29 CFR Part 1915 — Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment

PART 1915—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS FOR SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Authority: 33 U.S.C. 941; 29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657; Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754); 8-76 (41 FR 25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736), 1-90 (55 FR 9033), 6-96 (62 FR 111), 3-2000 (65 FR 50017), 5-2002 (67 FR 65008), 5-2007 (72 FR 31160), 4-2010 (75 FR 55355), 1-2012 (77 FR 3912), or 8-2020 (85 FR 58393); 29 CFR part 1911; and 5 U.S.C. 553, as applicable. Source: 47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, unless otherwise noted. Subpart A—General Provisions § 1915.1 Purpose and authority. The provisions in this part constitute safety and health regulations issued by the Secretary pursuant to section 41 of the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 941) and occupational safety and health standards issued by the Secretary pursuant to section 6 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 655). § 1915.2 Scope and application. (a) Except where otherwise provided, the provisions of this part shall apply to all ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking employments and related employments. (b) This part does not apply to matters under the control of the United States Coast Guard within the scope of Title 52 of the Revised Statutes and acts supplementary or amendatory thereto (46 U.S.C. secs. 1-1388 passim) including, but not restricted to, the master, ship's officer, crew members, design, construction and maintenance of the vessel, its gear and equipment; to matters within the regulatory authority of the United States Coast Guard to safeguard vessels, harbors, ports and waterfront facilities under the provisions of the Espionage Act of June 17, 1917, as amended (50 U.S.C. 191 et seq.; 22 U.S.C. 401 et seq.); including the provisions of Executive Order 10173, as amended by Executive Orders 10277 and 10352 (3 CFR, 1949-1953 Comp., pp. 356, 778 and 873); or to matters within the regulatory authority of the United States Coast Guard with respect to lights, warning devices, safety equipment and other matters relating to the promotion of safety of lives and property under section 4(e) of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1333). § 1915.3 Responsibility. (a) The responsibility for compliance with the regulations of this part is placed upon “employers” as defined in § 1915.4. (b) This part does not apply to owners, operators, agents or masters of vessels unless such persons are acting as “employers.” However, this part is not intended to relieve owners, operators, agents or masters of vessels who are not “employers” from responsibilities or duties now placed upon them by law, regulation or custom. (c) The responsibilities placed upon the competent person herein shall be deemed to be the responsibilities of the employer. § 1915.4 Definitions. (a) The term shall (b) The term Secretary (c) The term employer (d) The term employee (e) The term gangway (f) The term vessel (g) For purposes of § 1915.74, the term barge (h) For purposes of § 1915.74, the term river tow boat (i) The term shipyard employment (j) The terms ship repair ship repairing (k) The term shipbuilding (l) The term shipbreaking (m) The term related employment (n) The term hazardous substance (o) The term competent person (p) The term confined space (q) The term enclosed space (r) The term hot work (s) The term cold work (t) The term portable unfired pressure vessel (u) The term powder actuated fastening tool (v) For purposes of § 1915.97, the term hazardous material (1) Has a flash point below 140 °F., closed cup, or is subject to spontaneous heating; (2) Has a threshold limit value below 500 p.p.m. in the case of a gas or vapor, below 500 mg./m. 3 (3) Has a single dose oral LD 50 (4) Is subject to polymerization with the release of large amounts of energy; (5) Is a strong oxidizing or reducing agent; (6) Causes first degree burns to skin in short time exposure, or is systemically toxic by skin contact; or (7) In the course of normal operations, may produce dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, mists, or smokes which have one or more of the above characteristics. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44541, July 3, 2002] § 1915.5 Incorporation by reference. (a) Specifications, standards, and codes of agencies of the U.S. Government, to the extent specified in the text, form a part of the regulations of this part. In addition, under the authority vested in the Secretary under the Act, the specifications, standards, and codes of organizations which are not agencies of the U.S. Government, in effect on the date of the promulgation of the regulations of this part as listed below, to the extent specified in the text, form a part of the regulations of this part. (b)(1) The standards listed in this section are incorporated by reference into this part with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) 1 CFR part 51 Federal Register (2) Any changes in the standards incorporated by reference in this part and an official historic file of such changes are available for inspection in the Docket Office at the national office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20210; telephone: 202-693-2350 (TTY number: 877-889-5627). (3) Copies of standards listed in this section and issued by private standards organizations are available for purchase from the issuing organizations at the addresses or through the other contact information listed elsewhere in this section for these private standards organizations. In addition, the standards are available for inspection at any Regional Office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), or at the OSHA Docket Office, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Room N-3508, Washington, DC 20210; telephone: 202-693-2350 (TTY number: 877-889-5627). These standards are also available for inspection at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of these standards at NARA, email [email protected], www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html. (c) [Reserved] (d) American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036; telephone: 212-642-4900; fax: 212-398-0023; website: www.ansi.org:// (1) ANSI A14.1-1975 Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders, IBR approved for § 1915.72(a). (2) ANSI A14.2-1972 Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders, IBR approved for § 1915.72(a). (3) ANSI B7.1-1964 Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels, IBR approval for § 1915.134(c). (4) ANSI Z41-1999, American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear; IBR approved for § 1915.156(b). www.nsc.org. (5) ANSI Z41-1991, American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear; IBR approved for § 1915.156(b). www.nsc.org. (6) ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2010, Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices, approved April 13, 2010; IBR approved for § 1915.153(b). Copies are available for purchase from: (i) ANSI Webstore, 25 W 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036; telephone: (212) 642-4980; website: https://webstore.ansi.org; (ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; telephone: (800) 447-2273; website: https://global.ihs.com; (iii) TechStreet Store, 3025 Boardwalk Drive, Suite 220, Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: (855) 999-9870; website: www.t (7) ANSI Z87.1-2003, Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices, approved June 19, 2003; IBR approved for § 1915.153(b). Copies available for purchase from the: (i) ANSI Webstore, 25 W 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036; telephone: (212) 642-4980; website: https://webstore.ansi.org/; (ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; telephone: (800) 447-2273; website: https://global.ihs.com; (iii) TechStreet Store, 3025 Boardwalk Drive, Suite 220, Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: (855) 999-9870; website: www.techstreet.com. (8) ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R-1998), Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, Reaffirmation approved January 4, 1999; IBR approved for § 1915.153(b). Copies are available for purchase from: (i) ANSI Webstore, 25 W 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036; telephone: (212) 642-4980; website: https://webstore.ansi.org/; (ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; telephone: (800) 447-2273; website: https://global.ihs.com; (iii) TechStreet Store, 3025 Boardwalk Drive, Suite 220, Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: (855) 999-9870; website: www.techstreet.com. (9) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2009, American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection, approved January 26, 2009; IBR approved for § 1915.155(b). Copies of ANSI Z89.1-2009 are available for purchase only from the International Safety Equipment Association, 1101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1425, Arlington, VA 22209-1762; telephone: 703-525-1695; fax: 703-528-2148; website: www.safetyequipment.org. (10) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2003, American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection; IBR approved for § 1915.155(b). Copies of ANSI Z89.1-2003 are available for purchase only from the International Safety Equipment Association, 1101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1425, Arlington, VA 22209-1762; telephone: 703-525-1695; fax: 703-528-2148; website: www.safetyequipment.org. (11) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-1997, American National Standard for Personnel Protection—Protective Headwear for Industrial

Workers—Requirements; IBR approved for § 1915.155(b). Copies of ANSI Z89.1-1997 are available for purchase only from the International Safety Equipment Association, 1101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1425, Arlington, VA 22209-1762; telephone: 703-525-1695; fax: 703-528-2148; website: www.safetyequipment.org. (12) ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01, Recommended Practice for Lighting Industrial Facilities, ANSI approved July 26, 2001, IBR approved for § 1915.82(a). (13) ANSI/ISEA Z308.1-2009, Revision of ANSI Z308.1-2003, Minimum Requirements for Workplace First Aid Kits and Supplies, ANSI approved May 8, 2009, IBR approved for § 1915.87 Note 1 to paragraph (d): Unless otherwise indicated, all standards in this paragraph (d) are available from ANSI. (e) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Two Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016; telephone: (800) 843-2763; email: [email protected]; https://www.asme.org/codes-standards: (1) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Rules for Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1963, IBR approved for § 1915.172(a). (2) [Reserved] (f) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 3640 Park 42 Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45241; telephone: (513) 742-2020; website: https://www.acgih.org/publications/: (1) Threshold limit values, 1970, IBR approved for §§ 1915.12(b) 1915.1000, (2) [Reserved] (g) ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959; telephone: 610-832-9500; fax: 610-832-9555; email: [email protected]; www.astm.org: (1) ASTM F-2412-2005, Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection; IBR approved for § 1915.156(b). (2) ASTM F-2413-2005, Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective Footwear; IBR approved for § 1915.156(b). (h) International Labour Organization (ILO), 4 route des Morillons, CH-1211 Genève 22, Switzerland; telephone: +41 (0) 22 799 6111; fax: +41 (0) 22 798 8685; website: www.ilo.org/. (1) Guidelines for the Use of the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses, Revised Edition 2011, Occupational safety and health series; 22 (Rev. 2011), IBR approved for § 1915.1001. (2) [Reserved] (i) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101; telephone: (800) 344-3555; email: [email protected]; https://www.nfpa.org/Codes-and-Standards: (1) NFPA 1981-2002 Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus for Fire and Emergency Services, IBR approved for 1915.505(e) (2) NFPA 1971-2000, Standard on Protective Ensemble for Structural Fire Fighting, IBR approved for § 1915.505(e). (3) NFPA 1976-2000, Standard on Protective Ensemble for Proximity Fire Fighting, IBR approved for § 1915.505(e). (4) NFPA 1982-1998, Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS), IBR approved for § 1915.505(e). (5) NFPA 1983-2001, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components, IBR approved for § 1915.505(e). (6) NFPA 10-2002 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, IBR approved for § 1915.507(b). (7) NFPA 14-2003 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, IBR approved for §§ 1915.507(b) (8) NFPA 72-2002 National Fire Alarm Code, IBR approved for § 1915.507(c). (9) NFPA 13-2002 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (10) NFPA 750-2003 Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (11) NFPA 25-2002, Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (12) NFPA 15-2001, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (13) NFPA 11-2005 Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (14) NFPA 17-2002, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (15) NFPA 12-2005, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (16) NFPA 12A-2004, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (17) NFPA 2001-2004, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, IBR approved for § 1915.507(d). (18) NFPA 1403-2002, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions, IBR approved for § 1915.508(d). [86 FR 54613, Oct. 4, 2021] § 1915.6 commercial diving operations. commercial diving operations shall be subject to subpart T of part 1910, §§ 1910.401-1910.441 of this chapter. § 1915.7 Competent person. (a) Application. (b) Designation. Exception: (i) Repair work on small craft in boat yards where only combustible gas indicator tests are required for fuel tank leaks or when using flammable paints below decks; (ii) Building of wooden vessels where only knowledge of the precautions to be taken when using flammable paints is required; (iii) The breaking of vessels where there is no fuel oil or other flammable hazard; and (iv) Tests and inspections performed to comply with §§ 1915.35(b)(8) and 1915.36(a)(5). (2)(i) The employer shall maintain either a roster of designated competent persons or a statement that a Marine Chemist will perform the tests or inspections which require a competent person. (ii) The employer shall make the roster of designated persons or the statement available to employees, the employee's representative, the Director or the Assistant Secretary upon request. (iii) The roster shall contain, as a minimum, the following: (A) The employers' name, (B) The designated competent person's name(s), and (C) The date the employee was trained as a competent person. (c) Criteria. (1) Ability to understand and carry out written or oral information or instructions left by Marine Chemist, Coast Guard authorized persons and Certified Industrial Hygienists; (2) Knowledge of subparts B, C, D and H of this part; (3) Knowledge of the structure, location, and designation of spaces where work is done; (4) Ability to calibrate and use testing equipment including but not limited to, oxygen indicators, combustible gas indicators, carbon monoxide indicators, and carbon dioxide indicators, and to interpret accurately the test results of that equipment; (5) Ability to perform all required tests and inspections which are or may be performed by a competent person as set forth in subparts B, C, D and H of this part. (6) Ability to inspect, test, and evaluate spaces to determine the need for further testing by a Marine Chemist or a Certified Industrial Hygienist; and (7) Ability to maintain records required by this section. (d) Recordkeeping. (2) The employer shall ensure that the records are posted in the immediate vicinity of the affected operations while work in the spaces is in progress. The records shall be kept on file for a period of at least three months from the completion date of the specific job for which they were generated. (3) The employer shall ensure that the records are available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary, Director, and employees and their representatives. [59 FR 37856, July 25, 1994] § 1915.8 OMB control numbers under the Paperwork Reduction Act. The following sections or paragraphs contain a collection of information requirement which has been approved by the Office of Management and Budget under the control number listed. 29 CFR citation OMB control No. 1915.11-1915.16 1218-0011 1915.83 1218-0259 1915.87 1218-0259 1915.88 1218-0259 1915.89 1218-0259 1915.113 1218-0220 1915.152(b) 1218-0215 1915.152(e) 1218-0215 1915.159(d) 1218-0215 1915.160(d) 1218-0215 1915.172 1218-0220 1915.501(d) 1218-0248 1915.502(a) 1218-0248 1915.502(b) 1218-0248 1915.502(c) 1218-0248 1915.502(d) 1218-0248 1915.504(a) 1218-0248 1915.505(a) 1218-0248 1915.505(b) 1218-0248 1915.505(d) 1218-0248 1915.506(b) 1218-0248 1915.507(c) 1218-0248 1915.508(a) 1218-0248 1915.508(b) 1218-0248 1915.508(c) 1218-0248 1915.508(d) 1218-0248 1915.508(e) 1218-0248 1915.508(f) 1218-0248 1915.1001 1218-0195 1915.1003 1218-0085 1915.1004 1218-0084 1915.1006 1218-0086 1915.1007 1218-0083 1915.1008 1218-0087 1915.1009 1218-0089 1915.1010 1218-0082 1915.1011 1218-0090 1915.1012 1218-0080 1915.1013 1218-0079 1915.1014 1218-0088 1915.1015 1218-0044 1915.1016 1218-0081 1915.1017 1218-0010 1915.1018 1218-0104 1915.1024 1218-0267 1915.1025 1218-0092 1915.1026 1218-0252 1915.1027 1218-0185 1915.1028 1218-0129 1915.1030 1218-0180 1915.1044 1218-0101 1915.1045 1218-0126 1915.1047 1218-0108 1915.1048 1218-0145 1915.1050 1218-0184 1915.1053 1218-0266 1915.1120 1218-0065 1915.1200 1218-0072 1915.1450 1218-0131 [61 FR 5509, Feb. 13, 1996, as amended at 62 FR 33547, June 20, 1997; 63 FR 13340, Mar. 19, 1998; 70 FR 13371, Mar. 21, 2005; 71 FR 38086, July 5, 2006; 77 FR 19, Jan. 3, 2012; 81 FR 48710, July 27, 2016; 83 FR 9703, Mar. 7, 2018] § 1915.9 Compliance duties owed to each employee. (a) Personal protective equipment. (b) Training. [73 FR 75587, Dec. 12, 2008] Subpart B—Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in Shipyard Employment Source: 59 FR 37857, July 25, 1994, unless otherwise noted. § 1915.11 Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart. (a) Scope and application. (b) Definitions applicable to this subpart. Adjacent spaces Assistant Secretary Certified Industrial Hygienist Coast Guard authorized person Dangerous atmosphere Director Enter with Restrictions Entry Hot work Immediately dangerous to life or health Inert or inerted atmosphere (1) The oxygen content of the atmosphere in the space is maintained at a level equal to or less than 8.0 percent by volume or at a level at or below 50 percent of the amount required to support combustion, whichever is less; or (2) The space is flooded with water and the vapor concentration of flammable or combustible materials in the free space atmosphere above the water line is less than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit for the flammable or combustible material. Labeled Lower explosive limit Marine Chemist Not Safe for Hot Work Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory Not Safe for Workers Oxygen-deficient atmosphere Oxygen-enriched Safe for Hot Work (1) The oxygen content of the atmosphere does not exceed 22.0 percent by volume; (2) The concentration of flammable vapors in the atmosphere is less than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit; (3) The residues or materials in the space are not capable of producing a higher concentration than permitted in paragraph (1) or (2) of the above, under existing atmospheric conditions in the presence of hot work and while maintained as directed by the Marine Chemist or competent person, and (4) All adjacent spaces have been cleaned, or inerted, or treated sufficiently to prevent the spread of fire. Safe for Workers (1) The oxygen content of the atmosphere is at least 19.5 percent and below 22 percent by volume; (2) The concentration of flammable vapors is below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL); (3) Any toxic materials in the atmosphere associated with cargo, fuel, tank coatings, or inerting media are within permissible concentrations at the time of the inspection; and (4) Any residues or materials associated with the work authorized by the Marine Chemist, Certified Industrial Hygienist, or competent person will not produce uncontrolled release of toxic materials under existing atmospheric conditions while maintained as directed. Space Upper explosive limit Vessel section Visual inspection § 1915.12 Precautions and the order of testing before entering confined and enclosed spaces and other dangerous atmospheres. The employer shall ensure that atmosphereic testing is performed in the following sequence: oxygen content, flammability, toxicity. (a) Oxygen content. (i) Spaces that have been sealed, such as, but not limited to, spaces that have been coated and closed up, and non-ventilated spaces that have been freshly painted; (ii) Spaces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases; (iii) Spaces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained liquids, gases, or solids that are toxic, corrosive, or irritant; (iv) Spaces and adjacent spaces that have been fumigated; and (v) Spaces containing materials or residues of materials that create an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. (2) If the space to be entered contains an oxygen deficient atmosphere, the space shall be labeled “Not Safe for Workers” or, if oxygen-enriched, “Not Safe for Workers—Not Safe for Hot Work.” If an oxygen-deficient or oxygen-enriched atmosphere is found, ventilation shall be provided at volumes and flow rates sufficient to ensure that the oxygen content is maintained at or above 19.5 percent and below 22.0 percent by volume. The warning label may be removed when the oxygen content is equal to or greater than 19.5 and less than 22.0 percent by volume. (3) An employee may not enter a space where the oxygen content, by volume, is below 19.5 percent or above 22.0 percent. Exception: An employee may enter for emergency rescue or for a short duration for installation of ventilation equipment necessary to start work in the space provided: (i) The atmosphere in the space is monitored for oxygen content, by volume, continuously; and (ii) Respiratory protection and other appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing are provided in accordance with subpart I of this part. Note to paragraph ( a Other provisions for work in IDLH atmospheres are located in subpart I of this part. (b) Flammable atmospheres. (i) Inspected visually by the competent person to determine the presence of combustible or flammable liquids; and (ii) Tested by a competent person prior to entry by an employee to determine the concentration of flammable vapors and gases within the space. (2) If the concentration of flammable vapors or gases in the space to be entered is equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit, the space shall be labeled “Not Safe for Workers” and “Not Safe for Hot Work.” Ventilation shall be provided at volumes and flow rates sufficient to ensure that the concentration of flammable vapors is maintained below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit. The warning labels may be removed when the concentration of flammable vapors is below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit. (3) An employee may not enter a space where the concentration of flammable vapors or gases is equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit. Exception: An employee may enter for emergency rescue or for a short duration for installation of ventilation equipment necessary to start work in the space, provided: (i) No ignition sources are present; (ii) The atmosphere in the space is monitored continuously; (iii) Atmospheres at or above the upper explosive limit are maintained; and (iv) Respiratory protection and other appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing are provided in accordance with subpart I of this part. Note 1 to paragraph ( b Additional provisions for work in IDLH atmospheres are located in subpart I of this part. Note 2 to paragraph ( b Additional provisions for work in spaces containing a flammable substance which also has a permissible exposure limit, are located in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1915, and § 1915.12(c). (c) Toxic, corrosive, irritant or fumigated atmospheres and residues. (i) Inspected visually by the competent person to determine the presence of toxic, corrosive, or irritant residue contaminants; and (ii) Tested by a competent person prior to initial entry by an employee to determine the air concentration of toxics, corrosives, or irritants within the space. (2) If a space contains an air concentration of a material which exceeds a part 1915 subpart Z permissible exposure limit (PEL) or is IDLH, the space shall be labeled “Not Safe for Workers.” Ventilation shall be provided at volumes and flow rates which will ensure that air concentrations are maintained within the PEL or, in the case of contaminants for which there is no established PEL, below the IDLH. The warning label may be removed when the concentration of contaminants is maintained within the PEL or below IDLH level. (3) If a space cannot be ventilated to within the PELs or is IDLH, a Marine Chemist or CIH must re-test until the space can be certified “Enter with Restrictions” or “Safe for Workers.” (4) An employee may not enter a space whose atmosphere exceeds a PEL or is IDLH. Exception: An employee may enter for emergency rescue, or for a short duration for installation of ventilation equipment provided: (i) The atmosphere in the space is monitored continuously; (ii) Respiratory protection and other necessary and appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing are provided in accordance with subpart I of this part. Note to paragraph ( c Other provisions for work in IDLH atmospheres are located in subpart I of this part. (d) Training of employees entering confined and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres. (2) The employer shall ensure that each employee who enters a confined space, enclosed space, or other areas with dangerous atmospheres is trained to: (i) Recognize the characteristics of the confined space; (ii) Anticipate and be aware of the hazards that may be faced during entry; (iii) Recognize the adverse health effects that may be caused by the exposure to a hazard; (iv) Understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures to such hazards; (v) Know what personal protective equipment is needed for safe entry into and exit from the space; (vi) Use personal protective equipment; and (vii) Where necessary, be aware of the presence and proper use of barriers that may be needed to protect an entrant from hazards. (3) The employer shall ensure that each entrant into confined or enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres is trained to exit the space or dangerous atmosphere whenever: (i) The employer or his or her representative orders evacuation; (ii) An evacuation signal such as an alarm is activated ; or (iii) The entrant perceives that he or she is in danger. (4) The employer shall provide each employee with training: (i) Before the entrant begins work addressed by this section; and (ii) Whenever there is a change in operations or in an employee's duties that presents a hazard about which the employee has not previously been trained. (5) The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section has been accomplished. (i) The certification shall contain the employee's name, the name of the certifier, and the date(s) of the certification. (ii) The certification shall be available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary, the Director, employees, and their representatives. (e) Rescue teams. (1) Shipyard rescue teams shall meet the following criteria: (i) Each employee assigned to the shipyard team shall be provided with and trained to use the personal protective equipment he or she will need, including respirators and any rescue equipment necessary for making rescues from confined and enclosed spaces and other dangerous atmospheres. (ii) Each employee assigned to the shipyard rescue team shall be trained to perform his or her rescue functions including confined and enclosed and other dangerous atmosphere entry. (iii) Shipyard rescue teams shall practice their skills at least once every 12 months. Practice drills shall include the use of mannequins and rescue equipment during simulated rescue operations involving physical facilities that approximate closely those facilities from which rescue may be needed. Note to paragraph ( e iii If the team performs an actual rescue during the 12 month period, an additional practice drill for that type of rescue is not required. (iv) At least one person on each rescue team shall maintain current certification in basic first aid which includes maintenance of an airway, control of bleeding, maintenance of circulation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills. (2) The employer shall inform outside rescue teams of the hazards that the team may encounter when called to perform confined and enclosed space or other dangerous atmosphere rescue at the employer's facility so that the rescue team can be trained and equipped. Note to paragraph ( e The criteria for in-house rescue, listed in paragraph (e)(1) can be used by the employer in evaluating outside rescue services. (f) Exchanging hazard information between employers. [59 FR 37857, July 25, 1994, as amended at 60 FR 14219, Mar. 16, 1995] § 1915.13 Cleaning and other cold work. (a) Locations covered by this section. (1) Spaces containing or having last contained bulk quantities of combustible or flammable liquids or gases; and (2) Spaces containing or having last contained bulk quantities of liquids, gases or solids that are toxic, corrosive or irritating. (b) Requirements for performing cleaning or cold work. (2) Testing shall be conducted by a competent person to determine the concentration of flammable, combustible, toxic, corrosive, or irritant vapors within the space prior to the beginning of cleaning or cold work. (3) Continuous ventilation shall be provided at volumes and flow rates sufficient to ensure that the concentration(s) of: (i) Flammable vapor is maintained below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit; and Note to paragraph ( b i Spaces containing highly volatile residues may require additional ventilation to keep the concentration of flammable vapors below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit and within the permissible exposure limit. (ii) Toxic, corrosive, or irritant vapors are maintained within the permissible exposure limits and below IDLH levels. (4) Testing shall be conducted by the competent person as often as necessary during cleaning or cold work to assure that air concentrations are below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit and within the PELs and below IDLH levels. Factors such as, but not limited to, temperature, volatility of the residues and other existing conditions in and about the spaces are to be considered in determining the frequency of testing necessary to assure a safe atmosphere. Note to paragraph ( b See appendix A for additional information on frequency of testing. (5) Spills or other releases of flammable, combustible, toxic, corrosive, and irritant materials shall be cleaned up as work progresses. (6) An employee may not enter a confined or enclosed space or other dangerous atmosphere if the concentration of flammable or combustible vapors in work spaces exceeds 10 percent of the lower explosive limit. Exception: An employee may enter for emergency rescue or for a short duration for installation of ventilation equipment provided: (i) No ignition sources are present; (ii) The atmosphere in the space is monitored continuously; (iii) The atmosphere in the space is maintained above the upper explosive limit; and (iv) Respiratory protection, personal protective equipment, and clothing are provided in accordance with subpart I of this part. Note to paragraph ( b Other provisions for work in IDLH and other dangerous atmospheres are located in subpart I of this part. (7) A competent person shall test ventilation discharge areas and other areas where discharged vapors may collect to determine if vapors discharged from the spaces being ventilated are accumulating in concentrations hazardous to employees. (8) If the tests required in paragraph (b)(7) of this section indicate that concentrations of exhaust vapors that are hazardous to employees are accumulating, all work in the contaminated area shall be stopped until the vapors have dissipated or been removed. (9) Only explosion-proof, self-contained portable lamps, or other electric equipment approved by a National Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) for the hazardous location shall be used in spaces described in paragraph (a) of this section until such spaces have been certified as “Safe for Workers.” Note to paragraph ( b Battery-fed, portable lamps or other electric equipment bearing the approval of a NRTL for the class, and division of the location in which they are used are deemed to meet the requirements of this paragraph. (10) The employer shall prominently post signs that prohibit sources of ignition within or near a space that has contained flammable or combustible liquids or gases in bulk quantities: (i) At the entrance to those spaces; (ii) In adjacent spaces; and (iii) In the open area adjacent to those spaces. (11) All air moving equipment and its component parts, including duct work, capable of generating a static electric discharge of sufficient energy to create a source of ignition, shall be bonded electrically to the structure of a vessel or vessel section or, in the case of land-side spaces, grounded to prevent an electric discharge in the space. (12) Fans shall have non-sparking blades, and portable air ducts shall be of non-sparking materials. Note to paragraph ( b See § 1915.12(c) of this part and applicable requirements of 29 CFR part 1915, subpart Z for other provisions affecting cleaning and cold work. § 1915.14 Hot work. (a) Hot work requiring testing by a Marine Chemist or Coast Guard authorized person. (i) Within, on, or immediately adjacent to spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases. (ii) Within, on, or immediately adjacent to fuel tanks that contain or have last contained fuel; and (iii) On pipelines, heating coils, pump fittings or other accessories connected to spaces that contain or have last contained fuel. (iv) Exception: On dry cargo, miscellaneous and passenger vessels and in the landside operations within spaces which meet the standards for oxygen, flammability and toxicity in § 1915.12, but are adjacent to spaces containing flammable gases or liquids, with a flash point below 150 °F (65.6 °C) when the distance between such spaces and the work is 25 feet (7.62 m) or greater. Note to paragraph ( a iv For flammable liquids with flash points above 150 °F (65.6 °C), see paragraph (b) of this section. (2) The certificate issued by the Marine Chemist or Coast Guard authorized person shall be posted in the immediate vicinity of the affected operations while they are in progress and kept on file for a period of at least three months from the date of the completion of the operation for which the certificate was generated. (b) Hot work requiring testing by a competent person. (i) Dry cargo holds, (ii) The bilges, (iii) The engine room and boiler spaces for which a Marine Chemist or a Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section. (iv) Vessels and vessel sections for which a Marine Chemist or Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section. (v) Land-side confined and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres not covered by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (2) If the concentration of flammable vapors or gases is equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit in the space or an adjacent space where the hot work is to be done, then the space shall be labeled “Not Safe for Hot Work” and ventilation shall be provided at volumes and flow rates sufficient to ensure that the concentration of flammable vapors or gases is below 10 percent by volume of the lower explosive limit. The warning label may be removed when the concentration of flammable vapors and gases are below 10 percent lower explosive limit. Note to § 1915.14: See appendix A of this subpart for additional information relevant to performing hot work safely. [59 FR 37857, July 25, 1994, as amended at 60 FR 14219, Mar. 16, 1995; 67 FR 44541, July 3, 2002] § 1915.15 Maintenance of safe conditions. (a) Preventing hazardous materials from entering. (b) Alteration of existing conditions. Note to paragraph ( b Examples of changes that would warrant the stoppage of work include: The opening of manholes or other closures or the adjusting of a valve regulating the flow of hazardous materials. (c) Tests to maintain the conditions of a Marine Chemist's or Coast Guard authorized person's certificates. (d) Change in the conditions of a Marine Chemist's or Coast Guard authorized person's certificate. (e) Tests to maintain a competent person's findings. (f) Changes in conditions determined by competent person's findings. [59 FR 37857, July 25, 1994, as amended at 60 FR 14219, Mar. 16, 1995; 67 FR 44541, July 3, 2002] § 1915.16 Warning signs and labels. (a) Employee comprehension of signs and labels. (b) Posting of large work areas. Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 1915—Compliance Assistance Guidelines for Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres This appendix is a non-mandatory set of guidelines provided to assist employers in complying with the requirements of this subpart. This appendix neither creates additional obligations nor detracts from obligations otherwise contained in the standard. It is intended to provide explanatory information and educational material to employers and employees to foster understanding of, and compliance with, the standard. Sections 1915.11 through 1915.16. Section 1915.11(b) Definition of “Hot work.” 1. Abrasive blasting of the external surface of the vessel (the hull) for paint preparation does not necessitate pumping and cleaning the tanks of the vessel. 2. Prior to hot work on any hollow structure, the void space should be tested and appropriate precautions taken. Section 1915.11(b) Definition of “Lower explosive limit.” Section 1915.11(b) Definition of “Upper explosive limit.” Section 1915.12(a)(3). An oxygen content of 19.5 percent can support life and is adequate for entry. However, any oxygen level greater than 20.8 percent by volume should alert the competent person to look for the cause of the oxygen-enriched atmosphere and correct it prior to entry. In addition, any oxygen level lower than 19.5 percent level should also alert the competent person to look for the cause of the oxygen-deficiency and correct it prior to entry. Section 1915.12(b)(3) Flammable atmospheres. Such atmospheres are too lean to burn. Nevertheless, when a space contains or produces measurable flammable vapors below the 10 percent LEL, it might indicate that flammable vapors are being released or introduced into the space and could present a hazard in time. Therefore, the cause of the vapors should be investigated and, if possible, eliminated prior to entry. Some situations that have produced measurable concentrations of flammable vapors that could exceed 10 percent of the LEL in time are: 1. Pipelines that should have been blanked or disconnected have opened, allowing product into the space. 2. The vessel may have shifted, allowing product not previously cleaned and removed during washing to move into other areas of the vessel. 3. Residues may be producing the atmosphere by releasing flammable vapor. Section 1915.12(b)(6) Flammable atmospheres that are toxic. Sections 1915.13(b)(4), 1915.15(c), and 1915.15(e). 1. Temperature. 2. Work in the tank. 3. Period of time elapsed. 4. Unattended tanks or spaces. 5. Work break. 6. Ballasting or trimming. Section 1915.14 (a) and (b) Hot work. Section 1915.12(a)(2). Section 1915.16(b). [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44541, July 3, 2002; 76 FR 33609, June 8, 2011] Appendix B to Subpart B of Part 1915—Reprint of U.S. Coast Guard Regulations Referenced in Subpart B, for Determination of Coast Guard Authorized Persons This appendix provides a complete reprint of U.S. Coast Guard regulations as of October 1, 1993, referenced in subpart B for purposes of determining who is a Coast Guard authorized person. 1. Title 46 CFR 35.01-1 (a) through (c) covering hot work on tank vessels reads as follows: (a) The provisions of “Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels to be Repaired,” NFPA No. 306, published by National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, shall be used as a guide in conducting the inspections and issuance of certificates required by this section. (b) Until an inspection has been made to determine that such operation can be undertaken with safety, no alterations, repairs, or other such operations involving riveting, welding, burning, or like fire-producing actions shall be made: (1) Within or on the boundaries of cargo tanks that have been used to carry flammable or combustible liquid or chemicals in bulk, or within spaces adjacent to such cargo tanks; or (2) Within or on the boundaries of fuel tanks; or (3) To pipe lines, heating coils, pumps, fittings, or other appurtenances connected to such cargo or fuel tanks. (c) Such inspections shall be made and evidenced as follows: (1) In ports or places in the United States or its territories and possessions, the inspection shall be made by a Marine Chemist certificated by the National Fire Protection Association; however, if the services of such certified Marine Chemists are not reasonably available, the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, upon the recommendation of the vessel owner and his contractor or their representative, shall select a person who, in the case of an individual vessel, shall be authorized to make such inspection. If the inspection indicates that such operations can be undertaken with safety, a certificate setting forth the fact in writing and qualified as may be required, shall be issued by the certified Marine Chemist or the authorized person before the work is started. Such qualifications shall include any requirements as may be deemed necessary to maintain, insofar as can reasonably be done, the safe conditions in the spaces certified, throughout the operation and shall include such additional tests and certifications as considered required. Such qualifications and requirements shall include precautions necessary to eliminate or minimize hazards that may be present from protective coatings or residues from cargoes. 2. Title 46 CFR 71.60(c)(1) covering hot work on passenger vessels reads as follows: (a) The provisions of “Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels to be Repaired,” NFPA No. 306, published by National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, shall be used as a guide in conducting the inspections and issuance of certificates required by this section. (b) Until an inspection has been made to determine that such operation can be undertaken with safety, no alterations, repairs, or other such operations involving riveting, welding, burning, or like fire-producing actions shall be made: (1) Within or on the boundaries of cargo tanks which have been used to carry flammable or combustible liquid or chemicals in bulk, or within spaces adjacent to such cargo tanks; or (2) Within or on the boundaries of fuel tanks; or (3) To pipe lines, heating coils, pumps, fittings, or other appurtenances connected to such cargo or fuel tanks. (c) Such inspections shall be made and evidenced as follows: (1) In ports or places in the United States or its territories and possessions the inspection shall be made by a Marine Chemist certificated by the National Fire Protection Association; however, if the services of such certified Marine Chemist are not reasonably available, the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, upon the recommendation of the vessel owner and his contractor or their representative, shall select a person who, in the case of an individual vessel, shall be authorized to make such inspection. If the inspection indicated that such operations can be undertaken with safety, a certificate setting forth the fact in writing and qualified as may be required, shall be issued by the certified Marine Chemist or the authorized person before the work is started. Such qualifications shall include any requirements as may be deemed necessary to maintain, insofar as can reasonably be done, the safe conditions in the spaces certified throughout the operation and shall include such additional tests and certifications as considered required. Such qualifications and requirements shall include precautions necessary to eliminate or minimize hazards that may be present from protective coatings or residues from cargoes. 3. Title 46 CFR 91.50-1(c)(1) covering hot work on cargo and miscellaneous vessels as follows: (a) The provisions of “Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels to be Repaired,” NFPA No. 306, published by National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, shall be used as a guide in conducting the inspections and issuance of certificates required by this section. (b) Until an inspection has been made to determine that such operation can be undertaken with safety, no alterations, repairs, or other such operations involving riveting, welding, burning, or like fire-producing actions shall be made: (1) Within or on the boundaries of cargo tanks which have been used to carry flammable or combustible liquid or chemicals in bulk, or within spaces adjacent to such cargo tanks; or, (2) Within or on the boundaries of fuel tanks; or, (3) To pipe lines, heating coils, pumps, fittings, or other appurtenances connected to such cargo or fuel tanks. (c) Such inspections shall be made and evidenced as follows: (1) In ports or places in the United States or its territories and possessions the inspection shall be made by a Marine Chemist certificated by the National Fire Protection Association; however, if the services of such certified Marine Chemist are not reasonably available, the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, upon the recommendation of the vessel owner and his contractor or their representative, shall select a person who, in the case of an individual vessel, shall be authorized to make such inspection. If the inspection indicated that such operations can be undertaken with safety, a certificate setting forth the fact in writing and qualified as may be required, shall be issued by the certified Marine Chemist or the authorized person before the work is started. Such qualifications shall include any requirements as may be deemed necessary to maintain, insofar as can reasonably be done, the safe conditions in the spaces certified throughout the operation and shall include such additional tests and certifications as considered required. Such qualifications and requirements shall include precautions necessary to eliminate or minimize hazards that may be present from protective coatings or residues from cargoes. Subpart C—Surface Preparation and Preservation § 1915.31 Scope and application of subpart. The standards contained in this subpart shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding and shall not apply to shipbreaking. § 1915.32 Toxic cleaning solvents. (a) When toxic solvents are used, the employer shall employ one or more of the following measures to safeguard the health of employees exposed to these solvents. (1) The cleaning operation shall be completely enclosed to prevent the escape of vapor into the working space. (2) Either natural ventilation or mechanical exhaust ventilation shall be used to remove the vapor at the source and to dilute the concentration of vapors in the working space to a concentration which is safe for the entire work period. (3) Employees shall be protected against toxic vapors by suitable respiratory protective equipment in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part and, where necessary, against exposure of skin and eye contact with toxic solvents and their vapors by suitable clothing and equipment. (b) The principles in the threshold limit values to which attention is directed in § 1915.4 will be used by the Department of Labor in enforcement proceedings in defining a safe concentration of air contaminants. (c) When flammable solvents are used, precautions shall be taken in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.36. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 61 FR 26351, May 24, 1996] § 1915.33 Chemical paint and preservative removers. (a) Employees shall be protected against skin contact during the handling and application of chemical paint and preservative removers and shall be protected against eye injury by goggles or face shields in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (b) When using flammable paint and preservative removers, precautions shall be taken in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.36. (c) When using chemical paint and preservative removers which contain volatile and toxic solvents, such as benzol, acetone and amyl acetate, the provisions of § 1915.32 shall be applicable. (d) When using paint and rust removers containing strong acids or alkalies, employees shall be protected by suitable face shields to prevent chemical burns on the face and neck. (e) When steam guns are used, all employees working within range of the blast shall be protected by suitable face shields. Metal parts of the steam gun itself shall be insulated to protect the operator against heat burns. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 61 FR 26351, May 24, 1996] § 1915.34 Mechanical paint removers. (a) Power tools. (2) All portable rotating tools used for the removal of paints, preservatives, rusts or other coatings shall be adequately guarded to protect both the operator and nearby workers from flying missiles. (3) Portable electric tools shall be grounded in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.132. (4) In a confined space, mechanical exhaust ventilation sufficient to keep the dust concentration to a minimum shall be used, or employees shall be protected by respiratory protective equipment in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (b) Flame removal. (2) Flame or heat shall not be used to remove soft and greasy preservative coatings. (c) Abrasive blasting Equipment. (i) Hoses. (ii) Hose couplings. (iii) Nozzles. (iv) Dead man control. (2) Replacement. (3) Personal protective equipment. (ii) Abrasive blasters working in the open shall be protected as indicated in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section except that when synthetic abrasive containing less than one percent free silica are used, filter type respirators approved jointly by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Mine Safety and Health Administration for exposure to lead dusts, used in conjunction with the proper eye, face and head protection, may be used in accordance with subpart I of this part. (iii) Employees, other than blasters, including machine tenders and abrasive recovery men, working in areas where unsafe concentrations of abrasive materials and dusts are present shall be protected by eye and respiratory protective equipment in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (iv) The blaster shall be protected against injury from exposure to the blast by appropriate protective clothing, including gloves. (v) Since surges from drops in pressure in the hose line can be of sufficient proportions to throw the blaster off the staging, the blaster shall be protected by a safety belt when blasting is being done from elevations where adequate protection against falling cannot be provided by railings. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 61 FR 26351, May 24, 1996] § 1915.35 Painting. (a) Paints mixed with toxic vehicles or solvents. (i) In confined spaces, employees continuously exposed to such spraying shall be protected by air line respirators in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (ii) In tanks or compartments, employees continuously exposed to such spraying shall be protected by air line respirators in accordance with the requirements of subpart I. Where mechanical ventilation is provided, employees shall be protected by respirators in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (iii) In large and well ventilated areas, employees exposed to such spraying shall be protected by respirators in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (2) Where brush application of paints with toxic solvents is done in confined spaces or in other areas where lack of ventilation creates a hazard, employees shall be protected by filter respirators in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (3) When flammable paints or vehicles are used, precautions shall be taken in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.36. (4) The metallic parts of air moving devices, including fans, blowers, and jet-type air movers, and all duct work shall be electrically bonded to the vessel's structure. (b) Paints and tank coatings dissolved in highly volatile, toxic and flammable solvents. (1) Sufficient exhaust ventilation shall be provided to keep the concentration of solvent vapors below ten (10) percent of the lower explosive limit. Frequent tests shall be made by a competent person to ascertain the concentration. (2) If the ventilation fails or if the concentration of solvent vapors reaches or exceeds ten (10) percent of the lower explosive limit, painting shall be stopped and the compartment shall be evacuated until the concentration again falls below ten (10) percent of the lower explosive limit. If the concentration does not fall when painting is stopped, additional ventilation to bring the concentration to below ten (10) percent of the lower explosive limit shall be provided. (3) Ventilation shall be continued after the completion of painting until the space or compartment is gas free. The final determination as to whether the space or compartment is gas free shall be made after the ventilating equipment has been shut off for at least 10 minutes. (4) Exhaust ducts shall discharge clear of working areas and away from sources of possible ignition. Periodic tests shall be made to ensure that the exhausted vapors are not accumulating in other areas within or around the vessel or dry dock. (5) All motors and control equipment shall be of the explosion-proof type. Fans shall have nonferrous blades. Portable air ducts shall also be of nonferrous materials. All motors and associated control equipment shall be properly maintained and grounded. (6) Only non-sparking paint buckets, spray guns and tools shall be used. Metal parts of paint brushes and rollers shall be insulated. Staging shall be erected in a manner which ensures that it is non-sparking. (7) Only explosion proof lights, approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories for use in Class I, Group D atmospheres, or approved as permissible by the Mine Safety and Health Administration or the U.S. Coast Guard, shall be used. (8) A competent person shall inspect all power and lighting cables to ensure that the insulation is in excellent condition, free of all cracks and worn spots, that there are no connections within fifty (50) feet of the operation, that lines are not overloaded, and that they are suspended with sufficient slack to prevent undue stress or chafing. (9) The face, eyes, head, hands, and all other exposed parts of the bodies of employees handling such highly volatile paints shall be protected. All footwear shall be non-sparking, such as rubbers, rubber boots or rubber soled shoes without nails. Coveralls or other outer clothing shall be of cotton. Rubber, rather than plastic, gloves shall be used because of the danger of static sparks. (10) No matches, lighted cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, and no cigarette lighters or ferrous articles shall be taken into the area where work is being done. (11) All solvent drums taken into the compartment shall be placed on nonferrous surfaces and shall be grounded to the vessel. Metallic contact shall be maintained between containers and drums when materials are being transferred from one to another. (12) Spray guns, paint pots, and metallic parts of connecting tubing shall be electrically bonded, and the bonded assembly shall be grounded to the vessel. (13) All employees continuously in a compartment in which such painting is being performed shall be protected by air line respirators in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part and by suitable protective clothing. Employees entering such compartments for a limited time shall be protected by filter cartridge type respirators in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (14) All employees doing exterior paint spraying with such paints shall be protected by suitable filter cartridge type respirators in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part and by suitable protective clothing. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 61 FR 26351, May 24, 1996; 67 FR 44541, July 3, 2002] § 1915.36 Flammable liquids. (a) In all cases when liquid solvents, paint and preservative removers, paints or vehicles, other than those covered by § 1915.35(b), are capable of producing a flammable atmosphere under the conditions of use, the following precautions shall be taken: (1) Smoking, open flames, arcs and spark-producing equipment shall be prohibited in the area. (2) Ventilation shall be provided in sufficient quantities to keep the concentration of vapors below ten (10) percent of their lower explosive limit. Frequent tests shall be made by a competent person to ascertain the concentration. (3) Scrapings and rags soaked with these materials shall be kept in a covered metal container. (4) Only explosion proof lights, approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories for use in Class I, Group D atmospheres, or approved as permissible by the Mine Safety and Health Administration or the U.S. Coast Guard, shall be used. (5) A competent person shall inspect all power and lighting cables to ensure that the insulation is in excellent condition, free of all cracks and worn spots, that there are no connections within fifty (50) feet of the operation, that lines are not overloaded, and that they are suspended with sufficient slack to prevent undue stress or chafing. (6) Suitable fire extinguishing equipment shall be immediately available in the work area and shall be maintained in a state of readiness for instant use. Subpart D—Welding, Cutting and Heating § 1915.51 Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting and heating. (a) The provisions of this section shall apply to all ship repairing, shipbuilding, and shipbreaking operations; except that paragraph (e) of this section shall apply only to ship repairing and shipbuilding. Paragraph (g) of this section shall apply only to ship repairing. (b) Mechanical ventilation requirements. (i) Mechanical ventilation shall consist of either general mechanical ventilation systems or local exhaust systems. (ii) General mechanical ventilation shall be of sufficient capacity and so arranged as to produce the number of air changes necessary to maintain welding fumes and smoke within safe limits. (iii) Local exhaust ventilation shall consist of freely movable hoods intended to be placed by the welder or burner as close as practicable to the work. This system shall be of sufficient capacity and so arranged as to remove fumes and smoke at the source and keep the concentration of them in the breathing zone within safe limits. (iv) Contaminated air exhausted from a working space shall be discharged into the open air or otherwise clear of the source of intake air. (v) All air replacing that withdrawn shall be clean and respirable. (vi) Oxygen shall not be used for ventilation purposes, comfort cooling, blowing dust or dirt from clothing, or for cleaning the work area. (c) Welding, cutting and heating in confined spaces. (2) The means of access shall be provided to a confined space and ventilation ducts to this space shall be arranged in accordance with § 1915.76(b) (1) and (2). (3) When sufficient ventilation cannot be obtained without blocking the means of access, employees in the confined space shall be protected by air line respirators in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.154, and an employee on the outside of such a confined space shall be assigned to maintain communication with those working within it and to aid them in an emergency. (d) Welding, cutting or heating of metals of toxic significance. (i) Zinc-bearing base or filler metals or metals coated with zinc-bearing materials. (ii) Lead base metals. (iii) Cadmium-bearing filler materials. (iv) Chromium-bearing metals or metals coated with chromium-bearing materials. (2) Welding, cutting or heating in any enclosed spaces aboard the vessel involving the metals specified below shall be performed with local exhaust ventilation in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section or employees shall be protected by air line respirators in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.154: (i) Metals containing lead, other than as an impurity, or metals coated with lead-bearing materials. (ii) Cadmium-bearing or cadmium coated base metals. (iii) Metals coated with mercury-bearing metals. (iv) Beryllium-containing base or filler metals. Because of its high toxicity, work involving beryllium shall be done with both local exhaust ventilation and air line respirators. (3) Employees performing such operations in the open air shall be protected by filter type respirators, and employees performing such operations on beryllium-containing base or filler metals shall be protected by air line respirators, in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.154. (4) Other employees exposed to the same atmosphere as the welders or burners shall be protected in the same manner as the welder or burner. (e) Inert-gas metal-arc welding. (i) The use of chlorinated solvents shall be kept at least two hundred (200) feet from the exposed arc, and surfaces prepared with chlorinated solvents shall be thoroughly dry before welding is permitted on such surfaces. (ii) Helpers and other employees in the area not protected from the arc by screening as provided in § 1915.56(e) shall be protected by filter lenses meeting the requirements of § 1915.153. When two or more welders are exposed to each other's arc, filter lens goggles of a suitable type meeting the requirements of § 1915.153 shall be worn under welding helmets or hand shields to protect the welder against flashes and radiant energy when either the helmet is lifted or the shield is removed. (iii) Welders and other employees who are exposed to radiation shall be suitably protected so that the skin is covered completely to prevent burns and other damage by ultraviolet rays. Welding helmets and hand shields shall be free of leaks and openings, and free of highly reflective surfaces. (iv) When inert-gas metal-arc welding is being performed on stainless steel, the requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this section shall be met to protect against dangerous concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. (f) General welding, cutting, and heating. (2) Employees performing any type of welding, cutting or heating shall be protected by suitable eye protective equipment in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.153. (g) Residues and cargoes of metallic ores. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44541, July 3, 2002] § 1915.53 Welding, cutting and heating in way of preservative coatings. (a) The provisions in this section shall apply to all ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking operations except for paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section which shall apply to ship repairing and shipbulding and shall not apply to shipbreaking. (b) Before welding, cutting or heating is commenced on any surface covered by a preservative coating whose flammability is not known, a test shall be made by a competent person to determine its flammability. Preservative coatings shall be considered to be highly flammable when scrapings burn with extreme rapidity. (c) Precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition of highly flammable hardened preservative coatings. When coatings are determined to be highly flammable they shall be stripped from the area to be heated to prevent ignition, or, where shipbreaking is involved, the coatings may be burned away under controlled conditions. A 1 1/2 (d) Protection against toxic preservative coatings. (2) In the open air, employees shall be protected by a filter type respirator in accordance with the requirements of § 1915.154. (e) Before welding, cutting or heating is commenced in enclosed spaces on metals covered by soft and greasy preservatives, the following precautions shall be taken: (1) A competent person shall test the atmosphere in the space to ensure that it does not contain explosive vapors, since there is a possibility that some soft and greasy preservatives may have flash points below temperatures which may be expected to occur naturally. If such vapors are determined to be present, no hot work shall be commenced until such precautions have been taken as will ensure that the welding, cutting or heating can be performed in safety. (2) The preservative coatings shall be removed for a sufficient distance from the area to be heated to ensure that the temperature of the unstripped metal will not be appreciably raised. Artificial cooling of the metal surrounding the heated area may be used to limit the size of the area required to be cleaned. The prohibition contained in § 1915.34(b)(2) shall apply. (f) Immediately after welding, cutting or heating is commenced in enclosed spaces on metal covered by soft and greasy preservatives, and at frequent intervals thereafter, a competent person shall make tests to ensure that no flammable vapors are being produced by the coatings. If such vapors are determined to be present, the operation shall be stopped immediately and shall not be resumed until such additional precautions have been taken as are necessary to ensure that the operation can be resumed safely. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44542, July 3, 2002] § 1915.54 Welding, cutting and heating of hollow metal containers and structures not covered by § 1915.12. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Drums, containers, or hollow structures which have contained flammable substances shall, before welding, cutting, or heating is undertaken on them, either be filled with water or thoroughly cleaned of such substances and ventilated and tested. (b) Before heat is applied to a drum, container, or hollow structure, a vent or opening shall be provided for the release of any built-up pressure during the application of heat. (c) Before welding, cutting, heating or brazing is begun on structural voids such as skegs, bilge keels, fair waters, masts, booms, support stanchions, pipe stanchions or railings, a competent person shall inspect the object and, if necessary, test it for the presence of flammable liquids or vapors. If flammable liquids or vapors are present, the object shall be made safe. (d) Objects such as those listed in paragraph (c) of this section shall also be inspected to determine whether water or other non-flammable liquids are present which, when heated, would build up excessive pressure. If such liquids are determined to be present, the object shall be vented, cooled, or otherwise made safe during the application of heat. (e) Jacketed vessels shall be vented before and during welding, cutting or heating operations in order to release any pressure which may build up during the application of heat. § 1915.55 Gas welding and cutting. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Transporting, moving and storing compressed gas cylinders. (2) When cylinders are hoisted, they shall be secured on a cradle, slingboard or pallet. They shall not be hoisted by means of magnets or choker slings. (3) Cylinders shall be moved by tilting and rolling them on their bottom edges. They shall not be intentionally dropped, struck, or permitted to strike each other violently. (4) When cylinders are transported by vehicle, they shall be secured in position. (5) Valve protection caps shall not be used for lifting cylinders from one vertical position to another. Bars shall not be used under valves or valve protection caps to pry cylinders loose when frozen. Warm, not boiling, water shall be used to thaw cylinders loose. (6) Unless cylinders are firmly secured on a special carrier intended for this purpose, regulators shall be removed and valve protection caps put in place before cylinders are moved. (7) A suitable cylinder truck, chain, or other steadying device shall be used to keep cylinders from being knocked over while in use. (8) When work is finished, when cylinders are empty or when cylinders are moved at any time, the cylinder valves shall be closed. (9) Acetylene cylinders shall be secured in an upright position at all times except, if necessary, for short periods of time while cylinders are actually being hoisted or carried. (b) Placing cylinders. (2) Cylinders shall be placed where they cannot become part of an electrical circuit. Electrodes shall not be struck against a cylinder to strike an arc. (3) Fuel gas cylinders shall be placed with valve end up whenever they are in use. They shall not be placed in a location where they would be subject to open flame, hot metal, or other sources of artificial heat. (4) Cylinders containing oxygen or acetylene or other fuel gas shall not be taken into confined spaces. (c) Treatment of cylinders. (2) No person other than the gas supplier shall attempt to mix gases in a cylinder. No one except the owner of the cylinder or person authorized by him shall refill a cylinder. No one shall use a cylinder's contents for purposes other than those intended by the supplier. Only cylinders bearing Interstate Commerce Commission identification and inspection markings shall be used. (3) No damaged or defective cylinder shall be used. (d) Use of fuel gas. (1) Before connecting a regulator to a cylinder valve, the valve shall be opened slightly and closed immediately. (This action is generally termed “cracking” and is intended to clear the valve of dust or dirt that might otherwise enter the regulator.) The person cracking the valve shall stand to one side of the outlet, not in front of it. The valve of a fuel gas cylinder shall not be cracked where the gas would reach welding work, sparks, flame or other possible sources of ignition. (2) The cylinder valve shall always be opened slowly to prevent damage to the regulator. To permit quick closing, valves on fuel gas cylinders shall not be opened more than 1 1/2 (3) Fuel gas shall not be used from cylinders through torches or other devices which are equipped with shut-off valves without reducing the pressure through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve or manifold. (4) Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder valve, the cylinder valve shall always be closed and the gas released from the regulator. (5) If, when the valve on a fuel gas cylinder is opened, there is found to be a leak around the valve stem, the valve shall be closed and the gland nut tightened. If this action does not stop the leak, the use of the cylinder shall be discontinued, and it shall be properly tagged and removed from the vessel. In the event that fuel gas should leak from the cylinder valve rather than from the valve stem and the gas cannot be shut off, the cylinder shall be properly tagged and removed from the vessel. If a regulator attached to a cylinder valve will effectively stop a leak through the valve seat, the cylinder need not be removed from the vessel. (6) If a leak should develop at a fuse plug or other safety device, the cylinder shall be removed from the vessel (e) Fuel gas and oxygen manifolds. (2) Fuel gas and oxygen manifolds shall be placed in safe and accessible locations in the open air. They shall not be located within enclosed spaces. (3) Manifold hose connections, including both ends of the supply hose that lead to the manifold, shall be such that the hose cannot be interchanged between fuel gas and oxygen manifolds and supply header connections. Adapters shall not be used to permit the interchange of hose. Hose connections shall be kept free of grease and oil. (4) When not in use, manifold and header hose connections shall be capped. (5) Nothing shall be placed on top of a manifold, when in use, which will damage the manifold or interfere with the quick closing of the valves. (f) Hose. (2) When parallel sections of oxygen and fuel gas hose are taped together not more than 4 inches out of 8 inches shall be covered by tape. (3) All hose carrying acetylene, oxygen, natural or manufactured fuel gas, or any gas or substance which may ignite or enter into combustion or be in any way harmful to employees, shall be inspected at the beginning of each shift. Defective hose shall be removed from service. (4) Hose which has been subjected to flashback or which shows evidence of severe wear or damage shall be tested to twice the normal pressure to which it is subject, but in no case less than two hundered (200) psi. Defective hose or hose in doubtful condition shall not be used. (5) Hose couplings shall be of the type that cannot be unlocked or disconnected by means of a straight pull without rotary motion. (6) Boxes used for the stowage of gas hose shall be ventilated. (g) Torches. (2) Torches shall be inspected at the beginning of each shift for leaking shutoff valves, hose couplings, and tip connections. Defective torches shall not be used. (3) Torches shall be lighted by friction lighters or other approved devices, and not by matches or from hot work. (h) Pressure regulators. § 1915.56 Arc welding and cutting. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Manual electrode holders. (2) Any current carrying parts passing through the portion of the holder which the arc welder or cutter grips in his hand, and the outer surfaces of the jaws of the holder, shall be fully insulated against the maximum voltage encountered to ground. (b) Welding cables and connectors. (2) Only cable free from repair or splices for a minimum distance of ten (10) feet from the cable end to which the electrode holder is connected shall be used, except that cables with standard insulated connectors or with splices whose insulating quality is equal to that of the cable are permitted. (3) When it becomes necessary to connect or splice lengths of cable one to another, substantial insulated connectors of a capacity at least equivalent to that of the cable shall be used. If connections are effected by means of cable lugs, they shall be securely fastened together to give good electrical contact, and the exposed metal parts of the lugs shall be completely insulated. (4) Cables in poor repair shall not be used. When a cable other than the cable lead referred to in paragraph (b)(2) of this section becomes worn to the extent of exposing bare conductors, the portion thus exposed shall be protected by means of rubber and friction tapes or other equivalent insulation. (c) Ground returns and machine grounding. (2) Structures or pipe lines, except pipe lines containing gases of flammable liquids or conduits containing electrical circuits, may be used as part of the ground return circuit, provided that the pipe or structure has a current carrying capacity equal to that required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (3) When a structure or pipe line is employed as a ground return circuit, it shall be determined that the required electrical contact exists at all joints. The generation of an arc, sparks or heat at any point shall cause rejection of the structure as a ground circuit. (4) When a structure or pipe line is continuously employed as a ground return circuit, all joints shall be bonded, and periodic inspections shall be conducted to ensure that no condition of electrolysis or fire hazard exists by virtue of such use. (5) The frames of all arc welding and cutting machines shall be grounded either through a third wire in the cable containing the circuit conductor or through a separate wire which is grounded at the source of the current. Grounding circuits, other than by means of the vessel's structure, shall be checked to ensure that the circuit between the ground and the grounded power conductor has resistance low enough to permit sufficient current to flow to cause the fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the current. (6) All ground connections shall be inspected to ensure that they are mechanically strong and electrically adequate for the required current. (d) Operating instructions. (1) When electrode holders are to be left unattended, the electrodes shall be removed and the holders shall be so placed or protected that they cannot make electrical contact with employees or conducting objects. (2) Hot electrode holders shall not be dipped in water, since to do so may expose the arc welder or cutter to electric shock. (3) When the arc welder or cutter has occasion to leave his work or to stop work for any appreciable length of time, or when the arc welding or cutting machine is to be moved, the power supply switch to the equipment shall be opened. (4) Any faulty or defective equipment shall be reported to the supervisor. (e) Shielding. § 1915.57 Uses of fissionable material in ship repairing and shipbuilding. The provisions of this section apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding only. (a) In activities involving the use of and exposure to sources of ionizing radiation not only on conventionally powered but also on nuclear powered vessels, the applicable provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Standards for Protection Against Radiation (10 CFR part 20), relating to protection against occupational radiation exposure, shall apply. (b) Any activity which involves the use of radiocative material, whether or not under license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, shall be performed by competent persons specially trained in the proper and safe operation of such equipment. In the case of materials used under Commission license, only persons actually licensed, or competent persons under direction and supervision of the licensee, shall perform such work. Subpart E—Scaffolds, Ladders and Other Working Surfaces § 1915.71 Scaffolds or staging. (a) Scope and application. (b) General requirements. (2) All lumber used in the construction of scaffolds shall be spruce, fir, long leaf yellow pine, Oregon pine or wood of equal strength. The use of hemlock, short leaf yellow pine, or short fiber lumber is prohibited. (3) Lumber dimensions as given in this subpart are nominal except where given in fractions of an inch. (4) All lumber used in the construction of scaffolds shall be sound, straight-grained, free from cross grain, shakes and large, loose or dead knots. It shall also be free from dry rot, large checks, worm holes or other defects which impair its strength or durability. (5) Scaffolds shall be maintained in a safe and secure condition. Any component of the scaffold which is broken, burned or otherwise defective shall be replaced. (6) Barrels, boxes, cans, loose bricks, or other unstable objects shall not be used as working platforms or for the support of planking intended as scaffolds or working platforms. (7) No scaffold shall be erected, moved, dismantled or altered except under the supervision of competent persons. (8) No welding, burning, riveting or open flame work shall be performed on any staging suspended by means of fiber rope. (9) Lifting bridles on working platforms suspended from cranes shall consist of four legs so attached that the stability of the platform is assured. (10) Unless the crane hook has a safety latch or is moused, the lifting bridles on working platforms suspended from cranes shall be attached by shackles to the lower lifting block or other positive means shall be taken to prevent them from becoming accidentally disengaged from the crane hook. (c) Independent pole wood scaffolds. (2) In light-duty scaffolds, not more than 24 feet in height, poles may be spliced by overlapping the ends not less than 4 feet and securely nailing them together. A substantial cleat shall be nailed to the lower section to form a support for the upper section except when bolted connections are used. (3) All other poles to be spliced shall be squared at the ends of each splice, abutted, and rigidly fastened together by not less than two cleats securely nailed or bolted thereto. Each cleat shall overlap each pole end by at least 24 inches and shall have a width equal to the face of the pole to which it is attached. The combined cross sectional area of the cleats shall be not less than the cross sectional area of the pole. (4) Ledgers shall extend over two consecutive pole spaces and shall overlap the poles at each end by not less than 4 inches. They shall be left in position to brace the poles as the platform is raised with the progress of the work. Ledgers shall be level and shall be securely nailed or bolted to each pole and shall be placed against the inside face of each pole. (5) All bearers shall be set with their greater dimension vertical and shall extend beyond the ledgers upon which they rest. (6) Diagonal bracing shall be provided between the parallel poles, and cross bracing shall be provided between the inner and outer poles or from the outer poles to the ground. (7) Minimum dimensions and spacing of members shall be in accordance with Table E-1 in § 1915.118. (8) Platform planking shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (i) of this section. (9) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section. (d) Independent pole metal scaffolds. (2) All vertical and horizontal members shall be fastened together with a coupler or locking device which will form a positive connection. The locking device shall be of a type which has no loose parts. (3) Posts shall be kept plumb during erection and the scaffold shall be subsequently kept plumb and rigid by means of adequate bracing. (4) Posts shall be fitted with bases supported on a firm foundation to distribute the load. When wooden sills are used, the bases shall be fastened thereto. (5) Bearers shall be located at each set of posts, at each level, and at each intermediate level where working platforms are installed. (6) Tubular bracing shall be applied both lengthwise and crosswise as required. (7) Platform planking shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (h) of this section. (8) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section. (e) Wood trestle and extension trestle ladders. (2) The minimum dimensions of the side rails of the trestle ladder, or the base sections of the extension trestle ladder, shall be as follows: (i) Ladders up to and including those 16 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 3/4 (ii) Ladders over 16 feet long and up to and including those 20 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 (3) The side rails of the extension section of the extension trestle ladder shall be parallel and shall have minimum dimensions as follows: (i) Ladders up to and including 12 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 1/4 (ii) Ladders over 12 feet long and up to and including those 16 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 1/2 (iii) Ladders over 16 feet long and up to and including those 20 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 3/4 (4) Trestle ladders and base sections of extension trestle ladders shall be so spread that when in an open position the spread of the trestle at the bottom, inside to inside, shall be not less than 5 1/2 (5) The width between the side rails at the bottom of the trestle ladder or of the base section of the extension trestle ladder shall be not less than 21 inches for all ladders and sections 6 feet or less in length. For longer lengths of ladder, the width shall be increased at least 1 inch for each additional foot of length. The width between the side rails of the extension section of the trestle ladder shall be not less than 12 inches. (6) In order to limit spreading, the top ends of the side rails of both the trestle ladder and of the base section of the extension trestle ladder shall be beveled, or of equivalent construction, and shall be provided with a metal hinge. (7) A metal spreader or locking device to hold the front and back sections in an open position, and to hold the extension section securely in the elevated position, shall be a component of each trestle ladder or extension ladder. (8) Rungs shall be parallel and level. On the trestle ladder, or on the base section of the extension trestle ladder, rungs shall be spaced not less than 8 inches nor more than 18 inches apart; on the extension section of the extension trestle ladder, rungs shall be spaced not less than 6 inches nor more than 12 inches apart. (9) Platform planking shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (i) of this section, except that the width of the platform planking shall not exceed the distance between the side rails. (10) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section. (f) Painters' suspended scaffolds. 7/8 (2) The ropes supporting a swinging scaffold shall be equivalent in strength to first-grade 3/4 (3) Manila and wire ropes shall be carefully examined before each operation and thereafter as frequently as may be necessary to ensure their safe condition. (4) Each end of the scaffold platform shall be supported by a wrought iron or mild steel stirrup or hanger, which in turn is supported by the suspension ropes. (5) Stirrups shall be constructed so as to be equivalent in strength to wrought iron 3/4 (6) The stirrups shall be formed with a horizontal bottom member to support the platform, shall be provided with means to support the guardrail and midrail and shall have a loop or eye at the top for securing the supporting hook on the block. (7) Two or more swinging scaffolds shall not at any time be combined into one by bridging the distance between them with planks or any other form of platform. (8) No more than two persons shall be permitted to work at one time on a swinging scaffold built to the minimum specifications contained in this paragraph. Where heavier construction is used, the number of persons permitted to work on the scaffold shall be determined by the size and the safe working load of the scaffold. (9) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section. (10) The swinging scaffold platform shall be one of the three types described in paragraphs (f)(11), (12), and (13) of this section. (11) The ladder-type platform consists of boards upon a horizontal ladder-like structure, referred to herein as the ladder, the side rails of which are parallel. If this type of platform is used the following requirements shall be met. (i) The width between the side rails shall be no more than 20 inches. (ii) The side rails of ladders in ladder-type platforms shall be equivalent in strength to a beam of clear straight-grained spruce of the dimensions contained in Table E-2 in § 1915.118. (iii) The side rails shall be tied together with tie rods. The tie rods shall be not less than 5/16 (iv) The rungs shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or hickory, not less than 1 1/8 7/8 7/8 (v) Flooring strips shall be spaced no more than 5/8 (vi) Flooring strips shall be cleated on their undersides. (12) The plank-type platform consists of planks supported on the stirrups or hangers. If this type of platform is used, the following requirements shall be met: (i) The planks of plank-type platforms shall be of not less than 2 × 10 inch lumber. (ii) The platform shall be no more than 24 inches in width. (iii) The planks shall be tied together by cleats of not less than 1 × 6 inch lumber, nailed on their undersides at intervals of not more than 4 feet. (iv) The planks shall extend not less than 6 inches nor more than 18 inches beyond the supporting stirrups. (v) A cleat shall be nailed across the platform on the underside at each end outside the stirrup to prevent the platform from slipping off the stirrup. (vi) Stirrup supports shall be not more than 10 feet apart. (13) The beam-type platform consists of longitudinal side stringers with cross beams set on edge and spaced not more than 4 feet apart on which longitudinal platform planks are laid. If this type platform is used, the following requirements shall be met: (i) The side stringers shall be of sound, straight-grained lumber, free from knots, and of not less than 2 × 6 inch lumber, set on edge. (ii) The stringers shall be supported on the stirrups with a clear span between stirrups of not more than 16 feet. (iii) The stringers shall be bolted to the stirrups by U-bolts passing around the stirrups and bolted through the stringers with nuts drawn up tight on the inside face. (iv) The ends of the stringers shall extend beyond the stirrups not less than 6 inches nor more than 12 inches at each end of the platform. (v) The platform shall be supported on cross beams of 2 × 6 inch lumber between the side stringers securely nailed thereto and spaced not more than 4 feet on centers. (vi) The platform shall be not more than 24 inches wide. (vii) The platform shall be formed of boards 7/8 (viii) The ends of all platform boards shall rest on the top of the cross beams, shall be securely nailed, and at no intermediate points in the length of the platform shall there be any cantilever ends. (g) Horse scaffolds. (2) Horses constructed of materials other than lumber shall provide the strength, rigidity and security required of horses constructed of lumber. (3) The lateral spread of the legs shall be equal to not less than one-third of the height of the horse. (4) All horses shall be kept in good repair, and shall be properly secured when used in staging or in locations where they may be insecure. (5) Platform planking shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (i) of this section. (6) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with paragraph (j) of this section. (h) Other types of scaffolds. (i) Scaffold or platform planking. (2) Platforms of staging shall be not less than two 10 inch planks in width except in such cases as the structure of the vessel or the width of the trestle ladders make it impossible to provide such a width. (3) Platform planking shall project beyond the supporting members at either end by at least 6 inches but in no case shall project more than 12 inches unless the planks are fastened to the supporting members. (4) Table E-4 in § 1915.118 shall be used as a guide in determining safe loads for scaffold planks. (j) Backrails and toeboards. (2) Rails shall be of 2 × 4 inch lumber, flat bar or pipe. When used with rigid supports, taut wire or fiber rope of adequate strength may be used. If the distance between supports is more than 8 feet, rails shall be equivalent in strength to 2 × 4 inch lumber. Rails shall be firmly secured. Where exposed to hot work or chemicals, fiber rope rails shall not be used. (3) Rails may be omitted where the structure of the vessel prevents their use. When rails are omitted, employees working more than 5 feet above solid surfaces shall be protected by safety belts and life lines meeting the requirements of §§ 1915.159 and 1915.160, and employees working over water shall be protected by buoyant work vests meeting the requirements of § 1915.158(a). (4) Employees working from swinging scaffolds which are triced out of a vertical line below their supports or from scaffolds on paint floats subject to surging, shall be protected against falling toward the vessel by a railing or a safety belt and line attached to the backrail. (5) When necessary, to prevent tools and materials from falling on men below, toeboards of not less than 1 × 4 inch lumber shall be provided. (k) Access to staging. (2) Ramps and stairways shall be provided with 36-inch handrails with midrails. (3) Ladders shall be so located or other means shall be taken so that it is not necessary for employees to step more than one foot from the ladder to any intermediate landing or platform. (4) Ladders forming integral parts of prefabricated staging are deemed to meet the requirements of these regulations. (5) Access from above to staging more than 3 feet below the point of access shall consist of a straight, portable ladder meeting the applicable requirements of § 1915.72 or a Jacob's ladder properly secured, meeting the requirements of § 1915.74(d). [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44542, July 3, 2002] § 1915.72 Ladders. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) General requirements. (2) When sections of ladders are spliced, the ends shall be abutted, and not fewer than 2 cleats shall be securely nailed or bolted to each rail. The combined cross sectional area of the cleats shall be not less than the cross sectional area of the side rail. The dimensions of side rails for their total length shall be those specified in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section. (3) Portable ladders shall be lashed, blocked or otherwise secured to prevent their being displaced. The side rails of ladders used for access to any level shall extend not less than 36 inches above that level. When this is not practical, grab rails which will provide a secure grip for an employee moving to or from the point of access shall be installed. (4) Portable metal ladders shall be of strength equivalent to that of wood ladders. Manufactured portable metal ladders provided by the employer shall be in accordance with the provisions of ANSI Standard A14.2-1972: Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5). (5) Portable metal ladders shall not be used near electrical conductors nor for electric arc welding operations. (6) Manufactured portable wood ladders provided by the employer shall be in accordance with the provisions of ANSI Standard A14.1-1975: Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5). (b) Construction of portable wood cleated ladders up to 30 feet in length. (2) Side rails shall be dressed on all sides and kept free of splinters. (3) All knots shall be sound and hard. The use of material containing loose knots is prohibited. Knots shall not appear on the narrow face of the rail and, when in the side face, shall be not more than 1/2 1/2 (4) Pitch pockets not exceeding 1/8 1/2 (5) The width between side rails at the base shall be not less than 11 1/2 1/4 (6) Side rails shall be at least 1 5/8 5/8 (7) Cleats (meaning rungs rectangular in cross section with the wide dimension parallel to the rails) shall be of the material used for side rails, straight-grained and free from knots. Cleats shall be mortised into the edges of the side rails 1/2 (8) Cleats 20 inches or less in length shall be at least 25/32 × 3 inches in cross section. Cleats over 20 inches but not more than 30 inches in length shall be at least 25/32 × 3 3/4 (c) Construction of portable wood cleated ladders from 30 to 60 feet in length. (i) Rails shall be of not less than 2 × 6 inch lumber. (ii) Cleats shall be of not less than 1 × 4 inch lumber. (iii) Cleats shall be nailed to each rail with five 10d common wire nails or fastened with through bolts or other fasteners of equivalent strength. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44542, July 3, 2002] § 1915.73 Guarding of deck openings and edges. (a) The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding operations and shall not apply to shipbreaking. (b) When employees are working in the vicinity of flush manholes and other small openings of comparable size in the deck and other working surfaces, such openings shall be suitably covered or guarded to a height of not less than 30 inches, except where the use of such guards is made impracticable by the work actually in progress. (c) When employees are working around open hatches not protected by coamings to a height of 24 inches or around other large openings, the edge of the opening shall be guarded in the working area to height of 36 to 42 inches, except where the use of such guards is made impracticable by the work actually in progress. (d) When employees are exposed to unguarded edges of decks, platforms, flats, and similar flat surfaces, more than 5 feet above a solid surface, the edges shall be guarded by adequate guardrails meeting the requirements of § 1915.71(j) (1) and (2), unless the nature of the work in progress or the physical conditions prohibit the use or installation of such guardrails. (e) When employees are working near the unguarded edges of decks of vessels afloat, they shall be protected by personal flotation devices, meeting the requirements of § 1915.158(a). (f) Sections of bilges from which floor plates or gratings have been removed shall be guarded by guardrails except where they would interfere with work in progress. If these open sections are in a walkway at least two 10-inch planks placed side by side, or equivalent, shall be laid across the opening to provide a safe walking surface. (g) Gratings, walkways, and catwalks, from which sections or ladders have been removed, shall be barricaded with adequate guardrails. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44542, July 3, 2002] § 1915.74 Access to vessels. (a) Access to vessels afloat. (1) Whenever practicable, a gangway of not less than 20 inches walking surface of adequate strength, maintained in safe repair and safely secured shall be used. If a gangway is not practicable, a substantial straight ladder, extending at least 36 inches above the upper landing surface and adequately secured against shifting or slipping shall be provided. When conditions are such that neither a gangway nor a straight ladder can be used, a Jacob's ladder meeting the requirements of paragraphs (d) (1) and (2) of this section may be used. (2) Each side of such gangway, and the turn table if used, shall have a railing with a minimum height of approximately 33 inches measured perpendicularly from rail to walking surface at the stanchion, with a midrail. Rails shall be of wood, pipe, chain, wire or rope and shall be kept taut at all times. (3) Gangways on vessels inspected and certificated by the U.S. Coast Guard are deemed to meet the foregoing requirements, except in cases where the vessel's regular gangway is not being used. (4) The gangway shall be kept properly trimmed at all times. (5) When a fixed tread accommodations ladder is used, and the angle is low enough to require employees to walk on the edge of the treads, cleated duckboards shall be laid over and secured to the ladder. (6) When the lower end of a gangway overhangs the water between the ship and the dock in such a manner that there is danger of employees falling between the ship and the dock, a net or other suitable protection shall be rigged at the foot of the gangway in such a manner as to prevent employees from falling from the end of the gangway. (7) If the foot of the gangway is more than one foot away from the edge of the apron, the space between them shall be bridged by a firm walkway equipped with railings, with a minimum height of approximately 33 inches with midrails on both sides. (8) Supporting bridles shall be kept clear so as to permit unobstructed passage for employees using the gangway. (9) When the upper end of the means of access rests on or flush with the top of the bulwark, substantial steps properly secured and equipped with at least one substantial handrail approximately 33 inches in height shall be provided between the top of the bulwark and the deck. (10) Obstructions shall not be laid on or across the gangway. (11) The means of access shall be adequately illuminated for its full length. (12) Unless the construction of the vessel makes it impossible, the means of access shall be so located that drafts of cargo do not pass over it. In any event, loads shall not be passed over the means of access while employees are on it. (b) Access to vessels in drydock or between vessels. (c) Access to barges and river towboats. (2) Unless employees can step safely to or from the wharf, float, barge, or river towboat, either a ramp meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section or a safe walkway meeting the requirements of paragraph (a)(7) of this section shall be provided. When a walkway is impracticable, a substantial straight ladder, extending at least 36 inches above the upper landing surface and adequately secured against shifting or slipping, shall be provided. When conditions are such that neither a walkway nor a straight ladder can be used, a Jacob's ladder in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section may be used. (3) The means of access shall be in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs (a) (9), (10), and (11) of this section. (d) Jacob's ladders. (2) A Jacob's ladder shall either hang without slack from its lashings or be pulled up entirely. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44542, July 3, 2002] § 1915.75 Access to and guarding of dry docks and marine railways. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) A gangway, ramp or permanent stairway of not less than 20 inches walking surface, of adequate strength, maintained in safe repair and securely fastened, shall be provided between a floating dry dock and the pier or bulkhead. (b) Each side of such gangway, ramp or permanent stairway, including those which are used for access to wing walls from dry dock floors, shall have a railing with a midrail. Such railings on gangways or ramps shall be approximately 42 inches in height; and railings on permanent stairways shall be not less than approximately 30 or more than approximately 34 inches in height. Rails shall be of wood, pipe, chain, wire, or rope, and shall be kept taut at all times. (c) Railings meeting the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section shall be provided on the means of access to and from the floors of graving docks. (d) Railings approximately 42 inches in height, with a midrail, shall be provided on the edges of wing walls of floating dry docks and on edges of graving docks. Sections of the railings may be temporarily removed where necessary to permit line handling while a vessel is entering or leaving the dock. (e) When employees are working on the floor of a floating dry dock where they are exposed to the hazard of falling into the water, the end of the dry dock shall be equipped with portable stanchions and 42 inch railings with a midrail. When such a railing would be impracticable or ineffective, other effective means shall be provided to prevent employees from falling into the water. (f) Access to wing walls from floors of dry docks shall be by ramps, permanent stairways or ladders meeting the applicable requirements of § 1915.72. (g) Catwalks on stiles of marine railways shall be no less than 20 inches wide and shall have on at least one side a guardrail and midrail meeting the requirements of § 1915.71(j) (1) and (2). [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44542, July 3, 2002] § 1915.76 Access to cargo spaces and confined spaces. The provisions of this section apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking except that paragraph (a)(4) of this section applies to ship repairing only. (a) Cargo spaces. (2) When any fixed ladder is visibly unsafe, the employer shall prohibit its use by employees. (3) Straight ladders of adequate strength and suitably secured against shifting or slipping shall be provided as necessary when fixed ladders in cargo spaces do not meet the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section. When conditions are such that a straight ladder cannot be used, a Jacob's ladder meeting the requirements of § 1915.74(d) may be used. (4) When cargo is stowed within 4 inches of the back of ladder rungs, the ladder shall be deemed “unsafe” for the purpose of this section. (5) Fixed ladders or straight ladders provided for access to cargo spaces shall not be used at the same time that cargo drafts, equipment, materials, scrap or other loads are entering or leaving the hold. Before using these ladders to enter or leave the hold, the employee shall be required to inform the winchman or crane signalman of his intention. (b) Confined spaces. (2) When the ventilation ducts required by these regulations must pass through these means of access, the ducts shall be of such a type and so arranged as to permit free passage of an employee through at least two of these means of access. § 1915.77 Working surfaces. (a) Paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding operations, and shall not apply to shipbreaking. Paragraph (e) of this section shall apply to shipbuilding, ship repairing and shipbreaking operations. (b) When firebox floors present tripping hazards of exposed tubing or of missing or removed refractory, sufficient planking to afford safe footing shall be laid while work is being carried on within the boiler. (c) When employees are working aloft, or elsewhere at elevations more than 5 feet above a solid surface, either scaffolds or a sloping ladder, meeting the requirements of this subpart, shall be used to afford safe footing, or the employees shall be protected by safety belts and lifelines meeting the requirements of §§ 1915.159 and 1915.160. Employees visually restricted by blasting hoods, welding helmets, and burning goggles shall work from scaffolds, not from ladders, except for the initial and final welding or burning operation to start or complete a job, such as the erection and dismantling of hung scaffolding, or other similar, nonrepetitive jobs of brief duration. (d) For work performed in restricted quarters, such as behind boilers and in between congested machinery units and piping, work platforms at least 20 inches wide meeting the requirements of § 1915.71(i)(1) shall be used. Backrails may be omitted if bulkheading, boilers, machinery units, or piping afford proper protection against falling. (e) When employees are boarding, leaving, or working from small boats or floats, they shall be protected by personal flotation devices meeting the requirements of § 1915.158(a). [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002] Subpart F—General Working Conditions Source: 76 FR 24698, May 2, 2011., unless otherwise noted. § 1915.80 Scope, application, definitions, and effective dates. (a) The provisions of this subpart apply to general working conditions in shipyard employment, including work on vessels, on vessel sections, and at landside operations, regardless of geographic location. (b) Definitions applicable to this subpart. Additional safety measure. (2) Affected employee. (3) Authorized employee. (A) Executes the lockout/tags-plus procedures; (B) Installs a lock or tags-plus system on machinery, equipment, or systems; or (C) Services any machine, equipment, or system under lockout/tags-plus application. (ii) An affected employee becomes an authorized employee when the employer assigns the employee to service any machine, equipment, or system under a lockout/tags-plus application. (4) Capable of being locked out. (5) Contract employer. (6) Dummy load. (7) Energy-isolating device. (8) Hazardous energy. (9) Hazardous substances. (10) Health care professional. (11) Host employer. (12) Isolated location. (13) Lock. (14) Lockout. (15) Lockout/tags-plus coordinator. (16) Lockout/tags-plus materials and hardware. (17) Motor vehicle. (18) Motor vehicle safety equipment. (19) Navy ship's force. (20) Normal production operations. (21) Portable toilet. (22) Potable water. (23) Readily accessible/available. (24) Sanitation facilities. (25) Serviceable condition. (26) Servicing. (27) Sewered toilet. (28) Shield. (29) Short bight. (30) Tag. (31) Tags-plus system. (32) Verification of isolation. (33) Vermin. (34) Vessel section. (35) Walkway. (36) Work area. (37) Working surface. (38) Worksite. (c) Effective dates. [76 FR 24698, May 2, 2011, as amended at 84 FR 21555, May 14, 2019] § 1915.81 Housekeeping. (a) General requirements. (2) The employer shall eliminate slippery conditions, such as snow and ice, on walkways and working surfaces as necessary. If it is not practicable for the employer to remove slippery conditions, the employer either shall: (i) Restrict employees to designated walkways and working surfaces where the employer has eliminated slippery conditions; or (ii) Provide slip-resistant footwear in accordance with 29 CFR part 1915, subpart I. (3) The employer shall store materials in a manner that does not create a hazard for employees. (4) The employer shall maintain easy and open access to each fire-alarm box, fire-call station, fire-fighting equipment, and each exit, including ladders, staircases, scaffolds, and gangways. (5) The employer shall dispose of flammable and combustible substances, such as paint thinners, solvents, rags, scrap, and waste, or store them in covered fire-resistant containers at the end of each workshift or when the job is completed, whichever occurs first. (b) Walkways. (i) Provides adequate passage; (ii) Is clear of debris, including solid and liquid wastes, that may create a hazard for employees; (iii) Is clear of tools, materials, equipment, and other objects that may create a hazard for employees; and (iv) Is clear of hoses and electrical service cords. The employer shall: (A) Place each hose and cord above walkways in a location that will prevent injury to employees and damage to the hoses and cords; (B) Place each hose and cord underneath walkways; (C) Place each hose and cord on walkways, provided the hoses and cords are covered by crossovers or other means that will prevent injury to employees and damage to the hoses and cords; or (D) Protect each hose and cord by other suitable means. (2) While a walkway or part of a walkway is being used as a working surface, the employer shall cordon off that portion to prevent it from being used as a walkway. (c) Working surfaces. (1) Is cleared of tools, materials, and equipment that are not necessary to perform the job in progress; (2) Is cleared of debris, including solid and liquid wastes, at the end of each workshift or job, whichever occurs first; (3) Is maintained, so far as practicable, in a dry condition. When a wet process is used, the employer shall maintain drainage and provide false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places. When the employer demonstrates that this procedure is not practicable, the employer shall provide each employee working in the wet process with protective footgear, in accordance with 29 CFR part 1915, subpart I. § 1915.82 Lighting. (a) General Requirements. (2) For landside areas, the employer shall provide illumination that meets the levels set forth in Table F-1 to § 1915.82. Table F-1 to § 1915.82—Minimum Lighting Intensities in Foot-Candles Lumens Area or operation 3 General areas on vessels and vessel sections such as accessways, exits, gangways, stairs, and walkways. 5 General landside areas such as corridors, exits, stairs, and walkways. 5 All assigned work areas on any vessel or vessel section. 5 Landside tunnels, shafts, vaults, pumping stations, and underground work areas. 10 Landside work areas such as machine shops, electrical equipment rooms, carpenter shops, lofts, tool rooms, warehouses, and outdoor work areas. 10 Changing rooms, showers, sewered toilets, and eating, drinking, and break areas. 30 First aid stations, infirmaries, and offices. Note to table F-1 to § 1915.82: The required illumination levels in this table do not apply to emergency or portable lights. (3) For vessels and vessel sections, the employer shall provide illumination that meets the levels set forth in the table to paragraph (a)(2) or meet ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 (incorporated by reference, see 1915.5). (4) When adequate illumination is not obtainable by permanent lighting sources, temporary lighting may be used as supplementation. (5) The employer shall ensure that neither matches nor open-flame devices are used for lighting. (b) Temporary lights. (1) Lights with bulbs that are not completely recessed are equipped with guards to prevent accidental contact with the bulb; (2) Lights are equipped with electric cords designed with sufficient capacity to safely carry the electric load; (3) Connections and insulation on electric cords are maintained in a safe condition; (4) Lights and lighting stringers are not suspended solely by their electric cords unless they are designed by the manufacturer to be suspended in this way; (5) Lighting stringers do not overload branch circuits; (6) Branch circuits are equipped with over-current protection with a capacity that does not exceed the rated current-carrying capacity of the cord used; (7) Splices have insulation with a capacity that exceeds that of the original insulation of the cord; and (8) Exposed, non-current-carrying metal parts of lights are grounded. The employer shall ensure that grounding is provided either through a third wire in the cord containing the circuit conductors or through a separate wire that is grounded at the source of the current. Grounding shall be done in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910, subpart S. (c) Portable lights. (2) Where the only means of illumination on a vessel or vessel section are from lighting sources that are not part of the vessel or vessel section, the employer shall provide portable or emergency lights for the safe movement of each employee. If natural sunlight provides sufficient illumination, portable or emergency lights are not required. (d) Explosion-proof, self-contained lights. § 1915.83 Utilities. (a) Steam supply system. (2) The employer shall ensure that each outside steam supply connected to a vessel's steam piping system meets the following requirements: (i) A pressure gauge and a relief valve are installed at the point where the temporary steam hose joins the vessel's steam piping system; (ii) Each relief valve is set to relieve excess steam at, and is capable of relieving steam at, a pressure that does not exceed the safe working pressure of the system in its present condition; (iii) There are no means of inadvertently disconnecting any relief valve from the system that it protects; (iv) Each pressure gauge and relief valve is legible and located so it is visible and readily accessible; and (v) Each relief valve is positioned so it is not likely to cause injury if steam is released. (b) Steam hoses. (1) The steam hose and its fittings are used in accordance with manufacturer's specifications; (2) Each steam hose is hung tightly with short bights that prevent chafing and to reduce tension on the hose and its fittings; (3) Each steam hose is protected from damage; and (4) Each steam hose or temporary steam piping, including metal fittings and couplings, that pass through a walking or working area is shielded to protect employees from contact. (c) Electric shore power. (1) Ensure that the vessel is grounded; (2) Equip each circuit to be energized with over-current protection that does not exceed the rated current-carrying capacity of the conductors; and (3) Ensure that each circuit to be energized is in a safe condition. The employer must obtain a determination of the safe condition, either orally or in writing, from a responsible vessel's representative, a contractor, or any other person who is qualified by training, knowledge, or experience to make such determination. (d) Heat lamps. § 1915.84 Working alone. (a) Except as provided in § 1915.51(c)(3) of this part, whenever an employee is working alone, such as in a confined space or isolated location, the employer shall account for each employee: (1) Throughout each workshift at regular intervals appropriate to the job assignment to ensure the employee's safety and health; and (2) At the end of the job assignment or at the end of the workshift, whichever occurs first. (b) The employer shall account for each employee by sight or verbal communication. § 1915.85 Vessel radar and communication systems. (a) The employer shall service each vessel's radar and communication systems in accordance with 29 CFR 1915.89, Control of Hazardous Energy. (b) The employer shall secure each vessel's radar and communication system so it is incapable of energizing or emitting radiation before any employee begins work: (1) On or in the vicinity of the system; (2) On or in the vicinity of a system equipped with a dummy load; or (3) Aloft, such as on a mast or king post. (c) When a vessel's radar or communication system is operated, serviced, repaired, or tested, the employer shall ensure that: (1) There is no other work in progress aloft; and (2) No employee is closer to the system's antenna or transmitter than the manufacturer's specified safe minimum distance for the type, model, and power of the equipment. (d) The employer shall ensure that no employee enters an area designated as hazardous by manufacturers' specifications while a radar or communication system is capable of emitting radiation. (e) The requirements of this section do not apply when a radar or communication system is incapable of emitting radiation at levels that could injure workers in the vicinity of the system, or if the radar or communication system is incapable of energizing in a manner than could injure workers working on or in the vicinity of the system. § 1915.86 Lifeboats. (a) Before any employee works in or on a stowed or suspended lifeboat, the employer shall secure the lifeboat independently from the releasing gear to prevent it from falling or capsizing. (b) The employer shall not permit any employee to be in a lifeboat while it is being hoisted or lowered, except when the employer demonstrates that it is necessary to conduct operational tests or drills over water, or in the event of an emergency. (c) The employer shall not permit any employee to work on the outboard side of a lifeboat that is stowed on chocks unless the lifeboat is secured by gripes or another device that prevents it from swinging. § 1915.87 Medical services and first aid. (a) General requirement. (b) Advice and consultation. (c) First aid providers. (i) There is an on-site clinic or infirmary with first aid providers during each workshift; or (ii) The employer can demonstrate that outside first aid providers (i.e., emergency medical services) can reach the worksite within five (5) minutes of a report of injury or illness. The employer must take appropriate steps to ascertain that emergency medical assistance will be readily available promptly if an injury or illness occurs. (2) The employer shall ensure that a first aid provider is able to reach an injured/ill employee within five (5) minutes of a report of a serious injury, illness, or accident such as one involving cardiac arrest, acute breathing problems, uncontrolled bleeding, suffocation, electrocution, or amputation. (3) The employer shall use the following factors in determining the number and location of employees who must have first aid training: size and location of each worksite; the number of employees at each worksite; the hazards present at each worksite; and the distance of each worksite from hospitals, clinics, and rescue squads. (4) The employer shall ensure that first aid providers are trained to render first aid, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). (5) The employer shall ensure that each first aid provider maintains current first aid and CPR certifications, such as issued by the Red Cross, American Heart Association, or other equivalent organization. (d) First aid supplies. (2) The employer shall ensure that the placement, content, and amount of first aid supplies are adequate for the size and location of each worksite, the number of employees at each worksite, the hazards present at each worksite, and the distance of each worksite from hospitals, clinics, and rescue squads. (3) The employer shall ensure that first aid supplies are placed in a weatherproof container. (4) The employer shall maintain first aid supplies in a dry, sterile, and serviceable condition. (5) The employer shall replenish first aid supplies as necessary to ensure that there is an adequate supply when needed. (6) The employer shall inspect first aid supplies at sufficient intervals to ensure that they are adequate and in a serviceable condition. (e) Quick-drenching and flushing facilities. (f) Basket stretchers. (2) The employer shall ensure each basket stretcher, or the equivalent, is equipped with: (i) Permanent lifting bridles that enable the basket stretcher, or the equivalent, to be attached to hoisting gear capable of lifting at least 5,000 pounds (2,270 kg); (ii) Restraints that are capable of securely holding the injured/ill employee while the basket stretcher, or the equivalent, is lifted or moved; and (iii) A blanket or other suitable covering for the injured/ill employee. (3) The employer shall store basket stretchers, or the equivalent, and related equipment (i.e., restraints, blankets) in a clearly marked location in a manner that prevents damage and protects the equipment from environmental conditions. (4) The employer shall inspect stretchers, or the equivalent, and related equipment at intervals that ensure the equipment remains in a safe and serviceable condition, but at least once a year. Appendix A to § 1915.87—First Aid Kits and Automated External Defibrillators (Non-Mandatory) 1. First aid supplies are required to be adequate and readily accessible under paragraphs § 1915.87(a) and (d). An example of the minimal contents of a generic first aid kit for workplace settings is described in ANSI/ISEA Z308.1-2009, “Minimum Requirements for Workplace First Aid Kits and Supplies” (incorporated by reference as specified in § 1915.5). The contents of the kit listed in this ANSI standard should be adequate for small worksites. When larger operations or multiple operations are being conducted at the same worksite, employers should determine the need for additional first aid kits, additional types of first aid equipment and supplies, and additional quantities and types of supplies and equipment in the first aid kits. 2. In a similar fashion, employers that have unique or changing first aid needs at their worksite may need to enhance their first aid kits. The employer can use the OSHA 300 Log, OSHA 301 Incident Report form, or other reports to identify these unique problems. Consultation from the local fire or rescue department, appropriate healthcare professional or local emergency room may be helpful to employers in these circumstances. By assessing the specific needs of their worksite, employers can ensure that reasonably anticipated supplies are available. Employers should assess the specific needs of their worksite periodically, and augment first aid kits appropriately. 3. If it is reasonably anticipated that employees will be exposed to blood or other potentially infectious materials while using first aid supplies, employers must provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in compliance with the provisions of the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens standard, § 1910.1030(d)(3). This standard lists appropriate PPE for this type of exposure, such as gloves, gowns, face shields, masks, and eye protection. 4. Employers who provide automated external defibrillators (AEDs) at their workplaces should designate who will use AEDs and train those employees so they know how to correctly use the AEDs. Although a growing number of AEDs are now designed to be used by any person, even without training, training reinforces proper use and promotes the usefulness of AEDs as part of an effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation plan. For AEDs to be effective, employers should: a. Ensure that AEDs are located so they can be utilized within three to five minutes of a report of an accident or injury; b. Ensure that employees use AEDs in accordance with manufacturers' specifications; and c. Inspect, test, and maintain AEDs in accordance with manufacturers' specifications. § 1915.88 Sanitation. (a) General requirements. (2) The employer shall establish and implement a schedule for servicing, cleaning, and supplying each facility to ensure it is maintained in a clean, sanitary, and serviceable condition. (b) Potable water. (2) The employer shall provide potable drinking water in amounts that are adequate to meet the health and personal needs of each employee. (3) The employer shall dispense drinking water from a fountain, a covered container with single-use drinking cups stored in a sanitary receptacle, or single-use bottles. The employer shall prohibit the use of shared drinking cups, dippers, and water bottles. (c) Non-potable water. (2) The employer shall clearly mark non-potable water supplies and outlets as “not safe for health or personal use.” (d) Toilets General requirements. (i) Provide privacy at all times. When a toilet facility contains more than one toilet, each toilet shall occupy a separate compartment with a door and walls or partitions that are sufficiently high to ensure privacy; and (ii) Are separate for each sex, except as provided in (d)(1)(ii)(B) of this section; (A) The number of toilets provided for each sex shall be based on the maximum number of employees of that sex present at the worksite at any one time during a workshift. A single-occupancy toilet room shall be counted as one toilet regardless of the number of toilets it contains; and (B) The employer does not have to provide separate toilet facilities for each sex when they will not be occupied by more than one employee at a time, can be locked from the inside, and contain at least one toilet. (iii) The employer shall establish and implement a schedule to ensure that each sewered and portable toilet is maintained in a clean, sanitary, and serviceable condition. (2) Minimum number of toilets. Table F-2 to § 1915.88 Number of employees of each sex Minimum number of toilets per sex 1 to 15 1 16 to 35 2 36 to 55 3 56 to 80 4 81 to 110 5 111 to 150 6 Over 150 1 additional toilet for each additional 40 employees. Note to Table F-2 of § 1915.88 (3) Portable toilets. (ii) The employer shall ensure that each portable toilet is vented and equipped, as necessary, with lighting. (4) Exception for normally unattended worksites and mobile work crews. (e) Handwashing facilities. (2) The employer shall ensure that each handwashing facility: (i) Is equipped with either hot and cold or lukewarm running water and soap, or with waterless skin-cleansing agents that are capable of disinfecting the skin or neutralizing the contaminants to which the employee may be exposed; and (ii) If the facility uses soap and water, it is supplied with clean, single-use hand towels stored in a sanitary container and a sanitary means for disposing of them, clean individual sections of continuous cloth toweling, or a hand-drying air blower. (3) The employer shall inform each employee engaged in the application of paints or coatings or in other operations in which hazardous or toxic substances can be ingested or absorbed about the need for removing surface contaminants from their skins surface by thoroughly washing their hands and face at the end of the workshift and prior to eating, drinking, or smoking. (f) Showers. (2) The employer shall ensure that each shower is equipped with soap, hot and cold water, and clean towels for each employee who uses the shower. (g) Changing rooms. (1) Changing rooms that provide privacy for each sex; and (2) Storage facilities for street clothes, as well as separate storage facilities for protective clothing. (h) Eating, drinking, and break areas. (i) Waste disposal. (i) Each receptacle is constructed of materials that are corrosion resistant, leak-proof, and easily cleaned or disposable; (ii) Each receptacle is equipped with a solid tight-fitting cover, unless it can be kept in clean, sanitary, and serviceable condition without the use of a cover; (iii) Receptacles are provided in numbers, sizes, and locations that encourage their use; and (iv) Each receptacle is emptied as often as necessary to prevent it from overfilling and in a manner that does not create a hazard for employees. Waste receptacles for food shall be emptied at least every day, unless unused. (2) The employer shall not permit employees to work in the immediate vicinity of uncovered garbage that could endanger their safety and health. (3) The employer shall ensure that employees working beneath or on the outboard side of a vessel are not contaminated by drainage or waste from overboard discharges. (j) Vermin control. (2) Where vermin are detected, the employer shall implement and maintain an effective vermin-control program. § 1915.89 Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tags-plus). (a) Scope, application, and effective dates Scope. (2) Application. (A) In any landside facility that performs shipyard employment work; and (B) On any vessel or vessel section. (ii) This section applies to such servicing conducted on a vessel by any employee including, but not limited to, the ship's officers and crew unless such application is preempted by the regulations of another federal agency. (3) When other standards in 29 CFR part 1915 and applicable standards in 29 CFR part 1910 require the use of a lock or tag, the employer shall use and supplement them with the procedural and training requirements specified in this section. (4) Exceptions. (i) Work on cord-and-plug-connected machinery, equipment, or system, provided the employer ensures that the machinery, equipment, or system is unplugged and the plug is under the exclusive control of the employee performing the servicing; (ii) Minor servicing activities performed during normal production operations, including minor tool changes and adjustments, that are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the machinery, equipment, or system, provided the employer ensures that the work is performed using measures that provide effective protection from energization, startup, or the release of hazardous energy. (b) Lockout/tags-plus program. (1) Procedures for lockout/tags-plus systems while servicing machinery, equipment, or systems in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; (2) Procedures for protecting employees involved in servicing any machinery, equipment, or system in accordance with paragraphs (d) through (m) of this section; (3) Specifications for locks and tags-plus hardware in accordance with paragraph (n) of this section; (4) Employee information and training in accordance with paragraph (o) of this section; (5) Incident investigations in accordance with paragraph (p) of this section; and (6) Program audits in accordance with paragraph (q) of this section. (c) General requirements. (2) If an energy-isolating device is capable of being locked, the employer shall ensure the use of a lock to prevent energization or startup, or the release of hazardous energy, before any servicing is started, unless the employer can demonstrate that the utilization of a tags-plus system will provide full employee protection as set forth in paragraph (c)(6) of this section. (3) If an energy-isolating device is not capable of being locked, the employer shall ensure the use of a tags-plus system to prevent energization or startup, or the release of hazardous energy, before any servicing is started. (4) Each tags-plus system shall consist of: (i) At least one energy-isolating device with a tag affixed to it; and (ii) At least one additional safety measure that, along with the energy-isolating device and tag required in (c)(4)(i) of this section, will provide the equivalent safety available from the use of a lock. Note to paragraph ( c When the Navy ship's force maintains control of the machinery, equipment, or systems on a vessel and has implemented such additional measures it determines are necessary, the provisions of paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section shall not apply, provided that the employer complies with the verification procedures in paragraph (g) of this section. (5) After October 31, 2011, the employer shall ensure that each energy-isolating device for any machinery, equipment, or system is designed to accept a lock whenever the machinery, equipment, or system is extensively repaired, renovated, modified, or replaced, or whenever new machinery, equipment, or systems are installed. This requirement does not apply when a shipyard employer: (i) Does not own the machinery, equipment, or system; or (ii) Builds or services a vessel or vessel section according to customer specifications. (6) Full employee protection. (ii) The employer shall demonstrate that the use of a tags-plus system will provide a level of safety equivalent to that obtained by using a lock. In demonstrating that an equivalent level of safety is achieved, the employer shall: (A) Demonstrate full compliance with all tags-plus-related provisions of this standard; and (B) Implement such additional safety measures as are necessary to provide the equivalent safety available from the use of a lock. Note to paragraph ( c When the Navy ship's force maintains control of the machinery, equipment, or systems on a vessel and has implemented such additional measures it determines are necessary, the provisions of paragraph (c)(6)(ii)(B) of this section do not apply, provided that the employer complies with the verification procedures in paragraph (g) of this section. (7) Lockout/tags-plus coordination. (A) Employees on vessels and in vessel sections are servicing multiple machinery, equipment, or systems at the same time; or (B) Employees on vessels, in vessel sections, and at landside facilities are performing multiple servicing operations on the same machinery, equipment, or system at the same time. (ii) The coordination process shall include a lockout/tags-plus coordinator and a lockout/tags-plus log. Each log shall be specific to each vessel, vessel section, and landside work area. (iii) The employer shall designate a lockout/tags-plus coordinator who is responsible for overseeing and approving: (A) The application of each lockout and tags-plus system; (B) The verification of hazardous-energy isolation before the servicing of any machinery, equipment, or system begins; and (C) The removal of each lockout and tags-plus system. (iv) The employer shall ensure that the lockout/tags-plus coordinator maintains and administers a continuous log of each lockout and tags-plus system. The log shall contain: (A) Location of machinery, equipment, or system to be serviced; (B) Type of machinery, equipment, or system to be serviced; (C) Name of the authorized employee applying the lockout/tags-plus system; (D) Date that the lockout/tags-plus system is applied; (E) Name of authorized employee removing the lock or tags-plus system; and (F) Date that lockout/tags-plus system is removed. Note to paragraph ( c When the Navy ship's force serves as the lockout/tags-plus coordinator and maintains control of the lockout/tags-plus log, the employer will be in compliance with the requirements in paragraph (c)(7) of this section when coordination between the ship's force and the employer occurs to ensure that applicable lockout/tags-plus procedures are followed and documented. (d) Lockout/tags-plus written procedures. (i) A clear and specific outline of the scope and purpose of the lockout/tags-plus procedure; (ii) The means the employer will use to enforce compliance with the lockout/tags-plus program and procedures; and (iii) The steps that must be followed for: (A) Preparing for shutting down and isolating of the machinery, equipment, or system to be serviced, in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section; (B) Applying the lockout/tags-plus system, in accordance with paragraph (f) of this section; (C) Verifying isolation, in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section; (D) Testing the machinery, equipment, or system, in accordance with paragraph (h) of this section; (E) Removing lockout/tags-plus systems, in accordance with paragraph (i) of this section; (F) Starting up the machinery, equipment, or system that is being serviced, in accordance with paragraph (j) of this section; (G) Applying lockout/tags-plus systems in group servicing operations, in accordance with paragraph (k) of this section; (H) Addressing multi-employer worksites involved in servicing any machinery, equipment, or system, in accordance with paragraph (l) of this section; and (I) Addressing shift or personnel changes during servicing operations, in accordance with paragraph (m) of this section. Note to paragraph ( d The employer need only develop a single procedure for a group of similar machines, equipment, or systems if the machines, equipment, or systems have the same type and magnitude of energy and the same or similar types of controls, and if a single procedure can satisfactorily address the hazards and the steps to be taken to control these hazards. (2) The employer's lockout procedures do not have to be in writing for servicing machinery, equipment, or systems, provided that all of the following conditions are met: (i) There is no potential for hazardous energy to be released (or to reaccumulate) after shutting down, or restoring energy to, the machinery, equipment, or system; (ii) The machinery, equipment, or system has a single energy source that can be readily identified and isolated; (iii) The isolation and lock out of that energy source will result in complete de-energization and deactivation of the machinery, equipment, or system, and there is no potential for reaccumulation of energy; (iv) The energy source is isolated and secured from the machinery, equipment, or system during servicing; (v) Only one lock is necessary for isolating the energy source; (vi) The lock is under the exclusive control of the authorized employee performing the servicing; (vii) The servicing does not create a hazard for any other employee; and (viii) The employer, in utilizing this exception, has not had any accidents or incidents involving the activation or reenergization of this type of machinery, equipment, or system during servicing. (e) Procedures for shutdown and isolation. (i) Ensure that the authorized employee has knowledge of: (A) The source, type, and magnitude of the hazards associated with energization or startup of the machine, equipment, or system; (B) The hazards associated with the release of hazardous energy; and (C) The means to control these hazards; and (ii) Notify each affected employee that the machinery, equipment, or system will be shut down and deenergized prior to servicing, and that a lockout/tags-plus system will be implemented. (2) The employer shall ensure that the machinery, equipment, or system is shut down according to the written procedures the employer established. (3) The employer shall use an orderly shutdown to prevent exposing any employee to risks associated with hazardous energy. (4) The employer shall ensure that the authorized employee relieves, disconnects, restrains, or otherwise renders safe all potentially hazardous energy that is connected to the machinery, equipment, or system. Note to paragraph ( e When the Navy ship's force shuts down any machinery, equipment, or system, and relieves, disconnects, restrains, or otherwise renders safe all potentially hazardous energy that is connected to the machinery, equipment, or system, the employer will be in compliance with the requirements in paragraph (e) of this section when the employer's authorized employee verifies that the machinery, equipment, or system being serviced has been properly shut down, isolated, and deenergized. (f) Procedures for applying lockout/tags-plus systems. (2) When using lockout systems, the employer shall ensure that the authorized employee affixes each lock in a manner that will hold the energy-isolating device in a safe or off position. (3) When using tags-plus systems, the employer shall ensure that the authorized employee affixes a tag directly to the energy-isolating device that clearly indicates that the removal of the device from a safe or off position is prohibited. (4) When the tag cannot be affixed directly to the energy-isolating device the employer shall ensure that the authorized employee locates it as close as safely possible to the device, in a safe and immediately obvious position. (5) The employer shall ensure that each energy-isolating device that controls energy to the machinery, equipment, or system is effective in isolating the machinery, equipment, or system from all potentially hazardous energy source(s). Note to paragraph ( f When the Navy ship's force applies the lockout/tags-plus systems or devices, the employer will be in compliance with the requirements in paragraph (f) of this section when the employer's authorized employee verifies the application of the lockout/tags-plus systems or devices. (g) Procedures for verification of deenergization and isolation. (2) The employer shall ensure that the authorized employee, or the primary authorized employee in a group lockout/tags-plus application, continues verifying deenergization and isolation while servicing the machinery, equipment, or system. (3) Each authorized employee in a group lockout/tags-plus application who will be servicing the machinery, equipment, or system must be given the option to verify that the machinery, equipment, or system is deenergized and all energy sources isolated, even when verification is performed by the primary authorized employee. (h) Procedures for testing. (1) Clears tools and materials from the work area; (2) Removes nonessential employees from the work area; (3) Removes each lockout/tags-plus system in accordance with paragraph (i) of this section; (4) Restarts the machinery, equipment, or system and then proceeds with testing or positioning; and (5) After completing testing or positioning, deenergizes and shuts down the machinery, equipment, or system and reapplies all lockout/tags-plus systems in accordance with paragraphs (e)-(g) of this section to continue servicing. Note to paragraph ( h When the Navy ship's force serves as the lockout/tags-plus coordinator, performs the testing, and maintains control of the lockout/tags-plus systems or devices during testing, the employer is in compliance with paragraph (h) when the employer's authorized employee acknowledges to the lockout/tags-plus coordinator that the employer's personnel and tools are clear and the machinery, equipment, or system being serviced is ready for testing, and upon completion of the testing, verifies the reapplication of the lockout/tags-plus systems. (i) Procedures for removal of lockout and tags-plus systems. (i) Notifies all other authorized and affected employees that the lockout/tags-plus system will be removed; (ii) Ensures that all employees in the work area have been safely positioned or removed; and (iii) Inspects the work area to ensure that nonessential items have been removed and machinery, equipment, or system components are operationally intact. (2) The employer shall ensure that each lock or tags-plus system is removed by the authorized employee who applied it. (3) When the authorized employee who applied the lockout/tags-plus system is not available to remove it, the employer may direct removal by another authorized employee, provided the employer developed and incorporated into the lockout/tags-plus program the specific procedures and training that address such removal, and demonstrates that the specific procedures used provide a level of employee safety that is at least as effective in protecting employees as removal of the system by the authorized employee who applied it. After meeting these requirements, the employer shall do the following in sequence: (i) Verify that the authorized employee who applied the lockout/tags-plus system is not in the facility; (ii) Make all reasonable efforts to contact the authorized employee to inform him/her that the lockout/tags-plus system has been removed; and (iii) Ensure that the authorized employee who applied the lock or tags-plus system has knowledge of the removal before resuming work on the affected machinery, equipment, or system. Note to paragraph ( i When the Navy ship's force serves as lockout/tags-plus coordinator and removes the lockout/tags-plus systems or devices, the employer is in compliance with the requirements in paragraph (i) of this section when the employer's authorized employee informs the lockout/tags-plus coordinator that the procedures in paragraph (i)(1) of this section have been performed. (j) Procedures for startup. (2) The employer shall execute an orderly startup to prevent or minimize any additional or increased hazard(s) to employees. The employer shall perform the following tasks before starting up the machinery, equipment, or system: (i) Clear tools and materials from the work area; (ii) Remove any non-essential employees from the work area; and (iii) Start up the machinery, equipment, or system according to the detailed procedures the employer established for that machinery, equipment, or system. Note to paragraph ( j When the Navy ship's force serves as lockout/tags-plus coordinator and maintains control of the lockout/tags-plus systems or devices during startup, and the employer is prohibited from starting up the machinery, equipment, or system, the employer is in compliance with the requirements in paragraph (j) of this section when the employer's authorized employee informs the lockout/tags-plus coordinator the procedures in paragraphs (j)(2)(i) and (j)(2)(ii) of this section have been performed. (k) Procedures for group lockout/tags-plus. (1) Primary authorized employee. (i) Assign responsibility to one primary authorized employee for each group of authorized employees performing servicing on the same machinery, equipment, or system; (ii) Ensure that the primary authorized employee determines the safe exposure status of each authorized employee in the group with regard to the lockout/tags-plus system; (iii) Ensure that the primary authorized employee obtains approval from the lockout/tags-plus coordinator to apply and remove the lockout/tags-plus system; and (iv) Ensure that the primary authorized employee coordinates the servicing operation with the coordinator when required by paragraph (c)(7)(i) of this section. (2) Authorized employees. (i) Have each authorized employee apply a personal lockout/tags-plus system; or (ii) Use a procedure that the employer can demonstrate affords each authorized employee a level of protection equivalent to the protection provided by having each authorized employee apply a personal lockout/tags-plus system. Such procedures shall incorporate a means for each authorized employee to have personal control of, and accountability for, his or her protection such as, but not limited to, having each authorized employee: (A) Sign a group tag (or a group tag equivalent), attach a personal identification device to a group lockout device, or performs a comparable action before servicing is started; and (B) Sign off the group tag (or the group tag equivalent), remove the personal identification device, or perform a comparable action when servicing is finished. Note to paragraph ( k When the Navy ship's force maintains control of the machinery, equipment, or systems on a vessel and prohibits the employer from applying or removing the lockout/tags-plus system or starting up the machinery, equipment, or systems being serviced, the employer is in compliance with the requirements in paragraphs (k)(1)(iii) and (k)(2), provided that the employer ensures that the primary authorized employee takes the following steps in the following order: (1) Before servicing begins and after deenergization, (a) verifies the safe exposure status of each authorized employee, and (b) signs a group tag (or a group tag equivalent) or performs a comparable action; and (2) after servicing is complete and before reenergization, (a) verifies the safe exposure status of each authorized employee, and (b) signs off the group tag (or the group tag equivalent) or performs a comparable action. (l) Procedures for multi-employer worksites. (2) Host employer responsibilities. (i) Inform each contract employer about the content of the host employer's lockout/tags-plus program and procedures; (ii) Instruct each contract employer to follow the host employer's lockout/tags-plus program and procedures; and (iii) Ensure that the lockout/tags-plus coordinator knows about all servicing operations and communicates with each contract employer who performs servicing or works in an area where servicing is being conducted. (3) Contract employer responsibilities. (i) Follow the host employer's lockout/tags-plus program and procedures; (ii) Ensure that the host employer knows about the lockout/tags-plus hazards associated with the contract employer's work and what the contract employer is doing to address these hazards; and (iii) Inform the host employer of any previously unidentified lockout/tags-plus hazards that the contract employer identifies at the multi-employer worksite. Note 1 to paragraph ( l The host employer may include provisions in its contract with the contract employer for the contract employer to have more control over the lockout/tags-plus program if such provisions will provide an equivalent level of protection for the host employer's and contract employer's employees as that provided by paragraph (l) of this section. Note 2 to paragraph ( l When the U.S Navy contracts directly with a contract employer and the Navy ship's force maintains control of the lockout/tags-plus systems or devices, that contract employer shall consider the Navy to be the host employer for the purposes of § 1915.89(l)(3). (m) Procedures for shift or personnel changes. (2) The employer shall establish and implement provisions for the orderly transfer of lockout/tags-plus systems between authorized employees when they are starting and ending their workshifts, or when personnel changes occur during a workshift, to prevent energization or startup of the machinery, equipment, or system being serviced or the release of hazardous energy. (n) Lockout/tags-plus materials and hardware. (2) The employer shall ensure that each lock and tag is uniquely identified for the purpose of controlling hazardous energy and is not used for any other purpose. (3) The employer shall ensure that each lock and tag meets the following requirements: (i) Durable. (B) Each tag is made so that weather conditions, wet or damp conditions, corrosive substances, or other conditions in the work area where the tag is used or stored will not cause it to deteriorate or become illegible; (ii) Standardized. (B) Each tag is standardized in print and format; (iii) Substantial. (B) Each tag and tag attachment is sturdy enough to prevent inadvertent or accidental removal; (C) Each tag attachment has the general design and basic safety characteristics of a one-piece, all-environment-tolerant nylon tie; (D) Each tag attachment is non-reusable, attachable by hand, self-locking, and non-releasable, and has a minimum unlocking strength of 50 pounds; (iv) Identifiable. (v) Each tag warns of hazardous conditions that could arise if the machinery, equipment, or system is energized and includes a legend such as one of the following: “Do Not Start,” “Do Not Open,” “Do Not Close,” “Do Not Energize,” or “Do Not Operate.” (o) Information and training Initial training. (2) General training content. (i) The purpose and function of the employer's lockout/tags-plus program and procedures; (ii) The unique identity of the locks and tags to be used in the lockout/tags-plus system, as well as the standardized color, shape or size of these devices; (iii) The basic components of the tags-plus system: an energy-isolating device with a tag affixed to it and an additional safety measure; (iv) The prohibition against tampering with or removing any lockout/tags-plus system; and (v) The prohibition against restarting or reenergizing any machinery, equipment, or system being serviced under a lockout/tags-plus system. (3) Additional training requirements for affected employees. (i) The use of the employer's lockout/tags-plus program and procedures; (ii) That affected employees are not to apply or remove any lockout/tags-plus system; and (iii) That affected employees are not to bypass, ignore, or otherwise defeat any lockout/tags-plus system. (4) Additional training requirements for authorized employees. (i) The steps necessary for the safe application, use, and removal of lockout/tags-plus systems to prevent energization or startup or the release of hazardous energy during servicing of machinery, equipment, or systems; (ii) The type of energy sources and the magnitude of the energy available at the worksite; (iii) The means and methods necessary for effective isolation and control of hazardous energy; (iv) The means for determining the safe exposure status of other employees in a group when the authorized employee is working as a group's primary authorized employee. (v) The requirement for tags to be written so they are legible and understandable to all employees; (vi) The requirement that tags and their means of attachment be made of materials that will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace; (vii) The requirement that tags be securely attached to energy-isolating devices so they cannot be accidentally removed while servicing machinery, equipment, or systems; (viii) That tags are warning devices, and alone do not provide physical barriers against energization or startup, or the release of hazardous energy, provided by locks, and energy-isolating devices; and (ix) That tags must be used in conjunction with an energy-isolating device to prevent energization or startup or the release of hazardous energy. (5) Additional training for lockout/tags-plus coordinator. (i) How to identify and isolate any machinery, equipment, or system that is being serviced; and (ii) How to accurately document lockout/tags-plus systems and maintain the lockout/tags-plus log. (6) Employee retraining. (i) The employer shall retrain each employee, as applicable, whenever: (A) There is a change in his/her job assignment that presents new hazards or requires a greater degree of knowledge about the employer's lockout/tags-plus program or procedures; (B) There is a change in machinery, equipment, or systems to be serviced that presents a new energy-control hazard; (C) There is a change in the employer's lockout/tags-plus program or procedures; or (D) It is necessary to maintain the employee's proficiency. (ii) The employer also shall retrain each employee, as applicable, whenever an incident investigation or program audit indicates that there are: (A) Deviations from, or deficiencies in, the employer's lockout/tags-plus program or procedures; or (B) Inadequacies in an employee's knowledge or use of the lockout/tags-plus program or procedures. (iii) The employer shall ensure that retraining establishes the required employee knowledge and proficiency in the employer's lockout/tags-plus program and procedures and in any new or revised energy-control procedures. (7) Upon completion of employee training, the employer shall keep a record that the employee accomplished the training, and that this training is current. The training record shall contain at least the employee's name, date of training, and the subject of the training. (p) Incident investigation. (2) Promptly but not later than 24 hours following the incident, the employer shall initiate an incident investigation and notify each employee who was, or could reasonably have been, affected by the incident. (3) The employer shall ensure that the incident investigation is conducted by at least one employee who has the knowledge of, and experience in, the employer's lockout/tags-plus program and procedures, and in investigating and analyzing incidents involving the release of hazardous energy. The employer may also use additional individuals to participate in investigating the incident. (4) The employer shall ensure that the individual(s) conducting the investigation prepare(s) a written report of the investigation that includes: (i) The date and time of the incident; (ii) The date and time the incident investigation began; (iii) Location of the incident; (iv) A description of the incident; (v) The factors that contributed to the incident; (vi) A copy of any lockout/tags-plus log that was current at the time of the incident; and (vii) Any corrective actions that need to be taken as a result of the incident. (5) The employer shall review the written incident report with each employee whose job tasks are relevant to the incident investigation findings, including contract employees when applicable. (6) The employer shall ensure that the incident investigation and written report are completed, and all corrective actions implemented, within 30 days following the incident. (7) If the employer demonstrates that it is infeasible to implement all of the corrective actions within 30 days, the employer shall prepare a written abatement plan that contains an explanation of the circumstances causing the delay, a proposed timetable for the abatement, and a summary of the steps the employer is taking in the interim to protect employees from hazardous energy while servicing machinery, equipment, or systems. (q) Program audits. (2) The employer shall ensure that the audit is performed by: (i) An authorized employee other than the one(s) currently using the energy-control procedure being reviewed; or (ii) Individuals other than an authorized employee who are knowledgeable about the employer's lockout/tags-plus program and procedures and the machinery, equipment, or systems being audited. (3) The employer shall ensure that the audit includes: (i) A review of the written lockout/tags-plus program and procedures; (ii) A review of the current lockout/tags-plus log; (iii) Verification of the accuracy of the lockout/tags-plus log; (iv) A review of incident reports since the last audit; (v) A review conducted between the auditor and authorized employees regarding the authorized employees' responsibilities under the lockout systems being audited; and (vi) A review conducted between the auditor and affected and authorized employees regarding their responsibilities under the tags-plus systems being audited. (4) The employer shall ensure that, within 15 days after completion of the audit, the individual(s) who conducted the audit prepare and deliver to the employer a written audit report that includes at least: (i) The date of the audit; (ii) The identity of the individual(s) who performed the audit; (iii) The identity of the procedure and machinery, equipment, or system that were audited; (iv) The findings of the program audit and recommendations for correcting deviations or deficiencies identified during the audit; (v) Any incident investigation reports since the previous audit; and (vi) Descriptions of corrective actions the employer has taken in response to the findings and recommendations of any incident investigation reports prepared since the previous audit. (5) The employer shall promptly communicate the findings and recommendations in the written audit report to each employee having a job task that may be affected by such findings and recommendations. (6) The employer shall correct the deviations or inadequacies in the lockout/tags-plus program within 15 days after receiving the written audit report. (r) Recordkeeping. Table to Paragraph ( r The employer must keep the following records . . . For at least . . . (i) Current lockout/tags-plus program and procedures Until replaced by updated program and procedures. (ii) Training records Until replaced by updated records for each type of training. (iii) Incident investigation reports Until the next program audit is completed. (iv) Program audit report 12 months after being replaced by the next audit report. (2) The employer shall make all records required by this section available to employees, their representatives, and the Assistant Secretary in accordance with the procedures and time periods specified in 29 CFR 1910.1020(e)(1) and (e)(3). (s) Appendices. Appendix A to § 1915.89 (Non-Mandatory)—Typical Minimal Lockout/Tags-Plus Procedures General Lockout/Tags-Plus Procedure Lockout/Tags-Plus Procedure for [Name of company for single procedure or identification of machinery, equipment, or system if multiple procedures used.] Purpose This procedure establishes the minimum requirements for the lockout/tags-plus application of energy-isolating devices on vessels and vessel sections, and for landside facilities whenever servicing is done on machinery, equipment, or systems in shipyards. This procedure shall be used to ensure that all potentially hazardous-energy sources have been isolated and the machinery, equipment, or system to be serviced has been rendered inoperative through the use of lockout or tags-plus procedures before employees perform any servicing when the energization or start-up of the machinery, equipment, or system, or the release of hazardous energy could cause injury. Compliance With This Program All employees are required to comply with the restrictions and limitations imposed on them during the use of lockout or tags-plus applications. Authorized employees are required to perform each lockout or tags-plus application in accordance with this procedure. No employee, upon observing that machinery, equipment, or systems are secured using lockout or tags-plus applications, shall attempt to start, open, close, energize, or operate that machinery, equipment, or system. Type of compliance enforcement to be taken for violation of the above. Procedures for Lockout/Tags-Plus Systems (1) Notify each affected employee that servicing is required on the machinery, equipment, or system, and that it must be isolated and rendered inoperative using a lockout or tags-plus system. Method of notifying all affected employees. (2) The authorized employee shall refer to shipyard employer's procedures to identify the type and magnitude of the energy source(s) that the machinery, equipment, or system uses, shall understand the hazards of the energy, and shall know the methods to control the energy source(s). Type(s) and magnitude(s) of energy, its hazards and the methods to control the energy. (3) If the machinery, equipment, or system is operating, shut it down in accordance with the written procedures (depress the stop button, open switch, close valve, etc.) established by the employer. Type(s) and location(s) of machinery, equipment, or system operating controls. (4) Secure each energy-isolating device(s) through the use of a lockout or tags-plus system (for instance, disconnecting, blanking, and affixing tags) so that the energy source is isolated and the machinery, equipment, or system is rendered inoperative. Type(s) and location(s) of energy-isolating devices. (5) Lockout System. (6) Tags-Plus System. Type(s) of hazardous energy—methods used to control them. (7) Ensure that the machinery, equipment, or system is relieved, disconnected, restrained, or rendered safe from the release of all potentially hazardous energy by checking that no personnel are exposed, and then verifying the isolation of energy to the machine, equipment, or system by operating the push button or other normal operating control(s), or by testing to make certain it will not operate. CAUTION: Return operating control(s) to the safe or off position after verifying the isolation of the machinery, equipment, or system. Method of verifying the isolation of the machinery, equipment, or system. (8) The machinery, equipment, or system is now secured by a lockout or tags-plus system, and servicing by the authorized person may be performed. Procedures for Removal of Lockout/Tags-Plus Systems When servicing is complete and the machinery, equipment, or system is ready to return to normal operating condition, the following steps shall be taken: (1) Notify each authorized and affected employee(s) that the lockout/tags-plus system will be removed and the machinery, equipment, or system reenergized. (2) Inspect the work area to ensure that all employees have been safely positioned or removed. (3) Inspect the machinery, equipment, or system and the immediate area around the machinery, equipment, or system to ensure that nonessential items have been removed and that the machinery, equipment or system components are operationally intact. (4) Reconnect the necessary components, remove the lockout/tags-plus material and hardware, and reenergize the machinery, equipment, or system through the established detailed procedures determined by the employer. (5) Notify all affected employees that servicing is complete and the machinery, equipment, or system is ready for testing or use. § 1915.90 Safety color code for marking physical hazards. The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to the requirements set forth at 29 CFR 1910.144 of this chapter. § 1915.91 Accident prevention signs and tags. The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to the requirements set forth at 29 CFR 1910.145 of this chapter. § 1915.92 Retention of DOT markings, placards, and labels. (a) Any employer who receives a package of hazardous material that is required to be marked, labeled, or placarded in accordance with the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR parts 171 through 180) shall retain those markings, labels, and placards on the package until the packaging is sufficiently cleaned of residue and purged of vapors to remove any potential hazards. (b) Any employer who receives a freight container, rail freight car, motor vehicle, or transport vehicle that is required to be marked or placarded in accordance with the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations shall retain those markings and placards on the freight container, rail freight car, motor vehicle, or transport vehicle until the hazardous materials are sufficiently removed to prevent any potential hazards. (c) The employer shall maintain markings, placards, and labels in a manner that ensures that they are readily visible. (d) For non-bulk packages that will not be reshipped, the requirements of this section are met if a label or other acceptable marking is affixed in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1200, Hazard Communication. (e) For the purposes of this section, the term “hazardous material” and any other terms not defined in this section have the same definition as specified in the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations. § 1915.93 Motor vehicle safety equipment, operation and maintenance. (a) Application. (2) The requirements of this section apply to employer-provided motor vehicles. The requirements of paragraphs (b)(2), (b)(4), and (c)(2) of this section also apply to employee-provided motor vehicles. (3) Only the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) apply to powered industrial trucks, as defined in § 1910.178. The maintenance, inspection, operation, and training requirements in 29 CFR 1910.178 continue to apply to powered industrial trucks used for shipyard employment. (b) Motor vehicle safety equipment. (2) The employer shall ensure that each employee uses a safety belt, securely and tightly fastened, at all times while operating or riding in a motor vehicle. (3) The employer shall ensure that vehicle safety equipment is not removed from any employer-provided vehicle. The employer shall replace safety equipment that is removed. (4) The employer shall ensure that each motor vehicle used to transport an employee has firmly secured seats for each employee being transported and that all employees being transported are using such seats. (c) Motor vehicle maintenance and operation. (2) The employer shall ensure that, before a motor vehicle is operated, any tools and materials being transported are secured if their movements may create a hazard for employees. (3) The employer shall implement measures to ensure that motor vehicle operators are able to see, and avoid harming, pedestrians and bicyclists at shipyards. Measures that employers may implement to comply with this requirement include: (i) Establishing dedicated travel lanes for motor vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians; (ii) Installing crosswalks and traffic control devices such as stop signs, mirrors at blind spots, or physical barriers to separate travel lanes; (iii) Establishing appropriate speed limits for all motor vehicles; (iv) Establishing “no drive” times to allow for safe movement of pedestrians; (v) Providing reflective vests or other gear so pedestrians and bicyclists are clearly visible to motor vehicle operators; (vi) Ensuring that bicycles have reflectors, lights, or other equipment to maximize visibility of the bicyclist; or (vii) Other measures that the employer can demonstrate are as effective in protecting pedestrians and bicyclists as those measures specified in paragraphs (c)(3)(i) through (c)(3)(vi) of this section. § 1915.94 Servicing multi-piece and single-piece rim wheels. The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to the requirements set forth at 29 CFR 1910.177 of this chapter. Subpart G—Gear and Equipment for Rigging and Materials Handling § 1915.111 Inspection. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) All gear and equipment provided by the employer for rigging and materials handling shall be inspected before each shift and when necessary, at intervals during its use to ensure that it is safe. Defective gear shall be removed and repaired or replaced before further use. (b) The safe working load of gear as specified in §§ 1915.112 and 1915.113 shall not be exceeded. § 1915.112 Ropes, chains and slings. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Manila rope and manila-rope slings. (1) Have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer that indicate the recommended safe working load for the type(s) of hitch(es) used, the angle upon which it is based, and the number of legs if more than one; (2) Not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load as prescribed on the identification markings by the manufacturer; and (3) Not be used without affixed and legible identification markings as required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (b) Wire rope and wire-rope slings. (i) Have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer that indicate the recommended safe working load for the type(s) of hitch(es) used, the angle upon which it is based, and the number of legs if more than one; (ii) Not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load as prescribed on the identification markings by the manufacturer; and (iii) Not be used without affixed and legible identification markings as required by paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section. (2) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles shall be covered or blunted. (3) When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, employers must use Table G-1 in § 1915.118 to determine the number and spacing of clips. Employers must apply the U-bolt so that the “U” section is in contact with the dead end of the rope. (4) Wire rope shall not be secured by knots. (c) Chain and chain slings. (i) Have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer that indicate the recommended safe working load for the type(s) of hitch(es) used, the angle upon which it is based, and the number of legs if more than one; (ii) Not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load as prescribed on the identification markings by the manufacturer; and (iii) Not be used without affixed and legible identification markings as required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. (2) All sling chains, including end fastenings, shall be given a visual inspection before being used on the job. A thorough inspection of all chains in use shall be made every 3 months. Each chain shall bear an indication of the month in which it was thoroughly inspected. The thorough inspection shall include inspection for wear, defective welds, deformation and increase in length or stretch. (3) Employers must note interlink wear, not accompanied by stretch in excess of 5 percent, and remove the chain from service when maximum allowable wear at any point of link, as indicated in Table G-2 in § 1915.118, has been reached. (4) Chain slings shall be removed from service when, due to stretch, the increase in length of a measured section exceeds five (5) percent; when a link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged; or when raised scarfs or defective welds appear. (5) All repairs to chains shall be made under qualified supervision. Links or portions of the chain found to be defective as described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section shall be replaced by links having proper dimensions and made of material similar to that of the chain. Before repaired chains are returned to service, they shall be proof tested to the proof test load recommended by the manufacturer. (6) Wrought iron chains in constant use shall be annealed or normalized at intervals not exceeding six months when recommended by the manufacturer. The chain manufacturer shall be consulted for recommended procedures for annealing or normalizing. Alloy chains shall never be annealed. (7) A load shall not be lifted with a chain having a kink or knot in it. A chain shall not be shortened by bolting, wiring or knotting. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002; 76 FR 33609, June 8, 2011] § 1915.113 Shackles and hooks. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Shackles. (1) Have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer that indicate the recommended safe working load; (2) Not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load as prescribed on the identification markings by the manufacturer; and (3) Not be used without affixed and legible identification markings as required by paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section. (b) Hooks. (2) Loads shall be applied to the throat of the hook since loading the point overstresses and bends or springs the hook. (3) Hooks shall be inspected periodically to see that they have not been bent by overloading. Bent or sprung hooks shall not be used. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 51 FR 34562, Sept. 29, 1986; 76 FR 33609, June 8, 2011] § 1915.114 Chain falls and pull-lifts. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Chain falls and pull-lifts shall be clearly marked to show the capacity and the capacity shall not be exceeded. (b) Chain falls shall be regularly inspected to ensure that they are safe, particular attention being given to the lift chain, pinion, sheaves and hooks for distortion and wear. Pull-lifts shall be regularly inspected to ensure that they are safe, particular attention being given to the ratchet, pawl, chain and hooks for distortion and wear. (c) Straps, shackles, and the beam or overhead structure to which a chain fall or pull-lift is secured shall be of adequate strength to support the weight of load plus gear. The upper hook shall be moused or otherwise secured against coming free of its support. (d) Scaffolding shall not be used as a point of attachment for lifting devices such as tackles, chain falls, and pull-lifts unless the scaffolding is specifically designed for that purpose. § 1915.115 Hoisting and hauling equipment. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Derrick and crane certification. (b) The moving parts of hoisting and hauling equipment shall be guarded. (c) Mobile crawler or truck cranes used on a vessel. (2) The posted safe working loads of mobile crawler or truck cranes under the conditions of use shall not be exceeded. (d) Accessible areas within the swing radius of the outermost part of the body of a revolving derrick or crane, whether permanently or temporarily mounted, shall be guarded in such a manner as to prevent an employee from being in such a position as to be struck by the crane or caught between the crane and fixed parts of the vessel or of the crane itself. (e) Marine railways. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002] § 1915.116 Use of gear. (a) The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking except that paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding only. (b) Loads shall be safely rigged before being hoisted. (c) Plates shall be handled on and off hulls by means of shackles whenever possible. Clips or pads of ample size shall be welded to the plate to receive the shackle pins when there are no holes in the plate. When it is not possible to make holes in or to weld pads to the plate, alligator tongs, grab clamps or screw clamps may be used. In such cases special precautions shall be taken to keep employees from under such lifts. (d) Tag lines shall be provided on loads likely to swing or to need guidance. (e) When slings are secured to eye-bolts, the slings shall be so arranged, using spreaders if necessary, that the pull is within 20 degrees of the axis of the bolt. (f) Slings shall be padded by means of wood blocks or other suitable material where they pass over sharpe edges or corners of loads so as to prevent cutting or kinking. (g) Skips shall be rigged to be handled by not less than 3 legged bridles, and all legs shall always be used. When open end skips are used, means shall be taken to prevent the contents from falling. (h) Loose ends of idle legs of slings in use shall be hung on the hook. (i) Employees shall not be permitted to ride the hook or the load. (j) Loads (tools, equipment or other materials) shall not be swung or suspended over the heads of employees. (k) Pieces of equipment or structure susceptible to falling or dislodgement shall be secured or removed as early as possible. (l) An individual who is familiar with the signal code in use shall be assigned to act as a signalman when the hoist operator cannot see the load being handled. Communications shall be made by means of clear and distinct visual or auditory signals except that verbal signals shall not be permitted. (m) Pallets, when used, shall be of such material and contruction and so maintained as to safely support and carry the loads being handled on them. (n) A section of hatch through which materials or equipment are being raised, lowered, moved, or otherwise shifted manually or by a crane, winch, hoist, or derrick, shall be completely opened. The beam or pontoon left in place adjacent to an opening shall be sufficiently lashed, locked or otherwise secured to prevent it from moving so that it cannot be displaced by accident. (o) Hatches shall not be open or closed while employees are in the square of the hatch below. (p) Before loads or empty lifting gear are raised, lowered, or swung, clear and sufficient advance warning shall be given to employees in the vincinity of such operations. (q) At no time shall an employee be permitted to place himself in a hazardous position between a swinging load and a fixed object. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002] § 1915.117 Qualifications of operators. Paragraphs (a) and (d) of this section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding only. Paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) When ship's gear is used to hoist materials aboard, a competent person shall determine that the gear is properly rigged, that it is in safe condition, and that it will not be overloaded by the size and weight of the lift. (b) Only those employees who understand the signs, notices, and operating instructions, and are familiar with the signal code in use, shall be permitted to operate a crane, winch, or other power operated hoisting apparatus. (c) No employee known to have defective uncorrected eyesight or hearing, or to be suffering from heart disease, epilepsy, or similar ailments which may suddenly incapacitate him, shall be permitted to operate a crane, winch or other power operated hoisting apparatus. (d) No minor under eighteen (18) years of age shall be employed in occupations involving the operation of any power-driven hoisting apparatus or assisting in such operations by work such as hooking on, loading slings, rigging gear, etc. § 1915.118 Tables. The provisions of this section apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. Table E-1—Dimensions and Spacing of Wood Independent-Pole Scaffold Members Structural members Light duty (Up to 25 pounds per square foot)—Height in feet Heavy duty (25 to 75 pounds per square foot)—Height in feet ≤24 >24≤40 >40≤60 ≤24 >24≤40 >40≤60 Poles or uprights (in inches) 2 × 4 3 × 4 or 2 × 6 4 × 4 3 × 4 4 × 4 4 × 6 Bearers (in inches) 2 × 6 2 × 6 2 × 6 2 × 8 2 × 8 2 × 10 Ledgers (in inches) 2 × 6 2 × 6 2 × 6 2 × 8 2 × 8 2 × 8 Stringers (not supporting bearers) (in inches) 1 × 6 1 × 6 1 × 6 1 × 6 1 × 6 1 × 6 Braces (in inches) 1 × 4 1 × 6 1 × 6 1 × 6 1 × 6 1 × 6 Pole spacing—longitudinally (in feet) 7 1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 7 7 7 Pole spacing—transversely (in feet) 6 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 6 1 2 10 10 Ledger spacing—vertically (in feet) 7 7 7 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 Table E-2—Specifications for Side Rails of Ladders Length (in feet) Cross section (in inches) At ends At center 15 1 7 8 3 4 1 7 8 3 4 16 1 7 8 3 4 1 7 8 3 4 18 1 7 8 1 7 8 20 1 7 8 1 7 8 24 1 7 8 1 7 8 1 2 Table E-3—Specifications for the Construction of Horses Structural members Height in feet ≤10 >10≤16 16≤20 inches inches inches Legs 2 × 4 3 × 4 4 × 6 Bearers or headers 2 × 6 2 × 8 4 × 6 Crossbraces 2 × 4 2 × 4 2 × 6 or 1 × 8 Longitudinal braces 2 × 4 2 × 6 2 × 6 Table E-4—Safe Center Loads for Scaffold Plank of 1,100 Pounds Fibre Stress Span in feet Lumber dimensions in inches A B A B A B A B A B 2 × 10 1 5 8 1 2 2 × 12 1 5 8 1 2 3 × 8 2 5 8 1 2 3 × 10 2 5 8 1 2 3 × 12 2 5 8 1 2 6 256 309 526 667 807 8 192 232 395 500 605 10 153 186 316 400 484 12 128 155 263 333 404 14 110 133 225 286 346 16 116 197 250 303 (A)—Rough lumber. (B)—Dressed lumber. Table G-1—Number and Spacing of U-Bolt Wire Rope Clips Improved plow steel, rope diameter, inches Number of clips Minimum spacing, inches Drop forged Other material ( 1 1 2 3 4 3 5 8 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 1 2 7 8 4 5 5 1 4 1 4 6 6 1 1 8 5 6 6 3 4 1 1 4 5 7 7 1 2 1 3 8 6 7 8 1 4 1 1 2 6 8 9 1 1 2 Table G-2—Maximum Allowable Wear at Any Point of Link Chain size in inches Maximum allowable wear in fraction of inches 1 4 9 32 3 64 3 8 5 64 1 2 7 64 5 8 9 64 3 4 5 32 7 8 11 64 1 3 16 1 1 8 7 32 1 1 4 1 4 1 3 8 9 32 1 1 2 5 16 1 3 4 11 32 [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 61 FR 26351, May 24, 1996; 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002; 76 FR 33610, June 8, 2011] § 1915.120 Powered industrial truck operator training. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.178(l) of this chapter. [63 FR 66274, Dec. 1, 1998] Subpart H—Tools and Related Equipment § 1915.131 General precautions. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Hand lines, slings, tackles of adequate strength, or carriers such as tool bags with shoulder straps shall be provided and used to handle tools, materials, and equipment so that employees will have their hands free when using ship's ladders and access ladders. The use of hose or electric cords for this purpose is prohibited. (b) When air tools of the reciprocating type are not in use, the dies and tools shall be removed. (c) All portable, power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The upper guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The lower guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work. When the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the covering position. (d) The moving parts of machinery on a dry dock shall be guarded. (e) Before use, pneumatic tools shall be secured to the extension hose or whip by some positive means to prevent the tool from becoming accidentally disconnected from the whip. (f) The moving parts of drive mechanisms, such as gearing and belting on large portable tools, shall be adequately guarded. (g) Headers, manifolds and widely spaced hose connections on compressed air lines shall bear the word “air” in letters at least 1-inch high, which shall be painted either on the manifolds or separate hose connections, or on signs permanently attached to the manifolds or connections. Grouped air connections may be marked in one location. (h) Before use, compressed air hose shall be examined. Visibly damaged and unsafe hose shall not be used. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002] § 1915.132 Portable electric tools. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking except that paragraph (e) of this section applies to ship repairing only. (a) The frames of portable electric tools and appliances, except double insulated tools approved by Underwriters' Laboratories, shall be grounded either through a third wire in the cable containing the circuit conductors or through a separate wire which is grounded at the source of the current. (b) Grounding circuits, other than by means of the structure of the vessel on which the tool is being used, shall be checked to ensure that the circuit between the ground and the grounded power conductor has resistance which is low enough to permit sufficient current to flow to cause the fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the current. (c) Portable electric tools which are held in the hand shall be equipped with switches of a type which must be manually held in the closed position. (d) Worn or frayed electric cables shall not be used. (e) The employer shall notify the officer in charge of the vessel before using electric power tools operated with the vessel's current. § 1915.133 Hand tools. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Employers shall not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand tools. (b) Wrenches, including crescent, pipe, end and socket wrenches, shall not be used when jaws are sprung to the point that slippage occurs. (c) Impact tools, such as drift pins, wedges, and chisels, shall be kept free of mushroomed heads. (d) The wooden handles of tools shall be kept free of splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight in the tool. § 1915.134 Abrasive wheels. This section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) Floor stand and bench mounted abrasive wheels used for external grinding shall be provided with safety guards (protection hoods). The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides shall be not more than 90 degrees, except that when work requires contact with the wheel below the horizontal plane of the spindle, the angular exposure shall not exceed 125 degrees. In either case the exposure shall begin not more than 65 degrees above the horizontal plane of the spindle. Safety guards shall be strong enough to withstand the effect of a bursting wheel. (b) Floor and bench mounted grinders shall be provided with work rests which are rigidly supported and readily adjustable. Such work rests shall be kept a distance not to exceed 1/8 (c) Cup type wheels used for external grinding shall be protected by either a revolving cup guard or a band type guard in accordance with the provisions of the United States of America Standard Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels, B7.1-1964. All other portable abrasive wheels used for external grinding shall be provided with safety guards (protection hoods) meeting the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section, except as follows: (1) When the work location makes it impossible, in which case a wheel equipped with safety flanges as described in paragraph (f) of this section shall be used. (2) When wheels 2 inches or less in diameter which are securely mounted on the end of a steel mandrel are used. (d) Portable abrasive wheels used for internal grinding shall be provided with safety flanges (protection flanges) meeting the requirements of paragraph (f) of this section, except as follows: (1) When wheels 2 inches or less in diameter which are securely mounted on the end of a steel mandrel are used. (2) If the wheel is entirely within the work being ground while in use. (e) When safety guards are required, they shall be so mounted as to maintain proper alignment with the wheel, and the guard and its fastenings shall be of sufficient strength to retain fragments of the wheel in case of accidental breakage. The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides shall not exceed 180 degrees. (f) When safety flanges are required, they shall be used only with wheels designed to fit the flanges. Only safety flanges of a type and design and properly assembled so as to insure that the pieces of the wheel will be retained in case of accidental breakage shall be used. (g) All abrasive wheels shall be closely inspected and ring tested before mounting to ensure that they are free from cracks or defects. (h) Grinding wheels shall fit freely on the spindle and shall not be forced on. The spindle nut shall be tightened only enough to hold the wheel in place. (i) The power supply shall be sufficient to maintain the rated spindle speed under all conditions of normal grinding. The rated maximum speed of the wheel shall not be exceeded. (j) All employees using abrasive wheels shall be protected by eye protection equipment in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part except when adequate eye protection is afforded by eye shields which are permanently attached to the bench or floor stand. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 61 FR 26351, May 24, 1996; 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002] § 1915.135 Powder actuated fastening tools. (a) The section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding only. (b) General precautions. (2) Powder actuated fastening tools shall not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere. (3) All tools shall be used with the type of shield or muzzle guard appropriate for a particular use. (4) Fasteners shall not be driven into very hard or brittle materials such as cast iron, glazed tile, surface hardened steel, glass block, live rock, face brick or hollow title. (5) Fasteners shall not be driven into soft materials unless such materials are backed by a substance that will prevent the pin or fastener from passing completely through and creating a flying missile hazard on the opposite side. (6) Unless a special guard, fixture or jig is used, fasteners shall not be driven directly into materials such as brick or concrete within 3 inches of the unsupported edge or corner, or into steel surfaces within 1/2 7/32 (7) Fasteners shall not be driven through existing holes unless a positive guide is used to secure accurate alignment. (8) No attempt shall be made to drive a fastener into a spalled area caused by an unsatisfactory fastening. (9) Employees using powder actuated fastening tools shall be protected by personal protective equipment in accordance with the requirements of subpart I of this part. (c) Instruction of operators. (1) Before using a tool, the operator shall inspect it to determine that it is clean, that all moving parts operate freely and that the barrel is free from obstructions. (2) When a tool develops a defect during use, the operator shall immediately cease to use it and shall notify his supervisor. (3) Tools shall not be loaded until just prior to the intended firing time and the tool shall not be left unattended while loaded. (4) The tool, whether loaded or empty, shall not be pointed at any person, and hands shall be kept clear of the open barrel end. (5) In case of a misfire, the operator shall hold the tool in the operating position for at least 15 seconds and shall continue to hold the muzzle against the work surface during disassembly or opening of the tool and removal of the powder load. (6) Neither tools nor powder charges shall be left unattended in places where they would be available to unauthorized persons. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 61 FR 26351, May 24, 1996] § 1915.136 Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment. The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking. (a) When internal combustion engines furnished by the employer are used in a fixed position below decks, for such purposes as driving pumps, generators, and blowers, the exhaust shall be led to the open air, clear of any ventilation intakes and openings through which it might enter the vessel. (b) All exhaust line joints and connections shall be checked for tightness immediately upon starting the engine, and any leaks shall be corrected at once. (c) When internal combustion engines on vehicles, such as forklifts and mobile cranes, or on portable equipment such as fans, generators, and pumps exhaust into the atmosphere below decks, the competent person shall make tests of the carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere as frequently as conditions require to ensure that dangerous concentrations do not develop. Employees shall be removed from the compartment involved when the carbon monoxide concentration exceeds 50 parts per million (0.005%). The employer shall use blowers sufficient in size and number and so arranged as to maintain the concentration below this allowable limit before work is resumed. Subpart I—Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Source: 61 FR 26352, May 24, 1996, unless otherwise noted. § 1915.151 Scope, application and definitions. (a) Scope and application. (b) Definitions applicable to this subpart. Anchorage Body belt Body harness Connector Deceleration device Deceleration distance Equivalent Free fall Free fall distance Lanyard Lifeline Lower levels Personal fall arrest system Positioning device system Qualified person Restraint (tether) line Rope grab § 1915.152 General requirements. (a) Provision and use of equipment. (b) Hazard assessment and equipment. (1) Select the type of PPE that will protect the affected employee from the hazards identified in the occupational hazard assessment; (2) Communicate selection decisions to affected employees; (3) Select PPE that properly fits each affected employee; and (4) Verify that the required occupational hazard assessment has been performed through a document that contains the following information: occupation, the date(s) of the hazard assessment, and the name of the person performing the hazard assessment. Note 1 to paragraph ( b A hazard assessment conducted according to the trade or occupation of affected employees will be considered to comply with paragraph (b) of this section, if the assessment addresses any PPE-related hazards to which employees are exposed in the course of their work activities. Note 2 to paragraph ( b Non-mandatory appendix A to this subpart contains examples of procedures that will comply with the requirement for an occupational hazard assessment. (c) Defective and damaged equipment. (d) Reissued equipment. (e) Training. (i) When PPE is necessary; (ii) What PPE is necessary; (iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; (iv) The limitations of the PPE; and, (v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE. (2) The employer shall ensure that each affected employee demonstrates the ability to use PPE properly before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE. (3) The employer shall retrain any employee who does not understand or display the skills required by paragraph (e)(2) of this section. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where: (i) Changes in occupation or work render previous training obsolete; or (ii) Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or (iii) Inadequacies in an affected employee's knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill. (f) Payment for protective equipment. (1) Except as provided by paragraphs (f)(2) through (f)(6) of this section, the protective equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE), used to comply with this part, shall be provided by the employer at no cost to employees. (2) The employer is not required to pay for non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes or steel-toe boots) and non-specialty prescription safety eyewear, provided that the employer permits such items to be worn off the job-site. (3) When the employer provides metatarsal guards and allows the employee, at his or her request, to use shoes or boots with built-in metatarsal protection, the employer is not required to reimburse the employee for the shoes or boots. (4) The employer is not required to pay for: (i) Everyday clothing, such as long-sleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes, and normal work boots; or (ii) Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or other items, used solely for protection from weather, such as winter coats, jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots, hats, raincoats, ordinary sunglasses, and sunscreen. (5) The employer must pay for replacement PPE, except when the employee has lost or intentionally damaged the PPE. (6) Where an employee provides appropriate protective equipment he or she owns, the employer may allow the employee to use it and is not required to reimburse the employee for that equipment. The employer shall not require an employee to provide or pay for his or her own PPE, unless the PPE is excepted by paragraphs (f)(2) through (f)(5) of this section. (7) This paragraph (f) shall become effective on February 13, 2008. Employers must implement the PPE payment requirements no later than May 15, 2008. Note to § 1915.152( f When the provisions of another OSHA standard specify whether or not the employer must pay for specific equipment, the payment provisions of that standard shall prevail. [61 FR 26352, May 24, 1996; 61 FR 29957, June 13, 1996, as amended at 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002; 72 FR 64428, Nov. 15, 2007; 76 FR 33610, June 8, 2011] § 1915.153 Eye and face protection. (a) General requirements. (2) The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses eye or face protection that provides side protection when there is a hazard from flying objects. Detachable side protectors (e.g., a clip-on or slide-on side shield) meeting the pertinent requirements of this section are acceptable. (3) The employer shall ensure that each affected employee who wears prescription lenses while engaged in operations that involve eye hazards wears eye protection that incorporates the prescription in its design, unless the employee is protected by eye protection that can be worn over prescription lenses without disturbing the proper position of either the PPE or the prescription lenses. (4) The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses equipment with filter lenses that have a shade number that provides appropriate protection from injurious light radiation. Table I-1 is a listing of appropriate shade numbers for various operations. If filter lenses are used in goggles worn under a helmet which has a lens, the shade number of the lens in the helmet may be reduced so that the shade numbers of the two lenses will equal the value as shown in Table I-1, § 1915.153. Table I-1—Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy Operations Electrode size 1/32 in Arc current Minimum * Shielded metal arc welding Less than 3 Less than 60 7 Gas metal arc welding and flux cored arc welding Less than 60 7 Gas Tungsten arc welding Less than 50 8 Air carbon (Light) Less than 500 10 Arc cutting (Heavy) 500-1000 11 Plasma arc welding Less than 20 6 Plasma arc cutting (light) ** Less than 300 8 Torch brazing 3 Torch soldering 2 Carbon arc welding 14 ** These values apply where the actual arc is clearly seen. Lighter filters may be used when the arc is hidden by the workpiece. Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy Operations Plate thickness—inches Plate thickness—mm Minimum * Gas Welding: Light Under 1/8 Under 3.2 4 Medium 1/8 to 1/2 3.2 to 12.7 5 Heavy Over 1/2 Over 12.7 6 Oxygen cutting: Light Under 1 Under 25 3 Medium 1 to 6 25 to 150 4 Heavy Over 6 Over 150 5 * As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a lighter shade which gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In oxyfuel gas welding or cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter lens that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the (spectrum) operation. (b) Criteria for protective eye and face devices. (i) ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2010, Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices, incorporated by reference in § 1915.5; (ii) ANSI Z87.1-2003, Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices, incorporated by reference in § 1915.5; or (iii) ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R-1998), Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, incorporated by reference in § 1915.5; (2) Eye and face protection devices that the employer demonstrates are at least as effective as protective as eye and face protection devices that are constructed in accordance with one of the above consensus standards will be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section. [61 FR 26352, May 24, 1996,, as amended at 74 FR 46358, Sept. 9, 2009; 81 FR 16091, Mar. 25, 2016; 85 FR 8732, Feb. 18, 2020] § 1915.154 Respiratory protection. Respiratory protection for shipyard employment is covered by 29 CFR 1910.134. § 1915.155 Head protection. (a) Use. (2) The employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazards where there is potential for electric shock or burns due to contact with exposed electrical conductors which could contact the head. (b) Criteria for protective helmets. (i) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2009, “American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection,” incorporated by reference in § 1915.5; (ii) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2003, “American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection,” incorporated by reference in § 1915.5; or (iii) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-1997, “American National Standard for Personnel Protection—Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers—Requirements,” incorporated by reference in § 1915.5. (2) Head protection devices that the employer demonstrates are at least as effective as head protection devices that are constructed in accordance with one of the above consensus standards will be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section. [61 FR 26352, May 24, 1996,, as amended at 74 FR 46358, Sept. 9, 2009; 77 FR 37599, June 22, 2012] § 1915.156 Foot protection. (a) Use. (b) Criteria for protective footwear. (i) ASTM F-2412-2005, “Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection,” and ASTM F-2413-2005, “Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective Footwear,” which are incorporated by reference in § 1915.5; (ii) ANSI Z41-1999, “American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear,” which is incorporated by reference in § 1915.5; or (iii) ANSI Z41-1991, “American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear,” which is incorporated by reference in § 1915.5. (2) Protective footwear that the employer demonstrates is at least as effective as protective footwear that is constructed in accordance with one of the above consensus standards will be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section. [61 FR 26352, May 24, 1996,, as amended at 74 FR 46358, Sept. 9, 2009] § 1915.157 Hand and body protection. (a) Use. (b) Hot work operations. (c) Electrical protective devices. § 1915.158 Lifesaving equipment. (a) Personal flotation devices. (2) Prior to each use, personal floatation devices shall be inspected for dry rot, chemical damage, or other defects which may affect their strength and buoyancy. Defective personal floatation devices shall not be used. (b) Ring life buoys and ladders. (2) On floating vessels under 200 feet (61 m) in length, at least one 30-inch (0.76 m) U.S. Coast Guard approved ring life buoy with line attached shall be located at the gangway. (3) At least one 30-inch (0.76 m) U. S. Coast Guard approved ring life buoy with a line attached shall be located on each staging alongside of a floating vessel on which work is being performed. (4) At least 90 feet (27.43m) of line shall be attached to each ring life buoy. (5) There shall be at least one portable or permanent ladder in the vicinity of each floating vessel on which work is being performed. The ladder shall be of sufficient length to assist employees to reach safety in the event they fall into the water. [61 FR 26352, May 24, 1996, as amended at 67 FR 44543, July 3, 2002] § 1915.159 Personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). The criteria of this section apply to PFAS and their use. Effective January 1, 1998, body belts and non-locking snaphooks are not acceptable as part of a personal fall arrest system. (a) Criteria for connectors and anchorages. (2) Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all surfaces and edges shall be smooth to prevent damage to the interfacing parts of the system. (3) D-rings and snaphooks shall be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 5,000 pounds (22.24 Kn). (4) D-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16 Kn) without cracking, breaking, or being permanently deformed. (5) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compatible with the member to which they are connected to prevent unintentional disengagement of the snaphook caused by depression of the snaphook keeper by the connected member, or shall be of a locking type that is designed and used to prevent disengagement of the snap-hook by contact of the snaphook keeper by the connected member. (6) Snaphooks, unless of a locking type designed and used to prevent disengagement from the following connections, shall not be engaged: (i) Directly to webbing, rope or wire rope; (ii) To each other; (iii) To a D-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached; (iv) To a horizontal lifeline; or (v) To any object that is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snaphook such that unintentional disengagement could occur by the connected object being able to depress the snaphook keeper and release itself. (7) On suspended scaffolds or similar work platforms with horizontal lifelines that may become vertical lifelines, the devices used for connection to the horizontal lifeline shall be capable of locking in any direction on the lifeline. (8) Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms. (9) Anchorages shall be capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds (22.24 Kn) per employee attached, or shall be designed, installed, and used as follows: (i) As part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two; and (ii) Under the direction and supervision of a qualified person. (b) Criteria for lifelines, lanyards, and personal fall arrest systems. (2) Vertical lifelines and lanyards shall have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.24 Kn). (3) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards that automatically limit free fall distances to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less shall be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 pounds (13.34 Kn) applied to a self-retracting lifeline or lanyard with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position. (4) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which do not limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, ripstitch lanyards and tearing and deforming lanyards shall be capable of sustaining a minimum static tensile load of 5,000 pounds (22.24 Kn) applied to the device when they are in the fully extended position. (5) Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used under the supervision of a qualified person, and shall only be used as part of a complete personal fall arrest system that maintains a safety factor of at least two. (6) Effective November 20, 1996, personal fall arrest systems shall: (i) Limit the maximum arresting force on a falling employee to 900 pounds (4 Kn) when used with a body belt; (ii) Limit the maximum arresting force on a falling employee to 1,800 pounds (8 Kn) when used with a body harness; (iii) Bring a falling employee to a complete stop and limit the maximum deceleration distance an employee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m), and (iv) Have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an employee free falling a distance of 6 feet (1.83 m), or the free fall distance permitted by the system, whichever is less; Note to paragraph ( b A personal fall arrest system which meets the criteria and protocols contained in appendix B, is considered to comply with paragraph (b)(6). If the combined tool and body weight is 310 pounds (140.62 kg) or more, systems that meet the criteria and protocols contained in appendix B will be deemed to comply with the provisions of paragraph (b)(6) only if they are modified appropriately to provide protection for the extra weight of the employee and tools. (7) Personal fall arrest systems shall be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet (1.83 m) nor contact any lower level. (c) Criteria for selection, use and care of systems and system components. (i) The attachment point of a body harness shall be located in the center of the wearer's back near the shoulder level, or above the wearer's head. If the free fall distance is limited to less than 20 inches (50.8 cm), the attachment point may be located in the chest position; and (ii) The attachment point of a body belt shall be located in the center of the wearer's back. (2) Ropes and straps (webbing) used in lanyards, lifelines and strength components of body belts and body harnesses shall be made from synthetic fibers or wire rope. (3) Ropes, belts, harnesses, and lanyards shall be compatible with their hardware. (4) Lifelines and lanyards shall be protected against cuts, abrasions, burns from hot work operations and deterioration by acids, solvents, and other chemicals. (5) Personal fall arrest systems shall be inspected prior to each use for mildew, wear, damage, and other deterioration. Defective components shall be removed from service. (6) Personal fall arrest systems and components subjected to impact loading shall be immediately removed from service and shall not be used again for employee protection until inspected and determined by a qualified person to be undamaged and suitable for reuse. (7) The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall ensure that employees are able to rescue themselves. (8) Body belts shall be at least one and five-eighths inches (4.13 cm) wide. (9) Personal fall arrest systems and components shall be used only for employee fall protection and not to hoist materials. (d) Training. [61 FR 26352, May 24, 1996, as amended at 67 FR 44544, July 3, 2002] § 1915.160 Positioning device systems. Positioning device systems and their use shall conform to the following provisions: (a) Criteria for connectors and anchorages. (2) Connecting assemblies shall have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.24 Kn). (3) Positioning device systems shall be secured to an anchorage capable of supporting at least twice the potential impact load of an employee's fall. (4) Snaphooks, unless each is of a locking type designed and used to prevent disengagement, shall not be connected to each other. As of January 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks shall be used in positioning device systems. (b) Criteria for positioning device systems. (2) The following system performance criteria for positioning device systems are effective November 20, 1996: (i) A window cleaner's positioning system shall be capable of withstanding without failure a drop test consisting of a 6 foot (1.83 m) drop of a 250-pound (113.4 kg) weight. The system shall limit the initial arresting force to not more than 2,000 pounds (8.9 Kn), with a duration not to exceed 2 milliseconds. The system shall limit any subsequent arresting forces imposed on the falling employee to not more than 1,000 pounds (4.45 Kn); (ii) All other positioning device systems shall be capable of withstanding without failure a drop test consisting of a 4 foot (1.22 m) drop of a 250-pound (113.4 kg) weight. Note to paragraph ( b Positioning device systems which comply with the provisions of section 2 of non-mandatory appendix B to this subpart shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this paragraph (b)(2). (c) Criteria for the use and care of positioning device systems. (2) A positioning device system or component subjected to impact loading shall be immediately removed from service and shall not be used again for employee protection, unless inspected and determined by a qualified person to be undamaged and suitable for reuse. (d) Training. [61 FR 26352, May 24, 1996, as amended at 67 FR 44544, July 3, 2002] Appendix A to Subpart I of Part 1915—Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Hazard Assessment, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Selection, and PPE Training Program This appendix is intended to provide compliance assistance for hazard assessment, selection of personal protective equipment (PPE) and PPE training. It neither adds to or detracts from the employer's responsibility to comply with the provisions of this subpart. 1. Controlling hazards. 2. Assessment and selection. 3. Assessment guidelines. a. Survey. Categories for Consideration: (1) Impact (2) Penetration (3) Compression (roll-over) (4) Chemical (5) Heat (6) Harmful dust (7) Light (optical) radiation (8) Drowning (9) Falling b. Sources. (1) Sources of motion; for example, machinery or processes where any movement of tools, machine elements or particles could exist, or movement of personnel that could result in collision with stationary objects. (2) Sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injury or ignition of protective equipment. (3) Types of chemical exposures. (4) Sources of harmful dust. (5) Sources of light radiation, for instance, welding, brazing, cutting, heat treating, furnaces, and high intensity lights. (6) Sources of falling objects or potential for dropping objects. (7) Sources of sharp objects which might pierce or cut the hands. (8) Sources of rolling or pinching objects which could crush the feet. (9) Layout of work place and location of co-workers. (10) Any electrical hazards. (11) Review injury/accident data to help identify problem areas. Organize data. d. Analyze data. 4. Selection guidelines. (a) become familiar with the potential hazards and the types of protective equipment that are available, and what they can do; for example, splash protection, and impact protection; (b) compare the hazards associated with the environment; for instance, impact velocities, masses, projectile shapes, radiation intensities, with the capabilities of the available protective equipment; (c) select the protective equipment which ensures a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect employees from the hazards; and (d) fit the user with the protective device and give instructions on care and use of the PPE. It is very important that users be made aware of all warning labels and limitations of their PPE. 5. Fitting the device. 6. Devices with adjustable features. (b) In addition, proper fitting of hard hats is important to ensure that the hard hat will not fall off during work operations. In some cases a chin strap may be necessary to keep the hard hat on an employee's head. (Chin straps should break at a reasonably low force to prevent a strangulation hazard). Where manufacturer's instructions are available, they should be followed carefully. 7. Reassessment of hazards. 8. Selection chart guidelines for eye and face protection. Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart Source Assessment of hazard Protection Impact: Chipping, grinding machining, masonry work, woodworking, sawing, drilling, chiseling, powered fastening, riveting, and sanding Flying fragments, objects, large chips, particles, sand, dirt, etc Spectacles with side protection, goggles, face shields. See notes (1), (3), (5), (6), (10). For severe exposure, use face shield. Heat: Furnace operations, pouring, casting, hot dipping, and welding Hot sparks Face shields, goggles, spectacles with side protection. For severe exposure use face shield. See notes (1), (2), (3). Splash from molten metals Face shields worn over goggles. See notes (1), (2), (3). High temperature exposure Screen face shields, reflective face shields. See notes (1), (2), (3). Chemicals: Acid and chemicals handling, degreasing, plating Splash Goggles, eyecup and cover types. For severe exposure, use face shield. See notes (3), (11). Irritating mists Special-purpose goggles. Dust: Woodworking, buffing, general dusty conditions Nuisance dust Goggles, eyecup and cover types. See note (8). Light and/or Radiation: Welding: Electric arc Optical radiation Welding helmets or welding shields. Typical shades: 10-14. See notes (9), (12). Welding: Gas Optical radiation Welding goggles or welding face shield. Typical shades: gas welding 4-8, cutting 3-6, brazing 3-4. See note (9). Cutting, Torch brazing, Torch soldering Optical radiation Spectacles or welding face-shield. Typical shades, 1.5-3. See notes (3), (9). Glare Poor vision Spectacles with shaded or special-purpose lenses, as suitable. See notes (9), (10). Notes to Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart (a) Care should be taken to recognize the possibility of multiple and simultaneous exposure to a variety of hazards. Adequate protection against the highest level of each of the hazards should be provided. Protective devices do not provide unlimited protection. (b) Operations involving heat may also involve light radiation. As required by the standard, protection from both hazards must be provided. (c) Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles). (d) As required by the standard, filter lenses must meet the requirements for shade designations in § 1915.153(a)(4). Tinted and shaded lenses are not filter lenses unless they are marked or identified as such. (e) As required by the standard, persons whose vision requires the use of prescription (Rx) lenses must wear either protective devices fitted with prescription (Rx) lenses or protective devices designed to be worn over regular prescription (Rx) eye wear. (f) Wearers of contact lenses must also wear appropriate eye and face protection devices in a hazardous environment. It should be recognized that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers. (g) Caution should be exercised in the use of metal frame protective devices in electrical hazard areas. (h) Atmospheric conditions and the restricted ventilation of the protector can cause lenses to fog. Frequent cleansing may be necessary. (i) Welding helmets or face shields should be used only over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles). (j) Non-side shield spectacles are available for frontal protection only, but are not acceptable eye protection for the sources and operations listed for “impact.” (k) Ventilation should be adequate, but well protected from splash entry. Eye and face protection should be designed and used so that it provides both adequate ventilation and protects the wearer from splash entry. (l) Protection from light radiation is directly related to filter lens density. See note (d). Select the darkest shade that allows task performance. 9. Selection guidelines for head protection. (b) Where falling object hazards are present, head protection must be worn. Some examples of exposure include: working below other workers who are using tools and materials which could fall; working around or under conveyor belts which are carrying parts or materials; working below machinery or processes which might cause material or objects to fall; and working on exposed energized conductors. (c) Examples of occupations for which head protection should be considered are: carpenters, electricians, machinists, boilermakers, erectors, plumbers, coppersmiths, ship fitters, welders, laborers and material handlers. 10. Selection guidelines for foot protection. (b) Safety shoes or boots with impact protection would be required for carrying or handling materials such as packages, objects, parts or heavy tools, which could be dropped, and for other activities where objects might fall onto the feet. Safety shoes or boots with compression protection would be required for work activities involving skid trucks (manual material handling carts) around bulk rolls (such as paper rolls) and around heavy pipes, all of which could potentially roll over an employees' feet. Safety shoes or boots with puncture protection would be required where sharp objects such as nails, wire, tacks, screws, large staples, scrap metal etc., could be stepped on by employees, causing an injury. (c) Some occupations (not a complete list) for which foot protection should be routinely considered are: shipping and receiving clerks, stock clerks, carpenters, electricians, machinists, boiler makers, plumbers, copper smiths, pipe fitters, ship fitters, burners, chippers and grinders, erectors, press operators, welders, laborers, and material handlers. 11. Selection guidelines for hand protection. (b) It is also important to know the performance characteristics of gloves relative to the specific hazard anticipated, e.g., chemical hazards, cut hazards, and flame hazards. These performance characteristics should be assessed by using standard test procedures. Before purchasing gloves, the employer should request documentation from the manufacturer that the gloves meet the appropriate test standard(s) for the hazard(s) anticipated. (c) other general factors to be considered for glove selection are: (A) As long as the performance characteristics are acceptable, in certain circumstances, it may be more cost effective to regularly change cheaper gloves than to reuse more expensive types; and, (B) The work activities of the employee should be studied to determine the degree of dexterity required, the duration, frequency, and degree of exposure to the hazard, and the physical stresses that will be applied. (d) With respect to selection of gloves for protection against chemical hazards: (A) The toxic properties of the chemical(s) must be determined; in particular, the ability of the chemical to cause local effects on the skin or to pass through the skin and cause systemic effects or both; (B) Generally, any “chemical resistant” glove can be used for dry powders; (C) For mixtures and formulated products (unless specific test data are available), a glove should be selected on the basis of the chemical component with the shortest breakthrough time, since it is possible for solvents to carry active ingredients through polymeric materials; and, (D) Employees must be able to remove the gloves in such a manner as to prevent skin contamination. 12. Cleaning and maintenance. (b) For the purposes of compliance, PPE should be inspected, cleaned, and maintained at regular intervals so that the PPE provides the requisite protection. (c) It is important to ensure that contaminated PPE which cannot be decontaminated is disposed of in a manner that protects employees from exposure to hazards. 13. Examples of work activities, trades and selection of basic PPE. Example 1: Welder. Based on an assessment of the work activity area hazards to which welders are exposed, the equipment listed below is the basic PPE required for this occupation. This does not take into account a job location in which additional PPE may be required, such as where the welder works from an elevated platform without guard rails. In this situation the welder must also wear the proper fall protection equipment, such as a body harness. —Hard hat —Welding Shield (Face) —Welding Gloves —Safety Glasses —Safety Shoes —Welding Sleeves (welding in the overhead position) (Signed and dated) Example 2: Yard Maintenance Worker. Based on an assessment of the workplace hazards to which shipyard maintenance workers are exposed, the equipment listed below is the basic PPE required for this occupation. Where maintenance workers are exposed to other hazards, such as asbestos, the insulation on a pipe is being repaired, maintenance workers must be provided with the appropriate supplemental PPE (requirements for asbestos PPE are set out in 1915.1001). —Hard Hat —Safety Glasses —Work Gloves —Safety Shoes (Signed and Dated) Example 3: Chipper and Grinder Worker. Based on an assessment of the workplace hazards to which shipyard chipper and grinder workers are exposed, the equipment listed below is the basic PPE required for this occupation. Where workers are exposed to other hazards, such as hazardous dust from chipping or grinding operations, chipper and grinder workers must be provided with the appropriate supplemental PPE. —Safety Glasses —Transparent Face Shields —Hearing Protection —Foot Protection —Gloves (Signed and Dated) Example 4: Painter. Based on an assessment of the workplace hazards to which shipyard painters are exposed, the equipment listed below is the basic PPE required for this occupation. Where painters are exposed to other hazards, such as a fall from an elevation where no guardrails are present, painters must be provided with the appropriate supplemental PPE. —Hard Hats —Safety Glasses —Disposable Clothing —Gloves —Respiratory Protection, including Airline Respirators when working in Confined Spaces —Barrier Creams (Signed and Dated) Example 5: Tank Cleaner. Tank cleaning operations and the basic PPE required for them depend largely upon the type of cargo shipped in the tank. Therefore, the following example is given for a tank in which gasoline has been shipped. Based on an assessment of the workplace hazards to which shipyard tank cleaners are exposed, specifically benzene and flammability hazards, the equipment listed below is the basic PPE required for this situation. Other tank cleaning operations will require variations in the PPE listed below. —Respiratory Protection, Airline Respirators for working in confined spaces or where personal exposure limits could be exceeded. —Chemically resistant clothing —Face Shields —Chemically resistant boots —Chemically resistant gloves —Fall Protection —Non sparking tools and equipment —Explosion-proof Lighting (Signed and Dated) [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44544, July 3, 2002] Appendix B to Subpart I of Part 1915—General Testing Conditions and Additional Guidelines for Personal Fall Protection Systems (Non-Mandatory) 1. Personal fall arrest systems General test conditions. (2) The anchorage should be rigid, and should not have a deflection greater than .04 inches (1 cm) when a force of 2,250 pounds (10.01 Kn) is applied. (3) The frequency response of the load measuring instrumentation should be 100 Hz. (4) The test weight used in the strength and force tests should be a rigid, metal cylindrical or torso-shaped object with a girth of 38 inches plus or minus 4 inches (96.5 cm plus or minus 10.16 cm). (5) The lanyard or lifeline used to create the free fall distance should be the one supplied with the system, or in its absence, the least elastic lanyard or lifeline available to be used by the employee with the system. (6) The test weight for each test should be hoisted to the required level and should be quickly released without having any appreciable motion imparted to it. (7) The system's performance should be evaluated, taking into account the range of environmental conditions for which it is designed to be used. (8) Following the test, the system need not be capable of further operation. (b) Strength test. (2) The test consists of dropping the test weight once. A new unused system should be used for each test. (3) For lanyard systems, the lanyard length should be 6 feet plus or minus 2 inches (1.83 m plus or minus 5.08 cm) as measured from the fixed anchorage to the attachment on the body belt or harness. (4) For rope-grab-type deceleration systems, the length of the lifeline above the center line of the grabbing mechanism to the lifeline's anchorage point should not exceed 2 feet (0.61 m). (5) For lanyard systems, for systems with deceleration devices which do not automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, and for systems with deceleration devices which have a connection distance in excess of 1 foot (0.31 m) (measured between the centerline of the lifeline and the attachment point to the body belt or harness), the test weight should be rigged to free fall a distance of 7.5 feet (2.29 m) from a point that is 1.5 feet (45.72 cm) above the anchorage point, to its hanging location (6 feet (1.83 m) below the anchorage). The test weight should fall without interference, obstruction, or hitting the floor or the ground during the test. In some cases, a non-elastic wire lanyard of sufficient length may need to be added to the system (for test purposes) to create the necessary free fall distance. (6) For deceleration device systems with integral lifelines or lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, the test weight should be rigged to free fall a distance of four feet (1.22 m). (7) Any weight which detaches from the belt or harness should constitute failure for the strength test. (c) Force test general. (1) For lanyard systems. (i) A test weight of 220 pounds plus or minus three pounds (99.79 kg plus or minus 1.36 kg) should be used (see paragraph (a)(4) above). (ii) Lanyard length should be 6 feet plus or minus 2 inches (1.83 m plus or minus 5.08 cm) as measured from the fixed anchorage to the attachment on the body belt or body harness. (iii) The test weight should fall free from the anchorage level to its handling location (a total of 6 feet (1.83 m) free fall distance) without interference, obstruction, or hitting the floor or ground during the test. (2) For all other systems. (i) A test weight of 220 pounds plus or minus 3 pounds (99.79 kg plus or minus 1.36 kg) should be used (see paragraph (a)(4) above). (ii) The free fall distance to be used in the test should be the maximum fall distance physically permitted by the system during normal use conditions, up to a maximum free fall distance for the test weight of 6 feet (1.83 m), except as follows: (A) For deceleration systems which have a connection link or lanyard, the test weight should free fall a distance equal to the connection distance (measured between the center line of the lifeline and the attachment point to the body belt or harness). (B) For deceleration device systems with integral life lines or lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, the test weight should free fall a distance equal to that permitted by the system in normal use. (For example, to test a system with a self-retracting lifeline or lanyard, the test weight should be supported and the system allowed to retract the lifeline or lanyard as it would in normal use. The test weight would then be released and the force and deceleration distance measured.) (3) Failure. A system fails the force test if the recorded maximum arresting force exceeds 1,260 pounds (5.6 Kn) when using a body belt, or exceeds 2,520 pounds (11.21 Kn) when using a body harness. (4) Distances. The maximum elongation and deceleration distance should be recorded during the force test. (d) Deceleration device tests—general. (1) Rope-grab-type deceleration devices. (i) Devices should be moved on a lifeline 1,000 times over the same length of line a distance of not less than 1 foot (30.48 cm), and the mechanism should lock each time. (ii) Unless the device is permanently marked to indicate the type of lifelines which must be used, several types (different diameters and different materials) of lifelines should be used to test the device. (2) Other-self-activating-type deceleration devices. The locking mechanisms of other self-activating-type deceleration devices designed for more than one arrest should lock each of 1,000 times as they would in normal service. 2. Positioning device systems Test Conditions. (2) For lineman's body belts and pole straps, the body belt should be secured to a 250 pound (113.4 kg) bag of sand at a point which simulates the waist of an employee. One end of the pole strap should be attached to the rigid anchorage and the other end to the body belt. The sand bag should be allowed to free fall a distance of 4 feet (1.22 m). Failure of the pole strap and body belt should be indicated by any breakage or slippage sufficient to permit the bag to fall free to the ground. (3) For window cleaner's belts, the complete belt should withstand a drop test consisting of a 250 pound (113.4 kg) weight falling free for a distance of 6 feet (1.83 m). The weight should be a rigid object with a girth of 38 inches plus or minus four inches (96.52 cm plus or minus 10.16 cm.) The weight should be placed in the waistband with the belt buckle drawn firmly against the weight, as when the belt is worn by a window cleaner. One belt terminal should be attached to a rigid anchor and the other terminal should hang free. The terminals should be adjusted to their maximum span. The weight fastened in the freely suspended belt should then be lifted exactly 6 feet (1.83 m) above its “at rest” position and released so as to permit a free fall of 6 feet (1.83 m) vertically below the point of attachment of the terminal anchor. The belt system should be equipped with devices and instrumentation capable of measuring the duration and magnitude of the arrest forces. Any breakage or slippage which permits the weight to fall free of the system constitutes failure of the test. In addition, the initial and subsequent arresting force peaks should be measured and should not exceed 2,000 pounds (8.9 Kn) for more than 2 milliseconds for the initial impact, nor exceed 1,000 pounds (4.45 Kn) for the remainder of the arrest time. (4) All other positioning device systems (except for restraint line systems) should withstand a drop test consisting of a 250-pound (113.4 kg) weight falling free for a distance of 4 feet (1.22 m). The weight should be a rigid object with a girth of 38 inches plus or minus 4 inches (96.52 cm plus or minus 10.16 cm). The body belt or harness should be affixed to the test weight as it would be to an employee. The system should be connected to the rigid anchor in the manner that the system would be connected in normal use. The weight should be lifted exactly 4 feet (1.22 m) above its “at rest” position and released so as to permit a vertical free fall of 4 feet (1.22 m). Any breakage or slippage which permits the weight to fall free to the ground should constitute failure of the system. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44544, July 3, 2002] Subpart J—Ship's Machinery and Piping Systems § 1915.161 Scope and application of subpart. The standards contained in this subpart shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding and shall not apply to shipbreaking. § 1915.162 Ship's boilers. (a) Before work is performed in the fire, steam, or water spaces of a boiler where employees may be subject to injury from the direct escape of a high temperature medium such as steam, or water, oil, or other medium at a high temperature entering from an interconnecting system, the employer shall insure that the following steps are taken: (1) The isolation and shutoff valves connecting the dead boiler with the live system or systems shall be secured, blanked, and then locked or tagged, in accordance with § 1915.89, indicating that employees are working on the boiler. This lock or tag shall not be removed nor the valves unblanked until it is determined that this may be done without creating a hazard to the employees working on the boiler, or until the work on the boiler is completed, in accordance with § 1915.89. When valves are welded instead of bolted, at least two isolation and shutoff valves connecting the dead boiler with the live system or systems shall be secured, and then locked or tagged, in accordance with § 1915.89. (2) Drain connections to atmosphere on all of the dead interconnecting systems shall be opened for visual observation of drainage. (3) A warning sign calling attention to the fact that employees are working in the boilers shall be hung in a conspicuous location in the engine room. This sign shall not be removed until it is determined that the work is completed and all employees are out of the boilers. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 76 FR 24711, May 2, 2011] § 1915.163 Ship's piping systems. (a) Before work is performed on a valve, fitting, or section of piping in a piping system where employees may be subject to injury from the direct escape of steam, or water, oil, or other medium at a high temperature, the employer shall insure that the following steps are taken: (1) The isolation and shutoff valves connecting the dead system with the live system or systems shall be secured, blanked, and then locked or tagged, in accordance with § 1915.89, indicating that employees are working on the systems. The lock or tag shall not be removed or the valves unblanked until it is determined that this may be done without creating a hazard to the employees working on the system, or until the work on the system is completed, in accordance with § 1915.89. When valves are welded instead of bolted, at least two isolation and shutoff valves connecting the dead system with the live system or systems shall be secured, and then locked or tagged, in accordance with § 1915.89. (2) Drain connections to the atmosphere on all of the dead interconnecting systems shall be opened for visual observation of drainage. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44545, July 3, 2002; 76 FR 24711, May 2, 2011] § 1915.164 Ship's propulsion machinery. (a) Before work is performed on the main engine, reduction gear, or connecting accessories, the employer shall ensure that the following steps are taken: (1) The jacking gear shall be engaged to prevent the main engine from turning over. A sign shall be posted at the throttle indicating that the jacking gear is engaged. This sign shall not be removed until the jacking gear can be safely disengaged. (2) If the jacking gear is steam driven, the employer shall ensure that the stop valves to the jacking gear are secured, and then locked or tagged, in accordance with § 1915.89. (3) If the jacking gear is electrically driven, the circuit controlling the jacking gear shall be de-energized by tripping the circuit breaker, opening the switch, or removing the fuse, whichever is appropriate, and then locked or tagged in accordance with § 1915.89. (b) Before the jacking engine is operated, the following precautions shall be taken: (1) A check shall be made to ensure that all employees, equipment, and tools are clear of the engine, reduction gear, and its connecting accessories. (2) A check shall be made to ensure that all employees, equipment and tools are free of the propeller. (c) Before work is started on or in the immediate vicinity of the propeller, a warning sign calling attention to the fact that employees are working in that area shall be hung in a conspicuous location in the engine room. This sign shall not be removed until it is determined that the work is completed and all employees are free of the propeller. (d) Before the main engine is turned over (e.g., when warming up before departure or testing after an overhaul) a check shall be made to ensure that all employees, equipment, and tools are free of the propeller. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 76 FR 24711, May 2, 2011] § 1915.165 Ship's deck machinery. (a) Before work is performed on the anchor windlass or any of its attached accessories, the employer shall ensure that the following steps are taken: (1) The devil claws (also known as chain stoppers) shall be made fast to the anchor chains. (2) The riding pawls shall be in the engaged position. (3) In the absence of devil claws and riding pawls, the anchor chains shall be secured to a suitable fixed structure of the vessel. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44545, July 3, 2002] Subpart K—Portable, Unfired Pressure Vessels, Drums and Containers, Other Than Ship's Equipment § 1915.171 Scope and application of subpart. The standards contained in this subpart shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding and shall not apply to shipbreaking. § 1915.172 Portable air receivers and other unfired pressure vessels. (a) Portable, unfired pressure vessels, built after the effective date of this regulation, shall be marked and reported indicating that they have been designed and constructed to meet the standards of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Rules for Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1963. They shall be subjected to a hydrostatic pressure test of one and one-half times the working pressure of the vessels. (b) Portable, unfired pressure vessels, not built to the code requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, and built prior to the effective date of this regulation, shall be examined quarterly by a competent person. They shall be subjected yearly to a hydrostatic pressure test of one and one-half times the working pressure of the vessels. (c) The relief valves on the portable, unfired pressure vessels in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section shall be set to the safe working pressure of the vessels, or set to the lowest safe working pressure of the systems, whichever is lower. (d) A certification record of such examinations and tests made in compliance with the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section shall be maintained. The certification record shall include the date of examinations and tests, the signature of the person who performed the examinations or tests and the serial number, or other identifier, of the equipment examined and tested. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 51 FR 34562, Sept. 29, 1986; 67 FR 44545, July 3, 2002] § 1915.173 Drums and containers. (a) Shipping drums and containers shall not be pressurized to remove their contents. (b) A temporarily assembled pressurized piping system conveying hazardous liquids or gases shall be provided with a relief valve and by-pass to prevent rupture of the system and the escape of such hazardous liquids or gases. (c) Pressure vessels, drums and containers containing toxic or flammable liquids or gases shall not be stored or used where they are subject to open flame, hot metal, or other sources of artificial heat. (d) Unless pressure vessels, drums and containers of 30 gallon capacity or over containing flammable or toxic liquids or gases are placed in an out-of-the-way area where they will not be subject to physical injury from an outside source, barriers or guards shall be erected to protect them from such physical injury. (e) Containers of 55 gallons or more capacity containing flammable or toxic liquid shall be surrounded by dikes or pans which enclose a volume equal to at least 35 percent of the total volume of the containers. (f) Fire extinguishers adequate in number and suitable for the hazard shall be provided. These extinguishers shall be located in the immediate area where pressure vessels, drums and containers containing flammable liquids or gases are stored or in use. Such extinguishers shall be ready for use at all times. Subpart L—Electrical Machinery § 1915.181 Electrical circuits and distribution boards. (a) The provisions of this section shall apply to ship repairing and shipbuilding and shall not apply to shipbreaking. (b) Before an employee is permitted to work on an electrical circuit, except when the circuit must remain energized for testing and adjusting, the circuit shall be deenergized and checked at the point at which the work is to be done to insure that it is actually deenergized. When testing or adjusting an energized circuit a rubber mat, duck board, or other suitable insulation shall be used underfoot where an insulated deck does not exist. (c) De-energizing the circuit shall be accomplished by opening the circuit breaker, opening the switch, or removing the fuse, whichever method is appropriate. The circuit breaker, switch, or fuse location shall then be locked out or tagged in accordance with § 1915.89. (d) When work is performed immediately adjacent to an open-front energized board or in back of an energized board, the board shall be covered or some other equally safe means shall be used to prevent contact with any of the energized parts. [47 FR 16986, Apr. 20, 1982, as amended at 67 FR 44545, July 3, 2002; 76 FR 24711, May 2, 2011] Subparts M-O [Reserved] Subpart P—Fire Protection in Shipyard Employment Source: 69 FR 55702, Sept. 15, 2004, unless otherwise noted. § 1915.501 General provisions. (a) Purpose. (b) Scope. (c) Employee participation. (d) Multi-employer worksites Host employer responsibilities. (i) Inform all employers at the worksite about the content of the fire safety plan including hazards, controls, fire safety and health rules, and emergency procedures; (ii) Make sure the safety and health responsibilities for fire protection are assigned as appropriate to other employers at the worksite; and (iii) If there is more than one host employer, each host employer must communicate relevant information about fire-related hazards to other host employers. When a vessel owner or operator (temporarily) becomes a host shipyard employer by directing the work of ships' crews on repair or modification of the vessel or by hiring other contractors directly, the vessel owner or operator must also comply with these provisions for host employers. (2) Contract employer responsibilities. (i) Make sure that the host employer knows about the fire-related hazards associated with the contract employer's work and what the contract employer is doing to address them; and (ii) Advise the host employer of any previously unidentified fire-related hazards that the contract employer identifies at the worksite. § 1915.502 Fire safety plan. (a) Employer responsibilities. (b) Plan elements. (1) Identification of the significant fire hazards; (2) Procedures for recognizing and reporting unsafe conditions; (3) Alarm procedures; (4) Procedures for notifying employees of a fire emergency; (5) Procedures for notifying fire response organizations of a fire emergency; (6) Procedures for evacuation; (7) Procedures to account for all employees after an evacuation; and (8) Names, job titles, or departments for individuals who can be contacted for further information about the plan. (c) Reviewing the plan with employees. (1) Within 90 days of December 14, 2004, for employees who are currently working; (2) Upon initial assignment for new employees; and (3) When the actions the employee must take under the plan change because of a change in duties or a change in the plan. (d) Additional employer requirements. (1) Keep the plan accessible to employees, employee representatives, and OSHA; (2) Review and update the plan whenever necessary, but at least annually; (3) Document that affected employees have been informed about the plan as required by paragraph (c) of this section; and (4) Ensure any outside fire response organization that the employer expects to respond to fires at the employer's worksite has been given a copy of the current plan. (e) Contract employers. § 1915.503 Precautions for hot work. (a) General requirements Designated Areas. (2) Non-designated Areas. (ii) The employer shall authorize employees to perform hot work only in areas that are free of fire hazards, or that have been controlled by physical isolation, fire watches, or other positive means. Note to paragraph ( a The requirements of paragraph (a)(2) apply to all hot work operations in shipyard employment except those covered by § 1915.14. (b) Specific requirements Maintaining fire hazard-free conditions. (2) Fuel gas and oxygen supply lines and torches. (i) No unattended fuel gas and oxygen hose lines or torches are in confined spaces; (ii) No unattended charged fuel gas and oxygen hose lines or torches are in enclosed spaces for more than 15 minutes; and (iii) All fuel gas and oxygen hose lines are disconnected at the supply manifold at the end of each shift; (iv) All disconnected fuel gas and oxygen hose lines are rolled back to the supply manifold or to open air to disconnect the torch; or extended fuel gas and oxygen hose lines are not reconnected at the supply manifold unless the lines are given a positive means of identification when they were first connected and the lines are tested using a drop test or other positive means to ensure the integrity of fuel gas and oxygen burning system. § 1915.504 Fire watches. (a) Written fire watch policy. (1) The training employees must be given (§ 1915.508(c) contains detailed fire watch training requirements); (2) The duties employees are to perform; (3) The equipment employees must be given; and (4) The personal protective equipment (PPE) that must be made available and worn as required by 29 CFR Part 1915, Subpart I. (b) Posting fire watches. (1) Slag, weld splatter, or sparks might pass through an opening and cause a fire; (2) Fire-resistant guards or curtains are not used to prevent ignition of combustible materials on or near decks, bulkheads, partitions, or overheads; (3) Combustible material closer than 35 ft. (10.7m) to the hot work in either the horizontal or vertical direction cannot be removed, protected with flame-proof covers, or otherwise shielded with metal or fire-resistant guards or curtains; (4) The hot work is carried out on or near insulation, combustible coatings, or sandwich-type construction that cannot be shielded, cut back, or removed, or in a space within a sandwich type construction that cannot be inerted; (5) Combustible materials adjacent to the opposite sides of bulkheads, decks, overheads, metal partitions, or sandwich-type construction may be ignited by conduction or radiation; (6) The hot work is close enough to cause ignition through heat radiation or conduction on the following: (i) Insulated pipes, bulkheads, decks, partitions, or overheads; or (ii) Combustible materials and/or coatings; (7) The work is close enough to unprotected combustible pipe or cable runs to cause ignition; or (8) A Marine Chemist, a Coast Guard-authorized person, or a shipyard Competent Person, as defined in 29 CFR Part 1915, Subpart B, requires that a fire watch be posted. (c) Assigning employees to fire watch duty. (2) Employers must ensure that employees assigned to fire watch duty: (i) Have a clear view of and immediate access to all areas included in the fire watch; (ii) Are able to communicate with workers exposed to hot work; (iii) Are authorized to stop work if necessary and restore safe conditions within the hot work area; (iv) Remain in the hot work area for at least 30 minutes after completion of the hot work, unless the employer or its representative surveys the exposed area and makes a determination that there is no further fire hazard; (v) Are trained to detect fires that occur in areas exposed to the hot work; (vi) Attempt to extinguish any incipient stage fires in the hot work area that are within the capability of available equipment and within the fire watch's training qualifications, as defined in § 1915.508; (vii) Alert employees of any fire beyond the incipient stage; and (viii) If unable to extinguish fire in the areas exposed to the hot work, activate the alarm. (3) The employer must ensure that employees assigned to fire watch are physically capable of performing these duties. § 1915.505 Fire response. (a) Employer responsibilities. (1) Decide what type of response will be provided and who will provide it; and (2) Create, maintain, and update a written policy that: (i) Describes the internal and outside fire response organizations that the employer will use; and (ii) Defines what evacuation procedures employees must follow, if the employer chooses to require a total or partial evacuation of the worksite at the time of a fire. (b) Required written policy information Internal fire response. (i) The basic structure of the fire response organization; (ii) The number of trained fire response employees; (iii) The fire response functions that may need to be carried out; (iv) The minimum number of fire response employees necessary, the number and types of apparatuses, and a description of the fire suppression operations established by written standard operating procedures for each type of fire response at the employer's facility; (v) The type, amount, and frequency of training that must be given to fire response employees; and (vi) The procedures for using protective clothing and equipment. (2) Outside fire response. (i) The types of fire suppression incidents to which the fire response organization is expected to respond at the employer's facility or worksite; (ii) The liaisons between the employer and the outside fire response organizations; and (iii) A plan for fire response functions that: (A) Addresses procedures for obtaining assistance from the outside fire response organization; (B) Familiarizes the outside fire response organization with the layout of the employer's facility or worksite, including access routes to controlled areas, and site-specific operations, occupancies, vessels or vessel sections, and hazards; and, (C) Sets forth how hose and coupling connection threads are to be made compatible and includes where the adapter couplings are kept; or (D) States that the employer will not allow the use of incompatible hose connections. (3) A combination of internal and outside fire response. (i) The basic organizational structure of the combined fire response; (ii) The number of combined trained fire responders; (iii) The fire response functions that may need to be carried out; (iv) The minimum number of fire response employees necessary, the number and types of apparatuses, and a description of the fire suppression operations established by written standard operating procedures for each particular type of fire response at the worksite; and (v) The type, amount, and frequency of joint training with outside fire response organizations if given to fire response employees. (4) Employee evacuation. (i) Emergency escape procedures; (ii) Procedures to be followed by employees who may remain longer at the worksite to perform critical shipyard employment operations during the evacuation; (iii) Procedures to account for all employees after emergency evacuation is completed; (iv) The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies; and (v) Names or job titles of the employees or departments to be contacted for further information or explanation of duties. (5) Rescue and emergency response. (i) A description of the emergency rescue procedures; and (ii) Names or job titles of the employees who are assigned to perform them. (c) Medical requirements for shipyard fire response employees. (1) All fire response employees receive medical examinations to assure that they are physically and medically fit for the duties they are expected to perform; (2) Fire response employees, who are required to wear respirators in performing their duties, meet the medical requirements of § 1915.154; (3) Each fire response employee has an annual medical examination; and (4) The medical records of fire response employees are kept in accordance with § 1915.1020. (d) Organization of internal fire response functions. (1) Organize fire response functions to ensure enough resources to conduct emergency operations safely; (2) Establish lines of authority and assign responsibilities to ensure that the components of the internal fire response are accomplished; (3) Set up an incident management system to coordinate and direct fire response functions, including: (i) Specific fire emergency responsibilities; (ii) Accountability for all fire response employees participating in an emergency operation; and (iii) Resources offered by outside organizations; and (4) Provide the information required in this paragraph (d) to the outside fire response organization to be used. (e) Personal protective clothing and equipment for fire response employees General requirements. (i) Supply to all fire response employees, at no cost, the appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment they may need to perform expected duties; and (ii) Ensure that fire response employees wear the appropriate personal protective clothing and use the equipment, when necessary, to protect them from hazardous exposures. (2) Thermal stability and flame resistance. (i) Ensure that each fire response employee exposed to the hazards of flame does not wear clothing that could increase the extent of injury that could be sustained; and (ii) Prohibit wearing clothing made from acetate, nylon, or polyester, either alone or in blends, unless it can be shown that: (A) The fabric will withstand the flammability hazard that may be encountered; or (B) The clothing will be worn in such a way to eliminate the flammability hazard that may be encountered. (3) Respiratory protection. (i) Provide self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to all fire response employees involved in an emergency operation in an atmosphere that is immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH), potentially IDLH, or unknown; (ii) Provide SCBA to fire response employees performing emergency operations during hazardous chemical emergencies that will expose them to known hazardous chemicals in vapor form or to unknown chemicals; (iii) Provide fire response employees who perform or support emergency operations that will expose them to hazardous chemicals in liquid form either: (A) SCBA, or (B) Respiratory protective devices certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) under 42 CFR Part 84 as suitable for the specific chemical environment; (iv) Ensure that additional outside air supplies used in conjunction with SCBA result in positive pressure systems that are certified by NIOSH under 42 CFR Part 84; (v) Provide only SCBA that meet the requirements of NFPA 1981-2002 Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus for Fire and Emergency Services (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); and (vi) Ensure that the respiratory protection program and all respiratory protection equipment comply with § 1915.154. (4) Interior structural firefighting operations. (i) Supply at no cost to all fire response employees exposed to the hazards of shipyard fire response, a helmet, gloves, footwear, and protective hoods, and either a protective coat and trousers or a protective coverall; and (ii) Ensure that this equipment meets the applicable recommendations in NFPA 1971-2000 Standard on Protective Ensemble for Structural Fire Fighting (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5). (5) Proximity firefighting operations. (6) Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) devices. (i) Provide each fire response employee involved in firefighting operations with a PASS device; and (ii) Ensure that each PASS device meets the recommendations in NFPA 1982-1998 Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS), (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5). (7) Life safety ropes, body harnesses, and hardware. (i) All life safety ropes, body harnesses, and hardware used by fire response employees for emergency operations meet the applicable recommendations in NFPA 1983-2001, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); (ii) Fire response employees use only Class I body harnesses to attach to ladders and aerial devices; and (iii) Fire response employees use only Class II and Class III body harnesses for fall arrest and rappelling operations. (f) Equipment maintenance Personal protective equipment. (2) Fire response equipment. (i) Keep fire response equipment in a state of readiness; (ii) Standardize all fire hose coupling and connection threads throughout the facility and on vessels and vessel sections by providing the same type of hose coupling and connection threads for hoses of the same or similar diameter; and (iii) Ensure that either all fire hoses and coupling connection threads are the same within a facility or vessel or vessel section as those used by the outside fire response organization, or supply suitable adapter couplings if such an organization is expected to use the fire response equipment within a facility or vessel or vessel section. [69 FR 55702, Sept. 15, 2004, as amended at 71 FR 60847, Oct. 17, 2006] § 1915.506 Hazards of fixed extinguishing systems on board vessels and vessel sections. (a) Employer responsibilities. (b) Requirements for automatic and manual systems. (1) Physically isolate the systems or use other positive means to prevent the systems' discharge; or (2) Ensure employees are trained to recognize: (i) Systems' discharge and evacuation alarms and the appropriate escape routes; and (ii) Hazards associated with the extinguishing systems and agents including the dangers of disturbing system components and equipment such as piping, cables, linkages, detection devices, activation devices, and alarm devices. (c) Sea and dock trials. (d) Doors and hatches. (1) Take protective measures to ensure that all doors, hatches, scuttles, and other exit openings remain working and accessible for escape in the event the systems are activated; and (2) Ensure that all inward opening doors, hatches, scuttles, and other potential barriers to safe exit are removed, locked open, braced, or otherwise secured so that they remain open and accessible for escape if systems' activation could result in a positive pressure in the protected spaces sufficient to impede escape. (e) Testing the system. (2) When testing a fixed extinguishing system does not involve a total discharge of the systems extinguishing medium, the employer must make sure that the system's extinguishing medium is physically isolated and that all employees not directly involved in the testing are evacuated from the protected space. (f) Conducting system maintenance. (g) Using fixed manual extinguishing systems for fire protection. (1) Only authorized employees are allowed to activate the system; (2) Authorized employees are trained to operate and activate the systems; and (3) All employees are evacuated from the protected spaces, and accounted for, before the fixed manual extinguishing system is activated. § 1915.507 Land-side fire protection systems. (a) Employer responsibilities. (b) Portable fire extinguishers and hose systems. (2) The employer is permitted to use Class II or Class III hose systems, in accordance with NFPA 10-2002 (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5), as portable fire extinguishers if the employer selects, installs, inspects, maintains, and tests those systems according to the specific recommendations in NFPA 14-2003 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5). (c) General requirements for fixed extinguishing systems. (1) Ensure that any fixed extinguishing system component or extinguishing agent is approved by an OSHA Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory, meeting the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.7, for use on the specific hazards the employer expects it to control or extinguish; (2) Notify employees and take the necessary precautions to ensure employees are safe from fire if for any reason a fire extinguishing system stops working, until the system is working again; (3) Ensure all repairs to fire extinguishing systems and equipment are done by a qualified technician or mechanic; (4) Provide and ensure employees use proper personal protective equipment when entering discharge areas in which the atmosphere remains hazardous to employee safety or health, or provide safeguards to prevent employees from entering those areas. See § 1915.12 for additional requirements applicable to safe entry into spaces containing dangerous atmospheres; (5) Post hazard warning or caution signs at both the entrance to and inside of areas protected by fixed extinguishing systems that use extinguishing agents in concentrations known to be hazardous to employee safety or health; and (6) Select, install, inspect, maintain, and test all automatic fire detection systems and emergency alarms according to NFPA 72-2002 National Fire Alarm Code (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5) (d) Fixed extinguishing systems. (1) Standpipe and hose systems according to NFPA 14-2003 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); (2) Automatic sprinkler systems according to NFPA 25-2002 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-based Fire Protection Systems, (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5), and either (i) NFPA 13-2002 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5), or (ii) NFPA 750-2003 Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); (3) Fixed extinguishing systems that use water or foam as the extinguishing agent according to NFPA 15-2001 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5) and NFPA 11-2005 Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); (4) Fixed extinguishing systems using dry chemical as the extinguishing agent according to NFPA 17-2002 Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); and (5) Fixed extinguishing systems using gas as the extinguishing agent according to NFPA 12-2005 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); NFPA 12A-2004 Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); and NFPA 2001-2004 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5). [69 FR 55702, Sept. 15, 2004, as amended at 71 FR 60847, Oct. 17, 2006] § 1915.508 Training. (a) The employer must train employees in the applicable requirements of this section: (1) Within 90 days of December 14, 2004, for employees currently working; (2) Upon initial assignment for new employees; and (3) When necessary to maintain proficiency for employees previously trained. (b) Employee training. (1) The emergency alarm signals, including system discharge alarms and employee evacuation alarms; and (2) The primary and secondary evacuation routes that employees must use in the event of a fire in the workplace. While all vessels and vessel sections must have a primary evacuation route, a secondary evacuation route is not required when impracticable. (c) Additional training requirements for employees expected to fight incipient stage fires. (1) The general principles of using fire extinguishers or hose lines, the hazards involved with incipient firefighting, and the procedures used to reduce these hazards; (2) The hazards associated with fixed and portable fire protection systems that employees may use or to which they may be exposed during discharge of those systems; and (3) The activation and operation of fixed and portable fire protection systems that the employer expects employees to use in the workplace. (d) Additional training requirements for shipyard employees designated for fire response. (1) Have a written training policy stating that fire response employees must be trained and capable of carrying out their duties and responsibilities at all times; (2) Keep written standard operating procedures that address anticipated emergency operations and update these procedures as necessary; (3) Review fire response employee training programs and hands-on sessions before they are used in fire response training to make sure that fire response employees are protected from hazards associated with fire response training; (4) Provide training for fire response employees that ensures they are capable of carrying out their duties and responsibilities under the employer's standard operating procedures; (5) Train new fire response employees before they engage in emergency operations; (6) At least quarterly, provide training on the written operating procedures to fire response employees who are expected to fight fires; (7) Use qualified instructors to conduct the training; (8) Conduct any training that involves live fire response exercises in accordance with NFPA 1403-2002 Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5); (9) Conduct semi-annual drills according to the employer's written procedures for fire response employees that cover site-specific operations, occupancies, buildings, vessels and vessel sections, and fire-related hazards; and (10) Prohibit the use of smoke generating devices that create a dangerous atmosphere in training exercises. (e) Additional training requirements for fire watch duty. (i) Before being assigned to fire watch duty; (ii) Whenever there is a change in operations that presents a new or different hazard; (iii) Whenever the employer has reason to believe that the fire watch's knowledge, skills, or understanding of the training previously provided is inadequate; and (iv) Annually. (2) The employer must ensure that each employee who stands fire watch duty is trained in: (i) The basics of fire behavior, the different classes of fire and of extinguishing agents, the stages of fire, and methods for extinguishing fires; (ii) Extinguishing live fire scenarios whenever allowed by local and federal law; (iii) The recognition of the adverse health effects that may be caused by exposure to fire; (iv) The physical characteristics of the hot work area; (v) The hazards associated with fire watch duties; (vi) The personal protective equipment (PPE) needed to perform fire watch duties safely; (vii) The use of PPE; (viii) The selection and use of any fire extinguishers and fire hoses likely to be used by a fire watch in the work area; (ix) The location and use of barriers; (x) The means of communication designated by the employer for fire watches; (xi) When and how to start fire alarm procedures; and (xii) The employer's evacuation plan. (3) The employer must ensure that each fire watch is trained to alert others to exit the space whenever: (i) The fire watch perceives an unsafe condition; (ii) The fire watch perceives that a worker performing hot work is in danger; (iii) The employer or a representative of the employer orders an evacuation; or (iv) An evacuation signal, such as an alarm, is activated. (f) Records. (1) The employer must ensure that the records include the employee's name; the trainer's name; the type of training; and the date(s) on which the training took place. (2) The employer must keep each training record for one year from the time it was made or until it is replaced with a new training record, whichever is shorter, and make it available for inspection and copying by OSHA on request. § 1915.509 Definitions applicable to this subpart. Alarm Alarm system Body harness Class II standpipe system 1/2 Contract employer Dangerous atmosphere i.e. Designated area Drop Test Emergency operations Fire hazard Fire protection Fire response Fire response employee Fire response organization Fire suppression Fire watch Fixed extinguishing system Flammable liquid Hazardous substance Hose systems Host employer Incident management system Incipient stage fire Inerting Interior structural firefighting operations Multi-employer workplace Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) Physical isolation Physically isolated Protected space Proximity firefighting Qualified instructor Rescue Shipyard firefighting Small hose system 5/8 1/2 Standpipe Appendix A to Subpart P of Part 1915—Model Fire Safety Plan (Non-Mandatory) Model Fire Safety Plan Note: This appendix is non-mandatory and provides guidance to assist employers in establishing a Fire Safety Plan as required in § 1915.502. Table of Contents I. Purpose. II. Work site fire hazards and how to properly control them. III. Alarm systems and how to report fires. IV. How to evacuate in different emergency situations. V. Employee awareness. I. Purpose The purpose of this fire safety plan is to inform our employees of how we will control and reduce the possibility of fire in the workplace and to specify what equipment employees may use in case of fire. II. Work Site Fire Hazards and How To Properly Control Them A. Measures to contain fires. B. Teaching selected employees how to use fire protection equipment. C. What to do if you discover a fire. D. Potential ignition sources for fires and how to control them. E. Types of fire protection equipment and systems that can control a fire. F. The level of firefighting capability present in the facility, vessel, or vessel section. G. Description of the personnel responsible for maintaining equipment, alarms, and systems that are installed to prevent or control fire ignition sources, and to control fuel source hazards. III. Alarm Systems and How To Report Fires A. A demonstration of alarm procedures, if more than one type exists. B. The work site emergency alarm system. C. Procedures for reporting fires. IV. How To Evacuate in Different Emergency Situations A. Emergency escape procedures and route assignments. B. Procedures to account for all employees after completing an emergency evacuation. C. What type of evacuation is needed and what the employee's role is in carrying out the plan. D. Helping physically impaired employees. V. Employee Awareness Names, job titles, or departments of individuals who can be contacted for further information about this plan. Subparts Q-Y [Reserved] Subpart Z—Toxic and Hazardous Substances Source: 58 FR 35514, July 1, 1993, unless otherwise noted. § 1915.1000 Air contaminants. Wherever this section applies, an employee's exposure to any substance listed in Table Z—Shipyards of this section shall be limited in accordance with the requirements of the following paragraphs of this section. (a)(1) Substances with limits preceded by “C”—Ceiling values. (2) Other Substances—8-hour Time Weighted Averages. (b)-(c) [Reserved] (d) Computation formula. (1)(i) The cumulative exposure for an 8-hour work shift shall be computed as follows: E = (C a a b b n n Where: E is the equivalent exposure for the working shift. C is the concentration during any period of time T where the concentration remains constant. T is the duration in hours of the exposure at the concentration C. The value of E shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1915 for the material involved. (ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, assume that Substance A has an 8-hour time weighted average limit of 100 ppm noted in Table Z—Shipyards. Assume that an employee is subject to the following exposure: Two hours exposure at 150 ppm Two hours exposure at 75 ppm Four hours exposure at 50 ppm Substituting this information in the formula, we have (2 × 150 + 2 × 75 + 4 × 50) ÷ 8 = 81.25 ppm Since 81.25 ppm is less than 100 ppm, the 8-hour time weighted average limit, the exposure is acceptable. (2)(i) in case of a mixture of air contaminants an employer shall compute the equivalent exposure as follows: E m 1 1 2 2 n n Where: E m C is the concentration of a particular contaminant. L is the exposure limit for that substance specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1915. The value of E m (ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, consider the following exposures: Substance Actual concentration of 8 hour exposure (ppm) 8 hr. TWA PEL (ppm) B 500 1000 C 45 200 D 40 200 Substituting in the formula, we have: Em = 500 ÷ 1,000 + 45 ÷ 200 + 40 ÷ 200 Em = 0.500 + 0.225 + 0.200 Em = 0.925 Since Em is less than unity (1), the exposure combination is within acceptable limits. Table Z—Shipyards Substance CAS No. d ppm a * mg/m 3 b * Skin Designation Abate; see Temephos Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 200 360 — Acetic acid 64-19-7 10 25 — Acetic anhydride 108-24-7 5 20 — Acetone 67-64-1 1000 2400 — Acetonitrile 75-05-8 40 70 — 2-Acetylaminofluorine; see § 1915.1014 53-96-3 Acetylene 74-86-2 E Acetylene dichloride; see 1,2-Dichloroethylene Acetylene tetrabromide 79-27-6 1 14 — Acrolein 107-02-8 0.1 0.25 — Acrylamide 79-06-1 — 0.3 X Acrylonitrile; see § 1915.1045 107-13-1 Aldrin 309-00-2 — 0.25 X Allyl alcohol 107-18-6 2 5 X Allyl chloride 107-05-1 1 3 — Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) 106-92-3 (C)10 (C)45 — Allyl propyl disulfide 2179-59-1 2 12 — alpha-Alumina 1344-28-1 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Aluminum, (as Al) Metal 7429-90-5 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Alundum; see alpha-Alumina 4-Aminodiphenyl; see § 1915.1011 92-67-1 2-Aminoethanol; see Ethanolamine 2-Aminopyridine 504-29-0 0.5 2 — Ammonia 7664-41-7 50 35 — Ammonium sulfamate 7773-06-0 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — n-Amyl acetate 628-63-7 100 525 — sec-Amyl acetate 626-38-0 125 650 — Aniline and homologs 62-53-3 5 19 X Anisidine (o-, p-isomers) 29191-52-4 — 0.5 X Antimony and compounds (as Sb) 7440-36-0 — 0.5 — ANTU (alpha Naphthylthiourea) 86-88-4 — 0.3 — Argon 7440-37-1 E Arsenic, inorganic compounds (as As); see § 1915.1018 7440-38-2 — — — Arsenic, organic compounds (as As) 7440-38-2 — 0.5 — Arsine 7784-42-1 0.05 0.2 — Asbestos; see 1915.1001 Azinphos-methyl 86-50-0 — 0.2 X Barium, soluble compounds (as Ba) 7440-39-3 — 0.5 — Barium sulfate 7727-43-7 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Benomyl 17804-35-2 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Benzene g 71-43-2 Benzidine; see § 1915.1010 92-87-5 p-Benzoquinone; see Quinone Benzo(a)pyrene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles Benzoyl peroxide 94-36-0 — 5 — Benzyl chloride 100-44-7 1 5 — Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be); see 1915.1024 (q) 7440-41-7 0.002 Biphenyl; see Diphenyl Bismuth telluride, Undoped 1304-82-1 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Bisphenol A; see Diglycidyl ether Boron oxide 1303-86-2 Total dust — 15 — Boron tribromide 10294-33-4 1 10 — Boron trifluoride 7637-07-2 (C)1 (C)3 — Bromine 7726-95-6 0.1 0.7 — Bromine pentafluoride 7789-30-2 0.1 0.7 — Bromoform 75-25-2 0.5 5 X Butadiene (1,3-Butadiene); see 29 CFR 1910.1051; 29 CFR 1910.19(l) 106-99-0 1 — — Butanethiol; see Butyl mercaptan 2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone) 78-93-3 200 590 — 2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2 50 240 X n-Butyl-acetate 123-86-4 150 710 — sec-Butyl acetate 105-46-4 200 950 — tert-Butyl acetate 540-88-5 200 950 — n-Butyl alcohol 71-36-3 100 300 — sec-Butyl alcohol 78-92-2 150 450 — tert-Butyl alcohol 75-65-0 100 300 — Butylamine 109-73-9 (C)5 (C)15 X tert-Butyl chromate (as CrO 3 n 1189-85-1 n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) 2426-08-6 50 270 — Butyl mercaptan 109-79-5 0.5 1.5 — p-tert-Butyltoluene 98-51-1 10 60 — Cadmium dust fume (as Cd); see 1915.1027 7440-43-9 — — — Calcium carbonate 1317-65-3 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Calcium hydroxide 1305-62-0 — — — Calcium hydroxide Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Calcium oxide 1305-78-8 — 5 — Calcium silicate 1344-95-2 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Calcium sulfate 7778-18-9 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Camphor, synthetic 76-22-2 — 2 — Carbaryl (Sevin) 63-25-2 — 5 — Carbon black 1333-86-4 — 3.5 — Carbon dioxide 124-38-9 5000 9000 — Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 20 60 X Carbon monoxide 630-08-0 50 55 — Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 10 65 X Cellulose 9004-34-6 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Chlordane 57-74-9 — 0.5 X Chlorinated camphene 8001-35-2 — 0.5 X Chlorinated diphenyl oxide 55720-99-5 — 0.5 — Chlorine 7782-50-5 1 3 — Chlorine trifluoride 7790-91-2 (C)0.1 (C)0.4 — Chloroacetaldehyde 107-20-0 (C)1 (C)3 — a-Chloroacetophenone (Phenacyl chloride) 532-27-4 0.05 0.3 — Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 75 350 — o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2698-41-1 0.05 0.4 — Chlorobromomethane 74-97-5 200 1050 — 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene; see beta-Chloroprene Chlorodiphenyl (42% Chlorine) (PCB) 53469-21-9 — 1 X Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) (PCB) 11097-69-1 — 0.5 X 1-Chloro,2,3-epoxypropane; see Epichlorohydrin 2-Chloroethanol; see Ethylene chlorohydrin Chloroethylene; see Vinyl chloride Chloroform (Trichloromethane) 67-66-3 50 240 — bis(Chloromethyl) ether; see § 1915.1008 542-88-1 Chloromethyl methyl ether; see § 1915.1006 107-30-2 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 600-25-9 20 100 — Chloropicrin 76-06-2 0.1 0.7 beta-Chloroprene 126-99-8 25 90 X 2-Chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine 1929-82-4 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr) 7440-47-3 — 0.5 — Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr) 7440-47-3 — 0.5 — Chromium (VI) compounds; see 1915.1026 o Chromium metal and insol. salts (as Cr) 7440-47-3 — 1 — Chrysene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles Clopidol 2971-90-6 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction), anthracene, BaP, phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, pyrene 65966-93-2 — 0.2 — Cobalt metal, dust, and fume (as Co) 7440-48-4 — 0.1 — Copper 7440-50-8 Fume (as Cu) — 0.1 — Dusts and mists (as Cu) — 1 — Corundum; see Emery Cotton dust (raw) — 1 Crag herbicide (Sesone) 136-78-7 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Cresol, all isomers 1319-77-3 5 22 X Crotonaldehyde 123-73-9; 2 6 4170-30-3 Cumene 98-82-8 50 245 X Cyanides (as CN) Varies with Compound — 5 — Cyanogen 460-19-5 10 — — Cyclohexane 110-82-7 300 1050 — Cyclohexanol 108-93-0 50 200 — Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 50 200 — Cyclohexene 110-83-8 300 1015 — Cyclonite 121-82-4 — 1.5 X Cyclopentadiene 542-92-7 75 200 — 2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 94-75-7 — 10 — Decaborane 17702-41-9 0.05 0.3 X Demeton (Systox) 8065-48-3 — 0.1 X Diacetone alcohol (4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone) 123-42-2 50 240 — 1,2-Diaminoethane; see Ethylenediamine Diazomethane 334-88-3 0.2 0.4 — Diborane 19287-45-7 0.1 0.1 — 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (CBCP); see § 1915.1044 96-12-8 — 1,2-Dibromoethane; see Ethylene dibromide Dibutyl phosphate 107-66-4 1 5 — Dibutyl phthalate 84-74-2 — 5 — Dichloroacetylene 7572-29-4 (C)0.1 (C)0.4 — o-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 (C)50 (C)300 — p-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 75 450 — 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine; see § 1915.1007 91-94-1 Dichlorodifluoromethane 75-71-8 1000 4950 — 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin 118-52-5 — 0.2 — Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 50-29-3 — 1 X 1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 100 400 — 1,2-Dichloroethane; see Ethylene dichloride 1,2-Dichloroethylene 540-59-0 200 790 — Dichloroethyl ether 111-44-4 (C)15 (C)90 X Dichloromethane; see Methylene chloride Dichloromonofluoromethane 75-43-4 1000 4200 — 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 594-72-9 (C)10 (C)60 — 1,2-Dichloropropane; see Propylene dichloride Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 76-14-2 1000 7000 — Dichlorvos (DDVP) 62-73-7 — 1 X Dicyclopentadienyl iron 102-54-5 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Dieldrin 60-57-1 — 0.25 X Diethylamine 109-89-7 25 75 — 2-Diethylaminoethanol 100-37-8 10 50 — Diethylene triamine 111-40-0 (C)10 (C)42 X Diethyl ether; see Ethyl ether Difluorodibromomethane 75-61-6 100 860 — Diglycidyl ether (DGE) 2238-07-5 (C)0.5 (C)2.8 — Dihydroxybenzene; see Hydroquinone Diisobutyl ketone 108-83-8 50 290 — Diisopropylamine 108-18-9 5 20 X 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene; see § 1915.1015 60-11-7 Dimethoxymethane; see Methylal Dimethyl acetamide 127-19-5 10 35 X Dimethylamine 124-40-3 10 18 — Dimethylaminobenzene; see Xylidine Dimethylaniline (N,N-Dimethylaniline) 121-69-7 5 25 X Dimethylbenzene; see Xylene Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo- 2,2-dichloroethyl phosphate 300-76-5 — 3 — Dimethylformamide 68-12-2 10 30 X 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone; see Diisobutyl ketone 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 0.5 1 X Dimethylphthalate 131-11-3 — 5 — Dimethyl sulfate 77-78-3 1 5 X Dinitrobenzene (all isomers) 1 X (ortho) 528-29-0 (meta) 99-65-0 (para) 100-25-4 Dinitro-o-cresol 534-52-1 — 0.2 X Dinitrotoluene 25321-14-6 — 1.5 X Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide) 123-91-1 100 360 X Diphenyl (Biphenyl) 92-52-4 0.2 1 — Diphenylamine 122-39-4 — 10 — Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; see Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 34590-94-8 100 600 X Di-sec octyl phthalate (Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) 117-81-7 — 5 — Emery 12415-34-8 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Endosulfan 115-29-7 — 0.1 X Endrin 72-20-8 — 0.1 X Epichlorohydrin 106-89-8 5 19 X EPN 2104-64-5 — 0.5 X 1,2-Epoxypropane; see Propylene oxide 2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol; see Glycidol Ethane 74-84-0 E Ethanethiol; see Ethyl mercaptan Ethanolamine 141-43-5 3 6 — 2-Ethoxyethanol (Cellosolve) 110-80-5 200 740 X 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Cellosolve acetate) 111-15-9 100 540 X Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 400 1400 — Ethyl acrylate 140-88-5 25 100 X Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) 64-17-5 1000 1900 — Ethylamine 75-04-7 10 18 — Ethyl amyl ketone (5-Methyl-3-heptanone) 541-85-5 25 130 — Ethyl benzene 100-41-4 100 435 — Ethyl bromide 74-96-4 200 890 — Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone) 106-35-4 50 230 — Ethyl chloride 75-00-3 1000 2600 — Ethyl ether 60-29-7 400 1200 — Ethyl formate 109-94-4 100 300 — Ethyl mercaptan 75-08-1 0.5 1 — Ethyl silicate 78-10-4 100 850 — Ethylene 74-85-1 E Ethylene chlorohydrin 107-07-3 5 16 X Ethylenediamine 107-15-3 10 25 — Ethylene dibromide 106-93-4 (C)25 (C)190 X Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) 107-06-2 50 200 — Ethylene glycol dinitrate 628-96-6 (C)0.2 (C)1 X Ethylene glycol methyl acetate; see Methyl cellosolve acetate Ethyleneimine; see § 1915.1012 151-56-4 Ethylene oxide; see § 1915.1047 75-21-8 Ethylidene chloride; see 1,1-Dichloroethane N-Ethylmorpholine 100-74-3 20 94 X Ferbam 14484-64-1 Total dust — 15 — Ferrovanadium dust 12604-58-9 — 1 — Fibrous Glass Total dust 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Fluorides (as F) Varies with compound — 2.5 — Fluorine 7782-41-4 0.1 0.2 — Fluorotrichloromethane (Trichlorofluoromethane) 75-69-4 1000 5600 — Formaldehyde; see § 1915.1048 50-00-0 Formic acid 64-18-6 5 9 — Furfural 98-01-1 5 20 X Furfuryl alcohol 98-00-0 50 200 — Gasoline 8006-61-9 A 3 — Glycerin (mist) 56-81-5 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Glycidol 556-52-5 50 150 — Glycol monoethyl ether; see 2-Ethoxyethanol Graphite, natural, respirable dust 7782-42-5 ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 Graphite, synthetic Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Guthion; see Azinphos methyl Gypsum 13397-24-5 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Hafnium 7440-58-6 — 0.5 — Helium 7440-59-7 E Heptachlor 76-44-8 — 0.5 X Heptane (n-Heptane) 142-82-5 500 2000 — Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 1 10 X Hexachloronaphthalene 1335-87-1 — 0.2 X n-Hexane 110-54-3 500 1800 — 2-Hexanone (Methyl n-butyl ketone) 591-78-6 100 410 — Hexone (Methyl isobutyl ketone) 108-10-1 100 410 — sec-Hexyl acetate 108-84-9 50 300 — Hydrazine 302-01-2 1 1.3 X Hydrogen 1333-74-0 E Hydrogen bromide 10035-10-6 3 10 — Hydrogen chloride 7647-01-0 (C)5 (C)7 — Hydrogen cyanide 74-90-8 10 11 X Hydrogen fluoride (as F) 7664-39-3 3 2 — Hydrogen peroxide 7722-84-1 1 1.4 — Hydrogen selenide (as Se) 7783-07-5 0.05 Hydrogen sulfide 7783-06-4 10 15 — Hydroquinone 123-31-9 — 2 — Indene 95-13-6 10 45 — Indium and compounds (as In) 7440-74-6 — 0.1 — Iodine 7553-56-2 (C)0.1 (C)1 — Iron oxide fume 1309-37-1 — 10 — Iron salts (soluble) (as Fe) Varies with compound — 1 — Isoamyl acetate 123-92-2 100 525 — Isoamyl alcohol (primary and secondary) 123-51-3 100 360 — Isobutyl acetate 110-19-0 150 700 — Isobutyl alcohol 78-83-1 100 300 — Isophorone 78-59-1 25 140 — Isopropyl acetate 108-21-4 250 950 — Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 400 980 — Isopropylamine 75-31-0 5 12 — Isopropyl ether 108-20-3 500 2100 — Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) 4016-14-2 50 240 — Kaolin 1332-58-7 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Ketene 463-51-4 0.5 0.9 — Lead, inorganic (as Pb); see § 1915.1025 7439-92-1 — — — Limestone 1317-65-3 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Lindane 58-89-9 — 0.5 X Lithium hydride 7580-67-8 — 0.025 — L.P.G. (Liquefied petroleum gas) 68476-85-7 1000 1800 Magnesite 546-93-0 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Magnesium oxide fume 1309-48-4 Total particulate 15 — — Malathion 121-75-5 Total dust — 15 X Maleic anhydride 108-31-6 0.25 Manganese compounds (as Mn) 7439-96-5 — (C)5 — Manganese fume (as Mn) 7439-96-5 — (C)5 — Marble 1317-65-3 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Mercury (aryl and inorganic)(as Hg) 7439-97-6 0.1 X Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg) 7439-97-6 — 0.01 X Mercury (vapor) (as Hg) 7439-97-6 — 0.1 X Mesityl oxide 141-79-7 25 100 — Methane 74-82-8 E Methanethiol; see Methyl mercaptan Methoxychlor 72-43-5 Total dust — 15 — 2-Methoxyethanol (Methyl cellosolve) 109-86-4 25 80 X 2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Methyl cellosolve acetate) 110-49-6 25 120 X Methyl acetate 79-20-9 200 610 — Methyl acetylene (Propyne) 74-99-7 1000 1650 — Methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture (MAPP) 1000 1800 — Methyl acrylate 96-33-3 10 35 X Methylal (Dimethoxy-methane) 109-87-5 1000 3100 — Methyl alcohol 67-56-1 200 260 — Methylamine 74-89-5 10 12 — Methyl amyl alcohol; see Methyl isobutyl carbinol Methyl n-amyl ketone 110-43-0 100 465 — Methyl bromide 74-83-9 (C)20 (C)80 X Methyl butyl ketone; see 2-Hexanone Methyl cellosolve; see 2-Methoxyethanol Methyl cellosolve acetate; see 2-Methoxyethyl acetate Methyl chloride 74-87-3 100 210 — Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) 71-55-6 350 1900 — Methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 500 2000 — Methylcyclohexanol 25639-42-3 100 470 — o-Methylcyclohexanone 583-60-8 100 460 X Methylene chloride; see § 1910.1052 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK); see 2-Butanone Methyl formate 107-31-3 100 250 — Methyl hydrazine (Monomethyl hydrazine) 60-34-4 (C)0.2 (C)0.35 X Methyl iodide 74-88-4 5 28 X Methyl isoamyl ketone 110-12-3 100 475 — Methyl isobutyl carbinol 108-11-2 25 100 X Methyl isobutyl ketone; see Hexone Methyl isocyanate 624-83-9 0.02 0.05 X Methyl mercaptan 74-93-1 0.5 1 — Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 100 410 100 Methyl propyl ketone; see 2-Pentanone Methyl silicate 681-84-5 5 30 — alpha-Methyl styrene 98-83-9 (C)100 (C)480 — Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) 101-68-8 (C)0.02 (C)0.2 — Mica; see Silicates Mineral wool Total dust — 15 — Respirable dust — 5 — Molybdenum (as Mo) 7439-98-7 Soluble compounds — 5 — Insoluble compounds Total dust — 15 — Monomethyl aniline 100-61-8 2 9 X Monomethyl hydrazine; see Methyl hydrazine Morpholine 110-91-8 20 70 X Naphtha (Coal tar) 8030-30-6 100 400 — Naphthalene 91-20-3 10 50 — alpha-Naphthylamine; see § 1915.1004 134-32-7 beta-Naphthylamine; see § 1915.1009 91-59-8 — Neon 7440-01-9 Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) 13463-39-3 0.001 0.007 — Nickel, metal and insoluble compounds (as Ni) 7440-02-0 — 1 — Nickel, soluble compounds (as Ni) 7440-02-0 — 1 — Nicotine 54-11-5 — 0.5 X Nitric acid 7697-37-2 2 5 — Nitric oxide 10102-43-9 25 30 — p-Nitroaniline 100-01-6 1 6 X Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 1 5 X p-Nitrochlorobenzene 100-00-5 — 1 X 4-Nitrodiphenyl; see § 1915.1003 92-93-3 Nitroethane 79-24-3 100 310 — Nitrogen 7727-37-9 E Nitrogen dioxide 10102-44-0 (C)5 (C)9 — Nitrogen trifluoride 7783-54-2 10 29 — Nitroglycerin 55-63-0 (C)0.2 (C)2 X Nitromethane 75-52-5 100 250 — 1-Nitropropane 108-03-2 25 90 — 2-Nitropropane 79-46-9 25 90 — N-Nitrosodimethylamine; see § 1915.1016 62-79-9 — Nitrotoluene (all isomers) 5 30 X o-isomer 88-72-2; m-isomer 99-08-1; p-isomer 99-99-0 Nitrotrichloromethane; see Chloropicrin Nitrous oxide 10024-97-2 E Octachloronaphthalene 2234-13-1 — 0.1 X Octane 111-65-9 400 1900 — Oil mist, mineral 8012-95-1 — 5 — Osmium tetroxide (as Os) 20816-12-0 — 0.002 — Oxalic acid 144-62-7 — 1 — Oxygen difluoride 7783-41-7 0.05 0.1 — Ozone 10028-15-6 0.1 0.2 — Paraquat, respirable dust 4685-14-7; — 0.5 X 1910-42-5; 2074-50-2 Parathion 56-38-2 — 0.1 — Particulates not otherwise regulated Total dust organic and inorganic — 15 — PCB; see Chlorodiphenyl (42% and 54% chlorine) Pentaborane 19624-22-7 0.005 0.01 — Pentachloronaphthalene 1321-64-8 — 0.5 X Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 — 0.5 X Pentaerythritol 115-77-5 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Pentane 109-66-0 500 1500 — 2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone) 107-87-9 200 700 — Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene) 127-18-4 100 670 — Perchloromethyl mercaptan 594-42-3 0.1 0.8 — Perchloryl fluoride 7616-94-6 3 13.5 — Perlite 93763-70-3 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Petroleum distillates (Naphtha)(Rubber Solvent) A 3 — Phenol 108-95-2 5 19 X p-Phenylene diamine 106-50-3 — 0.1 X Phenyl ether, vapor 101-84-8 1 7 — Phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture, vapor 1 7 — Phenylethylene; see Styrene Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) 122-60-1 10 60 — Phenylhydrazine 100-63-0 5 22 X Phosdrin (Mevinphos) 7786-34-7 — 0.1 X Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride) 75-44-5 0.1 0.4 — Phosphine 7803-51-2 0.3 0.4 — Phosphoric acid 7664-38-2 — 1 — Phosphorus (yellow) 7723-14-0 — 0.1 — Phosphorus pentachloride 10026-13-8 — 1 — Phosphorus pentasulfide 1314-80-3 — 1 — Phosphorus trichloride 7719-12-2 0.5 3 — Phthalic anhydride 85-44-9 2 12 — Picloram 1918-02-1 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Picric acid 88-89-1 — 0.1 — Piperazine dihydrochloride 142-64-3 — — X Pindone (2-Pivalyl-1,3-indandione) 83-26-1 — 0.1 — Plaster of Paris 26499-65-0 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Platinum (as Pt) 7440-06-4 Metal — — — Soluble salts — 0.002 — Polytetrafluoroethylene decomposition products A 2 Portland cement 65997-15-1 Total dust 15 — 10 Respirable fraction 5 — — Propargyl alcohol 107-19-7 1 — X beta-Propriolactone; see § 1915.1013 57-57-8 Propionic acid 79-09-4 — — — n-Propyl acetate 109-60-4 200 840 — n-Propyl alcohol 71-23-8 200 500 — n-Propyl nitrate 627-13-4 25 110 — Propylene dichloride 78-87-5 75 350 — Propylene imine 75-55-8 2 5 X Propylene oxide 75-56-9 100 240 — Propyne; see Methyl acetylene Pyrethrum 8003-34-7 — 5 — Pyridine 110-86-1 5 15 — Quinone 106-51-4 0.1 0.4 — RDX; see Cyclonite Rhodium (as Rh), metal fume and insoluble compounds 7440-16-6 — 0.1 — Rhodium (as Rh), soluble compounds 7440-16-6 — 0.001 — Ronnel 299-84-3 — 10 — Rotenone 83-79-4 — 5 — Rouge — Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Selenium compounds (as Se) 7782-49-2 — 0.2 — Selenium hexafluoride (as Se) 7783-79-1 0.05 0.4 — Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel 112926-00-8 ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 Silica, amorphous, diatomaceous earth, containing less than 1% crystalline silica 61790-53-2 ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 Silica, crystalline, respirable dust Cristobalite; see 1915.1053 14464-46-1 Quartz; see 1915.1053 5 14808-60-7 Tripoli (as quartz); see 1915.1053 5 1317-95-9 Tridymite; see 1915.1053 15468-32-3 Silica, fused, respirable dust 60676-86-0 ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 Silicates (less than 1% crystalline silica) Mica (respirable dust) 12001-26-2 ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 Soapstone, total dust — ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 Soapstone, respirable dust — ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 Talc (containing asbestos) — ( 3 ( 3 ( 3 Talc (containing no asbestos), respirable dust 14807-96-6 ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 Tremolite, asbestiform ( 3 ( 3 ( 3 Silicon 7440-21-3 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Silicon carbide 409-21-2 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Silver, metal and soluble compounds (as Ag) 7440-22-4 — 0.01 — Soapstone; see Silicates Sodium fluoroacetate 62-74-8 — 0.05 X Sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 — 2 — Starch 9005-25-8 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Stibine 7803-52-3 0.1 0.5 — Stoddard solvent 8052-41-3 200 1150 — Strychnine 57-24-9 — 0.15 — Styrene 100-42-5 100 420 50 Sucrose 57-50-1 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Sulfur dioxide 7446-09-5 5 13 — Sulfur hexafluoride 2551-62-4 1000 6000 — Sulfuric acid 7664-93-9 — 1 — Sulfur monochloride 10025-67-9 1 6 — Sulfur pentafluoride 5714-22-7 0.025 0.25 — Sulfuryl fluoride 2699-79-8 5 20 — Systox, see Demeton 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 93-76-5 — 10 — Talc; see Silicates— Tantalum, metal and oxide dust 7440-25-7 — 5 — TEDP (Sulfotep) 3689-24-5 — 0.2 X Teflon decomposition products A2 Tellurium and compounds (as Te) 13494-80-9 — 0.1 — Tellurium hexafluoride (as Te) 7783-80-4 0.02 0.2 — Temephos 3383-96-8 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — TEPP (Tetraethyl pyrophosphate) 107-49-3 — 0.05 X Terphenyls 26140-60-3 (C)1 (C)9 — 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 76-11-9 500 4170 — 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 76-12-0 500 4170 — 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 5 35 X Tetrachloroethylene; see Perchloroethylene Tetrachloromethane; see Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloronaphthalene 1335-88-2 — 2 X Tetraethyl lead (as Pb) 78-00-2 — 0.1 X Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 200 590 — Tetramethyl lead, (as Pb) 75-74-1 — 0.15 X Tetramethyl succinonitrile 3333-52-6 0.5 3 X Tetranitromethane 509-14-8 1 8 — Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) 479-45-8 — 1.5 X Thallium, soluble compounds (as Tl) 7440-28-0 — 0.1 X 4,4′-Thiobis (6-tert, Butyl-m-cresol) 96-69-5 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Thiram 137-26-8 — 5 — Tin, inorganic compounds (except oxides) (as Sn) 7440-31-5 — 2 — Tin, organic compounds (as Sn) 7440-31-5 — 0.1 — Tin oxide (as Sn) 21651-19-4 — — — Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Titanium dioxide 13463-67-7 Total dust — 15 — Toluene 108-88-3 200 750 100 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) 584-84-9 (C)0.02 (C)0.14 — o-Toluidine 95-53-4 5 22 X Toxaphene; see Chlorinated camphene Tremolite; see Silicates Tributyl phosphate 126-73-8 — 5 — 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; see Methyl chloroform 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 10 45 X Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 100 535 — Trichloromethane; see Chloroform Trichloronaphthalene 1321-65-9 — 5 X 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 96-18-4 50 300 — 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 76-13-1 1000 7600 — Triethylamine 121-44-8 25 100 — Trifluorobromomethane 75-63-8 1000 6100 — Trimethyl benzene 25551-13-7 25 120 — 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl; see Picric acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine; see Tetryl 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 118-96-7 — 1.5 X Triorthocresyl phosphate 78-30-8 — 0.1 — Triphenyl phosphate 115-86-6 — 3 — Tungsten (as W) 7440-33-7 Insoluble compounds — 5 — Soluble compounds — 1 — Turpentine 8006-64-2 100 560 — Uranium (as U) 7440-61-1 Soluble compounds — 0.2 — Insoluble compounds — 0.2 — Vanadium 1314-62-1 Respirable dust (as V 2 5 — (C)0.5 — Fume (as V 2 5 — (C)0.1 — Vegetable oil mist Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Vinyl benzene; see Styrene Vinyl chloride; see § 1915.1017 75-01-4 Vinyl cyanide; see Acrylonitrile Vinyl toluene 25013-15-4 100 480 — Warfarin 81-81-2 — 0.1 — Xylenes (o-, m-, p-isomers) 1330-20-7 100 435 — Xylidine 1300-73-8 5 25 X Yttrium 7440-65-5 — 1 — Zinc chloride fume 7646-85-7 — 1 — Zinc oxide fume 1314-13-2 — 5 — Zinc oxide 1314-13-2 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Zinc stearate 557-05-1 Total dust — 15 — Respirable fraction — 5 — Zirconium compounds (as Zr) 7440-67-7 — 5 Mineral Dusts Substance mppcf (j) SILICA: Crystalline 250 (k) Quartz. Threshold Limit calculated from the formula (p) % SiO 2 Cristobalite Amorphous, including natural diatomaceous earth 20 SILICATES (less than 1% crystalline silica) Mica 20 Portland cement 50 Soapstone 20 Talc (non-asbestiform) 20 Talc (fibrous), use asbestos limit — Graphite (natural) 15 Inert or Nuisance Particulates: (m) 50 (or 15 mg/m 3 2 Conversion factors mppcf × 35.3 = million particles per cubic meter = particles per c.c. Footnotes to Table Z—Shipyards: 1 2 3 4 5 * The PELs are 8-hour TWAs unless otherwise noted; a (C) designation denotes a ceiling limit. They are to be determined from breathing-zone air samples. a b c d e-f g h i j k m n 3 o 3 3 p q The 1970 TLV uses letter designations instead of a numerical value as follows: A 1 A 2 A 3 E Simple asphyxiants. The limiting factor is the available oxygen which shall be at least 18% and be within the requirement addressing explosion in subpart B of part 1915. [58 FR 35514, July 1, 1993, as amended at 61 FR 56856, Nov. 4, 1996; 62 FR 1619, Jan. 10, 1997; 67 FR 44545, July 3, 2002; 71 FR 10377, Feb. 28, 2006; 71 FR 36009, June 23, 2006; 76 FR 80740, Dec. 27, 2011; 81 FR 16874, Mar. 2 2016; 81 FR 31167, May 19, 2016; 81 FR 60273, Sept. 2, 2016; 82 FR 2744, Jan. 9, 2017] § 1915.1001 Asbestos. (a) Scope and application. (1) Demolition or salvage of structures, vessels, and vessel sections where asbestos is present; (2) Removal or encapsulation of materials containing asbestos; (3) Construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, or renovation of vessels, vessel sections, structures, substrates, or portions thereof, that contain asbestos; (4) Installation of products containing asbestos; (5) Asbestos spill/emergency cleanup; and (6) Transportation, disposal, storage, containment of and housekeeping activities involving asbestos or products containing asbestos, on the site or location at which construction activities are performed. (7) Coverage under this standard shall be based on the nature of the work operation involving asbestos exposure. (8) This section does not apply to asbestos-containing asphalt roof cements, coatings and mastics. (b) Definitions. Aggressive method Amended water Asbestos asbestos Asbestos-containing material, Assistant Secretary Authorized person Building/facility/vessel owner Certified Industrial Hygienist Class I asbestos work Class II asbestos work Class III asbestos work Class IV asbestos work Clean room Closely resemble Competent person qualified person. Critical barrier Decontamination area Demolition Director Disturbance Employee exposure Equipment room Fiber Glovebag High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter Homogeneous area Industrial hygienist Intact Modification Negative Initial Exposure Assessment PACM presumed asbestos containing material. Presumed asbestos containing material Project Designer Qualified person Regulated area Removal Renovation Repair Surfacing material Surfacing ACM Thermal system insulation Thermal system insulation ACM (c) Permissible exposure limits (PELS) Time-weighted average limit (TWA). (2) Excursion limit. (d) Multi-employer worksites. (2) Asbestos hazards at a multi-employer worksite shall be abated by the contractor who created or controls the source of asbestos contamination. For example, if there is a significant breach of an enclosure containing Class I work, the employer responsible for erecting the enclosure shall repair the breach immediately. (3) In addition, all employers of employees exposed to asbestos hazards shall comply with applicable protective provisions to protect their employees. For example, if employees working immediately adjacent to a Class I asbestos job are exposed to asbestos due to the inadequate containment of such job, their employer shall either remove the employees from the area until the enclosure breach is repaired; or perform an initial exposure assessment pursuant to paragraph (f) of this section. (4) All employers of employees working adjacent to regulated areas established by another employer on a multi-employer worksite shall take steps on a daily basis to ascertain the integrity of the enclosure and/or the effectiveness of the control method relied on by the primary asbestos contractor to assure that asbestos fibers do not migrate to such adjacent areas. (5) All general contractors on a shipyard project which includes work covered by this standard shall be deemed to exercise general supervisory authority over the work covered by this standard, even though the general contractor is not qualified to serve as the asbestos “qualified person” as defined by paragraph (b) of this section. As supervisor of the entire project, the general contractor shall ascertain whether the asbestos contractor is in compliance with this standard, and shall require such contractor to come into compliance with this standard when necessary. (e) Regulated areas. (2) Demarcation. (3) Access. (4) Respirators. (5) Prohibited activities. (6) Qualified persons. (f) Exposure assessments and monitoring General monitoring criteria. (ii) Determinations of employee exposure shall be made from breathing zone air samples that are representative of the 8-hour TWA and 30-minute short-term exposures of each employee. (iii) Representative 8-hour TWA employee exposure shall be determined on the basis of one or more samples representing full-shift exposure for employees in each work area. Representative 30-minute short-term employee exposures shall be determined on the basis of one or more samples representing 30 minute exposures associated with operations that are most likely to produce exposures above the excursion limit for employees in each work area. (2) Initial exposure assessment. (ii) Basis of initial exposure assessment. (iii) Negative initial exposure assessment. (A) Objective data demonstrating that the product or material containing asbestos minerals or the activity involving such product or material cannot release airborne fibers in concentrations exceeding the TWA and excursion limit under those work conditions having the greatest potential for releasing asbestos; or (B) Where the employer has monitored prior asbestos jobs for the PEL and the excursion limit within 12 months of the current or projected job, the monitoring and analysis were performed in compliance with the asbestos standard in effect; and the data were obtained during work operations conducted under workplace conditions “closely resembling” the processes, type of material, control methods, work practices, and environmental conditions used and prevailing in the employer's current operations, the operations were conducted by employees whose training and experience are no more extensive than that of employees performing the current job, and these data show that under the conditions prevailing and which will prevail in the current workplace there is a high degree of certainty that employee exposures will not exceed the TWA and excursion limit; or (C) The results of initial exposure monitoring of the current job made from breathing zone air samples that are representative of the 8-hour TWA and 30-minute short-term exposures of each employee covering operations which are most likely during the performance of the entire asbestos job to result in exposures over the PELs. (3) Periodic monitoring Class I and II operations. (ii) All operations under the standard other than Class I and II operations. (iii) Exception. (4) Termination of monitoring. (ii) Additional monitoring. (5) Employee notification of monitoring results. (6) Observation of monitoring. (ii) When observation of the monitoring of employee exposure to asbestos requires entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or equipment is required, the observer shall be provided with and be required to use such clothing and equipment and shall comply with all other applicable safety and health procedures. (g) Methods of compliance Engineering controls and work practices for all operations covered by this section. (i) Vacuum cleaners equipped with HEPA filters to collect all debris and dust containing ACM and PACM, except as provided in paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of this section in the case of roofing material; (ii) Wet methods, or wetting agents, to control employee exposures during asbestos handling, mixing, removal, cutting, application, and cleanup, except where employers demonstrate that the use of wet methods is infeasible due to for example, the creation of electrical hazards, equipment malfunction, and, in roofing, except as provided in paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of this section; and (iii) Prompt clean-up and disposal of wastes and debris contaminated with asbestos in leak-tight containers except in roofing operations, where the procedures specified in paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of this section apply. (2) In addition to the requirements of paragraph (g)(1) of this section above, the employer shall use the following control methods to achieve compliance with the TWA permissible exposure limit and excursion limit prescribed by paragraph (c) of this section; (i) Local exhaust ventilation equipped with HEPA filter dust collection systems; (ii) Enclosure or isolation of processes producing asbestos dust; (iii) Ventilation of the regulated area to move contaminated air away from the breathing zone of employees and toward a filtration or collection device equipped with a HEPA filter; (iv) Use of other work practices and engineering controls that the Assistant Secretary can show to be feasible. (v) Wherever the feasible engineering and work practice controls described above are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section, the employer shall use them to reduce employee exposure to the lowest levels attainable by these controls and shall supplement them by the use of respiratory protection that complies with the requirements of paragraph (h) of this section. (3) Prohibitions. (i) High-speed abrasive disc saws that are not equipped with point of cut ventilator or enclosures with HEPA filtered exhaust air. (ii) Compressed air used to remove asbestos, or materials containing asbestos, unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with an enclosed ventilation system designed to capture the dust cloud created by the compressed air. (iii) Dry sweeping, shoveling or other dry clean-up of dust and debris containing ACM and PACM. (iv) Employee rotation as a means of reducing employee exposure to asbestos. (4) Class I requirements. (i) All Class I work, including the installation and operation of the control system shall be supervised by a qualified person as defined in paragraph (b) of this section; (ii) For all Class I jobs involving the removal of more than 25 linear or 10 square feet of TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM; for all other Class I jobs, where the employer cannot produce a negative exposure assessment pursuant to paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section, or where employees are working in areas adjacent to the regulated area, while the Class I work is being performed, the employer shall use one of the following methods to ensure that airborne asbestos does not migrate from the regulated area: (A) Critical barriers shall be placed over all the openings to the regulated area, except where activities are performed outdoors; or (B) The employer shall use another barrier or isolation method which prevents the migration of airborne asbestos from the regulated area, as verified by perimeter area surveillance during each work shift at each boundary of the regulated area, showing no visible asbestos dust; and perimeter area monitoring showing that clearance levels contained in 40 CFR part 763, subpart E of the EPA Asbestos in Schools Rule are met, or that perimeter area levels, measured by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) are no more than background levels representing the same area before the asbestos work began. The results of such monitoring shall be made known to the employer no later than 24 hours from the end of the work shift represented by such monitoring. Exception: For work completed outdoors where employees are not working in areas adjacent to the regulated areas, this paragraph (g)(4)(ii) is satisfied when the specific control methods in paragraph (g)(5) of this section are used. (iii) For all Class I jobs, HVAC systems shall be isolated in the regulated area by sealing with a double layer of 6 mil plastic or the equivalent; (iv) For all Class I jobs, impermeable dropcloths shall be placed on surfaces beneath all removal activity; (v) For all Class I jobs, all objects within the regulated area shall be covered with impermeable dropcloths or plastic sheeting which is secured by duct tape or an equivalent. (vi) For all Class I jobs where the employer cannot produce a negative exposure assessment or where exposure monitoring shows the PELs are exceeded, the employer shall ventilate the regulated area to move contaminated air away from the breathing zone of employees toward a HEPA filtration or collection device. (5) Specific control systems for Class I work. (i) Negative pressure enclosure (NPE) systems. (A) Specifications 1 ( 2 ( 3 ( 4 ( 5 (B) Work practices 1 ( 2 (ii) Glove bag systems may be used to remove PACM and/or ACM from straight runs of piping and elbows and other connections with the following specifications and work practices: (A) Specifications 1 ( 2 (B) Work practices—(1) ( 2 ( 3 ( 4 ( 5 ( 6 ( 7 ( 8 ( 9 (iii) Negative pressure glove bag systems. (A) Specifications: (B) Work practices 1 ( 2 ( 3 (iv) Negative pressure glove box systems. (A) Specifications 1 ( 2 ( 3 ( 4 ( 5 ( 6 ( 7 (B) Work practices 1 ( 2 ( 3 ( 4 (v) Water spray process system. (A) Specifications 1 ( 2 ( 3 (B) Work practices 1 ( 2 ( 3 ( 4 (vi) A small walk-in enclosure which accommodates no more than two persons (mini-enclosure) may be used if the disturbance or removal can be completely contained by the enclosure, with the following specifications and work practices. (A) Specifications 1 ( 2 (B) Work practices 1 ( 2 ( 3 (6) Alternative control methods for Class I work. (i) The control method shall enclose, contain or isolate the processes or source of airborne asbestos dust, or otherwise capture or redirect such dust before it enters the breathing zone of employees. (ii) A certified industrial hygienist or licensed professional engineer who is also qualified as a project designer as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, shall evaluate the work area, the projected work practices and the engineering controls and shall certify in writing that: the planned control method is adequate to reduce direct and indirect employee exposure to below the PELs under worst-case conditions of use, and that the planned control method will prevent asbestos contamination outside the regulated area, as measured by clearance sampling which meets the requirements of EPA's Asbestos in Schools Rule issued under AHERA, or perimeter monitoring which meets the criteria in paragraph (g)(4)(ii)(B) of this section. (A) Where the TSI or surfacing material to be removed is 25 linear or 10 square feet or less , the evaluation required in paragraph (g)(6) of this section may be performed by a “qualified person”, and may omit consideration of perimeter or clearance monitoring otherwise required. (B) The evaluation of employee exposure required in paragraph (g)(6) of this section, shall include and be based on sampling and analytical data representing employee exposure during the use of such method under worst-case conditions and by employees whose training and experience are equivalent to employees who are to perform the current job. (7) Work practices and engineering controls for Class II work. (ii) For all indoor Class II jobs, where the employer has not produced a negative exposure assessment pursuant to paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section, or where during the job, changed conditions indicate there may be exposure above the PEL or where the employer does not remove the ACM in a substantially intact state, the employer shall use one of the following methods to ensure that airborne asbestos does not migrate from the regulated area; (A) Critical barriers shall be placed over all openings to the regulated area; or, (B) The employer shall use another barrier or isolation method which prevents the migration of airborne asbestos from the regulated area, as verified by perimeter area monitoring or clearance monitoring which meets the criteria set out in paragraph (g)(4)(ii)(B) of this section. (C) Impermeable dropcloths shall be placed on surfaces beneath all removal activity; (iii) [Reserved] (iv) All Class II asbestos work shall be performed using the work practices and requirements set out above in paragraph (g)(1)(i) through (g)(1)(iii) of this section. (8) Additional controls for Class II work. (i) For removing vinyl and asphalt flooring/deck materials which contain ACM or for which in buildings constructed not later than 1980, the employer has not verified the absence of ACM pursuant to paragraph (g)(8)(i)(I): the employer shall ensure that employees comply with the following work practices and that employees are trained in these practices pursuant to paragraph (k)(9) of this section: (A) Flooring/deck materials or its backing shall not be sanded. (B) Vacuums equipped with HEPA filter, disposable dust bag, and metal floor tool (no brush) shall be used to clean floors. (C) Resilient sheeting shall be removed by cutting with wetting of the snip point and wetting during delamination. Rip-up of resilient sheet floor material is prohibited. (D) All scraping of residual adhesive and/or backing shall be performed using wet methods. (E) Dry sweeping is prohibited. (F) Mechanical chipping is prohibited unless performed in a negative pressure enclosure which meets the requirements of paragraph (g)(5)(i) of this section. (G) Tiles shall be removed intact, unless the employer demonstrates that intact removal is not possible. (H) When tiles are heated and can be removed intact, wetting may be omitted. (I) Resilient flooring/deck material in buildings/vessels constructed no later than 1980, including associated mastic and backing shall be assumed to be asbestos-containing unless an industrial hygienist determines that it is asbestos-free using recognized analytical techniques. (ii) For removing roofing material which contains ACM the employer shall ensure that the following work practices are followed: (A) Roofing material shall be removed in an intact state to the extent feasible. (B) Wet methods shall be used to remove roofing materials that are not intact, or that will be rendered not intact during removal, unless such wet methods are not feasible or will create safety hazards. (C) Cutting machines shall be continuously misted during use, unless a competent person determines that misting substantially decreases worker safety. (D) When removing built-up roofs with asbestos-containing roofing felts and an aggregate surface using a power roof cutter, all dust resulting from the cutting operation shall be collected by a HEPA dust collector, or shall be HEPA vacuumed by vacuuming along the cut line. When removing built-up roofs with asbestos-containing roofing felts and a smooth surface using a power roof cutter, the dust resulting from the cutting operation shall be collected either by a HEPA dust collector or HEPA vacuuming along the cut line, or by gently sweeping and then carefully and completely wiping up the still-wet dust and debris left along the cut line. The dust and debris shall be immediately bagged or placed in covered containers. (E) Asbestos-containing material that has been removed from a roof shall not be dropped or thrown to the ground. Unless the material is carried or passed to the ground by hand, it shall be lowered to the ground via covered, dust-tight chute, crane or hoist: ( 1 ( 2 (F) Upon being lowered, unwrapped material shall be transferred to a closed receptacle in such manner so as to preclude the dispersion of dust. (G) Roof level heating and ventilation air intake sources shall be isolated or the ventilation system shall be shut down. (H) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, removal or repair of sections of intact roofing less than 25 square feet in area does not require use of wet methods or HEPA vacuuming as long as manual methods which do not render the material non-intact are used to remove the material and no visible dust is created by the removal method used. In determining whether a job involves less than 25 square feet, the employer shall include all removal and repair work performed on the same roof on the same day. (iii) When removing cementitious asbestos-containing siding and shingles or transite panels containing ACM on building exteriors (other than roofs, where paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of this section applies) the employer shall ensure that the following work practices are followed: (A) Cutting, abrading or breaking siding, shingles, or transite panels shall be prohibited unless the employer can demonstrate that methods less likely to result in asbestos fiber release cannot be used. (B) Each panel or shingle shall be sprayed with amended water prior to removal. (C) Unwrapped or unbagged panels or shingles shall be immediately lowered to the ground via a covered dust-tight chute, crane or hoist, or be placed in an impervious waste bag or wrapped in plastic sheeting and lowered to the ground no later than the end of the work shift. (D) Nails shall be cut with flat, sharp instruments. (iv) When removing gaskets containing ACM, the employer shall ensure that the following work practices are followed: (A) If a gasket is visibly deteriorated and unlikely to be removed intact, removal shall be undertaken within a glovebag as described in paragraph (g)(5)(ii) of this section. (B) [Reserved] (C) The gasket shall be immediately placed in a disposal container. (D) Any scraping to remove residue must be performed wet. (v) When performing any other Class II removal of asbestos containing material for which specific controls have not been listed in paragraph (g)(8)(iv) (A) through (D) of this section, the employer shall ensure that the following work practices are complied with. (A) The material shall be thoroughly wetted with amended water prior to and during its removal. (B) The material shall be removed in an intact state unless the employer demonstrates that intact removal is not possible. (C) Cutting, abrading or breaking the material shall be prohibited unless the employer can demonstrate that methods less likely to result in asbestos fiber release are not feasible. (D) Asbestos-containing material removed, shall be immediately bagged or wrapped, or kept wetted until transferred to a closed receptacle, no later than the end of the work shift. (vi) Alternative work practices and controls. (A) The employer shall demonstrate by data representing employee exposure during the use of such method under conditions which closely resemble the conditions under which the method is to be used, that employee exposure will not exceed the PELs under any anticipated circumstances. (B) A qualified person shall evaluate the work area, the projected work practices and the engineering controls, and shall certify in writing, that the different or modified controls are adequate to reduce direct and indirect employee exposure to below the PELs under all expected conditions of use and that the method meets the requirements of this standard. The evaluation shall include and be based on data representing employee exposure during the use of such method under conditions which closely resemble the conditions under which the method is to be used for the current job, and by employees whose training and experience are equivalent to employees who are to perform the current job. (9) Work practices and engineering controls for Class III asbestos work. (i) The work shall be performed using wet methods. (ii) To the extent feasible, the work shall be performed using local exhaust ventilation. (iii) Where the disturbance involves drilling, cutting, abrading, sanding, chipping, breaking, or sawing of thermal system insulation or surfacing material, the employer shall use impermeable dropcloths and shall isolate the operation using mini-enclosures or glove bag systems pursuant to paragraph (g)(5) of this section or another isolation method. (iv) Where the employer does not demonstrate by a negative exposure assessment performed in compliance with paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section that the PELs will not be exceeded, or where monitoring results show exceedances of a PEL, the employer shall contain the area using impermeable dropcloths and plastic barriers or their equivalent, or shall isolate the operation using mini-enclosure or glove bag systems pursuant to paragraph (g)(5) of this section. (v) Employees performing Class III jobs which involve the disturbance of TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM or where the employer does not demonstrate by a “negative exposure assessment” in compliance with paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section that the PELs will not be exceeded or where monitoring results show exceedances of the PEL, shall wear respirators which are selected, used and fitted pursuant to provisions of paragraph (h) of this section. (10) Class IV asbestos work. (i) Employees cleaning up debris and waste in a regulated area where respirators are required shall wear respirators which are selected, used and fitted pursuant to provisions of paragraph (h) of this section. (ii) Employers of employees cleaning up waste and debris in an area where friable TSI or surfacing ACM/PACM is accessible, shall assume that such waste and debris contain asbestos. (11) Specific compliance methods for brake and clutch repair Engineering controls and work practices for brake and clutch repair and service. (ii) The employer may also comply by using an equivalent method which follows written procedures, which the employer demonstrates can achieve equivalent exposure reductions as do the two “preferred methods.” Such demonstration must include monitoring data conducted under workplace conditions closely resembling the process, type of asbestos containing materials, control method, work practices and environmental conditions which the equivalent method will be used, or objective data, which document that under all reasonably foreseeable conditions of brake and clutch repair applications, the method results in exposures which are equivalent to the methods set out in appendix L to this section. (12) Alternative methods of compliance for installation, removal, repair, and maintenance of certain roofing and pipeline coating materials. (i) Before work begins and as needed during the job, a qualified person who is capable of identifying asbestos hazards in the workplace and selecting the appropriate control strategy for asbestos exposure, and who has the authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate such hazards, shall conduct an inspection of the worksite and determine that the roofing material is intact and will likely remain intact. (ii) All employees performing work covered by this paragraph (g)(12) shall be trained in a training program that meets the requirements of paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section. (iii) The material shall not be sanded, abraded, or ground. Manual methods which do not render the material non-intact shall be used. (iv) Material that has been removed from a roof shall not be dropped or thrown to the ground. Unless the material is carried or passed to the ground by hand, it shall be lowered to the ground via covered, dust-tight chute, crane or hoist. All such material shall be removed from the roof as soon as is practicable, but in any event no later than the end of the work shift. (v) Where roofing products which have been labeled as containing asbestos pursuant to paragraph (k)(8) of this section are installed on non-residential roofs during operations covered by this paragraph (g)(12), the employer shall notify the building owner of the presence and location of such materials no later than the end of the job. (vi) All removal or disturbance of pipeline asphaltic wrap shall be performed using wet methods. (h) Respiratory protection General. (i) During all Class I asbestos jobs. (ii) During all Class II work where the ACM is not removed in a substantially intact state. (iii) During all Class II and III work which is not performed using wet methods, provided, however, that respirators need not be worn during removal of ACM from sloped roofs when a negative exposure assessment has been made and the ACM is removed in an intact state. (iv) During all Class II and III asbestos jobs where the employer does not produce a “negative exposure assessment.” (v) During all Class III jobs where TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM is being disturbed. (vi) During all Class IV work performed within regulated areas where employees performing other work are required to wear respirators. (vii) During all work covered by this section where employees are exposed above the TWA or excursion limit. (viii) In emergencies. (2) Respirator selection. (ii) Employers are to provide HEPA filters for powered and non-powered air-purifying respirators. (iii) Employers must: (A) Inform employees that they may require the employer to provide a tight-fitting, powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) permitted for use under paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this standard instead of a negative pressure respirator. (B) Provide employees with a tight-fitting PAPR instead of a negative pressure respirator when the employees choose to use a tight-fitting PAPR and it provides them with the required protection against asbestos. (iv) Employers must provide employees with an air-purifying, half mask respirator, other than a filtering facepiece respirator, whenever the employees perform: (A) Class II or Class III asbestos work for which no negative exposure assessment is available. (B) Class III asbestos work involving disturbance of TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM. (v) Employers must provide employees with: (A) A tight-fitting, powered air-purifying respirator or a full facepiece, supplied-air respirator operated in the pressure-demand mode and equipped with either HEPA egress cartridges or an auxiliary positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) whenever the employees are in a regulated area performing Class I asbestos work for which a negative exposure assessment is not available and the exposure assessment indicates that the exposure level will be at or below 1 f/cc as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). (B) A full facepiece, supplied-air respirator operated in the pressure-demand mode and equipped with an auxiliary positive-pressure SCBA whenever the employees are in a regulated area performing Class I asbestos work for which a negative exposure assessment is not available and the exposure assessment indicates that the exposure level will be above 1 f/cc as an 8-hour TWA. (3) Respirator program. (ii) No employee shall be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based on his or her most recent examination, an examining physician determines that the employee will be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of the employee or of other employees will be impaired by the use of a respirator. Such employees shall be assigned to another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different position, the duties of which he or she is able to perform with the same employer, in the same geographical area, and with the same seniority, status, and rate of pay and other job benefits he or she had just prior to such transfer, if such a different position is available. (i) Protective clothing General. (2) Laundering. (ii) Any employer who gives contaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in paragraph (i)(2)(i) of this section to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos in excess of the TWA excursion limit prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section. (3) The employer shall ensure that contaminated clothing is transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers, and labeled in accordance with paragraph (k) of this section. (4) Inspection of protective clothing. (ii) When rips or tears are detected while an employee is working, rips and tears shall be immediately mended, or the worksuit shall be immediately replaced. (j) Hygiene facilities and practices for employees. (i) Decontamination areas. (A) Equipment room. (B) Shower area. ( 1 ( 2 (C) Clean change room. (ii) Decontamination area entry procedures. (A) Enter the decontamination area through the clean room; (B) Remove and deposit street clothing within a locker provided for their use; and (C) Put on protective clothing and respiratory protection before leaving the clean room. (D) Before entering the regulated area, the employer shall ensure that employees pass through the equipment room. (iii) Decontamination area exit procedures. (A) Before leaving the regulated area, employees shall remove all gross contamination and debris from their protective clothing. (B) Employees shall remove their protective clothing in the equipment room and deposit the clothing in labeled impermeable bags or containers. (C) Employees shall not remove their respirators in the equipment room. (D) Employees shall shower prior to entering the clean room. (E) After showering, employees shall enter the clean room before changing into street clothes. (iv) Lunch areas. (2) Requirements for Class I work involving less than 25 linear or 10 square feet of TSI or surfacing and PACM, and for Class II and Class III asbestos work operations where exposures exceed a PEL or where there is no negative exposure assessment produced before the operation. (ii) The area must be of sufficient size as to accommodate cleaning of equipment and removing personal protective equipment without spreading contamination beyond the area (as determined by visible accumulations). (iii) Work clothing must be cleaned with a HEPA vacuum before it is removed. (iv) All equipment and surfaces of containers filled with ACM must be cleaned prior to removing them from the equipment room or area. (v) The employer shall ensure that employees enter and exit the regulated area through the equipment room or area. (3) Requirements for Class IV work. (4) Smoking in work areas. (k) Communication of hazards. (2) Duties of building/vessel and facility owners. (ii) Building/vessel and/or facility owners shall notify the following persons of the presence, location and quantity of ACM or PACM, at work sites in their buildings/facilities/vessels. Notification either shall be in writing or shall consist of a personal communication between the owner and the person to whom notification must be given or their authorized representatives: (A) Prospective employers applying or bidding for work whose employees reasonably can be expected to work in or adjacent to areas containing such material; (B) Employees of the owner who will work in or adjacent to areas containing such material: (C) On multi-employer worksites, all employers of employees who will be performing work within or adjacent to areas containing such materials; (D) Tenants who will occupy areas containing such materials. (3) Duties of employers whose employees perform work subject to this standard in or adjacent to areas containing ACM and PACM. (i) Before work in areas containing ACM and PACM is begun, employers shall identify the presence, location, and quantity of ACM, and/or PACM therein pursuant to paragraph (k)(1) of this section. (ii) Before work under this standard is performed employers of employees who will perform such work shall inform the following persons of the location and quantity of ACM and/or PACM present at the worksite and the precautions to be taken to ensure that airborne asbestos is confined to the area. (iii) Within 10 days of the completion of such work, the employer whose employees have performed work subject to this standard, shall inform the building/vessel or facility owner and employers of employees who will be working in the area of the current location and quantity of PACM and/or ACM remaining in the former regulated area and final monitoring results, if any. (4) In addition to the above requirements, all employers who discover ACM and/or PACM on a work site shall convey information concerning the presence, location and quantity of such newly discovered ACM and/or PACM to the owner and to other employers of employees working at the work site, within 24 hours of the discovery. (5) Criteria to rebut the designation of installed material as PACM. (i) At any time, an employer and/or building/vessel owner may demonstrate, for purposes of this standard, that PACM does not contain asbestos. Building/vessel owners and/or employers are not required to communicate information about the presence of building material for which such a demonstration pursuant to the requirements of paragraph (k)(5)(ii) of this section has been made. However, in all such cases, the information, data and analysis supporting the determination that PACM does not contain asbestos, shall be retained pursuant to paragraph (n) of this section. (ii) An employer or owner may demonstrate that PACM does not contain more than 1% asbestos by the following: (A) Having completed an inspection conducted pursuant to the requirements of AHERA (40 CFR part 763, subpart E) which demonstrates that the material is not ACM; or (B) Performing tests of the material containing PACM which demonstrate that no ACM is present in the material. Such tests shall include analysis of bulk samples collected in the manner described in 40 CFR 763.86. The tests, evaluation and sample collection shall be conducted by an accredited inspector or by a CIH. Analysis of samples shall be performed by persons or laboratories with proficiency demonstrated by current successful participation in a nationally recognized testing program such as the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) or the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) or the Round Robin for bulk samples administered by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), or an equivalent nationally-recognized round robin testing program. (iii) The employer and/or building/vessel owner may demonstrate that flooring material including associated mastic and backing does not contain asbestos, by a determination of an industrial hygienist based upon recognized analytical techniques showing that the material is not ACM. (6) At the entrance to mechanical rooms/areas in which employees reasonably can be expected to enter and which contain ACM and/or PACM, the building/vessel owner shall post signs which identify the material which is present, its location, and appropriate work practices which, if followed, will ensure that ACM and/or PACM will not be disturbed. The employer shall ensure, to the extent feasible, that employees who come in contact with these signs can comprehend them. Means to ensure employee comprehension may include the use of foreign languages, pictographs, graphics, and awareness training. (7) Hazard communication. (ii) General. (iii) Labels. DANGER CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS MAY CAUSE CANCER CAUSES DAMAGE TO LUNGS DO NOT BREATHE DUST AVOID CREATING DUST (B)( 1 DANGER CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS AVOID CREATING DUST CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD ( 2 (iv) The provisions for labels required in paragraph (k)(7) of this section do not apply where: (A) Asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material, provided that the manufacturer can demonstrate that, during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit will be released, or (B) Asbestos is present in a product in concentrations less than 1.0 percent. (8) Signs. (ii) The warning signs required by this paragraph (k)(8) shall bear the following legend: DANGER ASBESTOS MAY CAUSE CANCER CAUSES DAMAGE TO LUNGS AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY (iii) In addition, where the use of respirators and protective clothing is required in the regulated area under this section, the warning signs shall include the following: WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING IN THIS AREA (iv) The employer shall ensure that employees working in and contiguous to regulated areas comprehend the warning signs required to be posted by paragraph (k)(8) of this section. Means to ensure employee comprehension may include the use of foreign languages, pictographs, and graphics. (v) When a building/vessel owner or employer identifies previously installed PACM and/or ACM, labels or signs shall be affixed or posted so that employees will be notified of what materials contain PACM and/or ACM. The employer shall attach such labels in areas where they will clearly be noticed by employees who are likely to be exposed, such as at the entrance to mechanical room/areas. Signs required by paragraph (k)(6) of this section may be posted in lieu of labels, so long as they contain information required for labeling. The employer shall ensure, to the extent feasible, that employees who come in contact with these signs or labels can comprehend them. Means to ensure employee comprehension may include the use of foreign languages, pictographs, graphics, and awareness training. (vi) Prior to June 1, 2016, employers may use the following legend in lieu of that specified in paragraph (k)(8)(ii) of this section: DANGER ASBESTOS CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY (vii) Prior to June 1, 2016, employers may use the following legend in lieu of that specified in paragraph (k)(8)(iii) of this section: RESPIRATORS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ARE REQUIRED IN THIS AREA (9) Employee information and training. (ii) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter. (iii) Training for Class I operations and for Class II operations that require the use of critical barriers (or equivalent isolation methods) and/or negative pressure enclosures under this section shall be the equivalent in curriculum, training method and length to the EPA Model Accreditation Plan (MAP) asbestos abatement workers training (40 CFR part 763, subpart E, appendix C). (iv) Training for other Class II work. (A) For work with asbestos containing roofing materials, flooring materials, siding materials, ceiling tiles, or transite panels, training shall include at a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specific work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specifically relate to that category. Such course shall include “hands-on” training and shall take at least 8 hours. (B) An employee who works with more than one of the categories of material specified in paragraph (k)(9)(iv)(A) of this section shall receive training in the work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee removes and each removal method that the employee uses. (C) For Class II operations not involving the categories of material specified in paragraph (k)(9)(iv)(A) of this section, training shall be provided which shall include at a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specific work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specifically relate to the category of material being removed, and shall include “hands-on” training in the work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee removes and each removal method that the employee uses. (v) Training for Class III employees shall be consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(2). Such a course shall also include “hands-on” training and shall take at least 16 hours. Exception: For Class III operations for which the competent person determines that the EPA curriculum does not adequately cover the training needed to perform that activity, training shall include as a minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specific work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specifically relate to that activity, and shall include “hands-on” training in the work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee disturbs. (vi) Training for employees performing Class IV operations shall be consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(1). Such a course shall include available information concerning the locations of thermal system insulation and surfacing ACM/PACM, and asbestos-containing flooring material, or flooring material where the absence of asbestos has not yet been certified; and instruction in the recognition of damage, deterioration, and delamination of asbestos containing building materials. Such a course shall take at least 2 hours. (vii) Training for employees who are likely to be exposed in excess of the PEL and who are not otherwise required to be trained under paragraph (k)(9) (iii) through (vi) of this section, shall meet the requirements of paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section. (viii) The training program shall be conducted in a manner that the employee is able to understand. In addition to the content required by the provisions in paragraphs (k)(9)(iii) through (vi) of this section, the employer shall ensure that each such employee is informed of the following: (A) Methods of recognizing asbestos, including the requirement in paragraph (k)(1) of this section to presume that certain building materials contain asbestos; (B) The health effects associated with asbestos exposure; (C) The relationship between smoking and asbestos in producing lung cancer; (D) The nature of operations that could result in exposure to asbestos, the importance of necessary protective controls to minimize exposure including, as applicable, engineering controls, work practices, respirators, housekeeping procedures, hygiene facilities, protective clothing, decontamination procedures, emergency procedures, and waste disposal procedures, and any necessary instruction in the use of these controls and procedures; where Class III and IV work will be or is performed, the contents of EPA 20T-2003, “Managing Asbestos In-Place” July 1990 or its equivalent in content; (E) The purpose, proper use, fitting instructions, and limitations of respirators as required by 29 CFR 1910.134; (F) The appropriate work practices for performing the asbestos job; (G) Medical surveillance program requirements; (H) The content of this standard including appendices; (I) The names, addresses and phone numbers of public health organizations which provide information, materials and/or conduct programs concerning smoking cessation. The employer may distribute the list of such organizations contained in appendix J to this section, to comply with this requirement; and (J) The requirements for posting signs and affixing labels and the meaning of the required legends for such signs and labels. (10) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make readily available to affected employees without cost, written materials relating to the employee training program, including a copy of this regulation. (ii) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary and the Director, upon request, all information and training materials relating to the employee information and training program. (iii) The employer shall inform all employees concerning the availability of self-help smoking cessation program material. Upon employee request, the employer shall distribute such material, consisting of NIH Publication No, 89-1647, or equivalent self-help material, which is approved or published by a public health organization listed in appendix J to this section. (l) Housekeeping Vacuuming. (2) Waste disposal. (3) Care of asbestos-containing flooring/deck material. (ii) Sanding of flooring/deck material is prohibited. (iii) Stripping of finishes shall be conducted using low abrasion pads at speeds lower than 300 rpm and wet methods. (iv) Burnishing or dry buffing may be performed only on flooring/deck which has sufficient finish so that the pad cannot contact the flooring/deck material. (4) Waste and debris and accompanying dust in an area containing accessible thermal system insulation or surfacing ACM/PACM or visibly deteriorated ACM: (i) Shall not be dusted or swept dry, or vacuumed without using a HEPA filter; (ii) Shall be promptly cleaned up and disposed of in leak tight containers. (m) Medical surveillance General Employees covered. (B) For employees otherwise required by this standard to wear a negative pressure respirator, employers shall ensure employees are physically able to perform the work and use the equipment. This determination shall be made under the supervision of a physician. (ii) Examination. (B) Persons other than such licensed physicians who administer the pulmonary function testing required by this section shall complete a training course in spirometry sponsored by an appropriate academic or professional institution. (2) Medical examinations and consultations Frequency. (A) Prior to assignment of the employee to an area where negative-pressure respirators are worn; (B) When the employee is assigned to an area where exposure to asbestos may be at or above the permissible exposure limit for 30 or more days per year, or engage in Class I, II, or III work for a combined total of 30 or more days per year, a medical examination must be given within 10 working days following the thirtieth day of exposure; (C) And at least annually thereafter. (D) If the examining physician determines that any of the examinations should be provided more frequently than specified, the employer shall provide such examinations to affected employees at the frequencies specified by the physician. (E) Exception: No medical examination is required of any employee if adequate records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with this paragraph within the past 1-year period. (ii) Content. (A) A medical and work history with special emphasis directed to the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. (B) On initial examination, the standardized questionnaire contained in part 1 of appendix D to this section and, on annual examination, the abbreviated standardized questionnaire contained in part 2 of appendix D to this section. (C) A physical examination directed to the pulmonary and gastrointestinal systems, including a 14- by 17-inch or other reasonably-sized standard film or digital posterior-anterior chest X-ray to be administered at the discretion of the physician, and pulmonary function tests of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV 1 (D) Any other examinations or tests deemed necessary by the examining physician. (3) Information provided to the physician. (i) A copy of this standard and appendices D, E, and I to this section; (ii) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's exposure; (iii) The employee's representative exposure level or anticipated exposure level; (iv) A description of any personal protective and respiratory equipment used or to be used; and (v) Information from previous medical examinations of the affected employee that is not otherwise available to the examining physician. (4) Physician's written opinion. (A) The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical conditions that would place the employee at an increased risk of material health impairment from exposure to asbestos; (B) Any recommended limitations on the employee or on the use of personal protective equipment such as respirators; and (C) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the medical examination and of any medical conditions that may result from asbestos exposure. (D) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the increased risk of lung cancer attributable to the combined effect of smoking and asbestos exposure. (ii) The employer shall instruct the physician not to reveal in the written opinion given to the employer specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure to asbestos. (iii) The employer shall provide a copy of the physician's written opinion to the affected employee within 30 days from its receipt. (n) Recordkeeping Objective data relied on pursuant to paragraph (f) of this section. (ii) The record shall include at least the following information: (A) The product qualifying for exemption; (B) The source of the objective data; (C) The testing protocol, results of testing, and/or analysis of the material for the release of asbestos; (D) A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the exemption; and (E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee exposures covered by the exemption. (iii) The employer shall maintain this record for the duration of the employer's reliance upon such objective data. (2) Exposure measurements. (ii) This record shall include at least the following information: (A) The date of measurement; (B) The operation involving exposure to asbestos that is being monitored; (C) Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy; (D) Number, duration, and results of samples taken; (E) Type of protective devices worn, if any; and (F) Name and exposure of the employees whose exposures are represented. (iii) The employer shall maintain this record for at least thirty (30) years, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020. (3) Medical surveillance. (ii) The record shall include at least the following information: (A) The name of the employee; (B) A copy of the employee's medical examination results, including the medical history, questionnaire responses, results of any tests, and physician's recommendations. (C) Physician's written opinions; (D) Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to asbestos; and (E) A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by paragraph (m) of this section. (iii) The employer shall ensure that this record is maintained for the duration of employment plus thirty (30) years, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020. (4) Training records. (5) Data to rebut PACM. (ii) [Reserved] (6) Records of required notification. (ii) [Reserved] (7) Availability. (ii) The employer, upon request, shall make any exposure records required by paragraphs (f) and (n) of this section available for examination and copying to affected employees, former employees, designated representatives, and the Assistant Secretary, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020(a) through (e) and (g) through (i). (iii) The employer, upon request, shall make employee medical records required by paragraphs (m) and (n) of this section available for examination and copying to the subject employee, anyone having the specific written consent of the subject employee, and the Assistant Secretary, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020. (8) Transfer of records. (o) Qualified person General. (2) Required inspections by the qualified person. (3) Additional inspections. (i) On all worksites where employees are engaged in Class I or II asbestos work, the qualified person designated in accordance with paragraph (e)(6) of this section shall perform or supervise the following duties, as applicable: (A) Set up the regulated area, enclosure, or other containment; (B) Ensure (by on-site inspection) the integrity of the enclosure or containment; (C) Set up procedures to control entry to and exit from the enclosure and/or area; (D) Supervise all employee exposure monitoring required by this section and ensure that it is conducted as required by paragraph (f) of this section; (E) Ensure that employees working within the enclosure and/or using glove bags wear respirators and protective clothing as required by paragraphs (h) and (i) of this section; (F) Ensure through on-site supervision, that employees set up, use, and remove engineering controls, use work practices and personal protective equipment in compliance with all requirements; (G) Ensure that employees use the hygiene facilities and observe the decontamination procedures specified in paragraph (j) of this section; (H) Ensure that through on-site inspection, engineering controls are functioning properly and employees are using proper work practices; and (I) Ensure that notification requirements in paragraph (k) of this section are met. (4) Training for the competent person. (ii) For Class III and IV asbestos work, the qualified person shall be trained in aspects of asbestos handling appropriate for the nature of the work, to include procedures for setting up glove bags and mini-enclosures, practices for reducing asbestos exposures, use of wet methods, the contents of this standard, and the identification of asbestos. Such training shall include successful completion of a course that is consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(2), or its equivalent in stringency, content, and length. Qualified persons for Class III and Class IV work may also be trained pursuant to the requirements of paragraph (o)(4)(i) of this section. (p) Appendices. (2) Appendices B, F, H, I, J, and K to this section are informational and are not intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligations. Appendix A to § 1915.1001—OSHA Reference Method (Mandatory) This mandatory appendix specifies the procedure for analyzing air samples for asbestos, and specifies quality control procedures that must be implemented by laboratories performing the analysis. The sampling and analytical methods described below represent the elements of the available monitoring methods (such as appendix B to this section, the most current version of the OSHA method ID-160, or the most current version of the NIOSH Method 7400) which OSHA considers to be essential to achieve adequate employee exposure monitoring while allowing employers to use methods that are already established within their organizations. All employers who are required to conduct air monitoring under paragraph (f) of this section are required to utilize analytical laboratories that use this procedure, or an equivalent method, for collecting and analyzing samples. Sampling and Analytical Procedure 1. The sampling medium for air samples shall be mixed cellulose ester filter membranes. These shall be designated by the manufacturer as suitable for asbestos counting. See below for rejection of blanks. 2. The preferred collection device shall be the 25-mm diameter cassette with an open-faced 50-mm extension cowl. The 37-mm cassette may be used if necessary but only if written justification for the need to use the 37-mm filter cassette accompanies the sample results in the employee's exposure monitoring record. Other cassettes such as the Bell-mouth may be used within the limits of their validation. Do not reuse or reload cassettes for asbestos sample collection. 3. An air flow rate between 0.5 liter/min and 5 liters/min shall be selected for the 25-mm cassette. If the 37-mm cassette is used, an air flow rate between 1 liter/min and 5 liters/min shall be selected. 4. Where possible, a sufficient air volume for each air sample shall be collected to yield between 100 and 1,300 fibers per square millimeter on the membrane filter. If a filter darkens in appearance or if loose dust is seen on the filter, a second sample shall be started. 5. Ship the samples in a rigid container with sufficient packing material to prevent dislodging the collected fibers. Packing material that has a high electrostatic charge on its surface (e.g., expanded polystyrene) cannot be used because such material can cause loss of fibers to the sides of the cassette. 6. Calibrate each personal sampling pump before and after use with a representative filter cassette installed between the pump and the calibration devices. 7. Personal samples shall be taken in the “breathing zone” of the employee (i.e., attached to or near the collar or lapel near the worker's face). 8. Fiber counts shall be made by positive phase contrast using a microscope with an 8 to 10× eyepiece and a 40 to 45× objective for a total magnification of approximately 400× and a numerical aperture of 0.65 to 0.75. The microscope shall also be fitted with a green or blue filter. 9. The microscope shall be fitted with a Walton-Beckett eyepiece graticule calibrated for a field diameter of 100 micrometers (±2 micrometers). 10. The phase-shift detection limit of the microscope shall be about 3 degrees measured using the HSE phase shift test slide as outlined below. a. Place the test slide on the microscope stage and center it under the phase objective. b. Bring the blocks of grooved lines into focus. Note: The slide consists of seven sets of grooved lines (ca. 20 grooves to each block) in descending order of visibility from sets 1 to 7, seven being the least visible. The requirements for asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite counting are that the microscope optics must resolve the grooved lines in set 3 completely, although they may appear somewhat faint, and that the grooved lines in sets 6 and 7 must be invisible. Sets 4 and 5 must be at least partially visible but may vary slightly in visibility between microscopes. A microscope that fails to meet these requirements has either too low or too high a resolution to be used for asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite counting. c. If the image deteriorates, clean and adjust the microscope optics. If the problem persists, consult the microscope manufacturer. 11. Each set of samples taken will include 10% field blanks or a minimum of 2 field blanks. These blanks must come from the same lot as the filters used for sample collection. The field blank results shall be averaged and subtracted from the analytical results before reporting. A set consists of any sample or group of samples for which an evaluation for this standard must be made. Any samples represented by a field blank having a fiber count in excess of the detection limit of the method being used shall be rejected. 12. The samples shall be mounted by the acetone/triacetin method or a method with an equivalent index of refraction and similar clarity. 13. Observe the following counting rules. a. Count only fibers equal to or longer than 5 micrometers. Measure the length of curved fibers along the curve. b. In the absence of other information, count all particles as asbestos that have a length-to-width ratio (aspect ratio) of 3 to 1 or greater. c. Fibers lying entirely within the boundary of the Walton-Beckett graticule field shall receive a count of 1. Fibers crossing the boundary once, having one end within the circle, shall receive the count of one half ( 1/2 d. Count bundles of fibers as one fiber unless individual fibers can be identified by observing both ends of an individual fiber. e. Count enough graticule fields to yield 100 fibers. Count a minimum of 20 fields; stop counting at 100 fields regardless of fiber count. 14. Blind recounts shall be conducted at the rate of 10 percent. Quality Control Procedures 1. Intra-laboratory program. Each laboratory and/or each company with more than one microscopist counting slides shall establish a statistically designed quality assurance program involving blind recounts and comparisons between microscopists to monitor the variability of counting by each microscopist and between microscopists. In a company with more than one laboratory, the program shall include all laboratories and shall also evaluate the laboratory-to-laboratory variability. 2. a. Interlaboratory program. Each laboratory analyzing asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite samples for compliance determination shall implement an interlaboratory quality assurance program that as a minimum includes participation of at least two other independent laboratories. Each laboratory shall participate in round robin testing at least once every 6 months with at least all the other laboratories in its interlaboratory quality assurance group. Each laboratory shall submit slides typical of its own work load for use in this program. The round robin shall be designed and results analyzed using appropriate statistical methodology. b. All laboratories should participate in a national sample testing scheme such as the Proficiency Analytical Testing Program (PAT), the Asbestos Registry sponsored by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). 3. All individuals performing asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite analysis must have taken the NIOSH course for sampling and evaluating airborne asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite dust or an equivalent course. 4. When the use of different microscopes contributes to differences between counters and laboratories, the effect of the different microscope shall be evaluated and the microscope shall be replaced, as necessary. 5. Current results of these quality assurance programs shall be posted in each laboratory to keep the microscopists informed. Appendix B to § 1915.1001—Detailed Procedures for Asbestos Sampling and Analysis (Non-mandatory) Matrix: Air OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits: Time Weighted Average 0.1 fiber/cc Excursion Level (30 minutes) 1.0 fiber/cc Collection Procedure: A known volume of air is drawn through a 25-mm diameter cassette containing a mixed-cellulose ester filter. The cassette must be equipped with an electrically conductive 50-mm extension cowl. The sampling time and rate are chosen to give a fiber density of between 100 to 1,300 fibers/mm 2 Recommended Sampling Rate 0.5 to 5.0 liters/minute (L/min) Recommended Air Volumes: Minimum 25 L Maximum 2,400 L Analytical Procedure: A portion of the sample filter is cleared and prepared for asbestos fiber counting by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) at 400X. Commercial manufacturers and products mentioned in this method are for descriptive use only and do not constitute endorsements by USDOL-OSHA. Similar products from other sources can be substituted. 1. Introduction This method describes the collection of airborne asbestos fibers using calibrated sampling pumps with mixed-cellulose ester (MCE) filters and analysis by phase contrast microscopy (PCM). Some terms used are unique to this method and are defined below: Asbestos: Chrysotile Mg 3 2 5 4 Crocidolite Na 2 3 2 8 22 Amosite (Mg,Fe) 7 8 22 2 Tremolite-actinolite Ca 2 5 8 22 2 Anthophyllite (Mg,Fe) 7 8 22 2 Asbestos Fiber: Aspect Ratio: Cleavage Fragments: Detection Limit: Differential Counting: Fiber: Field: Set: Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite: Walton-Beckett Graticule: 2 1.1. History Early surveys to determine asbestos exposures were conducted using impinger counts of total dust with the counts expressed as million particles per cubic foot. The British Asbestos Research Council recommended filter membrane counting in 1969. In July 1969, the Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health published a filter membrane method for counting asbestos fibers in the United States. This method was refined by NIOSH and published as P & CAM 239. On May 29, 1971, OSHA specified filter membrane sampling with phase contrast counting for evaluation of asbestos exposures at work sites in the United States. The use of this technique was again required by OSHA in 1986. Phase contrast microscopy has continued to be the method of choice for the measurement of occupational exposure to asbestos. 1.2. Principle Air is drawn through a MCE filter to capture airborne asbestos fibers. A wedge shaped portion of the filter is removed, placed on a glass microscope slide and made transparent. A measured area (field) is viewed by PCM. All the fibers meeting defined criteria for asbestos are counted and considered a measure of the airborne asbestos concentration. 1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages There are four main advantages of PCM over other methods: (1) The technique is specific for fibers. Phase contrast is a fiber counting technique which excludes non-fibrous particles from the analysis. (2) The technique is inexpensive and does not require specialized knowledge to carry out the analysis for total fiber counts. (3) The analysis is quick and can be performed on-site for rapid determination of air concentrations of asbestos fibers. (4) The technique has continuity with historical epidemiological studies so that estimates of expected disease can be inferred from long-term determinations of asbestos exposures. The main disadvantage of PCM is that it does not positively identify asbestos fibers. Other fibers which are not asbestos may be included in the count unless differential counting is performed. This requires a great deal of experience to adequately differentiate asbestos from non-asbestos fibers. Positive identification of asbestos must be performed by polarized light or electron microscopy techniques. A further disadvantage of PCM is that the smallest visible fibers are about 0.2 µm in diameter while the finest asbestos fibers may be as small as 0.02 µm in diameter. For some exposures, substantially more fibers may be present than are actually counted. 1.4. Workplace Exposure Asbestos is used by the construction industry in such products as shingles, floor tiles, asbestos cement, roofing felts, insulation and acoustical products. Non-construction uses include brakes, clutch facings, paper, paints, plastics, and fabrics. One of the most significant exposures in the workplace is the removal and encapsulation of asbestos in schools, public buildings, and homes. Many workers have the potential to be exposed to asbestos during these operations. About 95% of the asbestos in commercial use in the United States is chrysotile. Crocidolite and amosite make up most of the remainder. Anthophyllite and tremolite or actinolite are likely to be encountered as contaminants in various industrial products. 1.5. Physical Properties Asbestos fiber possesses a high tensile strength along its axis, is chemically inert, non-combustible, and heat resistant. It has a high electrical resistance and good sound absorbing properties. It can be weaved into cables, fabrics or other textiles, and also matted into asbestos papers, felts, or mats. 2. Range and Detection Limit 2.1. The ideal counting range on the filter is 100 to 1,300 fibers/mm 2 2.2. The detection limit for this method is 4.0 fibers per 100 fields or 5.5 fibers/mm 2 Lower Control Limit (95% Confidence) = AC—1.645(CV)(AC) Where: AC = Estimate of the airborne fiber concentration (fibers/cc) Setting the Lower Control Limit = 0 and solving for CV: 0 = AC—1.645(CV)(AC) CV = 0.61 This value was compared with CV vs. count curves. The count at which CV = 0.61 for Leidel-Busch counting statistics (8.9.) or for an OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center (OSHA-SLTC) CV curve (see appendix A for further information) was 4.4 fibers or 3.9 fibers per 100 fields, respectively. Although a lower detection limit of 4 fibers per 100 fields is supported by the OSHA-SLTC data, both data sets support the 4.5 fibers per 100 fields value. 3. Method Performance—Precision and Accuracy Precision is dependent upon the total number of fibers counted and the uniformity of the fiber distribution on the filter. A general rule is to count at least 20 and not more than 100 fields. The count is discontinued when 100 fibers are counted, provided that 20 fields have already been counted. Counting more than 100 fibers results in only a small gain in precision. As the total count drops below 10 fibers, an accelerated loss of precision is noted. At this time, there is no known method to determine the absolute accuracy of the asbestos analysis. Results of samples prepared through the Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) Program and analyzed by the OSHA-SLTC showed no significant bias when compared to PAT reference values. The PAT samples were analyzed from 1987 to 1989 (N = 36) and the concentration range was from 120 to 1,300 fibers/mm 2 4. Interferences Fibrous substances, if present, may interfere with asbestos analysis. Some common fibers are: fiberglass anhydrate plant fibers perlite veins gypsum some synthetic fibers membrane structures sponge spicules diatoms microorganism wollastonite The use of electron microscopy or optical tests such as polarized light, and dispersion staining may be used to differentiate these materials from asbestos when necessary. 5. Sampling 5.1. Equipment 5.1.1. Notes: (a) DO NOT RE-USE CASSETTES. (b) Fully conductive cassettes are required to reduce fiber loss to the sides of the cassette due to electrostatic attraction. (c) Purchase filters which have been selected by the manufacturer for asbestos counting or analyze representative filters for fiber background before use. Discard the filter lot if more than 4 fibers/100 fields are found. (d) To decrease the possibility of contamination, the sampling system (filter-backup pad-cassette) for asbestos is usually preassembled by the manufacturer. (e) Other cassettes, such as the Bell-mouth, may be used within the limits of their validation. 5.1.2. 5.1.3. Each pump must be a battery operated, self-contained unit small enough to be placed on the monitored employee and not interfere with the work being performed. The pump must be capable of sampling at the collection rate for the required sampling time. 5.1.4. 5.1.5. Stopwatch and bubble tube/burette or electronic meter. 5.2. Sampling Procedure 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.2.3. 5.2.4. 5.2.5. Note: If sampling site calibration is not possible, environmental influences may affect the flow rate. The extent is dependent on the type of pump used. Consult with the pump manufacturer to determine dependence on environmental influences. If the pump is affected by temperature and pressure changes, correct the flow rate by using the formula shown in the section “Sampling Pump Flow Rate Corrections” at the end of this appendix. 5.2.6. 5.2.7. 5.2.8. Environment Air vol. (L) Asbestos removal operations (visible dust) 100 Asbestos removal operations (little dust) 240 Office environments 400 to 2,400 Caution: While sampling, observe the filter with a small flashlight. If there is a visible layer of dust on the filter, stop sampling, remove and seal the cassette, and replace with a new sampling assembly. The total dust loading should not exceed 1 mg. 5.2.9. 5.2.10. 5.2.11 5.3. Sample Shipment 5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.3. 6. Analysis 6.1. Safety Precautions 6.1.1. 6.1.2. Caution: 6.2. Equipment 6.2.1. 6.2.2. 6.2.3. 6.2.4. 6.2.5. 6.2.6. 6.2.7. 6.2.8. 6.2.9. 6.2.10. 1/2 6.2.11. 6.2.12. 6.2.13. 6.2.14. 6.2.15. 6.3. Reagents 6.3.1. 6.3.2. 6.3.3. 6.4. Standard Preparation A way to prepare standard asbestos samples of known concentration has not been developed. It is possible to prepare replicate samples of nearly equal concentration. This has been performed through the PAT program. These asbestos samples are distributed by the AIHA to participating laboratories. Since only about one-fourth of a 25-mm sample membrane is required for an asbestos count, any PAT sample can serve as a “standard” for replicate counting. 6.5. Sample Mounting Note: See Safety Precautions in Section 6.1. before proceeding. The objective is to produce samples with a smooth (non-grainy) background in a medium with a refractive index of approximately 1.46. The technique below collapses the filter for easier focusing and produces permanent mounts which are useful for quality control and interlaboratory comparison. An aluminum block or similar device is required for sample preparation. 6.5.1. 6.5.2. 6.5.3. 6.5.4. 6.5.5. 6.5.6. Note: 6.5.7. 6.5.8. 6.5.9. 6.6. Sample Analysis Completely align the microscope according to the manufacturer's instructions. Then, align the microscope using the following general alignment routine at the beginning of every counting session and more often if necessary. 6.6.1. Alignment (1) Clean all optical surfaces. Even a small amount of dirt can significantly degrade the image. (2) Rough focus the objective on a sample. (3) Close down the field iris so that it is visible in the field of view. Focus the image of the iris with the condenser focus. Center the image of the iris in the field of view. (4) Install the phase telescope and focus on the phase rings. Critically center the rings. Misalignment of the rings results in astigmatism which will degrade the image. (5) Place the phase-shift test slide on the microscope stage and focus on the lines. The analyst must see line set 3 and should see at least parts of 4 and 5 but, not see line set 6 or 6. A microscope/microscopist combination which does not pass this test may not be used. 6.6.2. Counting Fibers (1) Place the prepared sample slide on the mechanical stage of the microscope. Position the center of the wedge under the objective lens and focus upon the sample. (2) Start counting from one end of the wedge and progress along a radial line to the other end (count in either direction from perimeter to wedge tip). Select fields randomly, without looking into the eyepieces, by slightly advancing the slide in one direction with the mechanical stage control. (3) Continually scan over a range of focal planes (generally the upper 10 to 15 µm of the filter surface) with the fine focus control during each field count. Spend at least 5 to 15 seconds per field. (4) Most samples will contain asbestos fibers with fiber diameters less than 1 µm. Look carefully for faint fiber images. The small diameter fibers will be very hard to see. However, they are an important contribution to the total count. (5) Count only fibers equal to or longer than 5 µm. Measure the length of curved fibers along the curve. (6) Count fibers which have a length to width ratio of 3:1 or greater. (7) Count all the fibers in at least 20 fields. Continue counting until either 100 fibers are counted or 100 fields have been viewed; whichever occurs first. Count all the fibers in the final field. (8) Fibers lying entirely within the boundary of the Walton-Beckett graticule field shall receive a count of 1. Fibers crossing the boundary once, having one end within the circle shall receive a count of 1/2 (9) Count bundles of fibers as one fiber unless individual fibers can be clearly identified and each individual fiber is clearly not connected to another counted fiber. See figure 1 for counting conventions. (10) Record the number of fibers in each field in a consistent way such that filter non-uniformity can be assessed. (11) Regularly check phase ring alignment. (12) When an agglomerate (mass of material) covers more than 25% of the field of view, reject the field and select another. Do not include it in the number of fields counted. (13) Perform a “blind recount” of 1 in every 10 filter wedges (slides). Re-label the slides using a person other than the original counter. 6.7. Fiber Identification As previously mentioned in Section 1.3., PCM does not provide positive confirmation of asbestos fibers. Alternate differential counting techniques should be used if discrimination is desirable. Differential counting may include primary discrimination based on morphology, polarized light analysis of fibers, or modification of PCM data by Scanning Electron or Transmission Electron Microscopy. A great deal of experience is required to routinely and correctly perform differential counting. It is discouraged unless it is legally necessary. Then, only if a fiber is obviously not asbestos should it be excluded from the count. Further discussion of this technique can be found in reference 8.10. If there is a question whether a fiber is asbestos or not, follow the rule: “WHEN IN DOUBT, COUNT.” 6.8. Analytical Recommendations—Quality Control System 6.8.1. 6.8.2. 6.8.3. 6.8.4. The analyses done by the counters to establish the slide bank may be used for an interim quality control program if the data are treated in a proper statistical fashion. 7. Calculations 7.1. Calculate the estimated airborne asbestos fiber concentration on the filter sample using the following formula: Where: AC = Airborne fiber concentration FB = Total number of fibers greater than 5 µm counted FL = Total number of fields counted on the filter BFB = Total number of fibers greater than 5 µm counted in the blank BFL = Total number of fields counted on the blank ECA = Effective collecting area of filter (385 mm 2 FR = Pump flow rate (L/min) MFA = Microscope count field area (mm 2 2 T = Sample collection time (min) 1,000 = Conversion of L to cc Note: The collection area of a filter is seldom equal to 385 mm 2 Area = π(d/2) 2 7.2. Short-cut Calculation Since a given analyst always has the same interpupillary distance, the number of fields per filter for a particular analyst will remain constant for a given size filter. The field size for that analyst is constant (i.e. the analyst is using an assigned microscope and is not changing the reticle). For example, if the exposed area of the filter is always 385 mm 2 2 7.3. Recount Calculations As mentioned in step 13 of Section 6.6.2., a “blind recount” of 10% of the slides is performed. In all cases, differences will be observed between the first and second counts of the same filter wedge. Most of these differences will be due to chance alone, that is, due to the random variability (precision) of the count method. Statistical recount criteria enables one to decide whether observed differences can be explained due to chance alone or are probably due to systematic differences between analysts, microscopes, or other biasing factors. The following recount criterion is for a pair of counts that estimate AC in fibers/cc. The criterion is given at the type-I error level. That is, there is 5% maximum risk that we will reject a pair of counts for the reason that one might be biased, when the large observed difference is really due to chance. Reject a pair of counts if: Where: AC 1 AC 2 AC avg CV FB If a pair of counts are rejected by this criterion then, recount the rest of the filters in the submitted set. Apply the test and reject any other pairs failing the test. Rejection shall include a memo to the industrial hygienist stating that the sample failed a statistical test for homogeneity and the true air concentration may be significantly different than the reported value. 7.4. Reporting Results Report results to the industrial hygienist as fibers/cc. Use two significant figures. If multiple analyses are performed on a sample, an average of the results is to be reported unless any of the results can be rejected for cause. 8. References 8.1. Dreesen, W.C., et al, U.S. Public Health Service: A Study of Asbestosis in the Asbestos Textile Industry, 8.2. Asbestos Research Council: The Measurement of Airborne Asbestos Dust by the Membrane Filter Method 8.3. Bayer, S.G., Zumwalde, R.D., Brown, T.A., Equipment and Procedure for Mounting Millipore Filters and Counting Asbestos Fibers by Phase Contrast Microscopy, 8.4. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 8.5. Asbestos, 8.6. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite. Final Rule, Federal Register 8.7. Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 8.8. Criteria for a Recommended Standard—Occupational Exposure to Asbestos 8.9. Leidel, N.A., Bayer, S.G., Zumwalde, R.D., Busch, K.A., USPHS/NIOSH Membrane Filter Method for Evaluating Airborne Asbestos Fibers 8.10. Dixon, W.C., Applications of Optical Microscopy in Analysis of Asbestos and Quartz, Quality Control The OSHA asbestos regulations require each laboratory to establish a quality control program. The following is presented as an example of how the OSHA-SLTC constructed its internal CV curve as part of meeting this requirement. Data is from 395 samples collected during OSHA compliance inspections and analyzed from October 1980 through April 1986. Each sample was counted by 2 to 5 different counters independently of one another. The standard deviation and the CV statistic was calculated for each sample. This data was then plotted on a graph of CV vs. fibers/mm 2 CV = antilog 10 10 2 10 Where: x = the number of fibers/mm 2 Application of least squares gave: A = 0.182205 B = −0.973343 C = 0.327499 Using these values, the equation becomes: CV = antilog 10 10 2 10 Sampling Pump Flow Rate Corrections This correction is used if a difference greater than 5% in ambient temperature and/or pressure is noted between calibration and sampling sites and the pump does not compensate for the differences. Where: Q act Q cal P cal P act T act T cal Walton-Beckett Graticule When ordering the Graticule for asbestos counting, specify the exact disc diameter needed to fit the ocular of the microscope and the diameter (mm) of the circular counting area. Instructions for measuring the dimensions necessary are listed: (1) Insert any available graticule into the focusing eyepiece and focus so that the graticule lines are sharp and clear. (2) Align the microscope. (3) Place a stage micrometer on the microscope object stage and focus the microscope on the graduated lines. (4) Measure the magnified grid length, PL (µm), using the stage micrometer. (5) Remove the graticule from the microscope and measure its actual grid length, AL (mm). This can be accomplished by using a mechanical stage fitted with verniers, or a jeweler's loupe with a direct reading scale. (6) Let D = 100 µm. Calculate the circle diameter, d c Example: If PL = 108 µm, AL = 2.93 mm and D = 100 µm, then, (7) Each eyepiece-objective-reticle combination on the microscope must be calibrated. Should any of the three be changed (by zoom adjustment, disassembly, replacement, etc.), the combination must be recalibrated. Calibration may change if interpupillary distance is changed. Measure the field diameter, D (acceptable range: 100 ±2 µm) with a stage micrometer upon receipt of the graticule from the manufacturer. Determine the field area (mm 2 Field Area = π(D/2) 2 If D = 100 µm = 0.1 mm, then Field Area = π(0.1 mm/2) 2 2 The Graticule is available from: Graticules Ltd., Morley Road, Tonbridge TN9 IRN, Kent, England (Telephone 011-44-732-359061). Also available from PTR Optics Ltd., 145 Newton Street, Waltham, MA 02154 [telephone (617) 891-6000] or McCrone Accessories and Components, 2506 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60616 [phone (312) 842-7100]. The graticule is custom made for each microscope. Counts for the Fibers in the Figure Structure No. Count Explanation 1 to 6 1 Single fibers all contained within the circle. 7 1 2 Fiber crosses circle once. 8 0 Fiber too short. 9 2 Two crossing fibers. 10 0 Fiber outside graticule. 11 0 Fiber crosses graticule twice. 12 1 2 Although split, fiber only crosses once. Appendix C to § 1915.1001—Qualitative and Quantitative Fit Testing Procedures. Mandatory Employers must perform fit testing in accordance with the fit-testing requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(f) and the qualitative and quantitative fit-testing protocols and procedures specified in Appendix A of 29 CFR 1910.134. Appendix D to § 1915.1001—Medical Questionnaires. Mandatory This mandatory appendix contains the medical questionnaires that must be administered to all employees who are exposed to asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, actinolite, or a combination of these minerals above the permissible exposure limit (0.1 f/cc), and who will therefore be included in their employer's medical surveillance program. Part 1 of the appendix contains the Initial Medical Questionnaire, which must be obtained for all new hires who will be covered by the medical surveillance requirements. Part 2 includes the abbreviated Periodical Medical Questionnaire, which must be administered to all employees who are provided periodic medical examinations under the medical surveillance provisions of the standard. Appendix E to § 1915.1001—Classification of Chest X-Rays. Mandatory (a) Chest X-rays shall be classified in accordance with the Guidelines for the use of the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses (revised edition 2011) (incorporated by reference, see § 1915.5), and recorded on a classification form following the format of the CDC/NIOSH (M) 2.8 form. As a minimum, the content within the bold lines of this form (items 1 through 4) shall be included. This form is not to be submitted to NIOSH. (b) All X-rays shall be classified only by a B-Reader, a board eligible/certified radiologist, or an experienced physician with known expertise in pneumoconioses. (c) Whenever classifying chest X-ray film, the physician shall have immediately available for reference a complete set of the ILO standard format radiographs provided for use with the Guidelines for the use of the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses (revised edition 2011). (d) Whenever classifying digitally-acquired chest X-rays, the physician shall have immediately available for reference a complete set of ILO standard digital chest radiographic images provided for use with the Guidelines for the Use of the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses (revised edition 2011). Classification of digitally-acquired chest X-rays shall be based on the viewing of images displayed as electronic copies and shall not be based on the viewing of hard copy printed transparencies of images. Appendix F to § 1915.1001—Work Practices and Engineering Controls for Class I Asbestos Operations Non-Mandatory This is a non-mandatory appendix to the asbestos standards for construction and for shipyards. It describes criteria and procedures for erecting and using negative pressure enclosures for Class I Asbestos Work, when NPEs are used as an allowable control method to comply with paragraph (g)(5) (i) of this section. Many small and variable details are involved in the erection of a negative pressure enclosure. OSHA and most participants in the rulemaking agreed that only the major, more performance oriented criteria should be made mandatory. These criteria are set out in paragraph (g) of this section. In addition, this appendix includes these mandatory specifications and procedures in its guidelines in order to make this appendix coherent and helpful. The mandatory nature of the criteria which appear in the regulatory text is not changed because they are included in this “non-mandatory” appendix. Similarly, the additional criteria and procedures included as guidelines in the appendix, do not become mandatory because mandatory criteria are also included in these comprehensive guidelines. In addition, none of the criteria, both mandatory and recommended, are meant to specify or imply the need for use of patented or licensed methods or equipment. Recommended specifications included in this attachment should not discourage the use of creative alternatives which can be shown to reliably achieve the objectives of negative-pressure enclosures. Requirements included in this appendix, cover general provisions to be followed in all asbestos jobs, provisions which must be followed for all Class I asbestos jobs, and provisions governing the construction and testing of negative pressure enclosures. The first category includes the requirement for use of wet methods, HEPA vacuums, and immediate bagging of waste; Class I work must conform to the following provisions: • oversight by competent person • use of critical barriers over all openings to work area • isolation of HVAC systems • use of impermeable dropcloths and coverage of all objects within regulated areas In addition, more specific requirements for NPEs include: • maintenance of −0.02 inches water gauge within enclosure • manometric measurements • air movement away from employees performing removal work • smoke testing or equivalent for detection of leaks and air direction • deactivation of electrical circuits, if not provided with ground-fault circuit interrupters. Planning the Project The standard requires that an exposure assessment be conducted before the asbestos job is begun § 1915.1001(f)(1). Information needed for that assessment, includes data relating to prior similar jobs, as applied to the specific variables of the current job. The information needed to conduct the assessment will be useful in planning the project, and in complying with any reporting requirements under this standard, when significant changes are being made to a control system listed in the standard, [see paragraph (k) of this section], as well as those of USEPA (40 CFR part 61, subpart M). Thus, although the standard does not explicitly require the preparation of a written asbestos removal plan, the usual constituents of such a plan, i.e., a description of the enclosure, the equipment, and the procedures to be used throughout the project, must be determined before the enclosure can be erected. The following information should be included in the planning of the system: A physical description of the work area; A description of the approximate amount of material to be removed; A schedule for turning off and sealing existing ventilation systems; Personnel hygiene procedures; A description of personal protective equipment and clothing to worn by employees; A description of the local exhaust ventilation systems to be used and how they are to be tested; A description of work practices to be observed by employees; An air monitoring plan; A description of the method to be used to transport waste material; and The location of the dump site. Materials and Equipment Necessary for Asbestos Removal Although individual asbestos removal projects vary in terms of the equipment required to accomplish the removal of the materials, some equipment and materials are common to most asbestos removal operations. Plastic sheeting used to protect horizontal surfaces, seal HVAC openings or to seal vertical openings and ceilings should have a minimum thickness of 6 mils. Tape or other adhesive used to attach plastic sheeting should be of sufficient adhesive strength to support the weight of the material plus all stresses encountered during the entire duration of the project without becoming detached from the surface. Other equipment and materials which should be available at the beginning of each project are: —HEPA Filtered Vacuum is essential for cleaning the work area after the asbestos has been removed. It should have a long hose capable of reaching out-of-the-way places, such as areas above ceiling tiles, behind pipes, etc. —Portable air ventilation systems installed to provide the negative air pressure and air removal from the enclosure must be equipped with a HEPA filter. The number and capacity of units required to ventilate an enclosure depend on the size of the area to be ventilated. The filters for these systems should be designed in such a manner that they can be replaced when the air flow volume is reduced by the build-up of dust in the filtration material. Pressure monitoring devices with alarms and strip chart recorders attached to each system to indicate the pressure differential and the loss due to dust buildup on the filter are recommended. —Water sprayers should be used to keep the asbestos material as saturated as possible during removal; the sprayers will provide a fine mist that minimizes the impact of the spray on the material. —Water used to saturate the asbestos containing material can be amended by adding at least 15 milliliters ( 1/4 —Backup power supplies are recommended, especially for ventilation systems. —Shower and bath water should be with mixed hot and cold water faucets. Water that has been used to clean personnel or equipment should either be filtered or be collected and discarded as asbestos waste. Soap and shampoo should be provided to aid in removing dust from the workers' skin and hair. —See paragraphs (h) and (i) of this section for appropriate respiratory protection and protective clothing. —See paragraph (k) of this section for required signs and labels. Preparing the Work Area Disabling HVAC Systems: The power to the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems that service the restricted area must be deactivated and locked off. All ducts, grills, access ports, windows and vents must be sealed off with two layers of plastic to prevent entrainment of contaminated air. Operating HVAC Systems in the Restricted Area: If components of a HVAC system located in the restricted area are connected to a system that will service another zone during the project, the portion of the duct in the restricted area must be sealed and pressurized. Necessary precautions include caulking the duct joints, covering all cracks and openings with two layers of sheeting, and pressurizing the duct throughout the duration of the project by restricting the return air flow. The power to the fan supplying the positive pressure should be locked “on” to prevent pressure loss. Sealing Elevators: If an elevator shaft is located in the restricted area, it should be either shut down or isolated by sealing with two layers of plastic sheeting. The sheeting should provide enough slack to accommodate the pressure changes in the shaft without breaking the air-tight seal. Removing Mobile Objects: All movable objects should be cleaned and removed from the work area before an enclosure is constructed unless moving the objects creates a hazard. Mobile objects will be assumed to be contaminated and should be either cleaned with amended water and a HEPA vacuum and then removed from the area or wrapped and then disposed of as hazardous waste. Cleaning and Sealing Surfaces: After cleaning with water and a HEPA vacuum, surfaces of stationary objects should be covered with two layers of plastic sheeting. The sheeting should be secured with duct tape or an equivalent method to provide a tight seal around the object. Bagging Waste: In addition to the requirement for immediate bagging of waste for disposal, it is further recommended that the waste material be double-bagged and sealed in plastic bags designed for asbestos disposal. The bags should be stored in a waste storage area that can be controlled by the workers conducting the removal. Filters removed from air handling units and rubbish removed from the area are to be bagged and handled as hazardous waste. Constructing the Enclosure The enclosure should be constructed to provide an air-tight seal around ducts and openings into existing ventilation systems and around penetrations for electrical conduits, telephone wires, water lines, drain pipes, etc. Enclosures should be both airtight and watertight except for those openings designed to provide entry and/or air flow control. Size: An enclosure should be the minimum volume to encompass all of the working surfaces yet allow unencumbered movement by the worker(s), provide unrestricted air flow past the worker(s), and ensure walking surfaces can be kept free of tripping hazards. Shape: The enclosure may be any shape that optimizes the flow of ventilation air past the worker(s). Structural Integrity: The walls, ceilings and floors must be supported in such a manner that portions of the enclosure will not fall down during normal use. Openings: It is not necessary that the structure be airtight; openings may be designed to direct air flow. Such openings should be located at a distance from active removal operations. They should be designed to draw air into the enclosure under all anticipated circumstances. In the event that negative pressure is lost, they should be fitted with either HEPA filters to trap dust or automatic trap doors that prevent dust from escaping the enclosure. Openings for exits should be controlled by an airlock or a vestibule. Barrier Supports: Frames should be constructed to support all unsupported spans of sheeting. Sheeting: Walls, barriers, ceilings, and floors should be lined with two layers of plastic sheeting having a thickness of at least 6 mil. Seams: Seams in the sheeting material should be minimized to reduce the possibilities of accidental rips and tears in the adhesive or connections. All seams in the sheeting should overlap, be staggered and not be located at corners or wall-to- floor joints. Areas Within an Enclosure: Each enclosure consists of a work area, a decontamination area, and waste storage area. The work area where the asbestos removal operations occur should be separated from both the waste storage area and the contamination control area by physical curtains, doors, and/or airflow patterns that force any airborne contamination back into the work area. See paragraph (j) of § 1915.1001 for requirements for hygiene facilities. During egress from the work area, each worker should step into the equipment room, clean tools and equipment, and remove gross contamination from clothing by wet cleaning and HEPA vacuuming. Before entering the shower area, foot coverings, head coverings, hand coverings, and coveralls are removed and placed in impervious bags for disposal or cleaning. Airline connections from airline respirators with HEPA disconnects and power cables from powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) will be disconnected just prior to entering the shower room. Establishing Negative Pressure Within the Enclosure Negative Pressure: Air is to be drawn into the enclosure under all anticipated conditions and exhausted through a HEPA filter for 24 hours a day during the entire duration of the project. Air Flow Tests: Air flow patterns will be checked before removal operations begin, at least once per operating shift and any time there is a question regarding the integrity of the enclosure. The primary test for air flow is to trace air currents with smoke tubes or other visual methods. Flow checks are made at each opening and at each doorway to demonstrate that air is being drawn into the enclosure and at each worker's position to show that air is being drawn away from the breathing zone. Monitoring Pressure Within the Enclosure: After the initial air flow patterns have been checked, the static pressure must be monitored within the enclosure. Monitoring may be made using manometers, pressure gauges, or combinations of these devices. It is recommended that they be attached to alarms and strip chart recorders at points identified by the design engineer. Corrective Actions: If the manometers or pressure gauges demonstrate a reduction in pressure differential below the required level, work should cease and the reason for the change investigated and appropriate changes made. The air flow patterns should be retested before work begins again. Pressure Differential: The design parameters for static pressure differentials between the inside and outside of enclosures typically range from 0.02 to 0.10 inches of water gauge, depending on conditions. All zones inside the enclosure must have less pressure than the ambient pressure outside of the enclosure (-0.02 inches water gauge differential). Design specifications for the differential vary according to the size, configuration, and shape of the enclosure as well as ambient and mechanical air pressure conditions around the enclosure. Air Flow Patterns: The flow of air past each worker shall be enhanced by positioning the intakes and exhaust ports to remove contaminated air from the worker's breathing zone, by positioning HEPA vacuum cleaners to draw air from the worker's breathing zone, by forcing relatively uncontaminated air past the worker toward an exhaust port, or by using a combination of methods to reduce the worker's exposure. Air Handling Unit Exhaust: The exhaust plume from air handling units should be located away from adjacent personnel and intakes for HVAC systems. Air Flow Volume: The air flow volume (cubic meters per minute) exhausted (removed) from the workplace must exceed the amount of makeup air supplied to the enclosure. The rate of air exhausted from the enclosure should be designed to maintain a negative pressure in the enclosure and air movement past each worker. The volume of air flow removed from the enclosure should replace the volume of the container at every 5 to 15 minutes. Air flow volume will need to be relatively high for large enclosures, enclosures with awkward shapes, enclosures with multiple openings, and operations employing several workers in the enclosure. Air Flow Velocity: At each opening, the air flow velocity must visibly “drag” air into the enclosure. The velocity of air flow within the enclosure must be adequate to remove airborne contamination from each worker's breathing zone without disturbing the asbestos-containing material on surfaces. Airlocks: Airlocks are mechanisms on doors and curtains that control the air flow patterns in the doorways. If air flow occurs, the patterns through doorways must be such that the air flows toward the inside of the enclosure. Sometimes vestibules, double doors, or double curtains are used to prevent air movement through the doorways. To use a vestibule, a worker enters a chamber by opening the door or curtain and then closing the entry before opening the exit door or curtain. Airlocks should be located between the equipment room and shower room, between the shower room and the clean room, and between the waste storage area and the outside of the enclosure. The air flow between adjacent rooms must be checked using smoke tubes or other visual tests to ensure the flow patterns draw air toward the work area without producing eddies. Monitoring for Airborne Concentrations In addition to the breathing zone samples taken as outlined in paragraph (f) of § 1915.1001 , samples of air should be taken to demonstrate the integrity of the enclosure, the cleanliness of the clean room and shower area, and the effectiveness of the HEPA filter. If the clean room is shown to be contaminated, the room must be relocated to an uncontaminated area. Samples taken near the exhaust of portable ventilation systems must be done with care. General Work Practices Preventing dust dispersion is the primary means of controlling the spread of asbestos within the enclosure. Whenever practical, the point of removal should be isolated, enclosed, covered, or shielded from the workers in the area. Waste asbestos containing materials must be bagged during or immediately after removal; the material must remain saturated until the waste container is sealed. Waste material with sharp points or corners must be placed in hard air-tight containers rather than bags. Whenever possible, large components should be sealed in plastic sheeting and removed intact. Bags or containers of waste will be moved to the waste holding area, washed, and wrapped in a bag with the appropriate labels. Cleaning the Work Area Surfaces within the work area should be kept free of visible dust and debris to the extent feasible. Whenever visible dust appears on surfaces, the surfaces within the enclosure must be cleaned by wiping with a wet sponge, brush, or cloth and then vacuumed with a HEPA vacuum. All surfaces within the enclosure should be cleaned before the exhaust ventilation system is deactivated and the enclosure is disassembled. An approved encapsulant may be sprayed onto areas after the visible dust has been removed. Appendix G to § 1915.1001 [Reserved] Appendix H to § 1915.1001—Substance Technical Information for Asbestos. Non-Mandatory I. Substance Identification A. Substance: “Asbestos” is the name of a class of magnesium-silicate minerals that occur in fibrous form. Minerals that are included in this group are chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite asbestos, tremolite asbestos, and actinolite asbestos. B. Asbestos is and was used in the manufacture of heat-resistant clothing, automotive brake and clutch linings, and a variety of building materials including floor tiles, roofing felts, ceiling tiles, asbestos-cement pipe and sheet, and fire-resistant drywall. Asbestos is also present in pipe and boiler insulation materials and in sprayed-on materials located on beams, in crawlspaces, and between walls. C. The potential for an asbestos-containing product to release breathable fibers depends largely on its degree of friability. Friable means that the material can be crumbled with hand pressure and is therefore likely to emit fibers. The fibrous fluffy sprayed-on materials used for fireproofing, insulation, or sound proofing are considered to be friable, and they readily release airborne fibers if disturbed. Materials such as vinyl-asbestos floor tile or roofing felt are considered non-friable if intact and generally do not emit airborne fibers unless subjected to sanding, sawing and other aggressive operations. Asbestos—cement pipe or sheet can emit airborne fibers if the materials are cut or sawed, or if they are broken. D. Permissible exposure: Exposure to airborne asbestos fibers may not exceed 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter of air (0.1 f/cc) averaged over the 8-hour workday, and 1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air (1.0 f/cc) averaged over a 30 minute work period. II. Health Hazard Data A. Asbestos can cause disabling respiratory disease and various types of cancers if the fibers are inhaled. Inhaling or ingesting fibers from contaminated clothing or skin can also result in these diseases. The symptoms of these diseases generally do not appear for 20 or more years after initial exposure. B. Exposure to asbestos has been shown to cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, and cancer of the stomach and colon. Mesothelioma is a rare cancer of the thin membrane lining of the chest and abdomen. Symptoms of mesothelioma include shortness of breath, pain in the walls of the chest, and/or abdominal pain. III. Respirators and Protective Clothing A. Respirators: You are required to wear a respirator when performing tasks that result in asbestos exposure that exceeds the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.1 f/cc and when performing certain designated operations. Air-purifying respirators equipped with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter can be used where airborne asbestos fiber concentrations do not exceed 1.0 f/cc; otherwise, more protective respirators such as air-supplied, positive-pressure, full facepiece respirators must be used. Disposable respirators or dust masks are not permitted to be used for asbestos work. For effective protection, respirators must fit your face and head snugly. Your employer is required to conduct a fit test when you are first assigned a respirator and every 6 months thereafter. Respirators should not be loosened or removed in work situations where their use is required. B. Protective Clothing: You are required to wear protective clothing in work areas where asbestos fiber concentrations exceed the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.1 f/cc. IV. Disposal Procedures and Clean-up A. Wastes that are generated by processes where asbestos is present include: 1. Empty asbestos shipping containers. 2. Process wastes such as cuttings, trimmings, or reject materials. 3. Housekeeping waste from wet-sweeping or HEPA-vacuuming. 4. Asbestos fireproofing or insulating material that is removed from buildings. 5. Asbestos-containing building products removed during building renovation or demolition. 6. Contaminated disposable protective clothing. B. Empty shipping bags can be flattened under exhaust hoods and packed into airtight containers for disposal. Empty shipping drums are difficult to clean and should be sealed. C. Vacuum bags or disposable paper filters should not be cleaned, but should be sprayed with a fine water mist and placed into a labeled waste container. D. Process waste and housekeeping waste should be wetted with water or a mixture of water and surfactant prior to packaging in disposable containers. E. Asbestos-containing material that is removed from buildings must be disposed of in leak-tight 6-mil plastic bags, plastic-lined cardboard containers, or plastic-lined metal containers. These wastes, which are removed while wet, should be sealed in containers before they dry out to minimize the release of asbestos fibers during handling. V. Access to Information A. Each year, your employer is required to inform you of the information contained in this standard and appendices for asbestos. In addition, your employer must instruct you in the proper work practices for handling asbestos-containing materials, and the correct use of protective equipment. B. Your employer is required to determine whether you are being exposed to asbestos. Your employer must treat exposure to thermal system insulation and sprayed-on and troweled-on surfacing material as asbestos exposure, unless results of laboratory analysis show that the material does not contain asbestos. You or your representative has the right to observe employee measurements and to record the results obtained. Your employer is required to inform you of your exposure, and, if you are exposed above the permissible exposure limit, he or she is required to inform you of the actions that are being taken to reduce your exposure to within the permissible limit. C. Your employer is required to keep records of your exposures and medical examinations. These exposure records must be kept for at least thirty (30) years. Medical records must be kept for the period of your employment plus thirty (30) years. D. Your employer is required to release your exposure and medical records to your physician or designated representative upon your written request. Appendix I to § 1915.1001—Medical Surveillance Guidelines for Asbestos, Non-Mandatory I. Route of Entry Inhalation, ingestion. II. Toxicology Clinical evidence of the adverse effects associated with exposure to asbestos is present in the form of several well- conducted epidemiological studies of occupationally exposed workers, family contacts of workers, and persons living near asbestos mines. These studies have shown a definite association between exposure to asbestos and an increased incidence of lung cancer, pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, gastrointestinal cancer, and asbestosis. The latter is a disabling fibrotic lung disease that is caused only by exposure to asbestos. Exposure to asbestos has also been associated with an increased incidence of esophageal, kidney, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and buccal cavity cancers. As with other known chronic occupational diseases, disease associated with asbestos generally appears about 20 years following the first occurrence of exposure: There are no known acute effects associated with exposure to asbestos. Epidemiological studies indicate that the risk of lung cancer among exposed workers who smoke cigarettes is greatly increased over the risk of lung cancer among non-exposed smokers or exposed nonsmokers. These studies suggest that cessation of smoking will reduce the risk of lung cancer for a person exposed to asbestos but will not reduce it to the same level of risk as that existing for an exposed worker who has never smoked. III. Signs and Symptoms of Exposure-Related Disease The signs and symptoms of lung cancer or gastrointestinal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos are not unique, except that a chest X-ray of an exposed patient with lung cancer may show pleural plaques, pleural calcification, or pleural fibrosis, and may also show asbestosis ( i.e., Asbestosis is pulmonary fibrosis caused by the accumulation of asbestos fibers in the lungs. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and vague feelings of sickness. When the fibrosis worsens, shortness of breath occurs even at rest. The diagnosis of asbestosis is most commonly based on a history of exposure to asbestos, the presence of characteristic radiologic abnormalities, end-inspiratory crackles (rales), and other clinical features of fibrosing lung disease. Pleural plaques and thickening may be observed on chest X-rays. Asbestosis is often a progressive disease even in the absence of continued exposure, although this appears to be a highly individualized characteristic. In severe cases, death may be caused by respiratory or cardiac failure. IV. Surveillance and Preventive Considerations As noted in section III of this appendix, exposure to asbestos have been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer, mesothelioma, gastrointestinal cancer, and asbestosis among occupationally exposed workers. Adequate screening tests to determine an employee's potential for developing serious chronic diseases, such as a cancer, from exposure to asbestos do not presently exist. However, some tests, particularly chest X-rays and pulmonary function tests, may indicate that an employee has been overexposed to asbestos increasing his or her risk of developing exposure related chronic diseases. It is important for the physician to become familiar with the operating conditions in which occupational exposure to asbestos is likely to occur. This is particularly important in evaluating medical and work histories and in conducting physical examinations. When an active employee has been identified as having been overexposed to asbestos measures taken by the employer to eliminate or mitigate further exposure should also lower the risk of serious long-term consequences. The employer is required to institute a medical surveillance program for all employees who are or will be exposed to asbestos at or above the permissible exposure limits (0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air) for 30 or more days per year and for all employees who are assigned to wear a negative-pressure respirator. All examinations and procedures must be performed by or under the supervision of licensed physician at a reasonable time and place, and at no cost to the employee. Although broad latitude is given to the physician in prescribing specific tests to be included in the medical surveillance program, OSHA requires inclusion of the following elements in the routine examination, (i) Medical and work histories with special emphasis directed to symptoms of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and digestive tract. (ii) Completion of the respiratory disease questionnaire contained in appendix D to this section. (iii) A physical examination including a chest X-ray and pulmonary function test that includes measurement of the employee's forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV 1 (iv) Any laboratory or other test that the examining physician deems by sound medical practice to be necessary. The employer is required to make the prescribed tests available at least annually to those employees covered; more often than specified if recommended by the examining physician; and upon termination of employment. The employer is required to provide the physician with the following information: A copy of the standard in this section (including all appendices to this section); a description of the employee's duties as they relate to asbestos exposure; the employee's representative level of exposure to asbestos; a description of any personal protective and respiratory equipment used; and information from previous medical examinations of the affected employee that is not otherwise available to the physician. Making this information available to the physician will aid in the evaluation of the employee's health in relation to assigned duties and fitness to wear personal protective equipment, if required. The employer is required to obtain a written opinion from the examining physician containing the results of the medical examination; the physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical conditions that would place the employee at an increased risk of exposure-related disease; any recommended limitations on the employee or on the use of personal protective equipment; and a statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the medical examination and of any medical conditions related to asbestos exposure that require further explanation or treatment. This written opinion must not reveal specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to exposure to asbestos, and a copy of the opinion must be provided to the affected employee. Appendix J to § 1915.1001—Smoking Cessation Program Information for Asbestos—Non-Mandatory The following organizations provide smoking cessation information. 1. The National Cancer Institute operates a toll-free Cancer Information Service (CIS) with trained personnel to help you. Call 1-800-4-CANCER* to reach the CIS office serving your area, or write: Office of Cancer Communications, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 10A24, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. 2. American Cancer Society, 3340 Peachtree Road, N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30026, (404) 320-3333. The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a voluntary organization composed of 58 divisions and 3,100 local units. Through “The Great American Smokeout” in November, the annual Cancer Crusade in April, and numerous educational materials, ACS helps people learn about the health hazards of smoking and become successful ex-smokers. 3. American Heart Association, 7320 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75231, (214) 750-5300. The American Heart Association (AHA) is a voluntary organization with 130,000 members (physicians, scientists, and laypersons) in 55 state and regional groups. AHA produces a variety of publications and audiovisual materials about the effects of smoking on the heart. AHA also has developed a guidebook for incorporating a weight-control component into smoking cessation programs. 4. American Lung Association, 1740 Broadway, New York, New York 10019, (212) 245-8000. A voluntary organization of 7,500 members (physicians, nurses, and laypersons), the American Lung Association (ALA) conducted numerous public information programs about the health effects of smoking. ALA has 59 state and 85 local units. The organization actively supports legislation and information campaigns for non-smokers' rights and provides help for smokers who want to quit, for example, through “Freedom From Smoking,” a self-help smoking cessation program. 5. Office on Smoking and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 5600 Fishers Lane, Park Building, Room 110, Rockville, Maryland 20857. The Office on Smoking and Health (OSHA) is the Department of Health and Human Services' lead agency in smoking control. OSHA has sponsored distribution of publications on smoking-related topics, such as free flyers on relapse after initial quitting, helping a friend or family member quit smoking, the health hazards of smoking, and the effects of parental smoking on teenagers. *In Hawaii, on Oahu call 524-1234 (call collect from neighboring islands), Spanish-speaking staff members are available during daytime hours to callers from the following areas: California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New Jersey (area code 201), New York, and Texas. Consult your local telephone directory for listings of local chapters. Appendix K to § 1915.1001—Polarized Light Microscopy of Asbestos—Non-Mandatory Method number: ID-191 Matrix: Bulk Collection Procedure Collect approximately 1 to 2 grams of each type of material and place into separate 20 mL scintillation vials. Analytical Procedure A portion of each separate phase is analyzed by gross examination, phase-polar examination, and central stop dispersion microscopy. Commercial manufacturers and products mentioned in this method are for descriptive use only and do not constitute endorsements by USDOL-OSHA. Similar products from other sources may be substituted. 1. Introduction This method describes the collection and analysis of asbestos bulk materials by light microscopy techniques including phase- polar illumination and central-stop dispersion microscopy. Some terms unique to asbestos analysis are defined below: Amphibole: Asbestos: Chrysotile Mg 3 2 5 4 Crocidolite (Riebeckite asbestos) Na 2 3 2 8 22 2 Cummingtonite-Grunerite asbestos (Amosite) (Mg,Fe) 7 8 22 2 Tremolite-Actinolite asbestos Ca 2 5 8 22 2 Anthophyllite asbestos (Mg,Fe) 7 8 22 2 Asbestos Fiber: Aspect Ratio: Brucite: 2 Central Stop Dispersion Staining (microscope): Cleavage Fragments: Differential Counting: Fiber: Phase Contrast: Phase Contrast Microscope: Phase-Polar Analysis: Phase-Polar Microscope: Sealing Encapsulant: Serpentine: 3 5 4 1.1. History Light microscopy has been used for well over 100 years for the determination of mineral species. This analysis is carried out using specialized polarizing microscopes as well as bright field microscopes. The identification of minerals is an on-going process with many new minerals described each year. The first recorded use of asbestos was in Finland about 2500 B.C. where the material was used in the mud wattle for the wooden huts the people lived in as well as strengthening for pottery. Adverse health aspects of the mineral were noted nearly 2000 years ago when Pliny the Younger wrote about the poor health of slaves in the asbestos mines. Although known to be injurious for centuries, the first modern references to its toxicity were by the British Labor Inspectorate when it banned asbestos dust from the workplace in 1898. Asbestosis cases were described in the literature after the turn of the century. Cancer was first suspected in the mid 1930's and a causal link to mesothelioma was made in 1965. Because of the public concern for worker and public safety with the use of this material, several different types of analysis were applied to the determination of asbestos content. Light microscopy requires a great deal of experience and craft. Attempts were made to apply less subjective methods to the analysis. X-ray diffraction was partially successful in determining the mineral types but was unable to separate out the fibrous portions from the non-fibrous portions. Also, the minimum detection limit for asbestos analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is about 1%. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was no more successful. These provide useful corroborating information when the presence of asbestos has been shown by microscopy; however, neither can determine the difference between fibrous and non-fibrous minerals when both habits are present. The same is true of Infrared Absorption (IR). When electron microscopy was applied to asbestos analysis, hundreds of fibers were discovered present too small to be visible in any light microscope. There are two different types of electron microscope used for asbestos analysis: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Scanning Electron Microscopy is useful in identifying minerals. The SEM can provide two of the three pieces of information required to identify fibers by electron microscopy: morphology and chemistry. The third is structure as determined by Selected Area Electron Diffraction—SAED which is performed in the TEM. Although the resolution of the SEM is sufficient for very fine fibers to be seen, accuracy of chemical analysis that can be performed on the fibers varies with fiber diameter in fibers of less than 0.2 µm diameter. The TEM is a powerful tool to identify fibers too small to be resolved by light microscopy and should be used in conjunction with this method when necessary. The TEM can provide all three pieces of information required for fiber identification. Most fibers thicker than 1 µm can adequately be defined in the light microscope. The light microscope remains as the best instrument for the determination of mineral type. This is because the minerals under investigation were first described analytically with the light microscope. It is inexpensive and gives positive identification for most samples analyzed. Further, when optical techniques are inadequate, there is ample indication that alternative techniques should be used for complete identification of the sample. 1.2. Principle Minerals consist of atoms that may be arranged in random order or in a regular arrangement. Amorphous materials have atoms in random order while crystalline materials have long range order. Many materials are transparent to light, at least for small particles or for thin sections. The properties of these materials can be investigated by the effect that the material has on light passing through it. The six asbestos minerals are all crystalline with particular properties that have been identified and cataloged. These six minerals are anisotropic. They have a regular array of atoms, but the arrangement is not the same in all directions. Each major direction of the crystal presents a different regularity. Light photons travelling in each of these main directions will encounter different electrical neighborhoods, affecting the path and time of travel. The techniques outlined in this method use the fact that light traveling through fibers or crystals in different directions will behave differently, but predictably. The behavior of the light as it travels through a crystal can be measured and compared with known or determined values to identify the mineral species. Usually, Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) is performed with strain-free objectives on a bright-field microscope platform. This would limit the resolution of the microscope to about 0.4 µm. Because OSHA requires the counting and identification of fibers visible in phase contrast, the phase contrast platform is used to visualize the fibers with the polarizing elements added into the light path. Polarized light methods cannot identify fibers finer than about 1µm in diameter even though they are visible. The finest fibers are usually identified by inference from the presence of larger, identifiable fiber bundles. When fibers are present, but not identifiable by light microscopy, use either SEM or TEM to determine the fiber identity. 1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of light microcopy are: (a) Basic identification of the materials was first performed by light microscopy and gross analysis. This provides a large base of published information against which to check analysis and analytical technique. (b) The analysis is specific to fibers. The minerals present can exist in asbestiform, fibrous, prismatic, or massive varieties all at the same time. Therefore, bulk methods of analysis such as X-ray diffraction, IR analysis, DTA, etc. are inappropriate where the material is not known to be fibrous. (c) The analysis is quick, requires little preparation time, and can be performed on-site if a suitably equipped microscope is available. The disadvantages are: (a) Even using phase-polar illumination, not all the fibers present may be seen. This is a problem for very low asbestos concentrations where agglomerations or large bundles of fibers may not be present to allow identification by inference. (b) The method requires a great degree of sophistication on the part of the microscopist. An analyst is only as useful as his mental catalog of images. Therefore, a microscopist's accuracy is enhanced by experience. The mineralogical training of the analyst is very important. It is the basis on which subjective decisions are made. (c) The method uses only a tiny amount of material for analysis. This may lead to sampling bias and false results (high or low). This is especially true if the sample is severely inhomogeneous. (d) Fibers may be bound in a matrix and not distinguishable as fibers so identification cannot be made. 1.4. Method Performance 1.4.1. 1.4.2. 1.4.3. 1.5. Interferences Any material which is long, thin, and small enough to be viewed under the microscope can be considered an interference for asbestos. There are literally hundreds of interferences in workplaces. The techniques described in this method are normally sufficient to eliminate the interferences. An analyst's success in eliminating the interferences depends on proper training. Asbestos minerals belong to two mineral families: the serpentines and the amphiboles. In the serpentine family, the only common fibrous mineral is chrysotile. Occasionally, the mineral antigorite occurs in a fibril habit with morphology similar to the amphiboles. The amphibole minerals consist of a score of different minerals of which only five are regulated by federal standard: amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite asbestos, tremolite asbestos and actinolite asbestos. These are the only amphibole minerals that have been commercially exploited for their fibrous properties; however, the rest can and do occur occasionally in asbestiform habit. In addition to the related mineral interferences, other minerals common in building material may present a problem for some microscopists: gypsum, anhydrite, brucite, quartz fibers, talc fibers or ribbons, wollastonite, perlite, attapulgite, etc. Other fibrous materials commonly present in workplaces are: fiberglass, mineral wool, ceramic wool, refractory ceramic fibers, kevlar, nomex, synthetic fibers, graphite or carbon fibers, cellulose (paper or wood) fibers, metal fibers, etc. Matrix embedding material can sometimes be a negative interference. The analyst may not be able to easily extract the fibers from the matrix in order to use the method. Where possible, remove the matrix before the analysis, taking careful note of the loss of weight. Some common matrix materials are: vinyl, rubber, tar, paint, plant fiber, cement, and epoxy. A further negative interference is that the asbestos fibers themselves may be either too small to be seen in Phase contrast Microscopy (PCM) or of a very low fibrous quality, having the appearance of plant fibers. The analyst's ability to deal with these materials increases with experience. 1.6. Uses and Occupational Exposure Asbestos is ubiquitous in the environment. More than 40% of the land area of the United States is composed of minerals which may contain asbestos. Fortunately, the actual formation of great amounts of asbestos is relatively rare. Nonetheless, there are locations in which environmental exposure can be severe such as in the Serpentine Hills of California. There are thousands of uses for asbestos in industry and the home. Asbestos abatement workers are the most current segment of the population to have occupational exposure to great amounts of asbestos. If the material is undisturbed, there is no exposure. Exposure occurs when the asbestos-containing material is abraded or otherwise disturbed during maintenance operations or some other activity. Approximately 95% of the asbestos in place in the United States is chrysotile. Amosite and crocidolite make up nearly all the difference. Tremolite and anthophyllite make up a very small percentage. Tremolite is found in extremely small amounts in certain chrysotile deposits. Actinolite exposure is probably greatest from environmental sources, but has been identified in vermiculite containing, sprayed-on insulating materials which may have been certified as asbestos-free. 1.7. Physical and Chemical Properties The nominal chemical compositions for the asbestos minerals were given in Section 1. Compared to cleavage fragments of the same minerals, asbestiform fibers possess a high tensile strength along the fiber axis. They are chemically inert, non-combustible, and heat resistant. Except for chrysotile, they are insoluble in Hydrochloric acid (HCl). Chrysotile is slightly soluble in HCl. Asbestos has high electrical resistance and good sound absorbing characteristics. It can be woven into cables, fabrics or other textiles, or matted into papers, felts, and mats. 1.8. Toxicology (This Section is for Information Only and Should Not Be Taken as OSHA Policy) Possible physiologic results of respiratory exposure to asbestos are mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum, interstitial fibrosis, asbestosis, pneumoconiosis, or respiratory cancer. The possible consequences of asbestos exposure are detailed in the NIOSH Criteria Document or in the OSHA Asbestos Standards 29 CFR 1910.1001 and 29 CFR 1926.1101 and 29 CFR 1915.1001. 2. Sampling Procedure 2.1. Equipment for Sampling (a) Tube or cork borer sampling device (b) Knife (c) 20 mL scintillation vial or similar vial (d) Sealing encapsulant 2.2. Safety Precautions Asbestos is a known carcinogen. Take care when sampling. While in an asbestos-containing atmosphere, a properly selected and fit-tested respirator should be worn. Take samples in a manner to cause the least amount of dust. Follow these general guidelines: (a) Do not make unnecessary dust. (b) Take only a small amount (1 to 2 g). (c) Tightly close the sample container. (d) Use encapsulant to seal the spot where the sample was taken, if necessary. 2.3. Sampling procedure Samples of any suspect material should be taken from an inconspicuous place. Where the material is to remain, seal the sampling wound with an encapsulant to eliminate the potential for exposure from the sample site. Microscopy requires only a few milligrams of material. The amount that will fill a 20 mL scintillation vial is more than adequate. Be sure to collect samples from all layers and phases of material. If possible, make separate samples of each different phase of the material. This will aid in determining the actual hazard. DO NOT USE ENVELOPES, PLASTIC OR PAPER BAGS OF ANY KIND TO COLLECT SAMPLES. If a cork-borer type sampler is available, push the tube through the material all the way, so that all layers of material are sampled. Some samplers are intended to be disposable. These should be capped and sent to the laboratory. If a non-disposable cork borer is used, empty the contents into a scintillation vial and send to the laboratory. Vigorously and completely clean the cork borer between samples. 2.4 Shipment Samples packed in glass vials must not touch or they might break in shipment. (a) Seal the samples with a sample seal over the end to guard against tampering and to identify the sample. (b) Package the bulk samples in separate packages from the air samples. They may cross-contaminate each other and will invalidate the results of the air samples. (c) Include identifying paperwork with the samples, but not in contact with the suspected asbestos. (d) To maintain sample accountability, ship the samples by certified mail, overnight express, or hand carry them to the laboratory. 3. Analysis The analysis of asbestos samples can be divided into two major parts: sample preparation and microscopy. Because of the different asbestos uses that may be encountered by the analyst, each sample may need different preparation steps. The choices are outlined below. There are several different tests that are performed to identify the asbestos species and determine the percentage. They will be explained below. 3.1. Safety (a) Do not create unnecessary dust. Handle the samples in HEPA-filter equipped hoods. If samples are received in bags, envelopes or other inappropriate container, open them only in a hood having a face velocity at or greater than 100 fpm. Transfer a small amount to a scintillation vial and only handle the smaller amount. (b) Open samples in a hood, never in the open lab area. (c) Index of refraction oils can be toxic. Take care not to get this material on the skin. Wash immediately with soap and water if this happens. (d) Samples that have been heated in the muffle furnace or the drying oven may be hot. Handle them with tongs until they are cool enough to handle. (e) Some of the solvents used, such as THF (tetrahydrofuran), are toxic and should only be handled in an appropriate fume hood and according to instructions given in the safety data sheet (SDS). 3.2. Equipment (a) Phase contrast microscope with 10x, 16x and 40x objectives, 10x wide-field eyepieces, G-22 Walton-Beckett graticule, Whipple disk, polarizer, analyzer and first order red or gypsum plate, 100 Watt illuminator, rotating position condenser with oversize phase rings, central stop dispersion objective, Kohler illumination and a rotating mechanicalstage. (See figure 1). (b) Stereo microscope with reflected light illumination, transmitted light illumination, polarizer, analyzer and first order red or gypsum plate, and rotating stage. (c) Negative pressure hood for the stereo microscope (d) Muffle furnace capable of 600 °C (e) Drying oven capable of 50-150 °C (f) Aluminum specimen pans (g) Tongs for handling samples in the furnace (h) High dispersion index of refraction oils (Special for dispersion staining.) n = 1.550 n = 1.585 n = 1.590 n = 1.605 n = 1.620 n = 1.670 n = 1.680 n = 1.690 (i) A set of index of refraction oils from about n = 1.350 to n = 2.000 in n = 0.005 increments. (Standard for Becke line analysis.) (j) Glass slides with painted or frosted ends 1 × 3 inches 1mm thick, precleaned. (k) Cover Slips 22 × 22 mm, #1 1/2 (l) Paper clips or dissection needles (m) Hand grinder (n) Scalpel with both #10 and #11 blades (o) 0.1 molar HCl (p) Decalcifying solution (Baxter Scientific Products) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, Tetrasodium 0.7 g/l Sodium Potassium Tartrate 8.0 mg/liter Hydrochloric Acid 99.2 g/liter Sodium Tartrate 0.14 g/liter (q) Tetrahydrofuran (THF) (r) Hotplate capable of 60 °C (s) Balance (t) Hacksaw blade (u) Ruby mortar and pestle 3.3. Sample Pre-Preparation Sample preparation begins with pre-preparation which may include chemical reduction of the matrix, heating the sample to dryness or heating in the muffle furnace. The end result is a sample which has been reduced to a powder that is sufficiently fine to fit under the cover slip. Analyze different phases of samples separately, e.g., tile and the tile mastic should be analyzed separately as the mastic may contain asbestos while the tile may not. (a) Wet Samples Samples with a high water content will not give the proper dispersion colors and must be dried prior to sample mounting. Remove the lid of the scintillation vial, place the bottle in the drying oven and heat at 100 °C to dryness (usually about 2 h). Samples which are not submitted to the lab in glass must be removed and placed in glass vials or aluminum weighing pans before placing them in the drying oven. (b) Samples With Organic Interference—Muffle Furnace These may include samples with tar as a matrix, vinyl asbestos tile, or any other organic that can be reduced by heating. Remove the sample from the vial and weigh in a balance to determine the weight of the submitted portion. Place the sample in a muffle furnace at 500 °C for 1 to 2 h or until all obvious organic material has been removed. Retrieve, cool and weigh again to determine the weight loss on ignition. This is necessary to determine the asbestos content of the submitted sample, because the analyst will be looking at a reduced sample. Notes: Heating above 600 °C will cause the sample to undergo a structural change which, given sufficient time, will convert the chrysotile to forsterite. Heating even at lower temperatures for 1 to 2 h may have a measurable effect on the optical properties of the minerals. If the analyst is unsure of what to expect, a sample of standard asbestos should be heated to the same temperature for the same length of time so that it can be examined for the proper interpretation. (c) Samples With Organic Interference—THF Vinyl asbestos tile is the most common material treated with this solvent, although, substances containing tar will sometimes yield to this treatment. Select a portion of the material and then grind it up if possible. Weigh the sample and place it in a test tube. Add sufficient THF to dissolve the organic matrix. This is usually about 4 to 5 mL. Remember, THF is highly flammable. (d) Samples With Carbonate Interference Carbonate material is often found on fibers and sometimes must be removed in order to perform dispersion microscopy. Weigh out a portion of the material and place it in a test tube. Add a sufficient amount of 0.1 M HCl or decalcifying solution in the tube to react all the carbonate as evidenced by gas formation; i.e., when the gas bubbles stop, add a little more solution. If no more gas forms, the reaction is complete. Filter the material out through a tared silver membrane, dry and weigh to determine the weight lost. 3.4. Sample Preparation Samples must be prepared so that accurate determination can be made of the asbestos type and amount present. The following steps are carried out in the low-flow hood (a low-flow hood has less than 50 fpm flow): (1) If the sample has large lumps, is hard, or cannot be made to lie under a cover slip, the grain size must be reduced. Place a small amount between two slides and grind the material between them or grind a small amount in a clean mortar and pestle. The choice of whether to use an alumina, ruby, or diamond mortar depends on the hardness of the material. Impact damage can alter the asbestos mineral if too much mechanical shock occurs. (Freezer mills can completely destroy the observable crystallinity of asbestos and should not be used). For some samples, a portion of material can be shaved off with a scalpel, ground off with a hand grinder or hack saw blade. The preparation tools should either be disposable or cleaned thoroughly. Use vigorous scrubbing to loosen the fibers during the washing. Rinse the implements with copious amounts of water and air-dry in a dust-free environment. (2) If the sample is powder or has been reduced as in 1) above, it is ready to mount. Place a glass slide on a piece of optical tissue and write the identification on the painted or frosted end. Place two drops of index of refraction medium n = 1.550 on the slide. (The medium n = 1.550 is chosen because it is the matching index for chrysotile. Dip the end of a clean paper-clip or dissecting needle into the droplet of refraction medium on the slide Treat at least two different areas of each phase in this fashion. Choose representative areas of the sample. It may be useful to select particular areas or fibers for analysis. This is useful to identify asbestos in severely inhomogeneous samples. When it is determined that amphiboles may be present, repeat the above process using the appropriate high- dispersion oils until an identification is made or all six asbestos minerals have been ruled out. Note that percent determination must be done in the index medium 1.550 because amphiboles tend to disappear in their matching mediums. 3.5. Analytical procedure Note: This method presumes some knowledge of mineralogy and optical petrography. The analysis consists of three parts: The determination of whether there is asbestos present, what type is present and the determination of how much is present. The general flow of the analysis is: (1) Gross examination. (2) Examination under polarized light on the stereo microscope. (3) Examination by phase-polar illumination on the compound phase microscope. (4) Determination of species by dispersion stain. Examination by Becke line analysis may also be used; however, this is usually more cumbersome for asbestos determination. (5) Difficult samples may need to be analyzed by SEM or TEM, or the results from those techniques combined with light microscopy for a definitive identification. Identification of a particle as asbestos requires that it be asbestiform. Description of particles should follow the suggestion of Campbell. (Figure 1) For the purpose of regulation, the mineral must be one of the six minerals covered and must be in the asbestos growth habit. Large specimen samples of asbestos generally have the gross appearance of wood. Fibers are easily parted from it. Asbestos fibers are very long compared with their widths. The fibers have a very high tensile strength as demonstrated by bending without breaking. Asbestos fibers exist in bundles that are easily parted, show longitudinal fine structure and may be tufted at the ends showing “bundle of sticks” morphology. In the microscope some of these properties may not be observable. Amphiboles do not always show striations along their length even when they are asbestos. Neither will they always show tufting. They generally do not show a curved nature except for very long fibers. Asbestos and asbestiform minerals are usually characterized in groups by extremely high aspect ratios (greater than 100:1). While aspect ratio analysis is useful for characterizing populations of fibers, it cannot be used to identify individual fibers of intermediate to short aspect ratio. Observation of many fibers is often necessary to determine whether a sample consists of “cleavage fragments” or of asbestos fibers. Most cleavage fragments of the asbestos minerals are easily distinguishable from true asbestos fibers. This is because true cleavage fragments usually have larger diameters than 1 µm. Internal structure of particles larger than this usually shows them to have no internal fibrillar structure. In addition, cleavage fragments of the monoclinic amphiboles show inclined extinction under crossed polars with no compensator. Asbestos fibers usually show extinction at zero degrees or ambiguous extinction if any at all. Morphologically, the larger cleavage fragments are obvious by their blunt or stepped ends showing prismatic habit. Also, they tend to be acicular rather than filiform. Where the particles are less than 1 µm in diameter and have an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, it is recommended that the sample be analyzed by SEM or TEM if there is any question whether the fibers are cleavage fragments or asbestiform particles. Care must be taken when analyzing by electron microscopy because the interferences are different from those in light microscopy and may structurally be very similar to asbestos. The classic interference is between anthophyllite and biopyribole or intermediate fiber. Use the same morphological clues for electron microscopy as are used for light microscopy, e.g. fibril splitting, internal longitudinal striation, fraying, curvature, etc. (1) Gross examination: Examine the sample, preferably in the glass vial. Determine the presence of any obvious fibrous component. Estimate a percentage based on previous experience and current observation. Determine whether any pre-preparation is necessary. Determine the number of phases present. This step may be carried out or augmented by observation at 6 to 40 × under a stereo microscope. (2) After performing any necessary pre-preparation, prepare slides of each phase as described above. Two preparations of the same phase in the same index medium can be made side-by-side on the same glass for convenience. Examine with the polarizing stereo microscope. Estimate the percentage of asbestos based on the amount of birefringent fiber present. (3) Examine the slides on the phase-polar microscopes at magnifications of 160 and 400 × . Note the morphology of the fibers. Long, thin, very straight fibers with little curvature are indicative of fibers from the amphibole family. Curved, wavy fibers are usually indicative of chrysotile. Estimate the percentage of asbestos on the phase-polar microscope under conditions of crossed polars and a gypsum plate. Fibers smaller than 1.0 µm in thickness must be identified by inference to the presence of larger, identifiable fibers and morphology. If no larger fibers are visible, electron microscopy should be performed. At this point, only a tentative identification can be made. Full identification must be made with dispersion microscopy. Details of the tests are included in the appendices. (4) Once fibers have been determined to be present, they must be identified. Adjust the microscope for dispersion mode and observe the fibers. The microscope has a rotating stage, one polarizing element, and a system for generating dark-field dispersion microscopy (see Section 4.6. of this appendix). Align a fiber with its length parallel to the polarizer and note the color of the Becke lines. Rotate the stage to bring the fiber length perpendicular to the polarizer and note the color. Repeat this process for every fiber or fiber bundle examined. The colors must be consistent with the colors generated by standard asbestos reference materials for a positive identification. In n = 1.550, amphiboles will generally show a yellow to straw-yellow color indicating that the fiber indices of refraction are higher than the liquid. If long, thin fibers are noted and the colors are yellow, prepare further slides as above in the suggested matching liquids listed below: Type of asbestos Index of refraction Chrysotile n = 1.550. Amosite n = 1.670 or 1.680. Crocidolite n = 1.690. Anthophyllite n = 1.605 and 1.620. Tremolite n = 1.605 and 1.620. Actinolite n = 1.620. Where more than one liquid is suggested, the first is preferred; however, in some cases this liquid will not give good dispersion color. Take care to avoid interferences in the other liquid; e.g., wollastonite in n = 1.620 will give the same colors as tremolite. In n = 1.605 wollastonite will appear yellow in all directions. Wollastonite may be determined under crossed polars as it will change from blue to yellow as it is rotated along its fiber axis by tapping on the cover slip. Asbestos minerals will not change in this way. Determination of the angle of extinction may, when present, aid in the determination of anthophyllite from tremolite. True asbestos fibers usually have 0° extinction or ambiguous extinction, while cleavage fragments have more definite extinction. Continue analysis until both preparations have been examined and all present species of asbestos are identified. If there are no fibers present, or there is less than 0.1% present, end the analysis with the minimum number of slides (2). (5) Some fibers have a coating on them which makes dispersion microscopy very difficult or impossible. Becke line analysis or electron microscopy may be performed in those cases. Determine the percentage by light microscopy. TEM analysis tends to overestimate the actual percentage present. (6) Percentage determination is an estimate of occluded area, tempered by gross observation. Gross observation information is used to make sure that the high magnification microscopy does not greatly over- or under-estimate the amount of fiber present. This part of the analysis requires a great deal of experience. Satisfactory models for asbestos content analysis have not yet been developed, although some models based on metallurgical grain-size determination have found some utility. Estimation is more easily handled in situations where the grain sizes visible at about 160 × are about the same and the sample is relatively homogeneous. View all of the area under the cover slip to make the percentage determination. View the fields while moving the stage, paying attention to the clumps of material. These are not usually the best areas to perform dispersion microscopy because of the interference from other materials. But, they are the areas most likely to represent the accurate percentage in the sample. Small amounts of asbestos require slower scanning and more frequent analysis of individual fields. Report the area occluded by asbestos as the concentration. This estimate does not generally take into consideration the difference in density of the different species present in the sample. For most samples this is adequate. Simulation studies with similar materials must be carried out to apply microvisual estimation for that purpose and is beyond the scope of this procedure. (7) Where successive concentrations have been made by chemical or physical means, the amount reported is the percentage of the material in the “as submitted” or original state. The percentage determined by microscopy is multiplied by the fractions remaining after pre-preparation steps to give the percentage in the original sample. For example: Step 1. 60% remains after heating at 550 °C for 1 h. Step 2. 30% of the residue of step 1 remains after dissolution of carbonate in 0.1 m HCl. Step 3. Microvisual estimation determines that 5% of the sample is chrysotile asbestos. The reported result is: R = (Microvisual result in percent) × (Fraction remaining after step 2) × (Fraction remaining of original sample after step 1) R = (5) × (.30) × (.60) = 0.9% (8) Report the percent and type of asbestos present. For samples where asbestos was identified, but is less than 1.0%, report “Asbestos present, less than 1.0%.” There must have been at least two observed fibers or fiber bundles in the two preparations to be reported as present. For samples where asbestos was not seen, report as “None Detected.” 4. Auxiliary Information Because of the subjective nature of asbestos analysis, certain concepts and procedures need to be discussed in more depth. This information will help the analyst understand why some of the procedures are carried out the way they are. 4.1. Light Light is electromagnetic energy. It travels from its source in packets called quanta. It is instructive to consider light as a plane wave. The light has a direction of travel. Perpendicular to this and mutually perpendicular to each other, are two vector components. One is the magnetic vector and the other is the electric vector. We shall only be concerned with the electric vector. In this description, the interaction of the vector and the mineral will describe all the observable phenomena. From a light source such a microscope illuminator, light travels in all different direction from the filament. In any given direction away from the filament, the electric vector is perpendicular to the direction of travel of a light ray. While perpendicular, its orientation is random about the travel axis. If the electric vectors from all the light rays were lined up by passing the light through a filter that would only let light rays with electric vectors oriented in one direction pass, the light would then be POLARIZED. Polarized light interacts with matter in the direction of the electric vector. This is the polarization direction. Using this property it is possible to use polarized light to probe different materials and identify them by how they interact with light. The speed of light in a vacuum is a constant at about 2.99 × 10 8 4.2. Material Properties Materials are either amorphous or crystalline. The difference between these two descriptions depends on the positions of the atoms in them. The atoms in amorphous materials are randomly arranged with no long range order. An example of an amorphous material is glass. The atoms in crystalline materials, on the other hand, are in regular arrays and have long range order. Most of the atoms can be found in highly predictable locations. Examples of crystalline material are salt, gold, and the asbestos minerals. It is beyond the scope of this method to describe the different types of crystalline materials that can be found, or the full description of the classes into which they can fall. However, some general crystallography is provided below to give a foundation to the procedures described. With the exception of anthophyllite, all the asbestos minerals belong to the monoclinic crystal type. The unit cell is the basic repeating unit of the crystal and for monoclinic crystals can be described as having three unequal sides, two 90° angles and one angle not equal to 90°. The orthorhombic group, of which anthophyllite is a member has three unequal sides and three 90° angles. The unequal sides are a consequence of the complexity of fitting the different atoms into the unit cell. Although the atoms are in a regular array, that array is not symmetrical in all directions. There is long range order in the three major directions of the crystal. However, the order is different in each of the three directions. This has the effect that the index of refraction is different in each of the three directions. Using polarized light, we can investigate the index of refraction in each of the directions and identify the mineral or material under investigation. The indices α, β, and γ are used to identify the lowest, middle, and highest index of refraction respectively. The x direction, associated with α is called the fast axis. Conversely, the z direction is associated with γ and is the slow direction. Crocidolite has α along the fiber length making it “length-fast”. The remainder of the asbestos minerals have the γ axis along the fiber length. They are called “length-slow”. This orientation to fiber length is used to aid in the identification of asbestos. 4.3. Polarized Light Technique Polarized light microscopy as described in this section uses the phase-polar microscope described in Section 3.2. A phase contrast microscope is fitted with two polarizing elements, one below and one above the sample. The polarizers have their polarization directions at right angles to each other. Depending on the tests performed, there may be a compensator between these two polarizing elements. Light emerging from a polarizing element has its electric vector pointing in the polarization direction of the element. The light will not be subsequently transmitted through a second element set at a right angle to the first element. Unless the light is altered as it passes from one element to the other, there is no transmission of light. 4.4. Angle of Extinction Crystals which have different crystal regularity in two or three main directions are said to be anisotropic. They have a different index of refraction in each of the main directions. When such a crystal is inserted between the crossed polars, the field of view is no longer dark but shows the crystal in color. The color depends on the properties of the crystal. The light acts as if it travels through the crystal along the optical axes. If a crystal optical axis were lined up along one of the polarizing directions (either the polarizer or the analyzer) the light would appear to travel only in that direction, and it would blink out or go dark. The difference in degrees between the fiber direction and the angle at which it blinks out is called the angle of extinction. When this angle can be measured, it is useful in identifying the mineral. The procedure for measuring the angle of extinction is to first identify the polarization direction in the microscope. A commercial alignment slide can be used to establish the polarization directions or use anthophyllite or another suitable mineral. This mineral has a zero degree angle of extinction and will go dark to extinction as it aligns with the polarization directions. When a fiber of anthophyllite has gone to extinction, align the eyepiece reticle or graticule with the fiber so that there is a visual cue as to the direction of polarization in the field of view. Tape or otherwise secure the eyepiece in this position so it will not shift. After the polarization direction has been identified in the field of view, move the particle of interest to the center of the field of view and align it with the polarization direction. For fibers, align the fiber along this direction. Note the angular reading of the rotating stage. Looking at the particle, rotate the stage until the fiber goes dark or “blinks out”. Again note the reading of the stage. The difference in the first reading and the second is an angle of extinction. The angle measured may vary as the orientation of the fiber changes about its long axis. Tables of mineralogical data usually report the maximum angle of extinction. Asbestos forming minerals, when they exhibit an angle of extinction, usually do show an angle of extinction close to the reported maximum, or as appropriate depending on the substitution chemistry. 4.5. Crossed Polars With Compensator When the optical axes of a crystal are not lined up along one of the polarizing directions (either the polarizer or the analyzer) part of the light travels along one axis and part travels along the other visible axis. This is characteristic of birefringent materials. The color depends on the difference of the two visible indices of refraction and the thickness of the crystal. The maximum difference available is the difference between the α and the γ axes. This maximum difference is usually tabulated as the birefringence of the crystal. For this test, align the fiber at 45° to the polarization directions in order to maximize the contribution to each of the optical axes. The colors seen are called retardation colors. They arise from the recombination of light which has traveled through the two separate directions of the crystal. One of the rays is retarded behind the other since the light in that direction travels slower. On recombination, some of the colors which make up white light are enhanced by constructive interference and some are suppressed by destructive interference. The result is a color dependent on the difference between the indices and the thickness of the crystal. The proper colors, thicknesses, and retardations are shown on a Michel-Levy chart. The three items, retardation, thickness and birefringence are related by the following relationship: R = t(n γ α R = retardation, t = crystal thickness in µm, and α,γ Examination of the equation for asbestos minerals reveals that the visible colors for almost all common asbestos minerals and fiber sizes are shades of gray and black. The eye is relatively poor at discriminating different shades of gray. It is very good at discriminating different colors. In order to compensate for the low retardation, a compensator is added to the light train between the polarization elements. The compensator used for this test is a gypsum plate of known thickness and birefringence. Such a compensator when oriented at 45° to the polarizer direction, provides a retardation of 530 nm of the 530 nm wavelength color. This enhances the red color and gives the background a characteristic red to red-magenta color. If this “full-wave” compensator is in place when the asbestos preparation is inserted into the light train, the colors seen on the fibers are quite different. Gypsum, like asbestos has a fast axis and a slow axis. When a fiber is aligned with its fast axis in the same direction as the fast axis of the gypsum plate, the ray vibrating in the slow direction is retarded by both the asbestos and the gypsum. This results in a higher retardation than would be present for either of the two minerals. The color seen is a second order blue. When the fiber is rotated 90° using the rotating stage, the slow direction of the fiber is now aligned with the fast direction of the gypsum and the fast direction of the fiber is aligned with the slow direction of the gypsum. Thus, one ray vibrates faster in the fast direction of the gypsum, and slower in the slow direction of the fiber; the other ray will vibrate slower in the slow direction of the gypsum and faster in the fast direction of the fiber. In this case, the effect is subtractive and the color seen is a first order yellow. As long as the fiber thickness does not add appreciably to the color, the same basic colors will be seen for all asbestos types except crocidolite. In crocidolite the colors will be weaker, may be in the opposite directions, and will be altered by the blue absorption color natural to crocidolite. Hundreds of other materials will give the same colors as asbestos, and therefore, this test is not definitive for asbestos. The test is useful in discriminating against fiberglass or other amorphous fibers such as some synthetic fibers. Certain synthetic fibers will show retardation colors different than asbestos; however, there are some forms of polyethylene and aramid which will show morphology and retardation colors similar to asbestos minerals. This test must be supplemented with a positive identification test when birefringent fibers are present which can not be excluded by morphology. This test is relatively ineffective for use on fibers less than 1 µm in diameter. For positive confirmation TEM or SEM should be used if no larger bundles or fibers are visible. 4.6. Dispersion Staining Dispersion microscopy or dispersion staining is the method of choice for the identification of asbestos in bulk materials. Becke line analysis is used by some laboratories and yields the same results as does dispersion staining for asbestos and can be used in lieu of dispersion staining. Dispersion staining is performed on the same platform as the phase-polar analysis with the analyzer and compensator removed. One polarizing element remains to define the direction of the light so that the different indices of refraction of the fibers may be separately determined. Dispersion microscopy is a dark-field technique when used for asbestos. Particles are imaged with scattered light. Light which is unscattered is blocked from reaching the eye either by the back field image mask in a McCrone objective or a back field image mask in the phase condenser. The most convenient method is to use the rotating phase condenser to move an oversized phase ring into place. The ideal size for this ring is for the central disk to be just larger than the objective entry aperture as viewed in the back focal plane. The larger the disk, the less scattered light reaches the eye. This will have the effect of diminishing the intensity of dispersion color and will shift the actual color seen. The colors seen vary even on microscopes from the same manufacturer. This is due to the different bands of wavelength exclusion by different mask sizes. The mask may either reside in the condenser or in the objective back focal plane. It is imperative that the analyst determine by experimentation with asbestos standards what the appropriate colors should be for each asbestos type. The colors depend also on the temperature of the preparation and the exact chemistry of the asbestos. Therefore, some slight differences from the standards should be allowed. This is not a serious problem for commercial asbestos uses. This technique is used for identification of the indices of refraction for fibers by recognition of color. There is no direct numerical readout of the index of refraction. Correlation of color to actual index of refraction is possible by referral to published conversion tables. This is not necessary for the analysis of asbestos. Recognition of appropriate colors along with the proper morphology are deemed sufficient to identify the commercial asbestos minerals. Other techniques including SEM, TEM, and XRD may be required to provide additional information in order to identify other types of asbestos. Make a preparation in the suspected matching high dispersion oil, e.g., n = 1.550 for chrysotile. Perform the preliminary tests to determine whether the fibers are birefringent or not. Take note of the morphological character. Wavy fibers are indicative of chrysotile while long, straight, thin, frayed fibers are indicative of amphibole asbestos. This can aid in the selection of the appropriate matching oil. The microscope is set up and the polarization direction is noted as in Section 4.4. Align a fiber with the polarization direction. Note the color. This is the color parallel to the polarizer. Then rotate the fiber rotating the stage 90° so that the polarization direction is across the fiber. This is the perpendicular position. Again note the color. Both colors must be consistent with standard asbestos minerals in the correct direction for a positive identification of asbestos. If only one of the colors is correct while the other is not, the identification is not positive. If the colors in both directions are bluish-white, the analyst has chosen a matching index oil which is higher than the correct matching oil, e.g. the analyst has used n = 1.620 where chrysotile is present. The next lower oil (Section 3.5.) should be used to prepare another specimen. If the color in both directions is yellow-white to straw-yellow-white, this indicates that the index of the oil is lower than the index of the fiber, e.g. the preparation is in n = 1.550 while anthophyllite is present. Select the next higher oil (Section 3.5.) and prepare another slide. Continue in this fashion until a positive identification of all asbestos species present has been made or all possible asbestos species have been ruled out by negative results in this test. Certain plant fibers can have similar dispersion colors as asbestos. Take care to note and evaluate the morphology of the fibers or remove the plant fibers in pre-preparation. Coating material on the fibers such as carbonate or vinyl may destroy the dispersion color. Usually, there will be some outcropping of fiber which will show the colors sufficient for identification. When this is not the case, treat the sample as described in Section 3.3. and then perform dispersion staining. Some samples will yield to Becke line analysis if they are coated or electron microscopy can be used for identification. 5. References 5.1. Crane, D.T., Asbestos in Air, 5.2. Ford, W.E., Dana's Textbook of Mineralogy 5.3. Selikoff,.I.J., Lee, D.H.K., Asbestos and Disease, 5.4. Women Inspectors of Factories. 5.5. Selikoff,.I.J., Lee, D.H.K., Asbestos and Disease, 5.6. Campbell, W.J., et al, Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties, 5.7. Asbestos, 5.8. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; Asbestos NESHAP Revision, Federal Register, 5.9. Ross, M. The Asbestos Minerals: Definitions, Description, Modes of Formation, Physical and Chemical Properties and Health Risk to the Mining Community, 5.10. Lilis, R., Fibrous Zeolites and Endemic Mesothelioma in Cappadocia, Turkey, J. Occ Medicine, 5.11. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos—1972, 5.12. Campbell,W.J., et al, Relationship of Mineral Habit to Size Characteristics for Tremolite Fragments and Fibers, 5.13. Mefford, D., DCM Laboratory, Denver, private communication, July 1987. 5.14. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., Rock Forming Minerals, 5.15. Kerr, P.F., Optical Mineralogy; 5.16. Veblen, D.R. (Ed.), Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles—Mineralogy, Reviews in Mineralogy, 5.17. Dixon, W.C., Applications of Optical Microscopy in the Analysis of Asbestos and Quartz, 5.18. Polarized Light Microscopy, McCrone Research Institute, Chicago, 1976. 5.19. Asbestos Identification, McCrone Research Institute, G & G printers, Chicago, 1987. 5.20. McCrone, W.C., Calculation of Refractive Indices from Dispersion Staining Data, The Microscope, No 37, Chicago, 1989. 5.21. Levadie, B. (Ed.), Asbestos and Other Health Related Silicates, 5.22. Steel, E. and Wylie, A., Riordan, P.H. (Ed.), Mineralogical Characteristics of Asbestos, Geology of Asbestos Deposits, 5.23. Zussman, J., The Mineralogy of Asbestos, Asbestos: Properties, Applications and Hazards, Appendix L to § 1915.1001—Work Practices and Engineering Controls for Automotive Brake and Clutch Inspection, Disassembly, Repair and Assembly—Mandatory This mandatory appendix specifies engineering controls and work practices that must be implemented by the employer during automotive brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair, and assembly operations. Proper use of these engineering controls and work practices by trained employees will reduce employees' asbestos exposure below the permissible exposure level during clutch and brake inspection, disassembly, repair, and assembly operations. The employer shall institute engineering controls and work practices using either the method set forth in paragraph [A] or paragraph [B] of this appendix, or any other method which the employer can demonstrate to be equivalent in terms of reducing employee exposure to asbestos as defined and which meets the requirements described in paragraph [C] of this appendix, for those facilities in which no more than 5 pairs of brakes or 5 clutches are inspected, disassembled, reassembled and/or repaired per week, the method set forth in paragraph [D] of this appendix may be used: [A] Negative Pressure Enclosure/HEPA Vacuum System Method (1) The brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair, and assembly operations shall be enclosed to cover and contain the clutch or brake assembly and to prevent the release of asbestos fibers into the worker's breathing zone. (2) The enclosure shall be sealed tightly and thoroughly inspected for leaks before work begins on brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair, and assembly. (3) The enclosure shall be such that the worker can clearly see the operation and shall provide impermeable sleeves through which the worker can handle the brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair and assembly. The integrity of the sleeves and ports shall be examined before work begins. (4) A HEPA-filtered vacuum shall be employed to maintain the enclosure under negative pressure throughout the operation. Compressed-air may be used to remove asbestos fibers or particles from the enclosure. (5) The HEPA vacuum shall be used first to loosen the asbestos containing residue from the brake and clutch parts and then to evacuate the loosened asbestos containing material from the enclosure and capture the material in the vacuum filter. (6) The vacuum's filter, when full, shall be first wetted with a fine mist of water, then removed and placed immediately in an impermeable container, labeled according to paragraph (k)(8) of this section and disposed of according to paragraph (l) of this section. (7) Any spills or releases of asbestos containing waste material from inside of the enclosure or vacuum hose or vacuum filter shall be immediately cleaned up and disposed of according to paragraph (l) of the section. [B] Low Pressure/Wet Cleaning Method (1) A catch basin shall be placed under the brake assembly, positioned to avoid splashes and spills. (2) The reservoir shall contain water containing an organic solvent or wetting agent. The flow of liquid shall be controlled such that the brake assembly is gently flooded to prevent the asbestos-containing brake dust from becoming airborne. (3) The aqueous solution shall be allowed to flow between the brake drum and brake support before the drum is removed. (4) After removing the brake drum, the wheel hub and back of the brake assembly shall be thoroughly wetted to suppress dust. (5) The brake support plate, brake shoes and brake components used to attach the brake shoes shall be thoroughly washed before removing the old shoes. (6) In systems using filters, the filters, when full, shall be first wetted with a fine mist of water, then removed and placed immediately in an impermeable container, labeled according to paragraph (k)(8) of this section and disposed of according to paragraph (l) of this section. (7) Any spills of asbestos-containing aqueous solution or any asbestos-containing waste material shall be cleaned up immediately and disposed of according to paragraph (l) of this section. (8) The use of dry brushing during low pressure/wet cleaning operations is prohibited. [C] Equivalent Methods An equivalent method is one which has sufficient written detail so that it can be reproduced and has been demonstrated that the exposures resulting from the equivalent method are equal to or less than the exposures which would result from the use of the method described in paragraph [A] of this appendix. For purposes of making this comparison, the employer shall assume that exposures resulting from the use of the method described in paragraph [A] of this appendix shall not exceed 0.016 f/cc, as measured by the OSHA reference method and as averaged over at least 18 personal samples. [D] Wet Method (1) A spray bottle, hose nozzle, or other implement capable of delivering a fine mist of water or amended water or other delivery system capable of delivering water at low pressure, shall be used to first thoroughly wet the brake and clutch parts. Brake and clutch components shall then be wiped clean with a cloth. (2) The cloth shall be placed in an impermeable container, labelled according to paragraph (k)(8) of this section and then disposed of according to paragraph (l) of this section, or the cloth shall be laundered in a way to prevent the release of asbestos fibers in excess of 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air. (3) Any spills of solvent or any asbestos containing waste material shall be cleaned up immediately according to paragraph (l) of this section. (4) The use of dry brushing during the wet method operations is prohibited. [59 FR 41080, Aug. 10, 1994, as amended at 60 FR 33344, June 28, 1995; 60 FR 33987, June 29, 1995; 60 FR 36044, July 13, 1995; 60 FR 50412, Sept. 29, 1995; 61 FR 43457, Aug. 23, 1996; 63 FR 35137, June 29, 1998; 67 FR 44545, 44546, July 3, 2002; 70 FR 1143, Jan. 5, 2005; 71 FR 16674, Apr. 3, 2006; 71 FR 50191, Aug. 24, 2006; 73 FR 75587, Dec. 12, 2009; 76 FR 33610, June 8, 2011; 77 FR 17888, Mar. 26, 2012; 78 FR 9315, Feb. 8, 2013; 84 FR 21555, 12597, May 14, 2019] § 1915.1002 Coal tar pitch volatiles; interpretation of term. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1002 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1003 13 carcinogens (4-Nitrobiphenyl, etc.). Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1004 alpha-Naphthylamine. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1005 [Reserved] § 1915.1006 Methyl chloromethyl ether. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1007 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidiene (and its salts). Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1008 bis-Chloromethyl ether. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1009 beta-Naphthylamine. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1010 Benzidine. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1011 4-Aminodiphenyl. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1012 Ethyleneimine. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1013 beta-Propiolactone. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1014 2-Acetylaminofluorene. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1015 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1016 N-Nitrosodimethylamine. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1003 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1017 Vinyl chloride. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1017 of this chapter. [61 FR 31430, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1018 Inorganic arsenic. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1018 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1020 Access to employee exposure and medical records. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1020 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1024 Beryllium. (a) Scope and application. (2) This standard does not apply to articles, as defined in the Hazard Communication standard (HCS) (29 CFR 1910.1200(c)), that contain beryllium and that the employer does not process. (3) This standard does not apply to materials containing less than 0.1% beryllium by weight where the employer has objective data demonstrating that employee exposure to beryllium will remain below the action level as an 8-hour TWA under any foreseeable conditions. (b) Definitions. Action level 3 Airborne exposure airborne exposure to beryllium Assistant Secretary Beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) Beryllium sensitization CBD diagnostic center Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) Confirmed positive Director Objective data Physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP) i.e., Regulated area This standard (c) Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) Time-weighted average (TWA) PEL. 3 (2) Short-term exposure limit (STEL). 3 (d) Exposure assessment General. (2) Performance option. (3) Scheduled monitoring option. (ii) The employer must perform initial monitoring to assess the short-term exposure from 15-minute personal breathing zone air samples measured in operations that are likely to produce airborne exposure above the STEL for each work shift, for each job classification, and in each work area. (iii) Where several employees perform the same tasks on the same shift and in the same work area, the employer may sample a representative fraction of these employees in order to meet the requirements of paragraph (d)(3) of this standard. In representative sampling, the employer must sample the employee(s) expected to have the highest airborne exposure to beryllium. (iv) If initial monitoring indicates that airborne exposure is below the action level and at or below the STEL, the employer may discontinue monitoring for those employees whose airborne exposure is represented by such monitoring. (v) Where the most recent exposure monitoring indicates that airborne exposure is at or above the action level but at or below the TWA PEL, the employer must repeat such monitoring within six months of the most recent monitoring. (vi) Where the most recent exposure monitoring indicates that airborne exposure is above the TWA PEL, the employer must repeat such monitoring within three months of the most recent 8-hour TWA exposure monitoring. (vii) Where the most recent (non-initial) exposure monitoring indicates that airborne exposure is below the action level, the employer must repeat such monitoring within six months of the most recent monitoring until two consecutive measurements, taken 7 or more days apart, are below the action level, at which time the employer may discontinue 8-hour TWA exposure monitoring for those employees whose exposure is represented by such monitoring, except as otherwise provided in paragraph (d)(4) of this standard. (viii) Where the most recent exposure monitoring indicates that airborne exposure is above the STEL, the employer must repeat such monitoring within three months of the most recent short-term exposure monitoring until two consecutive measurements, taken 7 or more days apart, are below the STEL, at which time the employer may discontinue short-term exposure monitoring for those employees whose exposure is represented by such monitoring, except as otherwise provided in paragraph (d)(4) of this standard. (4) Reassessment of exposure. (5) Methods of sample analysis. (6) Employee notification of assessment results. (ii) Whenever an exposure assessment indicates that airborne exposure is above the TWA PEL or STEL, the employer must describe in the written notification the corrective action being taken to reduce airborne exposure to or below the exposure limit(s) exceeded where feasible corrective action exists but had not been implemented when the monitoring was conducted. (7) Observation of monitoring. (ii) When observation of monitoring requires entry into an area where the use of personal protective clothing or equipment (which may include respirators) is required, the employer must provide each observer with appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment at no cost to the observer and must ensure that each observer uses such clothing and equipment. (iii) The employer must ensure that each observer follows all other applicable safety and health procedures. (e) Regulated areas Establishment. (2) Demarcation. (3) Access. (i) Persons the employer authorizes or requires to be in a regulated area to perform work duties; (ii) Persons entering a regulated area as designated representatives of employees for the purpose of exercising the right to observe exposure monitoring procedures under paragraph (d)(7) of this standard; and (iii) Persons authorized by law to be in a regulated area. (4) Provision of personal protective clothing and equipment, including respirators. (i) Respiratory protection in accordance with paragraph (g) of this standard; and (ii) Personal protective clothing and equipment in accordance with paragraph (h) of this standard. (f) Methods of compliance Written exposure control plan. (A) A list of operations and job titles reasonably expected to involve exposure to beryllium; (B) A list of engineering controls, work practices, and respiratory protection required by paragraph (f)(2) of this standard; (C) A list of personal protective clothing and equipment required by paragraph (h) of this standard; (D) Procedures used to ensure the integrity of each containment used to minimize exposures to employees outside of the containment; and (E) Procedures for removing, cleaning, and maintaining personal protective clothing and equipment in accordance with paragraph (h) of this standard. (ii) The employer must review and evaluate the effectiveness of each written exposure control plan at least annually and update it, as necessary, when: (A) Any change in production processes, materials, equipment, personnel, work practices, or control methods results, or can reasonably be expected to result, in new or additional airborne exposure to beryllium; (B) The employer is notified that an employee is eligible for medical removal in accordance with paragraph (l)(1) of this standard, referred for evaluation at a CBD diagnostic center, or shows signs or symptoms associated with exposure to beryllium; or (C) The employer has any reason to believe that new or additional airborne exposure is occurring or will occur. (iii) The employer must make a copy of the written exposure control plan accessible to each employee who is, or can reasonably be expected to be, exposed to airborne beryllium in accordance with OSHA's Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records (Records Access) standard (29 CFR 1910.1020(e)). (2) Engineering and work practice controls. (3) Prohibition of rotation. (g) Respiratory protection General. (i) During periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice controls where airborne exposure exceeds, or can reasonably be expected to exceed, the TWA PEL or STEL; (ii) During operations, including maintenance and repair activities and non-routine tasks, when engineering and work practice controls are not feasible and airborne exposure exceeds, or can reasonably be expected to exceed, the TWA PEL or STEL; (iii) During operations for which an employer has implemented all feasible engineering and work practice controls when such controls are not sufficient to reduce airborne exposure to or below the TWA PEL or STEL; and (iv) When an employee who is eligible for medical removal under paragraph (l)(1) chooses to remain in a job with airborne exposure at or above the action level, as permitted by paragraph (l)(2)(ii). (2) Respiratory protection program. (3) The employer must provide at no cost to the employee a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) instead of a negative pressure respirator when: (i) Respiratory protection is required by this standard; (ii) An employee entitled to such respiratory protection requests a PAPR; and (iii) The PAPR provides adequate protection to the employee in accordance with paragraph (g)(2) of this standard. (h) Personal protective clothing and equipment Provision and use. (2) Removal of personal protective clothing and equipment. (ii) The employer must ensure that personal protective clothing and equipment required by this standard is not removed in a manner that disperses beryllium into the air, and is removed as specified in the written exposure control plan required by paragraph (f)(1) of this standard. (iii) The employer must ensure that no employee with reasonably expected exposure above the TWA PEL or STEL removes personal protective clothing and equipment required by this standard from the workplace unless it has been cleaned in accordance with paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this standard. (3) Cleaning and replacement. (ii) The employer must ensure that beryllium is not removed from personal protective clothing and equipment required by this standard by blowing, shaking, or any other means that disperses beryllium into the air. (i) [Reserved] (j) Housekeeping. (2) The employer must not allow dry sweeping or brushing for cleaning up dust resulting from operations that cause, or can reasonably be expected to cause, airborne exposure above the TWA PEL or STEL unless methods that minimize the likelihood and level of airborne exposure are not safe or effective. (3) The employer must not allow the use of compressed air for cleaning where the use of compressed air causes, or can reasonably be expected to cause, airborne exposure above the TWA PEL or STEL. (4) Where employees use dry sweeping, brushing, or compressed air to clean, the employer must provide, and ensure that each employee uses, respiratory protection and personal protective clothing and equipment in accordance with paragraphs (g) and (h) of this standard. (5) The employer must ensure that cleaning equipment is handled and maintained in a manner that minimizes the likelihood and level of airborne exposure and the re-entrainment of airborne beryllium in the workplace. (k) Medical surveillance General. (A) Who is or is reasonably expected to be exposed at or above the action level for more than 30 days per year; (B) Who shows signs or symptoms of CBD or other beryllium-related health effects; or (C) Whose most recent written medical opinion required by paragraph (k)(6) or (k)(7) recommends periodic medical surveillance. (ii) The employer must ensure that all medical examinations and procedures required by this standard are performed by, or under the direction of, a licensed physician. (2) Frequency. (i) Within 30 days after determining that: (A) An employee meets the criteria of paragraph (k)(1)(i)(A) of this standard, unless the employee has received a medical examination, provided in accordance with this standard, within the last two years; or (B) An employee meets the criteria of paragraph (k)(1)(i)(B) of this standard. (ii) At least every two years thereafter for each employee who continues to meet the criteria of paragraph (k)(1)(i)(A), (B), or (C) of this standard. (iii) At the termination of employment for each employee who meets any of the criteria of paragraph (k)(1)(i) of this standard at the time the employee's employment terminates, unless an examination has been provided in accordance with this standard during the six months prior to the date of termination. (3) Contents of examination. (ii) The employer must ensure that the employee is offered a medical examination that includes: (A) A medical and work history, with emphasis on past and present exposure to beryllium, smoking history, and any history of respiratory system dysfunction; (B) A physical examination with emphasis on the respiratory system; (C) A physical examination for skin rashes; (D) Pulmonary function tests, performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the American Thoracic Society including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 (E) A standardized BeLPT or equivalent test, upon the first examination and at least every two years thereafter, unless the employee is confirmed positive. If the results of the BeLPT are other than normal, a follow-up BeLPT must be offered within 30 days, unless the employee has been confirmed positive. Samples must be analyzed in a laboratory certified under the College of American Pathologists/Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) guidelines to perform the BeLPT. (F) A low dose computed tomography (LDCT) scan, when recommended by the PLHCP after considering the employee's history of exposure to beryllium along with other risk factors, such as smoking history, family medical history, sex, age, and presence of existing lung disease; and (G) Any other test deemed appropriate by the PLHCP. (4) Information provided to the PLHCP. (i) A description of the employee's former and current duties that relate to the employee's exposure to beryllium; (ii) The employee's former and current levels of airborne exposure; (iii) A description of any personal protective clothing and equipment, including respirators, used by the employee, including when and for how long the employee has used that personal protective clothing and equipment; and (iv) Information from records of employment-related medical examinations previously provided to the employee, currently within the control of the employer, after obtaining written consent from the employee. (5) Licensed physician's written medical report for the employee. (i) A statement indicating the results of the medical examination, including the licensed physician's opinion as to whether the employee has: (A) Any detected medical condition, such as CBD or beryllium sensitization ( i.e., (B) Any medical conditions related to airborne exposure that require further evaluation or treatment. (ii) Any recommendations on: (A) The employee's use of respirators, protective clothing, or equipment; or (B) Limitations on the employee's airborne exposure to beryllium. (iii) If the employee is confirmed positive or diagnosed with CBD or if the licensed physician otherwise deems it appropriate, the written report must also contain a referral for an evaluation at a CBD diagnostic center. (iv) If the employee is confirmed positive or diagnosed with CBD the written report must also contain a recommendation for continued periodic medical surveillance. (v) If the employee is confirmed positive or diagnosed with CBD the written report must also contain a recommendation for medical removal from airborne exposure to beryllium, as described in paragraph (l). (6) Licensed physician's written medical opinion for the employer. (A) The date of the examination; (B) A statement that the examination has met the requirements of this standard; (C) Any recommended limitations on the employee's use of respirators, protective clothing, or equipment; and (D) A statement that the PLHCP has explained the results of the medical examination to the employee, including any tests conducted, any medical conditions related to airborne exposure that require further evaluation or treatment, and any special provisions for use of personal protective clothing or equipment; (ii) If the employee provides written authorization, the written opinion must also contain any recommended limitations on the employee's airborne exposure to beryllium. (iii) If the employee is confirmed positive or diagnosed with CBD or if the licensed physician otherwise deems it appropriate, and the employee provides written authorization, the written opinion must also contain a referral for an evaluation at a CBD diagnostic center. (iv) If the employee is confirmed positive or diagnosed with CBD and the employee provides written authorization, the written opinion must also contain a recommendation for continued periodic medical surveillance. (v) If the employee is confirmed positive or diagnosed with CBD and the employee provides written authorization, the written opinion must also contain a recommendation for medical removal from airborne exposure to beryllium, as described in paragraph (l). (vi) The employer must ensure that each employee receives a copy of the written medical opinion described in paragraph (k)(6) of this standard within 45 days of any medical examination (including any follow-up BeLPT required under paragraph (k)(3)(ii)(E) of this standard) performed for that employee. (7) CBD diagnostic center. (A) The employer's receipt of a physician's written medical opinion to the employer that recommends referral to a CBD diagnostic center; or (B) The employee presenting to the employer a physician's written medical report indicating that the employee has been confirmed positive or diagnosed with CBD, or recommending referral to a CBD diagnostic center. (ii) The employer must ensure that, as part of the evaluation, the employee is offered any tests deemed appropriate by the examining physician at the CBD diagnostic center, such as pulmonary function testing (as outlined by the American Thoracic Society criteria), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and transbronchial biopsy. If any of the tests deemed appropriate by the examining physician are not available at the CBD diagnostic center, they may be performed at another location that is mutually agreed upon by the employer and the employee. (iii) The employer must ensure that the employee receives a written medical report from the CBD diagnostic center that contains all the information required in paragraph (k)(5)(i), (ii), (iv), and (v) and that the PLHCP explains the results of the examination to the employee within 30 days of the examination. (iv) The employer must obtain a written medical opinion from the CBD diagnostic center within 30 days of the medical examination. The written medical opinion must contain only the information in paragraphs (k)(6)(i), as applicable, unless the employee provides written authorization to release additional information. If the employee provides written authorization, the written opinion must also contain the information from paragraphs (k)(6)(ii), (iv), and (v), if applicable. (v) The employer must ensure that each employee receives a copy of the written medical opinion from the CBD diagnostic center described in paragraph (k)(7) of this standard within 30 days of any medical examination performed for that employee. (vi) After an employee has received the initial clinical evaluation at a CBD diagnostic center described in paragraph (k)(7)(i) of this standard, the employee may choose to have any subsequent medical examinations for which the employee is eligible under paragraph (k) of this standard performed at a CBD diagnostic center mutually agreed upon by the employer and the employee, and the employer must provide such examinations at no cost to the employee. (l) Medical removal. (i) The employee provides the employer with: (A) A written medical report indicating a confirmed positive finding or CBD diagnosis; or (B) A written medical report recommending removal from airborne exposure to beryllium in accordance with paragraph (k)(5)(v) or (k)(7)(ii) of this standard; or (ii) The employer receives a written medical opinion recommending removal from airborne exposure to beryllium in accordance with paragraph (k)(6)(v) or (k)(7)(iii) of this standard. (2) If an employee is eligible for medical removal, the employer must provide the employee with the employee's choice of: (i) Removal as described in paragraph (l)(3) of this standard; or (ii) Remaining in a job with airborne exposure at or above the action level, provided that the employer provides, and ensures that the employee uses, respiratory protection that complies with paragraph (g) of this standard whenever airborne exposures are at or above the action level. (3) If the employee chooses removal: (i) If a comparable job is available where airborne exposures to beryllium are below the action level, and the employee is qualified for that job or can be trained within one month, the employer must remove the employee to that job. The employer must maintain for six months from the time of removal the employee's base earnings, seniority, and other rights and benefits that existed at the time of removal. (ii) If comparable work is not available, the employer must maintain the employee's base earnings, seniority, and other rights and benefits that existed at the time of removal for six months or until such time that comparable work described in paragraph (l)(3)(i) becomes available, whichever comes first. (4) The employer's obligation to provide medical removal protection benefits to a removed employee shall be reduced to the extent that the employee receives compensation for earnings lost during the period of removal from a publicly or employer-funded compensation program, or receives income from another employer made possible by virtue of the employee's removal. (m) Communication of hazards General. (ii) Employers must include beryllium in the hazard communication program established to comply with the HCS. Employers must ensure that each employee has access to labels on containers of beryllium and to safety data sheets, and is trained in accordance with the requirements of the HCS (29 CFR 1910.1200) and paragraph (m)(3) of this standard. (2) Warning signs. Posting. (ii) Sign specification. (B) The employer must ensure each warning sign required by paragraph (m)(2)(i) of this standard bears the following legend: DANGER REGULATED AREA BERYLLIUM MAY CAUSE CANCER CAUSES DAMAGE TO LUNGS AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT IN THIS AREA (3) Employee information and training. (A) The employer must provide information and training in accordance with the HCS (29 CFR 1910.1200(h)); (B) The employer must provide initial training to each employee by the time of initial assignment; and (C) The employer must repeat the training required under this standard annually for each employee. (ii) The employer must ensure that each employee who is, or can reasonably be expected to be, exposed to airborne beryllium can demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the following: (A) The health hazards associated with exposure to beryllium, including the signs and symptoms of CBD; (B) The written exposure control plan, with emphasis on the location(s) of any regulated areas, and the specific nature of operations that could result in airborne exposure, especially airborne exposure above the TWA PEL or STEL; (C) The purpose, proper selection, fitting, proper use, and limitations of personal protective clothing and equipment, including respirators; (D) Measures employees can take to protect themselves from exposure to beryllium; (E) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by paragraph (k) of this standard including risks and benefits of each test to be offered; (F) The purpose and a description of the medical removal protection provided under paragraph (l) of this standard; (G) The contents of the standard; and (H) The employee's right of access to records under the Records Access standard (29 CFR 1910.1020). (iii) When a workplace change (such as modification of equipment, tasks, or procedures) results in new or increased airborne exposure that exceeds, or can reasonably be expected to exceed, either the TWA PEL or the STEL, the employer must provide additional training to those employees affected by the change in airborne exposure. (iv) The employer must make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available at no cost to each employee and designated employee representative(s). (n) Recordkeeping Air monitoring data. (ii) This record must include at least the following information: (A) The date of measurement for each sample taken; (B) The task that is being monitored; (C) The sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy; (D) The number, duration, and results of samples taken; (E) The type of personal protective clothing and equipment, including respirators, worn by monitored employees at the time of monitoring; and (F) The name and job classification of each employee represented by the monitoring, indicating which employees were actually monitored. (iii) The employer must ensure that exposure records are maintained and made available in accordance with the Records Access standard (29 CFR 1910.1020). (2) Objective data. (ii) This record must include at least the following information: (A) The data relied upon; (B) The beryllium-containing material in question; (C) The source of the objective data; (D) A description of the process, task, or activity on which the objective data were based; and (E) Other data relevant to the process, task, activity, material, or airborne exposure on which the objective data were based. (iii) The employer must ensure that objective data are maintained and made available in accordance with the Records Access standard (29 CFR 1910.1020). (3) Medical surveillance. (ii) The record must include the following information about each employee: (A) Name and job classification; (B) A copy of all licensed physicians' written medical opinions for each employee; and (C) A copy of the information provided to the PLHCP as required by paragraph (k)(4) of this standard. (iii) The employer must ensure that medical records are maintained and made available in accordance with the Records Access standard (29 CFR 1910.1020). (4) Training. (ii) This record must be maintained for three years after the completion of training. (5) Access to records. (6) Transfer of records. (o) Dates Effective date. (2) Compliance dates. (ii) All other obligations of this standard commence and become enforceable on September 30, 2020. [82 FR 2744, Jan. 9, 2017, as amended at 84 FR 51399, Sept. 30, 2019; 85 FR 53996, Aug. 31, 2020; 86 FR 11119, Feb. 24, 2021] § 1915.1025 Lead. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1025 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1026 Chromium (VI). (a) Scope. (2) Exposures that occur in the application of pesticides regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency or another Federal government agency (e.g., the treatment of wood with preservatives); (3) Exposures to portland cement; or (4) Where the employer has objective data demonstrating that a material containing chromium or a specific process, operation, or activity involving chromium cannot release dusts, fumes, or mists of chromium (VI) in concentrations at or above 0.5 µgm/m 3 (b) Definitions. Action level 3 Assistant Secretary Chromium (VI) [hexavalent chromium or Cr(VI)] Director Emergency Employee exposure High-efficiency particulate air [HEPA] filter Historical monitoring data Objective data Physician or other licensed health care professional [PLHCP] This section (c) Permissible exposure limit (PEL). 3 (d) Exposure determination General. (2) Scheduled monitoring option. (ii) If initial monitoring indicates that employee exposures are below the action level, the employer may discontinue monitoring for those employees whose exposures are represented by such monitoring. (iii) If monitoring reveals employee exposures to be at or above the action level, the employer shall perform periodic monitoring at least every six months. (iv) If monitoring reveals employee exposures to be above the PEL, the employer shall perform periodic monitoring at least every three months. (v) If periodic monitoring indicates that employee exposures are below the action level, and the result is confirmed by the result of another monitoring taken at least seven days later, the employer may discontinue the monitoring for those employees whose exposures are represented by such monitoring. (vi) The employer shall perform additional monitoring when there has been any change in the production process, raw materials, equipment, personnel, work practices, or control methods that may result in new or additional exposures to chromium (VI), or when the employer has any reason to believe that new or additional exposures have occurred. (3) Performance-oriented option. (4) Employee notification of determination results. (ii) Whenever the exposure determination indicates that employee exposure is above the PEL, the employer shall describe in the written notification the corrective action being taken to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL. (5) Accuracy of measurement. (6) Observation of monitoring. (ii) When observation of monitoring requires entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or equipment is required, the employer shall provide the observer with clothing and equipment and shall assure that the observer uses such clothing and equipment and complies with all other applicable safety and health procedures. (e) Methods of compliance Engineering and work practice controls. (ii) Where the employer can demonstrate that a process or task does not result in any employee exposure to chromium (VI) above the PEL for 30 or more days per year (12 consecutive months), the requirement to implement engineering and work practice controls to achieve the PEL does not apply to that process or task. (2) Prohibition of rotation. (f) Respiratory protection General. (i) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice controls; (ii) Work operations, such as maintenance and repair activities, for which engineering and work practice controls are not feasible; (iii) Work operations for which an employer has implemented all feasible engineering and work practice controls and such controls are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the PEL; (iv) Work operations where employees are exposed above the PEL for fewer than 30 days per year, and the employer has elected not to implement engineering and work practice controls to achieve the PEL; or (v) Emergencies. (2) Respiratory protection program. (g) Protective work clothing and equipment Provision and use. (2) Removal and storage. (ii) The employer shall ensure that no employee removes chromium (VI)-contaminated protective clothing or equipment from the workplace, except for those employees whose job it is to launder, clean, maintain, or dispose of such clothing or equipment. (iii) When contaminated protective clothing or equipment is removed for laundering, cleaning, maintenance, or disposal, the employer shall ensure that it is stored and transported in sealed, impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers. (iv) The employer shall ensure that bags or containers of contaminated protective clothing or equipment that are removed from change rooms for laundering, cleaning, maintenance, or disposal are labeled in accordance with the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, § 1910.1200. (3) Cleaning and replacement. (ii) The employer shall prohibit the removal of chromium (VI) from protective clothing and equipment by blowing, shaking, or any other means that disperses chromium (VI) into the air or onto an employee's body. (iii) The employer shall inform any person who launders or cleans protective clothing or equipment contaminated with chromium (VI) of the potentially harmful effects of exposure to chromium (VI) and that the clothing and equipment should be laundered or cleaned in a manner that minimizes skin or eye contact with chromium (VI) and effectively prevents the release of airborne chromium (VI) in excess of the PEL. (h) Hygiene areas and practices General. (2) Change rooms. (3) Washing facilities. (ii) The employer shall ensure that employees who have skin contact with chromium (VI) wash their hands and faces at the end of the work shift and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, applying cosmetics, or using the toilet. (4) Eating and drinking areas. (ii) The employer shall ensure that employees do not enter eating and drinking areas with protective work clothing or equipment unless surface chromium (VI) has been removed from the clothing and equipment by methods that do not disperse chromium (VI) into the air or onto an employee's body. (5) Prohibited activities. (i) Medical surveillance General. (A) Who are or may be occupationally exposed to chromium (VI) at or above the action level for 30 or more days a year; (B) Experiencing signs or symptoms of the adverse health effects associated with chromium (VI) exposure; or (C) Exposed in an emergency. (ii) The employer shall assure that all medical examinations and procedures required by this section are performed by or under the supervision of a PLHCP. (2) Frequency. (i) Within 30 days after initial assignment, unless the employee has received a chromium (VI) related medical examination that meets the requirements of this paragraph within the last twelve months; (ii) Annually; (iii) Within 30 days after a PLHCP's written medical opinion recommends an additional examination; (iv) Whenever an employee shows signs or symptoms of the adverse health effects associated with chromium (VI) exposure; (v) Within 30 days after exposure during an emergency which results in an uncontrolled release of chromium (VI); or (vi) At the termination of employment, unless the last examination that satisfied the requirements of paragraph (i) of this section was less than six months prior to the date of termination. (3) Contents of examination. (i) A medical and work history, with emphasis on: past, present, and anticipated future exposure to chromium (VI); any history of respiratory system dysfunction; any history of asthma, dermatitis, skin ulceration, or nasal septum perforation; and smoking status and history; (ii) A physical examination of the skin and respiratory tract; and (iii) Any additional tests deemed appropriate by the examining PLHCP. (4) Information provided to the PLHCP. (i) A description of the affected employee's former, current, and anticipated duties as they relate to the employee's occupational exposure to chromium (VI); (ii) The employee's former, current, and anticipated levels of occupational exposure to chromium (VI); (iii) A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used by the employee, including when and for how long the employee has used that equipment; and (iv) Information from records of employment-related medical examinations previously provided to the affected employee, currently within the control of the employer. (5) PLHCP's written medical opinion. (A) The PLHCP's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical condition(s) that would place the employee at increased risk of material impairment to health from further exposure to chromium (VI); (B) Any recommended limitations upon the employee's exposure to chromium (VI) or upon the use of personal protective equipment such as respirators; (C) A statement that the PLHCP has explained to the employee the results of the medical examination, including any medical conditions related to chromium (VI) exposure that require further evaluation or treatment, and any special provisions for use of protective clothing or equipment. (ii) The PLHCP shall not reveal to the employer specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure to chromium (VI). (iii) The employer shall provide a copy of the PLHCP's written medical opinion to the examined employee within two weeks after receiving it. (j) Communication of chromium (VI) hazards to employees Hazard communication. (2) Employee information and training. (A) The contents of this section; and (B) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by paragraph (i) of this section. (ii) The employer shall make a copy of this section readily available without cost to all affected employees. (k) Recordkeeping Air monitoring data. (ii) This record shall include at least the following information: (A) The date of measurement for each sample taken; (B) The operation involving exposure to chromium (VI) that is being monitored; (C) Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy; (D) Number, duration, and the results of samples taken; (E) Type of personal protective equipment, such as respirators worn; and (F) Name and job classification of all employees represented by the monitoring, indicating which employees were actually monitored. (iii) The employer shall ensure that exposure records are maintained and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020. (2) Historical monitoring data. (ii) The record shall include information that reflects the following conditions: (A) The data were collected using methods that meet the accuracy requirements of paragraph (d)(5) of this section; (B) The processes and work practices that were in use when the historical monitoring data were obtained are essentially the same as those to be used during the job for which exposure is being determined; (C) The characteristics of the chromium (VI) containing material being handled when the historical monitoring data were obtained are the same as those on the job for which exposure is being determined; (D) Environmental conditions prevailing when the historical monitoring data were obtained are the same as those on the job for which exposure is being determined; and (E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee exposures covered by the exception. (iii) The employer shall ensure that historical exposure records are maintained and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020. (3) Objective data. (ii) This record shall include at least the following information: (A) The chromium containing material in question; (B) The source of the objective data; (C) The testing protocol and results of testing, or analysis of the material for the release of chromium (VI); (D) A description of the process, operation, or activity and how the data support the determination; and (E) Other data relevant to the process, operation, activity, material, or employee exposures. (iii) The employer shall ensure that objective data are maintained and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020. (4) Medical surveillance. (ii) The record shall include the following information about the employee: (A) Name; (B) A copy of the PLHCP's written opinions; (C) A copy of the information provided to the PLHCP as required by paragraph (i)(4) of this section. (iii) The employer shall ensure that medical records are maintained and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020. (l) Dates. (2) For employers with 19 or fewer employees, all obligations of this section, except engineering controls required by paragraph (e) of this section, commence May 30, 2007. (3) For all employers, engineering controls required by paragraph (e) of this section shall be implemented no later than May 31, 2010. [71 FR 10378, Feb. 28, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 75587, Dec. 12, 2008; 75 FR 12686, Mar. 17, 2010; 77 FR 17889, Mar. 26, 2012; 84 FR 21597, May 14, 2019] § 1915.1027 Cadmium. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1027 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1028 Benzene. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1028 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1030 Bloodborne pathogens. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1030 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1044 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1044 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1045 Acrylonitrile. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1045 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1047 Ethylene oxide. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1047 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1048 Formaldehyde. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1048 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1050 Methylenedianiline. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1050 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1052 Methylene chloride. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at 29 CFR 1910.1052. [62 FR 1619, Jan. 10, 1997] § 1915.1053 Respirable crystalline silica. The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1053 of this chapter. [81 FR 16875, Mar. 25, 2016] § 1915.1200 Hazard communication. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1200 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1450 Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. Note: The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1450 of this chapter. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] § 1915.1501 COVID-19. The requirements applicable to shipyard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at 29 CFR 1910.501. [86 FR 61554, Nov. 5, 2021]

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