49 CFR Part 533 — Light Truck Fuel Economy Standards

PART 533—LIGHT TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS Authority: 49 U.S.C. 32902; delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.95. Source: 87 FR 26076, May 2, 2022, unless otherwise noted. § 533.1 Scope. This part establishes average fuel economy standards pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 32902 for light trucks. [89 FR 52949, June 24, 2024] § 533.2 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to increase the fuel economy of light trucks by establishing minimum levels of average fuel economy for those vehicles. § 533.3 Applicability. This part applies to manufacturers of light trucks. § 533.4 Definitions. (a) Statutory terms. average fuel economy, average fuel economy standard, fuel economy, import, manufacture, manufacturer, model year (2) The term automobile (b) Other terms. (1) Light truck (2) Captive import (3) 4-wheel drive, general utility vehicle (4) Basic engine (5) Limited product line light truck [89 FR 52949, June 24, 2024] § 533.5 Requirements. (a) Each manufacturer of light trucks shall comply with the following fleet average fuel economy standards, expressed in miles per gallon, in the model year (MY) specified as applicable: Table 1 to § 533.5( a Model year 2-wheel drive light trucks 4-wheel drive light trucks Limited product line light trucks Captive Other Captive Other 1979 17.2 15.8 1980 16.0 16.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 1981 16.7 16.7 15.0 15.0 14.5 Table 2 to § 533.5( a Model year Combined standard 2-wheel drive light trucks 4-wheel drive light trucks Captive Others Captive Others Captive Others 1982 17.5 17.5 18.0 18.0 16.0 16.0 1983 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.5 17.5 17.5 1984 20.0 20.0 20.3 20.3 18.5 18.5 1985 19.5 19.5 19.7 19.7 18.9 18.9 1986 20.0 20.0 20.5 20.5 19.5 19.5 1987 20.5 20.5 21.0 21.0 19.5 19.5 1988 20.5 20.5 21.0 21.0 19.5 19.5 1989 20.5 20.5 21.5 21.5 19.0 19.0 1990 20.0 20.0 20.5 20.5 19.0 19.0 1991 20.2 20.2 20.7 20.7 19.1 19.1 Table 3 to § 533.5( a Model year Combined standard Captive Other 1992 20.2 20.2 1993 20.4 20.4 1994 20.5 20.5 1995 20.6 20.6 Table 4 to § 533.5( a Model year Standard 2001 20.7 2002 20.7 2003 20.7 2004 20.7 2005 21.0 2006 21.6 2007 22.2 2008 22.5 2009 23.1 2010 23.5 Where: N N i ith T i ith Where: Parameters a, b, c, d e x Table 5 to § 533.5( a Model year Parameters a b c 2 d 2008 28.56 19.99 49.30 5.58 2009 30.07 20.87 48.00 5.81 2010 29.96 21.20 48.49 5.50 2011 27.10 21.10 56.41 4.28 Where: CAFE required Subscript i i.e., Production i ith i.e., TARGET i ith i.e., i.e., Where: TARGET FOOTPRINT, Parameters a, b, c, The MIN MAX Table 6 to § 533.5( a Model year Parameters a b c 2 d 2012 29.82 22.27 0.0004546 0.014900 2013 30.67 22.74 0.0004546 0.013968 2014 31.38 23.13 0.0004546 0.013225 2015 32.72 23.85 0.0004546 0.011920 2016 34.42 24.74 0.0004546 0.010413 Where: TARGET FOOTPRINT, Parameters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h The MIN MAX Table 7 to Paragraph ( a Model year Parameters a b c d e f g h 2017 36.26 25.09 0.0005484 0.005097 35.10 25.09 0.0004546 0.009851 2018 37.36 25.20 0.0005358 0.004797 35.31 25.20 0.0004546 0.009682 2019 38.16 25.25 0.0005265 0.004623 35.41 25.25 0.0004546 0.009603 2020 39.11 25.25 0.0005140 0.004494 35.41 25.25 0.0004546 0.009603 2021 39.71 25.63 0.000506 0.00443 NA NA NA NA 2022 40.31 26.02 0.000499 0.00436 NA NA NA NA 2023 40.93 26.42 0.000491 0.00429 NA NA NA NA 2024 44.48 26.74 0.000452 0.00395 NA NA NA NA 2025 48.35 29.07 0.000416 0.00364 NA NA NA NA 2026 53.73 32.30 0.000374 0.00327 NA NA NA NA 2027 53.73 32.30 0.00037418 0.00327158 NA NA NA NA 2028 53.73 32.30 0.00037418 0.00327158 NA NA NA NA 2029 54.82 32.96 0.00036670 0.00320615 NA NA NA NA 2030 55.94 33.63 0.00035936 0.00314202 NA NA NA NA 2031 57.08 34.32 0.00035218 0.00307918 NA NA NA NA (b)(1) For model year 1979, each manufacturer may: (i) Combine its 2- and 4-wheel drive light trucks and comply with the average fuel economy standard in paragraph (a) of this section for 2-wheel drive light trucks; or (ii) Comply separately with the two standards specified in paragraph (a) of this section. (2) For model year 1979, the standard specified in paragraph (a) of this section for 4-wheel drive light trucks applies only to 4-wheel drive general utility vehicles. All other 4-wheel drive light trucks in that model year shall be included in the 2-wheel drive category for compliance purposes. (c) For model years 1980 and 1981, manufacturers of limited product line light trucks may: (1) Comply with the separate standard for limited product line light trucks in Table 1 to paragraph (a) of this section; or (2) Comply with the other standards specified in paragraph (a) of this section, as applicable. (d) For model years 1982-91, each manufacturer may: (1) Combine its 2- and 4-wheel drive light trucks (segregating captive import and other light trucks) and comply with the combined average fuel economy standard specified in paragraph (a) of this section; or (2) Comply separately with the 2-wheel drive standards and the 4-wheel drive standards (segregating captive import and other light trucks) specified in paragraph (a) of this section. (e) For model year 1992, each manufacturer shall comply with the average fuel economy standard specified in paragraph (a) of this section (segregating captive import and other light trucks). (f) For each model year 1996 and thereafter, each manufacturer shall combine its captive imports with its other light trucks and comply with the fleet average fuel economy standard in paragraph (a) of this section. (g) For model years 2008-2010, at a manufacturer's option, a manufacturer's light truck fleet may comply with the fuel economy standard calculated for each model year according to Figure 1 to paragraph (a) of this section and the appropriate values in Table 5 to paragraph (a) of this section, with said option being irrevocably chosen for that model year and reported as specified in § 537.8 of this chapter. (h) For model year 2011, a manufacturer's light truck fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standard calculated for that model year according to Figure 1 to paragraph (a) of this section and the appropriate values in Table 5 to paragraph (a) of this section. (i) For model years 2012-2016, a manufacturer's light truck fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standard calculated for that model year according to Figures 2 and 3 to paragraph (a) of this section and the appropriate values in Table 6 to paragraph (a) of this section. (j) For model years 2017-2031, a manufacturer's light truck fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standard calculated for that model year according to figures 2 and 4 to paragraph (a) of this section and the appropriate values in table 7 to paragraph (a) of this section. [87 FR 26076, May 2, 2022, as amended at 89 FR 52949, June 24, 2024] § 533.6 Measurement and calculation procedures. (a) Any reference to a class of light trucks manufactured by a manufacturer shall be deemed— (1) To include all light trucks in that class manufactured by persons who control, are controlled by, or are under common control with, such manufacturer; (2) To include only light trucks which qualify as non-passenger vehicles in accordance with § 523.5 of this chapter based upon the production measurements of the vehicles as sold to dealerships; and (3) To exclude all light trucks in that class manufactured (within the meaning of paragraph (a)(1) of this section) during a model year by such manufacturer which are exported prior to the expiration of 30 days following the end of such model year. (b) The fleet average fuel economy performance of all light trucks that are manufactured by a manufacturer in a model year shall be determined in accordance with procedures established by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under 49 U.S.C. 32904 and set forth in 40 CFR part 600. (c) For model years 2017 through 2031, a manufacturer is eligible to increase the fuel economy performance of light trucks in accordance with procedures established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set forth in 40 CFR part 600, subpart F, including adjustments to fuel economy for fuel consumption improvements related to air conditioning (AC) efficiency, off-cycle technologies, and hybridization and other performance-based technologies for full-size pickup trucks that meet the requirements specified in 40 CFR 86.1803. Starting in model year 2027, fuel economy increases for fuel consumption improvement values under 40 CFR 86.1868-12 and 40 CFR 86.1869-12 only apply for vehicles propelled by internal combustion engines. Manufacturers must provide reporting on these technologies as specified in § 537.7 of this chapter by the required deadlines. (1) Efficient AC technologies. (2) Incentives for advanced full-size light-duty pickup trucks. (3) Off-cycle technologies on EPA's predefined list. (4) Off-cycle technologies using 5-cycle testing. (5) Off-cycle technologies using the alternative EPA-approved methodology. (i) Eligibility under the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program requires compliance with paragraphs (c)(5)(i)(A) through (C) of this section. (A) A manufacturer seeking to increase its fuel economy performance using the alternative methodology for an off-cycle technology, should submit a detailed analytical plan to EPA prior to the applicable model year. The detailed analytical plan may include information such as, planned test procedure and model types for demonstration. The plan will be approved or denied in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d). (B) A manufacturer seeking to increase its fuel economy performance using the alternative methodology for an off-cycle technology must submit an official credit application to EPA and obtain approval in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869-12(e) prior to September of the given model year. (C) A manufacturer's plans, applications and requests approved by the EPA must be made in consultation with NHTSA. To expedite NHTSA's consultation with the EPA, a manufacturer must concurrently submit its application to NHTSA if the manufacturer is seeking off-cycle fuel economy improvement values under the CAFE program for those technologies. For off-cycle technologies that are covered under 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d), NHTSA will consult with the EPA regarding NHTSA's evaluation of the specific off-cycle technology to ensure its impact on fuel economy and the suitability of using the off-cycle technology to adjust the fuel economy performance. (D) A manufacturer may request an extension from NHTSA for more time to obtain an EPA approval. Manufacturers should submit their requests 30 days before the deadlines above. Requests should be submitted to NHTSA's Director of the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance at cafe@dot.gov (E) For MYs 2025 and 2026, a manufacturer must respond within 60-days to any requests from EPA or NHTSA for additional information or clarifications to submissions provided pursuant to paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A) and (B) of this section. Failure to respond within 60 days may result in denial of the manufacturer's request to increase its fuel economy performance through use of an off-cycle technology requests made to the EPA in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d). (ii) Review and approval process. (A) Whether the technology has a direct impact upon improving fuel economy performance; (B) Whether the technology is related to crash-avoidance technologies, safety critical systems or systems affecting safety-critical functions, or technologies designed for the purpose of reducing the frequency of vehicle crashes; (C) Information from any assessments conducted by the EPA related to the application, the technology and/or related technologies; and (D) Any other relevant factors. (E) NHTSA will collaborate to host annual meetings with EPA at least once by July 30th before the model year begins to provide general guidance to the industry on past off-cycle approvals. (iii) Safety. (B) Approval granted for innovative and off-cycle technology credits under NHTSA's fuel efficiency program does not affect or relieve the obligation to comply with the Vehicle Safety Act (49 U.S.C. chapter 301), including the “make inoperative” prohibition (49 U.S.C. 30122), and all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards issued thereunder (FMVSSs) (part 571 of this chapter). In order to generate off-cycle or innovative technology credits manufacturers must state— ( 1 ( 2 [87 FR 26076, May 2, 2022, as amended at 89 FR 52949, June 24, 2024] Appendix A to Part 533—Example of Calculating Compliance Under § 533.5(i) Assume a hypothetical manufacturer (Manufacturer X) produces a fleet of light trucks in MY 2012 as follows: Appendix A—Table I Model type Description Actual measured fuel economy (mpg) Volume Group Carline name Basic engine Transmission class 1 Pickup A 2WD 4 A5 Reg cab, MB 27.1 800 2 Pickup B 2WD 4 M5 Reg cab, MB 27.6 200 3 Pickup C 2WD 4.5 A5 Reg cab, LB 23.9 300 4 Pickup C 2WD 4 M5 Ext cab, MB 23.7 400 5 Pickup C 4WD 4.5 A5 Crew cab, SB 23.5 400 6 Pickup D 2WD 4.5 A6 Crew cab, SB 23.6 400 7 Pickup E 2WD 5 A6 Ext cab, LB 22.7 500 8 Pickup E 2WD 5 A6 Crew cab, MB 22.5 500 9 Pickup F 2WD 4.5 A5 Reg cab, LB 22.5 1,600 10 Pickup F 4WD 4.5 A5 Ext cab, MB 22.3 800 11 Pickup F 4WD 4.5 A5 Crew cab, SB 22.2 800 Total 6,700 Note to Table I to this appendix: Manufacturer X calculates a fuel economy target standard for each unique model type and footprint combination. Appendix A—Table II Model type Description Base tire Wheelbase (inches) Track Footprint (ft 2 Volume Fuel economy target standard (mpg) Group Carline name Basic Transmission class 1 Pickup A 2WD 4 A5 Reg cab, MB 235/75R15 100.0 68.8 47.8 800 27.30 2 Pickup B 2WD 4 M5 Reg cab, MB 235/75R15 100.0 68.2 47.4 200 27.44 3 Pickup C 2WD 4.5 A5 Reg cab, LB 255/70R17 125.0 68.8 59.7 300 23.79 4 Pickup C 2WD 4 M5 Ext cab, MB 255/70R17 125.0 68.8 59.7 400 23.79 5 Pickup C 4WD 4.5 A5 Crew cab, SB 275/70R17 150.0 69.0 71.9 400 22.27 6 Pickup D 2WD 4.5 A6 Crew cab, SB 255/70R17 125.0 68.8 59.7 400 23.79 7 Pickup E 2WD 5 A6 Ext cab, LB 255/70R17 125.0 68.8 59.7 500 23.79 8 Pickup E 2WD 5 A6 Crew cab, MB 285/70R17 125.0 69.2 60.1 500 23.68 9 Pickup F 2WD 4.5 A5 Reg cab, LB 255/70R17 125.0 68.9 59.8 1,600 23.76 10 Pickup F 4WD 4.5 A5 Ext cab, MB 275/70R17 150.0 69.0 71.9 800 22.27 11 Pickup F 4WD 4.5 A5 Crew cab, SB 285/70R17 150.0 69.2 72.1 800 22.27 Total 6,700 Note to Table II to this appendix: Note to Figure 2 to this appendix: Since the actual fleet average fuel economy performance of Manufacturer X's fleet is 23.3 mpg, as compared to its required fleet fuel economy standard of 23.7 mpg, Manufacturer X did not comply with the CAFE standard for MY 2012 as set forth in § 533.5(i).

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