 326 Heinrich von Ofterdingen, 328 Heldenbuch, 326 Helen, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 29, 43, 44, 56, 78, 143, 457 Helena, 218 Helenus, 69, 70 Heliant, 323 Heliodorus, 170 Hell, 315 Helm of Dread, 365 Hemans, Mrs., 131-132 Hengist, 231 Henning the Cock, 357 Henriade, La, 84 Henriqueiada, 127 Henry, 127 Henry II. of England, 155, 243, 244, 251 Henry IV., of France, 383 Heorot, 223, 225, 227 Heracles, 19 Hercules, 18, 76, 147, 155, 404 Hereford, Bishop of, 249, 251 Heresy, 256 Hermann und Dorothea, 327 Hesiod, 19 Hesperia, 68, 69 Hexaemeron, 360 Hezekiah, 183 Hiawatha, 372, 464, 467, 468 Hieronymo, see Jerome, 119 Higelac, 224 Highlands, 215 Hildebrand, 323, 340, 345, 346 Hildebrandslied, 323 Hildegund, 324 Himalayas, 419, 434, 439, 447 Himavat, 445 Hindu, 415, 416, 419, 431, 435, 440, 444, 452 Hintze the Cat, 357 Hisi, 381, 390 Historia Britonum, 218 History of Britain, 218 Hoenir, 364 Högni, 369, 370 Holiness, 256 Holmes, 467 Holy City, 201 Holy Grail, 127, 216, 229, 230, 234, 236 Holy Grail, Story of, 346-355 Holy Mountain, 348 Holy Sepulchre, 199, 213, 348 Homer, 17, 18, 20, 21, 40, 142, 372, 399 Homer of the East, 399 Homeric, 299 Homeric Battle, 26 Homeward Voyage, 18 Hope, 84, 165, 174, 183, 185, 262 Hopkinson, Francis, 465 Horace, 142 Horn, King, 217 Horsa, 231 Hostius, 63 House of Usher, 467 Hrothgar, 222-227 Hudibras, 466 Hug-Dietrich, 325 Hugues Capet, 83, 170 Hunnish, 328 Hun, 323, 328, 341-345, 370, 371 Hungarian, 392, 393 Hungary, 179, 323, 337, 338, 342, 343, 370 Hunt, Leigh, 221 Huntington, Earl of, 254, 255 Huon de Bordeaux, 83, 219, 327 Hvin Haustlöng, 361 Hyperion, 221 Hypocrisy, 256 I Icarus, 151 Iceland, 360 Icelandic, 360 Ida, Mt., 29, 149 Idleness, 257 Idle Sea, 265 Idylls of the King, 222 Igerne, 229, 231, 232 Igor, 372 Ilia, 64 Iliad, 17, 19, 20-40, 63, 83, 139, 155, 221, 325, 398, 465, 467 Ilion, 40 Ilion Persis, 18 Ilmarinen, 374, 379, 380-386, 389 Ilmater, 374 Ilya Muromets, 373 Impha, 101 India, 127-129, 133, 135, 398, 415, 419, 429, 431, 434, 439 Indian, 130, 136, 427, 430, 467 Indian Edda, 468 Indian Epics, 415-455 Indian Literature, 415 Indian Myths, 467 Indian Peninsula, 426 Indians, 464 Indra, 439, 444, 445, 446. Indraprastha, 438 Indus, 133 Inez de Castro, the Fair, 131-132 Infantes of Carrion, 120-125 Infantes de Lara, 107, 108 Infernal Regions, 159 Inferno, Dante's, 139-160, 164, 184 Inouye, 456 Inquisition, 282 I Promessi Sposi, 139 Iran, 401 Ireland, 214, 218, 237, 238, 279, 283 Irena, 279, 283 Iris, 23, 24, 39, 40 Irish, 214, 215 Irish Channel, 239 Irus, 57, 72 Irving, Washington, 467 Isabella, 221 Isegrim the Wolf, 356-359 Isenland, 330, 332 Iseult, Queen, and Princess, 237-240 Iseult of Brittany, 240 Iseult of Cornwall, 240 Iseult of the White Hands, 240 Isfendiyar, 412, 413 Isidro, St., 116 Isis, 281 Islamic, 397 Isle of Avalon, 242 Isle of Joy, 136 Isle of Refuge, 385 Ismarus, 47 Ismeno, 199 Isolde, 326 Israel, 161, 312, 320 Israelites, 316, 318 Istria, 63 Isumbras, Sir, 220 Italia Liberate, 138 Italian, 80, 137-139, 189, 206, 392, 393 Italian Epics, 137-213 Italy, 64, 70, 71, 74, 78, 137, 138, 197, 323, 328 Ithaca, 40, 41, 45, 50, 62, 155 Ithacan, 55, 62 Ithuriel, 295 Iulus, 66, 68, 71, 75, 76, 78 Ivain le Chevalier au Lion, 82 Iwein, 326 J Jackson, Helen Hunt, 467 Jacob, 179 James, St., 185 Janak, 420 Janes Vilez, 393 Janus, 76 Japan, 456 Japanese Poetry, 456 Jason, 20, 151 Javanese, 129 Jemshid, 400, 401 Jephthah, 178, 318 Jerome, Bishop, 116, 119, 126 Jerusalem, 139, 198, 201-203, 205-207, 210-213, 319, 322, 325 Jerusalem Delivered, 197, 198, 372 Jesus, 214, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321 Jewish Heroine, 394 Jews, 114, 119, 178, 347 Joan of Arc, 221 Joan Delaemi, 893 Joannes Boetgezant, 356 Job, 314, 316, 318, 395, 396 John, the Baptist, 171, 188, 213, 316, 356 John, King, 254 John Little, 244 John the Messenger of Repentance, 356 John, St., 174, 185, 186, 195, 234 John II., 133 Jongleurs, 107 Jordan, 213, 315, 316 Josaphat, 361 Joseph, 156, 318, 348, 353 Joseph of Arimathea, 347, 355 Joshua, 180, 183 Jove, 156, 184 Joyeuse, 98 Joyless, 258 Joyous Garde, 236, 241 Judas, 157, 159, 347 Judea, 319 Judecca, 159 Judges, 312 Judgment, 183 Judgment of God, 359 Judith, 188, 323 Juglares, 107 Juliana, 217 Juliet, 403 Julius Caesar, 63, 318 Jumna, 435, 438 Juno, 20, 22, 26, 30, 33, 35, 64, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 78, 80 Jupiter, 17, 20, 22, 25, 26, 29-34, 36, 40, 44, 45, 62, 64, 65, 71, 77, 78, 80, 129, 149, 176, 183 Jupiter Ammon, 19 Justice, 160, 279, 433 Justice, Champion of, 269 Justinian, 178, 179 Juturna, 80 Juvencus, 64 K Kaaba, 397 Kabul, 403, 414 Kaikeyi, 420 Kaikobad, 404, 405 Kaikous, 405, 407 Kai-Khosrau, 412 Kalevala, 372, 373-391, 468 Kali, 448, 449, 450 Kalidasa, 415 Karl, 87-90, 99, 101 Karlamagnussaga, 361 Karna, 435, 442 Kaspar von der Rhön, 323, 326 Kauravas, 434 Kavah, 401 Kaviraja, 415 Kavyas, 415 Kay, Sir, 232 Keats, 221 Keewaydin, 468 Kiev, 373 King's Cottage, 464 Kireyevski, 372 Kirk Lee, 254 Kjaempeviser, 360 Klopstock, 327 Knight of the Cart, 235 Knight of the Red Cross, 256, 258 Knight with the Lion, 326 Knights of the Holy Grail, 348 Knights of the Bound Table, 82 Knight's Tale, The, 220 Knot de Provence, 230 König Laurin, 326 Krieg auf der Wartburg, Der, 326 Kriemhild, 328-330, 332-338, 340-346 Krishna, 437, 440, 444, 446 Krist, 323 Kullerwoinen, 385, 386 Kumarasambhava, 415 Kundrie, 351 Kurvenal, 237 Kurukshetra, 440 Kurus, 434, 436, 438-442 Kusa, 429 Kuvera, 439 L Labyrinth, 73 Lady of the Lake, 221, 233, 234, 241 Lady of Sorrows, 234 Laertes, 41, 56, 61, 62 Laestrigonians, 51 Laexdaelasaga, 361 Laisses, 85 Lake Avernus, 72, 73 Lakshmana, 418, 422, 423 Lalla Rookh, 221 Lament of the Nibelungs, 346 Lancelot, 242 Lancelot du Lac, 218 Land of the Dead, 384 Land of Heroes, 373-391 Lang, Andrew, 101 Langobardian, 323, 325 Lanka, 427 Lapland, 377, 381, 384 Laplanders, 373 Lapps, 373, 376, 378, 385 Laocoon, 18, 67 Last Judgment, 465 Last of the Mohicans, 467 Last Supper, 347 Latin Epics, 63-80 Latin Literature, 63 Latins, 75, 80, 85, 137, 138, 160, 392 Latinus, 75, 76, 79 Latium, 72, 73, 80, 164 Launcelot du Lac, 82, 143, 229, 234-236, 242, 352 Laurin, 326 Lausus, 76, 78 Lava, 429 Lavinia, 75, 79, 80, 169 Lawlessness, 260 Lay of the Pious Maiden Shirakiku, 456 Lechery, 257 Lawrence, St., 178 Layamon, 218, 219, 230 Lay of the Last Minstrel, 221 Lays of Ancient Rome, 221 Lazarus, St., 109 Lea, 173 Lear, King, 219 Leather Stocking Tales, 467 Leda, 20 Légende des Siècles, 84 Legend of the Sleepy Hollow, 467 Leicester, 261 Lemminkainen, 381, 382, 384, 385 Leon, 110, 112 Lethe, 174, 175 Lettsom, 328 Leucothea, 45 Libyan, 66 Life and Death of Jason, 221 Life of Christ, 64 Life of St. Catherine of Alexandria, 392 Light and Darkness, 373 Lincoln, 244, 245, 253 Lisbon, 127-129, 136 Liszti, 392 Little Iliad, 18 Little John, 244-255 Lives of Saints, 323 Livius Andronicus, 63 Llywarch Hen, 216 Loathley Damsel, 354 Lockhart, 221 Locksley, 243 Lohengrin, 351, 352 Loki, 364, 365 Lombards, 189, 325 Lombardy, 182 London, 244, 255 Longfellow, 326, 372, 464, 467, 468 Lönnrot, Elias, 372, 373 Lord, The, 108 Lotus-eaters, 48 Louhi, 379-383, 385, 388, 389 Louis, 100 Louis I., 323 Louis XIV., 19, 394 Love, 273 Low Countries, 356 Lowell, 467 Lucan, 63, 142 Lucia, St., 140, 165, 166, 188 Lucifer, 139, 157, 296, 298, 299, 347 Lucifera, Queen, 257 Lucius Varius Rufus, 63 Luck of Roaring Camp, 467 Lucretia, 142 Lucretius, 63 Ludwigslied, 323 Luke, St., 174 Lüneburger Chronicle, 327 Lusiad, 127-136, 139 Lusitanians, 129, 135, 136 Luxembourg, 356 Lycia, 34 Lycophron, 19 Lynette, 229 Lyonnesse, Tristram of, 284 M Mab, Queen, 215 Mabinogion, 216 Macaire, 83 Macao, 128 Macaulay, 221 Maccabees, 183, 319 Macedo, de, 127 Macedon, 318 Macpherson (James), 215, 218 Madagascar, 129 Madeira, 134 Madoc, 221 Magdalen, 180 Magnetic Rock, 268 Magyar Epic, 392 Mahabharata, 415, 416, 431-455 Mahàkavyas, 415 Mahmoud, 399 Mahomet, 135, 155, 398 Maid Marian, 251 Maid of Beauty, 379, 381, 383 Maiden of the Rainbow, 379, 383-386 Malbecco, 273 Malebolge, 151, 154, 155 Malebouche, 84 Malepartus, 358 Malgigi, 191 Malory, 230, 240 Mammon, 265, 268, 290 Mandara, Mt., 426 Mandricar, 194 Manessier, 230 Manfred, 162, 221 Manlius, 76 Manto, 152 Mantua, 152, 164 Manu, 416 Man Without a Country, 467 Manzoni, 139 Marches of Brittany, 85 Marco Bozzaris, 467 Marco Polo, 137 Mariatta, 390 Marie de France, 82, 219, 230 Marinell, 271, 278, 280 Marinus, 139 Mark, King of Cornwall, 237-240 Marmion, 221 Mars, 25, 26, 65, 77, 129, 130, 176, 182 Marseilles, 194, 347, 348 Marsile, 85-90, 98, 99 Martin Antolinez, 114, 119 Martyrs, Les, 84 Mary, Queen of Scots, 257, 282 Mary Stuart, 220 Mary, Virgin, 140, 165, 172, 181, 297, 314, 316, 317 Mathilda, Queen, 199 Matière de Rome la grand, 83 Matilda, Countess, 174, 175 Matter of France, 218 Maur, Benoit de St., 19, 219, 230 Mauritania, 134 Mazinderan, 399, 405, 406 Mazuranie, 393 McFingal, 465 Mecca, 397 Medea, 151 Mediaeval India, 415 Medina, 115 Mediterranean, 348 Medusa, 146 Medway, 278 Melchisedec, 179 Melesigenes, 17 Melibee, 287, 288 Melinda, 130, 135 Menelaus, 18, 20-26, 31, 35, 41, 43, 44, 56 Meneses, 127 Mentor, 42, 43 Mercilla, 281, 282 Mercury, 44, 52, 61, 65, 71, 129, 130, 176, 178, 179 Merlin, 82, 216, 218, 229-234, 240, 241, 261, 269, 347, 351, 352 Merlin and Vivien, 229 Meru, Mt., 415, 420, 444, 445 Mezentius, 76, 78 Messenian Strait, 53 Messiah, 299, 301, 312 Messias, 327 Michael, 144, 193, 206, 291, 295, 299, 300, 309-312 Michael's Mount, St., 92 Mickle, 130 Midas, 170 Midsummer Night's Dream, 219, 327 Milton, 139, 217, 288, 290, 292, 294, 313, 347, 356 Milutinovitch, 393 Mimer, 364, 365 Minerva, 20, 22, 23, 25-28, 30, 31, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 55-59, 61, 62, 68, 436 Minnehaha, 468 Minnesingers, 326 Minos, 74, 142, 156 Minotaur, 147 Minuchir, 402 Mirth, 265 Mogg Megone, 467 Mohammed, 394 Mohammedan, 394 Moloch, 290, 300 Mombaça, 130, 135 Monçaide, 135, 136 Mon-da-min, 464 Montereggion, 156 Montjoie, 90 Montsalvatch, 348-350 Moon, 176 Moore, 221 Moors, 94, 95, 107-117, 119, 120, 122, 125, 128, 130, 133, 135 Mordred, 82, 241 Morgana the Fay, 233, 242 Morgante Maggiore, 138 Morning Star of American Poetry, 465 Moro Exposito, El, 108 Morocco, 117 Morolt, 237, 238 Morpheus, 256 Morris, William and Lewis, 221, 361 Moscow, 373 Moses, 188, 311, 435 Morte d'Arthur, 240 Mozambic, 135 Mucius Scevola, 178 Muiredhach, 215 Müller, Paludan, 360 Muslem, 394 Muspilli, 323 Mycenae, 42, 44 Myrden, 216 Mystic Rose, 188 N Naevius, 63 Naimes, Duke, 86, 89, 97 Nala, 428, 439, 447-451 Namus, see Naimes, 192 Naobumi Ochiai, 456 Naomi, 396 Naples, 162, 198 Nausicaa, 45, 46 Navarre, 112, 125, 126, 153 Nazareth, 317 Nectanebus, 19 Nennius, 218, 219, 230 Nepenthe, 43 Neptune, 29, 32, 33, 37, 45, 50, 52, 64, 68, 72, 135 Nessus, 147 Nestor, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30-33, 41-43, 56 Netherlands, 356 Neurouz, 400 New Jerusalem, 262 Nibelungen hoard, 329, 332, 338, 339 Nibelungenklage, 346 Nibelungenlied, 325,328-346, 361, 362,370 Nibelungs, 332, 336, 337, 339, 367-369 Nicaea, 198, 206 Nicholas III., Pope, 152 Nicolette, 101-106 Night, 290, 292 Nimrod, 156, 167 Nimue, 233 Niobe, 167 Niphates, 293 Nisus, 77 Njalssaga, 361 Noah, 142, 311 Noble, the Lion, 356-359 Noman, 49, 50 Nonnenwörth, 325 Norman, 84, 100, 323 Norman Conquest, 218 Norse Discovery, 468 Northland, 374, 375, 378, 383-385, 390 Norway, 204, 361 Northumbrian, 222 Norwegian, 360, 361 Nostroi, 18 Nottingham, 243, 245, 252, 253 Novgorod, 373 Nüremberg, 326 Nymue, 233 O Oberon, 327 Oblivion, 196 Odenwald, 335 Odin, 222, 362, 364, 366, 367, 370, 371 Odyssey, 17, 18, 40-62, 63, 83, 139, 325, 372, 416, 467 Oechalia, 19 Oedipus, 19 Ogier, 360 Ogier le Danois, 81 Ogygia, 45, 55 O'Hagan, John, 85 Oisianic Poems, 215 Oisin, 215 Olifant, 92, 99 Olindo, 200, 201 Oliver, 86, 89, 90-94, 96, 98, 196, 324 Olives, Mt., 208 Olympian, 26, 77 Olympus, 22, 26, 29, 34, 40, 64, 130 Olympus, Mt., 25, 36, 44, 129 On the Nature of Things, 63 Orestes, 18, 53 Orgoglio, 259, 261 Oriental Princess, 189 O Oriente, 127 Ore, 193 Order, 282 Orlandino, 138 Orlando, 138, 183, 190-192, 194-196 Orlando Furioso, 138, 189 Orlando Innamorato, 138, 189 Orlandos, The, 189-197 Ormsby, 113 Ormudz, 412 Os Lusiades, 127-129 Osman, 393 Ossian, 215 Otfried, 323 Otnit, 325 Oude, 416, 420, 423, 424, 429 Ourique, 131 Ovid, 142 P Padua, 197 Palamon and Arcite, 220 Palestine, 211, 290, 347 Palinurus, 72 Palladium, 18 Pallas, 26, 41, 45, 76, 78, 79, 80 Palmerina D'Inglaterra, 127, 221 Palmotitch, 393 Pandavas, 434, 445 Pandavs, 434-447 Pandemonium, 291 Pandu, 433, 434 Panipat, 440 Paolo, 143 Papal Chair, 174 Paradise, 90, 97, 140, 141, 173, 176-189, 205, 294-296, 302-304, 308-311, 313, 322, 401, 430, 446 Paradise Lost, 139, 217, 288-313, 356 Paradise Regained, 213-222 Paridell, Sir, 272, 273 Paris, 17, 18, 20-25, 27-29, 33, 38, 143 Paris City, 192, 197 Parthian, 319 Parvans, 431 Parzifal, 326, 349-354, 361 Pasiphae, 173 Passau, 338 Pastorella, 287, 288 Pathfinder, 467 Patrick, St., 214, 215 Patroclus, 30, 32-36, 39, 42 Paul, St., 174 Peccata (P.), 166-172 Peirian, 175 Peleus, 17, 20, 21, 40 Pelleas and Ettarre, 229, 240 Pelles, 236, 352 Pellerwoinen, 374 Pellias, 234 Penelope, 18, 40-42, 44, 56, 58, 60-62 Pelican, 185 Penthesilea, 18 Perceval, 82, 229 Percival, 352, 355 Perfect One, The, 113, 115 Pergamus, 26 Pericles, 218 Pero Mudo, 124 Persepolis, 400 Persia, 125, 319, 398, 399, 401, 407, 408, 412 Persian, 393, 398, 465 Persian Consort, 394 Persian Epic, 398 Persians, 401 Peter the Cruel, 132 Peter the Hermit, 198, 208 Peter, St., 125, 126, 166, 185, 186, 188 Peter Damian, St., 184 Petöfi, 392 Petrarch, 138 Phaeacia, 45, 55 Phaeacian, 45, 47, 53, 55 Phaedria, 265, 268 Phaeton, 151 Pharos, 44 Pharsalia, 63 Philip II., 282 Philip IV. of France, 170 Philip of Macedon, 318 Philips, Stephen, 222 Philoctetes, 18 Philosophy, 169 Phlegethon, 147 Phlegyas, 145 Phoebus, 60 Piccarda, 172, 177 Pilgrim, 468 Pilgrin, Bishop, 338, 340, 316 Pioneers, 467 Piran-Wisa, 412 Pirate, 467 Pisa, 157 Pisistratus, 17 Plautus, 171 Pleasure, 264 Pluto, 61 Plutus, 144 Poe, 467 Poema del Cid, 107-126 Pohyola, 383 Poland, 393 Polar Star, 134 Poles, 393 Polyolbion, 220 Polyphemus, 48-50 Pompey, 63 Ponemah, 468 Pope, 21, 41, 110, 220 Portugade, 128 Portugal, 112, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136 Portuguese, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136 Portuguese Epics, 127-136 Portuguese Literature, 127 Pot of Basil, 221 Poverty, 180 Powers, 177, 180, 187 Prairie, 467 Prakrit, 415 Pramnian, 51 Priam, 18, 23, 24, 29, 37, 39, 40, 68, 84, 218 Pride, 257 Primum Mobile, 186 Prince Arthur, 261, 267, 269, 270, 271, 277, 278 Princedoms, 177, 179, 187 Priscilla, 285 Prometheus Unbound, 221 Promised Land, 311 Prophet, 394 Prose Epic, 243 Proteus, 44, 278 Provençal, 137, 180 Provence, 216 Providence, 313 Prudence, 160, 174, 263 Ptolomea, 158 Publius Terentius Varro, 63 Pucelle, La, 84 Pulci, 85, 138, 189 Punic War, 63 Purana, 415 Purgatory, 137, 140, 141, 160-176, 184 Purgatory, Mt., 160, 161 Puritans, 465 Pushkin, 372 Pygmalion, 170 Pyle, Howard, 230, 243 Pylos, 42 Pyrenees, 85, 87, 99 Q

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