OGC GeoPackage Encoding Standard (version 1.4.0) — OGC 12-128r19

OGC® GeoPackage Encoding Standard Open Geospatial Consortium External identifier of this OGC® document: http://www.opengis.net/doc/IS/geopackage/1.4 URL for this OGC® document: http://www.geopackage.org/spec Internal reference number of this OGC® document: OGC 12-128r19 Version: 1.4.0 Category: OGC® Encoding Standard Editor: Jeff Yutzler Editor Emeritus: Paul Daisey Previous Version: http://www.geopackage.org/spec131/ Publication Date: 2024-02-06 Approval Date: 2023-12-05 Submission Date: 2023-10-06 Original Version: http://www.opengis.net/doc/IS/geopackage/1.0 OGC® GeoPackage Encoding Standard Copyright © 2024 Open Geospatial Consortium. To obtain additional rights of use, visit http://www.opengeospatial.org/legal/ This document is an OGC Member approved international standard. This document is available on a royalty free, non-discriminatory basis. 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The Open Geospatial Consortium shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Recipients of this document are requested to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent claims or other intellectual property rights of which they may be aware that might be infringed by any implementation of the standard set forth in this document, and to provide supporting documentation. Table of Contents OGC® GeoPackage Encoding Standard License Agreement Patent Call Abstract Keywords Introduction 1. Base 1.1. Core 1.1.1. SQLite Container 1.1.2. Spatial Reference Systems 1.1.3. Contents 2. Options 2.1. Features 2.1.1. Simple Features SQL Introduction 2.1.2. Contents 2.1.3. Geometry Encoding 2.1.4. SQL Geometry Types 2.1.5. Geometry Columns 2.1.6. Vector Feature User Data Tables 2.2. Tiles 2.2.1. Tile Matrix Introduction 2.2.2. Contents 2.2.3. Zoom Levels 2.2.4. Tile Encoding PNG 2.2.5. Tile Encoding JPEG 2.2.6. Tile Matrix Set 2.2.7. Tile Matrix 2.2.8. Tile Pyramid User Data Tables 2.3. Extension Mechanism 2.3.1. Introduction 2.3.2. Extensions 2.4. Attributes 2.4.1. Introduction 2.4.2. Contents 2.4.3. Attributes User Data Tables 3. Security Considerations Annex A: Conformance / Abstract Test Suite (Normative) A.1. Base A.1.1. Core A.2. Options A.2.1. Features A.2.2. Tiles A.2.3. Extension Mechanism A.2.4. Attributes Annex B: Background and Context (Normative) B.1. Background B.2. Document terms and definitions B.3. Conventions B.4. Submitting Organizations (Informative) B.5. Document contributor contact points (Informative) B.6. Revision History (Informative) B.7. Changes to the OGC® Abstract Specification B.8. Changes to OGC® Implementation Standards B.9. Potential Future Work (Informative) B.10. UML Notation B.11. GeoPackage Tables Detailed Diagram B.12. GeoPackage Minimal Tables for Features Diagram B.13. GeoPackage Minimal Tables for Tiles Diagram Annex C: Table Definition SQL (Normative) C.1. gpkg_spatial_ref_sys C.2. gpkg_contents C.3. gpkg_geometry_columns C.4. sample_feature_table (Informative) C.5. gpkg_tile_matrix_set C.6. gpkg_tile_matrix C.7. sample_tile_pyramid (Informative) C.8. gpkg_extensions C.9. sample_attributes_table (Informative) Annex D: Trigger Definition SQL (Informative) D.1. gpkg_tile_matrix D.2. sample_feature_table D.3. sample_tile_pyramid Annex E: GeoPackage Extension Template (Informative) Annex F: Registered Extensions (Normative) F.1. GeoPackage Non-Linear Geometry Types F.2. User Defined Geometry Types Extension of GeoPackageBinary Geometry Encoding F.3. R-tree Spatial Indexes F.4. Geometry Type Triggers F.5. Geometry SRS ID Triggers F.6. Zoom Other Intervals F.7. Tiles Encoding WebP F.8. Metadata F.9. Schema F.10. WKT for Coordinate Reference Systems F.11. Tiled Gridded Coverage Data F.12. Related Tables Annex G: Geometry Types (Normative) Annex H: Tiles Zoom Times Two Example (Informative) Annex I: Normative References (Normative) Annex J: Bibliography (Informative) Annex K: Endnotes Abstract This OGC® Encoding Standard defines GeoPackages for exchange and GeoPackage SQLite Extensions for direct use of vector geospatial features and / or tile matrix sets of earth images and raster maps at various scales. Direct use means the ability to access and update data in a "native" storage format without intermediate format translations in an environment (e.g., through an API) that guarantees data model and data set integrity and identical access and update results in response to identical requests from different client applications. GeoPackages are interoperable across all enterprise and personal computing environments, and are particularly useful on mobile devices like cell phones and tablets in communications environments with limited connectivity and bandwidth. Keywords ogcdoc, geopackage, sqlite, raster, tiles, vector, feature, data, storage, exchange, mobile, smartphone, tablet Introduction A GeoPackage is an open, standards-based, platform-independent, portable, self-describing, compact format for transferring geospatial information. It is a platform-independent SQLite [I5] database file that contains the GeoPackage data and metadata tables shown in Figure 1 below. The GeoPackage Encoding Standard (this document) describes a set of conventions for storing the following within an SQLite database: vector features; tile matrix sets of imagery and raster maps at various scales; attributes (non-spatial data); and extensions. These conventions include table definitions, integrity assertions, format limitations, and content constraints. The required and supported content of a GeoPackage is entirely defined in the standard. These capabilities are built on a common base and the extension mechanism provides implementors a way to include additional functionality in their GeoPackages. Since a GeoPackage is a database container, it supports direct use. This means that the data in a GeoPackage can be accessed and updated in a "native" storage format without intermediate format translations. GeoPackages that comply with the requirements in the standard and do not implement vendor-specific extensions are interoperable across all enterprise and personal computing environments. GeoPackages are particularly useful on mobile devices such as cell phones and tablets in communications environments where there is limited connectivity and bandwidth.Mobile device users who require map/geospatial application services and operate in disconnected or limited network connectivity environments are challenged by limited storage capacity and the lack of open format geospatial data to support these applications. This standard is intended to facilitate widespread adoption and use of GeoPackages by both COTS and open-source software applications on enterprise production platforms as well as mobile hand-held devices [B1] [B2] , given that mobile hand held devices do not yet have the processing power or battery life to effectively tackle difficult geospatial product production and analysis tasks. An Extended GeoPackage is a GeoPackage that contains any additional data elements (tables or columns) or SQL constructs (views, data types, functions, indexes, constraints or triggers) that are not automatically maintained within the SQLite data file or that result in a change in behavior not specified in this encoding standard. A GeoPackage MAY be "empty" (contain user data table(s) for vector features, non-spatial attributes, and/or tile matrix pyramids with no row record content) or contain one or many vector feature type records and /or one or many tile matrix pyramid tile images. GeoPackage metadata CAN describe GeoPackage data contents and identify external data synchronization sources and targets. A GeoPackage MAY contain spatial indexes on feature geometries and SQL triggers to maintain indexes and enforce content constraints. A GeoPackage SQLite Configuration consists of the SQLite 3 software library and a set of compile- and runtime configurations options. A GeoPackage SQLite Extension is a SQLite loadable extension that MAY provide SQL functions [I12] to support spatial indexes and SQL triggers linked to a SQLite library with specified configuration requirements to provide SQL API [I1] [I2] [I3] [I4] access to a GeoPackage file. This standard does not address the issues listed in the Potential Future Work (Informative) clause in Background and Context (Normative) , which MAY be addressed in a subsequent version of this standard or by other specifications. Figure 1. GeoPackage Tables Overview 1. Base The required capabilities specified in this clause serve as the base for options specified in clause Options and extensions specified in clause Registered Extensions (Normative) . All gpkg_* tables and views and all tiles user data tables specified in this standard SHALL have only the specified columns and table constraints. Any features user data tables MAY have columns in addition to those specified. All table, view, column, trigger, and constraint name values specified in this standard are lowercase. SQLite is more flexible with regards to identifiers than many other RDBMS systems. If GeoPackage data is to be used in other RDBMS systems, standard practices SHOULD be used to reduce potential interoperability risks. For maximum interoperability, all user-defined GeoPackage table, view, column, trigger, and constraint name values SHOULD start with a lowercase character and only include lowercase characters, numbers 0-9, and underscores ( _ ). In addition, some RDBMS systems truncate identifier names that are longer than a fixed byte length which may be as short as 30 bytes. Therefore, long GeoPackage identifier values SHOULD be avoided and if long identifier values are used, then they SHOULD be unique for at least the first 30 bytes. 1.1. Core The mandatory core capabilities defined in sub clauses and requirement statements of this clause SHALL be implemented by every GeoPackage and GeoPackage SQLite Configuration . 1.1.1. SQLite Container The SQLite software library provides a self-contained, single-file, cross-platform, serverless, transactional, open source RDBMS container. The GeoPackage standard defines a SQL database schema designed for use with the SQLite software library. Using SQLite as the basis for GeoPackage simplifies production, distribution and use of GeoPackages and assists in guaranteeing the integrity of the data they contain. "Self-contained" means that container software requires very minimal support from external libraries or from the operating system. "Single-file" means that a container not currently opened by any software application consists of a single file in a file system supported by a computing platform operating system. "Cross-platform" means that a container file MAY be created and loaded with data on one computing platform, and used and updated on another, even if they use different operating systems, file systems, and byte order (endian) conventions. "Serverless" means that the RDBMS container is implemented without any intermediary server process, and accessed directly by application software. "Transactional" means that RDBMS transactions guarantee that all changes to data in the container are Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, and Durable (ACID) despite program crashes, operating system crashes, and power failures. 1.1.1.1. Data 1.1.1.1.1. File Format Requirement 1 A GeoPackage SHALL be a SQLite [B5] database file using version 3 of the SQLite file format [B6] [B7] . The first 16 bytes of a GeoPackage SHALL be the null-terminated ASCII [B4] string "SQLite format 3" [K1] [K2] Requirement 2 A GeoPackage SHALL contain a value of 0x47504B47 ("GPKG" in ASCII) in the "application_id" field of the SQLite database header to indicate that it is a GeoPackage. [K3] A GeoPackage SHALL contain an appropriate value in "user_version" field of the SQLite database header to indicate its version. The value SHALL be a five-digit integer with a major version, two-digit minor version, and two-digit bug-fix. [K4] The maximum size of a GeoPackage file is about 140TB [K4a] . In practice a lower size limit MAY be imposed by the filesystem to which the file is written. Many mobile devices require external memory cards to be formatted using the FAT32 file system which imposes a maximum size limit of 4GB. For example, for GeoPackage Version 1.3.0 this value is 0x0000283C (the hexadecimal value for 10300). The version can be retrieved using the SQLite command PRAGMA user_version . 1.1.1.1.2. File Extension Name Requirement 3 A GeoPackage SHALL have the file extension name ".gpkg". It is RECOMMENDED that Extended GeoPackages use the file extension ".gpkx", but this is NOT a GeoPackage requirement. GeoPackage now has a registered media type (formerly MIME type) of application/geopackage+sqlite3 [B27] . Previous statements that the media type is application/geopackage+vnd.sqlite3 are in error. 1.1.1.1.3. File Contents Requirement 4 A GeoPackage SHALL only contain the data elements (tables, columns, or values) and SQL constructs (views, constraints, or triggers) specified in the core of this encoding standard. A GeoPackage is expected to have content in at least one of the core options ( Features , Tiles , and Attributes ). Extended GeoPackages MAY contain additional data elements and SQL constructs as specified through the Extension Mechanism . In an Extended GeoPackage, the extension mechanism is used to provide additional capabilities in a way that maintains interoperability as much as possible. Developers are encouraged to consider the implications of extensions when designing their applications. Best practices include the following designing extensions in a way that anticipates the presence of unexpected extensions, e.g., gracefully handling unexpected columns, values, or encodings. The GeoPackage designation was originally designed to indicate a schema with maximum interoperability. However, as the standard has evolved, it has become increasingly important for GeoPackages to contain certain extensions such as the following: the R-tree Spatial Indexes extension for GeoPackages containing a non-trivial amount of vector data, and the WKT for Coordinate Reference Systems extension, which is strongly recommended due to inherent weaknesses in the original standard for encoding coordinate reference systems. In light of this evolution, the difference between a GeoPackage and an Extended GeoPackage is no longer relevant. Requirement 5 The columns of tables in a GeoPackage SHALL only be declared using one of the data types specified in table Table 1 . Extended GeoPackages MAY contain additional data types as specified through the Extension Mechanism . SQLite is designed to be flexible with regards to the range of a value. Therefore GeoPackage writers SHOULD validate the data as it is being inserted and GeoPackage readers SHOULD allow for the possibility that unexpected values are present. While data type mismatches could theoretically be checked for, such tests would scale poorly for large GeoPackages so they are not present in the GeoPackage Executable Test Suite at the time of writing. SQLite’s design prevents this requirement from being enforced for views. Table 1. GeoPackage Data Types Data Type Size and Description BOOLEAN A boolean value representing true or false. Stored as SQLite INTEGER with value 0 for false or 1 for true. TINYINT 8-bit signed two’s complement integer. Stored as SQLite INTEGER with values in the range [-128, 127]. SMALLINT 16-bit signed two’s complement integer. Stored as SQLite INTEGER with values in the range [-32768, 32767]. MEDIUMINT 32-bit signed two’s complement integer. Stored as SQLite INTEGER with values in the range [-2147483648, 2147483647]. INT, INTEGER 64-bit signed two’s complement integer. Stored as SQLite INTEGER with values in the range [-9223372036854775808, 9223372036854775807]. FLOAT 32-bit IEEE floating point number. Stored as SQLite REAL limited to values that can be represented as a 4-byte IEEE floating point number. DOUBLE, REAL 64-bit IEEE floating point number. Stored as SQLite REAL. TEXT{(maxchar_count)} Variable length string encoded in either UTF-8 or UTF-16, determined by PRAGMA encoding; see http://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_encoding . The optional maxchar_count defines the maximum number of characters in the string. If not specified, the length is unbounded. The count is provided for informational purposes, and applications MAY choose to truncate longer strings if encountered. When present, it is best practice for applications to adhere to the character count. Stored as SQLite TEXT. BLOB{(max_size)} Variable length binary data. The optional max_size defines the maximum number of bytes in the blob. If not specified, the length is unbounded. The size is provided for informational purposes. When present, it is best practice for applications adhere to the maximum blob size. Stored as SQLite BLOB. <geometry_type_name> Geometry encoded as per clause Geometry Encoding . <geometry type_name> is one of the core geometry types listed in Geometry Types (Normative) encoded per clause 2.1.3 or a geometry type encoded per an extension such as GeoPackage Non-Linear Geometry Types . Geometry Types XY, XYZ, XYM and XYZM geometries use the same data type. Stored as SQLite BLOB. DATE ISO 8601 [I29] date string in the form YYYY-MM-DD encoded in either UTF-8 or UTF-16. Stored as SQLite TEXT (see TEXT above). DATETIME ISO-8601 date/time string in the form YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.SSSZ with T separator character and Z suffix for coordinated universal time (UTC) encoded in either UTF-8 or UTF-16. Stored as SQLite TEXT (see TEXT above). 1.1.1.1.4. File Integrity Requirement 6 The SQLite PRAGMA integrity_check SQL command SHALL return "ok" for a GeoPackage file. [K5] Requirement 7 The SQLite PRAGMA foreign_key_check SQL with no parameter value SHALL return an empty result set indicating no invalid foreign key values for a GeoPackage file. 1.1.1.2. API 1.1.1.2.1. Structured Query Language (SQL) Requirement 8 A GeoPackage SQLite Configuration SHALL provide SQL access to GeoPackage contents via SQLite version 3 [I6] software APIs. [K6] 1.1.1.2.2. Every GPKG SQLite Configuration The SQLite [I8] library has many compile time and run time options that MAY be used to configure SQLite for different uses. Use of SQLITE_OMIT options is not recommended because certain elements of the GeoPackage standard depend on the availability of SQLite functionality at runtime. Requirement 9 Every GeoPackage SQLite Configuration SHALL have the SQLite library compile time options specified in clause 1.1.1.2.2 table [every_gpkg_sqlite_config_table] . 1.1.2. Spatial Reference Systems 1.1.2.1. Data 1.1.2.1.1. Table Definition Requirement 10 A GeoPackage SHALL include a gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table per clause 1.1.2.1.1 Table Definition , Table Table 2 and Table gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Table Definition SQL . A table named gpkg_spatial_ref_sys is the first component of the standard SQL schema for simple features described in clause Simple Features SQL Introduction below. The spatial reference system (SRS) definitions it contains are referenced by the GeoPackage gpkg_contents and gpkg_geometry_columns tables to relate the vector and tile data in user tables to locations on the earth. The gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table includes the columns specified in SQL/MM (ISO 13249-3) [I12] and shown in Table 2 below containing data that defines spatial reference systems. Views of this table MAY be used to provide compatibility with the SQL/MM [I12] (see SQL/MM View of gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Definition SQL (Informative) ) and OGC Simple Features SQL [I9] [I10] [I11] (Table 21) standards. Table 2. Spatial Ref Sys Table Definition Column Name Column Type Column Description NOT NULL flag Key srs_name TEXT Human readable name of this SRS true srs_id INTEGER Unique identifier for each Spatial Reference System within a GeoPackage true PK organization TEXT Case-insensitive name of the defining organization e.g. EPSG or epsg true organization_coordsys_id INTEGER Numeric ID of the Spatial Reference System assigned by the organization true definition TEXT Well-known Text [I32] Representation of the Spatial Reference System true description TEXT Human readable description of this SRS false See gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Table Definition SQL . 1.1.2.1.2. Table Data Values The srs_id column is a primary key for this table and this primary key is used as a foreign key throughout GeoPackage. The srd_id column values are also found in the srs_id attribute of the GeoPackage SQL Geometry Binary Format (see Requirement 33 ). For convenience, srs_id and organization_coordsys_id values are typically the same. However, there is no guarantee that SRS IDs will be globally unique across organizations. GeoPackage clients should not make assumptions regarding the organization or definition of any SRS ID other than those defined in Requirement 11 . Definition column WKT values in the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table define the Spatial Reference Systems used by feature geometries and tile images, unless these SRSs are unknown and therefore undefined as specified in Requirement 11 . Values are constructed per the EBNF syntax in [I32] clause 7. EBNF name and number values may be obtained from any specified authority, e.g., EPSG [I13] . For example, see the return value in [spatial_ref_sys_data_values_default] Test Method step (3) used to test the definition for WGS-84 per Requirement 11 : Requirement 11 The gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table SHALL contain at a minimum the records listed in Table 3 . The record with an srs_id of 4326 SHALL correspond to WGS-84 [I15] as defined by EPSG [B3] in 4326 [I13] . The record with an srs_id of -1 SHALL be used for undefined Cartesian coordinate reference systems. The record with an srs_id of 0 SHALL be used for undefined geographic coordinate reference systems. Table 3. Spatial Ref Sys Table Records srs_name srs_id organization organization_coordsys_id definition description any 4326 EPSG or epsg 4326 any any any -1 NONE -1 undefined any any 0 NONE 0 undefined any Requirement 12 The gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table in a GeoPackage SHALL contain records to define all spatial reference systems used by GeoPackage contents (features, tiles, etc.). 1.1.3. Contents The gpkg_contents table is intended to provide a list of all geospatial contents (i.e., entity stores) in a GeoPackage. It provides identifying and descriptive information that an application can display to a user as a menu of geospatial data that is available for access and/or update. 1.1.3.1. Data 1.1.3.1.1. Table Definition Requirement 13 A GeoPackage file SHALL include a gpkg_contents table per table Table 4 and gpkg_contents Table Definition SQL . Table 4. Contents Table Definition Column Name Type Description Null Default Key table_name TEXT The name of the actual content (e.g., tiles, features, or attributes) table or view no PK data_type TEXT Type of data stored in the table or view no identifier TEXT A human-readable identifier (e.g. short name) for the table_name content yes UK description TEXT A human-readable description for the table_name content yes '' last_change DATETIME timestamp of last change to content, in ISO 8601 format no strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ', 'now') min_x DOUBLE Bounding box minimum easting or longitude for all content in table_name. If tiles, this is informational and the tile matrix set should be used for calculating tile coordinates. yes min_y DOUBLE Bounding box minimum northing or latitude for all content in table_name. If tiles, this is informational and the tile matrix set should be used for calculating tile coordinates. yes max_x DOUBLE Bounding box maximum easting or longitude for all content in table_name. If tiles, this is informational and the tile matrix set should be used for calculating tile coordinates. yes max_y DOUBLE Bounding box maximum northing or latitude for all content in table_name. If tiles, this is informational and the tile matrix set should be used for calculating tile coordinates. yes srs_id INTEGER Spatial Reference System ID: gpkg_spatial_ref_sys.srs_id yes FK See gpkg_contents Table Definition SQL . 1.1.3.1.2. Table Data Values Requirement 14 The table_name column value in a gpkg_contents table row SHALL contain the name of a SQLite table or view. The data_type specifies the entity type of the table content, for example "features" per clause Features , "attributes" per clause Attributes , "tiles" per clause Tiles , or an implementer-defined value for other data tables per clause in an Extended GeoPackage. The last_change SHOULD contain the timestamp of when the content in the referenced table was last updated, in ISO8601 format. Note that since it is not practical to ensure that this value is maintained properly in all cases, this value should be treated as informative. Requirement 15 Values of the gpkg_contents table last_change column SHALL be in a DATETIME format as per Requirement 5 . [K7] The bounding box ( min_x , min_y , max_x , max_y ) provides an informative bounding box of the content. Applications may use this bounding box as the extents of a default view but there are no requirements that this bounding box be exact or represent the minimum bounding box of the content. The values are in the units specified by that CRS. Requirement 16 Values of the gpkg_contents table srs_id column SHALL reference values in the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table srs_id column. When data_type is "features", the srs_id also matches gpkg_geometry_columns.srs_id (see Requirement 146 ). When data_type is "tiles", the srs_id also matches gpkg_tile_matrix_set.srs_id (see Requirement 147 ). 2. Options The optional capabilities specified in this clause depend on the required capabilities specified in clause Base above. Each subclause of this clause defines an indivisible module of functionality that can be used in GeoPackages. These modules are referred to as options. GeoPackages MAY use one or more options defined in this section. GeoPackages MAY omit the tables for options that are not used. At a minimum, a GeoPackage SHOULD contain at least one user data table as defined by the Features, Tiles, or Attributes options in clauses Features , Tiles , and Attributes respectively. Requirement 17 A GeoPackage or Extended GeoPackage SHALL contain features per clause Features and/or tiles per clause Tiles and row(s) in the gpkg_contents table with lowercase data_type column values of "features" and/or "tiles" describing the user data tables. 2.1. Features 2.1.1. Simple Features SQL Introduction Vector feature data represents geolocated entities including conceptual ones such as districts, real world objects such as roads and rivers, and observations thereof. International standards [I9] [I10] [I11] [I12] have standardized practices for the storage, access and use of vector geospatial features and geometries via SQL in relational databases. The first component of the SQL schema for vector features in a GeoPackage is the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table defined in clause Spatial Reference Systems above. Other components are defined below. In a GeoPackage, "simple" features are geolocated using a linear geometry subset of the SQL/MM (ISO 13249-3) [I12] geometry model shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 2. Core Geometry Model The instantiable (not abstract) geometry types defined in this Standard are restricted to 0, 1 and 2-dimensional geometric objects that exist in 2, 3 or 4-dimensional coordinate space (R2, R3 or R4). Geometry values in R2 have points with coordinate values for x and y. Geometry values in R3 have points with coordinate values for x, y and z or for x, y and m. Geometry values in R4 have points with coordinate values for x, y, z and m. The interpretation of the coordinates is subject to the coordinate reference systems associated to the point. All coordinates within a geometry object should be in the same coordinate reference systems. Geometries MAY include z coordinate values. The z coordinate value traditionally represents the third dimension (i.e. 3D). In a Geographic Information System (GIS) this may be height above or below sea level. For example: A map might have a point identifying the position of a mountain peak by its location on the earth, with the x and y coordinate values, and the height of the mountain, with the z coordinate value. Geometries MAY include m coordinate values. The m coordinate value allows the application environment to associate some measure with the point values. For example: A stream network may be modeled as multilinestring value with the m coordinate values measuring the distance from the mouth of stream. A brief description of each geometry type is provided below. A more detailed description can be found in ISO 13249-3 [I12] . Geometry: the root of the geometry type hierarchy. Point: a single location in space. Each point has an X and Y coordinate. A point MAY optionally also have a Z and/or an M value. Curve: the base type for all 1-dimensional geometry types. A 1-dimensional geometry is a geometry that has a length, but no area. A curve is considered simple if it does not intersect itself (except at the start and end point). A curve is considered closed its start and end point are coincident. A simple, closed curve is called a ring. LineString: A Curve that connects two or more points in space. Surface: the base type for all 2-dimensional geometry types. A 2-dimensional geometry is a geometry that has an area. CurvePolygon: A planar surface defined by an exterior ring and zero or more interior ring. Each ring is defined by a Curve instance. Polygon: A restricted form of CurvePolygon where each ring is defined as a simple, closed LineString. GeometryCollection: A collection of zero or more Geometry instances. [K8] MultiSurface: A restricted form of GeometryCollection where each Geometry in the collection must be of type Surface. MultiPolygon: A restricted form of MultiSurface where each Surface in the collection must be of type Polygon. MultiCurve: A restricted form of GeometryCollection where each Geometry in the collection must be of type Curve. MultiLineString: A restricted form of MultiCurve where each Curve in the collection must be of type LineString. MultiPoint: A restricted form of GeometryCollection where each Geometry in the collection must be of type Point. 2.1.2. Contents 2.1.2.1. Data 2.1.2.1.1. Contents Table – Features Row Requirement 18 The gpkg_contents table SHALL contain a row with a lowercase data_type column value of "features" for each vector features user data table or view. 2.1.3. Geometry Encoding 2.1.3.1. Data 2.1.3.1.1. BLOB Format Requirement 19 A GeoPackage SHALL store feature table geometries with or without optional elevation (Z) and/or measure (M) values in SQL BLOBs using the Standard GeoPackageBinary format specified in table GeoPackage SQL Geometry Binary Format and clause BLOB Format . GeoPackage SQL Geometry Binary Format GeoPackageBinaryHeader { byte[2] magic = 0x4750; (1) byte version; (2) byte flags; (3) int32 srs_id; (4) double[] envelope; (5) }

StandardGeoPackageBinary { GeoPackageBinaryHeader header; WKBGeometry geometry; (6) } 1 'GP' in ASCII 2 8-bit unsigned integer, 0 = version 1 3 see bit layout of GeoPackageBinary flags byte 4 the SRS ID, with the endianness specified by the byte order flag 5 see envelope contents indicator code below, with the endianness specified by the byte order flag 6 per OGC 06-103r4 [I9] [K9] [K10] The axis order in WKB stored in a GeoPackage follows the de facto standard for axis order in WKB and is therefore always (x,y{,z}{,m}) where x is easting or longitude, y is northing or latitude, z is optional elevation, and m is optional measure. This ordering explicitly overrides the axis order as specified in the SRS metadata, applying Case 4 from OGC 08-038r7, Revision to Axis Order Policy and Recommendations [K11] . This was done to maintain consistency with previous implementations of WKB that predated the OGC policy. Table 5. bit layout of GeoPackageBinary flags byte bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 use R R X Y E E E B flag bits use: R: reserved for future use; set to 0 X: GeoPackageBinary type 0: StandardGeoPackageBinary. For all core and extended geometry types. See Geometry Types (Normative) . 1: ExtendedGeoPackageBinary. For user-defined geometry types. See User Defined Geometry Types Extension of GeoPackageBinary Geometry Encoding . Y: empty geometry flag 0: non-empty geometry 1: empty geometry E: envelope contents indicator code (3-bit unsigned integer) 0: no envelope (space saving slower indexing option), 0 bytes 1: envelope is [minx, maxx, miny, maxy], 32 bytes 2: envelope is [minx, maxx, miny, maxy, minz, maxz], 48 bytes 3: envelope is [minx, maxx, miny, maxy, minm, maxm], 48 bytes 4: envelope is [minx, maxx, miny, maxy, minz, maxz, minm, maxm], 64 bytes 5-7: invalid B: byte order for SRS_ID and envelope values in header (1-bit Boolean) 0: Big Endian (most significant byte first) 1: Little Endian (least significant byte first) The endianness specified by the B flag technically only pertains to header values, and not to the endianness of the WKBGeometry values themselves. The WKBGeometry has its own endianness flag as described in OGC 06-103r4. These values SHOULD be the same for consistency reasons. Requirement 152 When the WKBGeometry in a GeoPackageBinary is empty, the following SHALL be done: The empty geometry flag SHALL be set. The envelope contents indicator code SHALL be 0 indicating no envelope. If the geometry is a Point, it SHALL be encoded with each coordinate value set to an IEEE-754 quiet NaN value. GeoPackages SHALL use big endian 0x7ff8000000000000 or little endian 0x000000000000f87f as the binary encoding of the NaN values. (This is because Well-Known Binary as defined in OGC 06-103r4 [I9] does not provide a standardized encoding for an empty point set, i.e., 'Point Empty' in Well-Known Text.) In GeoPackage versions 1.2.1 and prior, the requirements for handling an empty geometry were underspecified. Some otherwise compliant GeoPackages before version 1.3.0 may not comply with all three sub-requirements. This may cause false negative results when querying for empty geometries. 2.1.4. SQL Geometry Types 2.1.4.1. Data 2.1.4.1.1. Core Types Requirement 20 A GeoPackage SHALL store feature table geometries with the basic simple feature geometry types (Geometry, Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon, GeometryCollection) in Geometry Types (Normative) Table 21 in the GeoPackageBinary geometry encoding format. 2.1.5. Geometry Columns 2.1.5.1. Data 2.1.5.1.1. Table Definition Requirement 21 A GeoPackage with a gpkg_contents table row with a "features" data_type SHALL contain a gpkg_geometry_columns table per Table 5 and gpkg_geometry_columns Table Definition SQL . The second component of the SQL schema for vector features in a GeoPackage is a gpkg_geometry_columns table that identifies the geometry columns and geometry types in tables that contain user data representing features. Table 6. Geometry Columns Table Definition Column Name Type Description Null Key table_name TEXT Name of the table containing the geometry column no PK, FK column_name TEXT Name of a column in the feature table that is a Geometry Column no PK geometry_type_name TEXT Name from Table 21 or Table 22 in Geometry Types (Normative) no srs_id INTEGER Spatial Reference System ID: gpkg_spatial_ref_sys.srs_id no FK z TINYINT 0: z values prohibited; 1: z values mandatory; 2: z values optional no m TINYINT 0: m values prohibited; 1: m values mandatory; 2: m values optional no The FK on gpkg_geometry_columns.srs_id references the PK on gpkg_spatial_ref_sys.srs_id to ensure that geometry columns are only defined in feature tables for defined spatial reference systems. Views of this table MAY be used to provide compatibility with the SQL/MM [I12] SQL/MM View of gpkg_geometry_columns Definition SQL (Informative) and OGC Simple Features SQL [I9] [I10] [I11] SF/SQL VIEW of gpkg_geometry_columns Definition SQL (Informative) specifications. See gpkg_geometry_columns Table Definition SQL . 2.1.5.1.2. Table Data Values Requirement 22 The gpkg_geometry_columns table SHALL contain one row record for the geometry column in each vector feature data table (clause Vector Feature User Data Tables ) in a GeoPackage. Requirement 23 Values of the gpkg_geometry_columns table_name column SHALL reference values in the gpkg_contents table_name column for rows with a data_type of 'features'. Requirement 24 The column_name column value in a gpkg_geometry_columns row SHALL be the name of a column in the table or view specified by the table_name column value for that row. Requirement 25 The geometry_type_name value in a gpkg_geometry_columns row SHALL be one of the uppercase geometry type names specified in Geometry Types (Normative) . Requirement 26 The srs_id value in a gpkg_geometry_columns table row SHALL be an srs_id column value from the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table. Requirement 146 The srs_id value in a gpkg_geometry_columns table row SHALL match the srs_id column value from the corresponding row in the gpkg_contents table. Requirement 27 The z value in a gpkg_geometry_columns table row SHALL be one of 0, 1, or 2. Requirement 28 The m value in a gpkg_geometry_columns table row SHALL be one of 0, 1, or 2. 2.1.6. Vector Feature User Data Tables 2.1.6.1. Data 2.1.6.1.1. Table Definition The third component of the SQL schema for vector features in a GeoPackage described in clause Simple Features SQL Introduction above are tables that contain user data representing features. Feature attributes are columns in a feature table, including geometries. Features are rows in a feature table. [K12] Requirement 29 A GeoPackage MAY contain tables containing vector features. Every such feature table SHALL be structured consistently with Table 6 and sample_feature_table Table Definition SQL (Informative) . A feature table SHALL have a primary key column of type INTEGER and that column SHALL act as a rowid alias. The integer primary key of a feature table allows features to be linked to row level metadata records in the gpkg_metadata table by rowid [B5] values in the gpkg_metadata_reference table as described in clause Metadata Reference Table below. Requirement 150 A GeoPackage MAY contain views containing vector features. Every such feature view SHALL have a first column of type INTEGER and that column SHALL contain unique values for each row. Since the concept of primary keys does not exist for views in SQLite, this requirement provides a way to produce a compliant feature view with a discoverable key-like column [K17] . Requirement 30 A feature table or view SHALL have only one geometry column. Feature data models [B23] from non-GeoPackage implementations that have multiple geometry columns per feature table MAY be transformed into GeoPackage implementations with a separate feature table for each geometry type whose rows have matching integer primary key values that allow them to be joined in a view with the same column definitions as the non-GeoPackage feature data model with multiple geometry columns. Requirement 31 The declared SQL type of the geometry column in a vector feature user data table SHALL be specified by the geometry_type_name column for that column_name and table_name in the gpkg_geometry_columns table. Table 7. Sample Feature Table Definition Column Name Type Description Null Default Key id INTEGER Autoincrement [K6a] primary key N/A [K6b] PK geometry GEOMETRY GeoPackage Geometry yes text_attribute TEXT Text attribute of feature yes real_attribute REAL Real attribute of feature yes boolean_attribute BOOLEAN Boolean attribute of feature yes raster_or_photo BLOB Photograph of the area yes See sample_feature_table Table Definition SQL (Informative) . 2.1.6.1.2. Table Data Values A feature geometry is stored in a geometry column specified by the geometry_column value for the feature table in the gpkg_geometry_columns table defined in clause Geometry Columns above. The geometry type of a feature geometry column specified in the gpkg_geometry_columns table geometry_type_name column is a name from Geometry Types (Normative) . Requirement 32 Feature table geometry columns SHALL contain geometries of the type or assignable for the type specified for the column by the gpkg_geometry_columns table geometry_type_name uppercase column value [K13] . Allowed geometry types are defined in Geometry Types (Normative) and shown in part in Figure 2 . If the geometry type_name value is "GEOMETRY" then the feature table geometry column MAY contain geometries of any allowed geometry type. This type name is to be used when the geometry type is unknown or if multiple geometry types will be present in the same table (e.g., POLYGON and MULTIPOLYGON). If the geometry type_name value is "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION" then the feature table geometry column MAY contain geometries of type GeometryCollection containing zero or more geometries of any allowed geometry type. The presence or absence of optional elevation (Z) and/or measure (M) values in a geometry does not change its type or assignability. The unit of measure for optional elevation(Z) values is determined by the CRS of the geometry; it is as-defined by a 3D CRS, and undefined for a 2D CRS. The unit of measure for optional measure (M) values is determined by the CRS of the geometry. The spatial reference system type of a feature geometry column specified by a gpkg_geometry_columns table srs_id column value is a code from the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table srs_id column. Requirement 33 Feature table geometry columns SHALL contain geometries with the srs_id specified for the column by the gpkg_geometry_columns table srs_id column value. 2.2. Tiles 2.2.1. Tile Matrix Introduction The Tiles option specifies a mechanism for storing raster data in tile pyramids. "Tile pyramid" refers to the concept of pyramid structure of tiles of different spatial extent and resolution at different zoom levels, and the tile data itself. "Tile" refers to an individual raster image such as a PNG or JPEG that covers a specific geographic area. "Tile matrix" refers to rows and columns of tiles that all have the same spatial extent and resolution at a particular zoom level [K14] "Tile matrix set" refers to the definition of a tile pyramid’s tiling structure. This mechanism is based on the model for tile matrix sets described in Section 6 of [I16] . The GeoPackage tile store data model MAY be implemented directly as SQL tables in a SQLite database for maximum performance, or as SQL views on top of tables in an existing SQLite tile store for maximum adaptability and loose coupling to enable widespread implementation. A GeoPackage CAN store multiple raster and tile pyramid data sets in different tables or views in the same container. The tables or views that implement the GeoPackage tile store data / metadata model are described and discussed individually in the following subsections. The tile store data / metadata model and conventions described below support direct use of tiles in a GeoPackage in two ways. First, they specify how existing application MAY create SQL Views of the data / metadata model on top of existing application tables that that follow different interface conventions. Second, they include and expose enough metadata information at both the dataset and record level to allow applications that use GeoPackage data to discover its characteristics without having to parse all of the stored images. Applications that store GeoPackage tile data, which are presumed to have this information available, should store sufficient metadata to enable its intended use. 2.2.2. Contents 2.2.2.1. Data 2.2.2.1.1. Contents Table – Tiles Row Requirement 34 The gpkg_contents table SHALL contain a row with a data_type column value of "tiles" for each tile pyramid user data table or view. 2.2.3. Zoom Levels In a GeoPackage, zoom levels are integers in sequence from 0 to n that identify tile matrix layers in a tile matrix set that contain tiles of decreasing spatial extent and finer spatial resolution. Adjacent zoom levels immediately precede or follow each other and differ by a value of 1. Pixel sizes are real numbers in the terrain units of the spatial reference system of a tile image specifying the dimensions of the real world area represented by one pixel. Pixel size MAY vary by a constant factor or by different factors or intervals between some or all adjacent zoom levels in a tile matrix set. In the commonly used "zoom times two" convention, pixel sizes vary by a factor of 2 between all adjacent zoom levels, as shown in the example in Tiles Zoom Times Two Example (Informative) . Other "zoom other intervals" conventions use different factors or irregular intervals with pixel sizes chosen for intuitive cartographic representation of raster data, or to coincide with the original pixel size of commonly used global image products. See Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) [I16] Annex E for additional examples of both conventions. 2.2.3.1. Data 2.2.3.1.1. Zoom Times Two Requirement 35 In a GeoPackage that contains a tile pyramid user data table that contains tile data, by default [K15] , zoom level pixel sizes for that table SHALL vary by a factor of 2 between adjacent zoom levels in the tile matrix metadata table. 2.2.4. Tile Encoding PNG 2.2.4.1. Data 2.2.4.1.1. MIME Type PNG Requirement 36 In a GeoPackage that contains a tile pyramid user data table that contains tile data that is not MIME type image/jpeg [I17] [I18] [I19] , by default SHALL store that tile data in MIME type image/png [I20] [I21] . [K16] 2.2.5. Tile Encoding JPEG 2.2.5.1. Data 2.2.5.1.1. MIME Type JPEG Requirement 37 In a GeoPackage that contains a tile pyramid user data table that contains tile data that is not MIME type image/png [I20] [I21] , by default SHALL store that tile data in MIME type image/jpeg [I17] [I18] [I19] . [K16] Requirements 36 and 37 in combination allow a tile pyramid user data table to contain PNG or JPG tiles. They may be mixed and matched within the same table. 2.2.6. Tile Matrix Set 2.2.6.1. Data 2.2.6.1.1. Table Definition The gpkg_tile_matrix_set table defines the spatial reference system (srs_id) and the maximum bounding box (min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y) for all possible tiles in a tile pyramid user data table. Requirement 38 A GeoPackage that contains a tile pyramid user data table SHALL contain gpkg_tile_matrix_set table per Table Definition , Table 7 and gpkg_tile_matrix_set Table Creation SQL . Table 8. Tile Matrix Set Table Definition Column Name Column Type Column Description Null Default Key table_name TEXT Tile Pyramid User Data Table Name no PK, FK srs_id INTEGER Spatial Reference System ID: gpkg_spatial_ref_sys.srs_id no FK min_x DOUBLE Bounding box minimum easting or longitude for the tile matrix set no min_y DOUBLE Bounding box minimum northing or latitude for the tile matrix set no max_x DOUBLE Bounding box maximum easting or longitude for the tile matrix set no max_y DOUBLE Bounding box maximum northing or latitude for the tile matrix set no See gpkg_tile_matrix_set Table Creation SQL . 2.2.6.1.2. Table Data Values Requirement 144 The bounding box defined by min_x , max_x , min_y , and max_y SHALL be exact so that the bounding box coordinates for individual tiles in a tile pyramid MAY be calculated from those values. All tiles present in the tile pyramid SHALL fall within this bounding box. Since GeoPackages use the upper left tile origin convention defined in clause Table Data Values below, the gpkg_tile_matrix_set ( min_x , max_y ) ordinate is the upper-left corner of tile (0,0) for all zoom levels in a table_name tile pyramid user data table. A bounding box MAY be larger than the minimum bounding rectangle around the actual tiles in that pyramid. This allows tile matrix pyramids to be sparsely populated or even empty. Requirement 39 Values of the gpkg_tile_matrix_set table_name column SHALL reference values in the gpkg_contents table_name column for rows with a data type of "tiles" [K18] . Requirement 40 The gpkg_tile_matrix_set table SHALL contain one row record for each tile pyramid user data table. Requirement 41 Values of the gpkg_tile_matrix_set srs_id column SHALL reference values in the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys srs_id column. Requirement 147 The srs_id value in a gpkg_tile_matrix_set table row SHALL match the srs_id column value from the corresponding row in the gpkg_contents table. 2.2.7. Tile Matrix 2.2.7.1. Data 2.2.7.1.1. Table Definition Requirement 42 A GeoPackage that contains a tile pyramid user data table SHALL contain a gpkg_tile_matrix table per clause 2.2.7.1.1 Table Definition , Table Table 8 and Table gpkg_tile_matrix Table Creation SQL . Table 9. Tile Matrix Metadata Table Definition Column Name Column Type Column Description Null Key table_name TEXT Tile Pyramid User Data Table Name no PK, FK zoom_level INTEGER 0 <= zoom_level <= max_level for table_name no PK matrix_width INTEGER Number of columns (>= 1) in tile matrix at this zoom level no matrix_height INTEGER Number of rows (>= 1) in tile matrix at this zoom level no tile_width INTEGER Tile width in pixels (>= 1)for this zoom level no tile_height INTEGER Tile height in pixels (>= 1) for this zoom level no pixel_x_size DOUBLE In t_table_name srid units or default meters for srid 0 (>0) no pixel_y_size DOUBLE In t_table_name srid units or default meters for srid 0 (>0) no The gpkg_tile_matrix table documents the structure of the tile matrix at each zoom level in each tiles table. It allows GeoPackages to contain rectangular as well as square tiles (e.g., for better representation of polar regions). It allows tile pyramids with zoom levels that differ in resolution by factors of 2, irregular intervals, or regular intervals other than factors of 2. See gpkg_tile_matrix Table Creation SQL 2.2.7.1.2. Table Data Values Requirement 43 Values of the gpkg_tile_matrix table_name column SHALL reference values in the gpkg_contents table_name column for rows with a data_type of "tiles" . [K19] Requirement 44 The gpkg_tile_matrix table SHALL contain one row record for each zoom level that contains one or more tiles in each tile pyramid user data table or view. Requirement 45 The width of a tile matrix (the difference between min_x and max_x in gpkg_tile_matrix_set ) SHALL equal the product of matrix_width , tile_width , and pixel_x_size for that zoom level. Similarly, height of a tile matrix (the difference between min_y and max_y in gpkg_tile_matrix_set ) SHALL equal the product of matrix_height , tile_height , and pixel_y_size for that zoom level. Tile matrices are numbered from top left to bottom right (zero-indexed) so the top left tile is (0,0). (This follows the convention used by by WMTS [I16] .) Tile matrices may be sparsely populated – no specific tile or even tile matrix must be present. If the global tile matrix set covers the whole earth, then zoom level 0, tile (0,0) is the whole world. Requirement 46 The zoom_level column value in a gpkg_tile_matrix table row SHALL not be negative. Requirement 47 The matrix_width column value in a gpkg_tile_matrix table row SHALL be greater than 0. Requirement 48 The matrix_height column value in a gpkg_tile_matrix table row SHALL be greater than 0. Requirement 49 The tile_width column value in a gpkg_tile_matrix table row SHALL be greater than 0. Requirement 50 The tile_height column value in a gpkg_tile_matrix table row SHALL be greater than 0. Requirement 51 The pixel_x_size column value in a gpkg_tile_matrix table row SHALL be greater than 0. Requirement 52 The pixel_y_size column value in a gpkg_tile_matrix table row SHALL be greater than 0. Requirement 53 When zoom_level column values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table are sorted in ascending order, the pixel_x_size and pixel_y_size column values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table SHALL appear sorted in descending order. Tiles MAY or MAY NOT be provided for level 0 or any other particular zoom level. [K21] This means that a tile matrix set can be sparse, i.e. not contain a tile for any particular position at a certain tile zoom level. [K22] This does not affect the informative spatial extent stated by the min/max x/y columns values in the gpkg_contents record for the same table_name , the exact spatial extent stated by the min/max x/y columns values in the gpkg_tile_matrix_set record for the same table name, or the tile matrix width and height at that level. [K23] 2.2.8. Tile Pyramid User Data Tables 2.2.8.1. Data 2.2.8.1.1. Table Definition Requirement 54 A GeoPackage MAY contain tables containing tile pyramid user data for a single tile matrix set. Every such tile pyramid user data table SHALL be structured consistently with Table Definition and EXAMPLE: tiles table Create Table SQL (Informative) . A table SHALL have a primary key column of type INTEGER and that column SHALL act as a rowid alias. The integer primary key of a tile pyramid user data table allows tiles to be linked to row level metadata records in the gpkg_metadata table by rowid [B5] values in the gpkg_metadata_reference table as described in clause Metadata Reference Table below. Requirement 153 A GeoPackage MAY contain views containing tile pyramid user data for a single tile matrix set. Every such tile pyramid user data view SHALL have a first column of type INTEGER and that column SHALL contain unique values for each row. Since the concept of primary keys does not exist for views in SQLite, this requirement provides a way to produce a compliant tile pyramid user data view with a discoverable key-like column [K17] . Table 10. Sample Tiles Table Definition Column Name Column Type Column Description Null Key id INTEGER Autoincrement [K6a] primary key N/A [K6b] PK zoom_level INTEGER min(zoom_level) <= zoom_level <= max(zoom_level) for t_table_name no UK tile_column INTEGER 0 to tile_matrix matrix_width – 1 no UK tile_row INTEGER 0 to tile_matrix matrix_height - 1 no UK tile_data BLOB Of an image MIME type specified in clauses Tile Encoding PNG , Tile Encoding JPEG , Tiles Encoding WebP no Though this standard does not technically mandate the use of an indexing mechanism in a tiles table, the lack of such an index, e.g., a UNIQUE clause as in EXAMPLE: tiles table Create Table SQL (Informative) , is likely to significantly degrade the performance of queries. 2.2.8.1.2. Table Data Values Each tile pyramid user data table or view [K24] MAY contain tile matrices at zero or more zoom levels of different spatial resolution (map scale). Requirement 55 For each distinct table_name from the gpkg_tile_matrix (tm) table, the tile pyramid (tp) user data table zoom_level column value in a GeoPackage SHALL be in the range min(tm.zoom_level) <= tp.zoom_level <= max(tm.zoom_level). Requirement 56 For each distinct table_name from the gpkg_tile_matrix (tm) table, the tile pyramid (tp) user data table tile_column column value in a GeoPackage SHALL be in the range 0 <= tp.tile_column <= tm.matrix_width – 1 where the tm and tp zoom_level column values are equal. Requirement 57 For each distinct table_name from the gpkg_tile_matrix (tm) table, the tile pyramid (tp) user data table tile_row column value in a GeoPackage SHALL be in the range 0 <= tp.tile_row <= tm.matrix_height – 1 where the tm and tp zoom_level column values are equal. All tiles at a particular zoom level have the same pixel_x_size and pixel_y_size values specified in the gpkg_tile_matrix row record for that tiles table and zoom level. [K25] 2.3. Extension Mechanism 2.3.1. Introduction A GeoPackage extension is a set of one or more requirements clauses that either profiles / extends existing requirements clauses in the GeoPackage standard or adds new requirements clauses. Existing requirement clause extension examples include additional geometry types, additional SQL geometry functions, and additional tile image formats. New requirement clause extension examples include spatial indexes, triggers, additional tables, other BLOB column encodings, and other SQL functions. Files that use one or more extensions are by definition Extended GeoPackages. Extensions that have been already approved by OGC are presented in Registered Extensions (Normative) . However, additional extensions MAY be approved by OGC outside of the release cycle of this document. We acknowledge that there are use cases not covered by this standard. Implementers are welcome to use the extension mechanism defined here to develop their own extensions. The extension mechanism provides advantages including discoverability (the extensions in use can be discovered by scanning a single table) and uniformity (declaring that an extension is in use indicates that a defined set of requirements are being met). However, this is a decision that should be made carefully as custom extensions do introduce interoperability risks. OGC is unable to endorse extensions developed externally. Therefore an Extended GeoPackage containing extensions not developed by OGC will fail Requirement 4 . However, a community of interest MAY waive that requirement in its own GeoPackage profile, with the caveat that it must bear the responsibility of endorsing the new extension(s). Implementers that are interested in developing their own extensions are encouraged to contact OGC to ensure that the extensions are developed in accordance with OGC policies and in a way that minimizes risks to interoperability. OGC will consider adopting externally developed extensions that address a clear use case, have a sound technical approach, and have a commitment to implementation by multiple implementers. GeoPackage extensions are documented using the GeoPackage Extension Template in GeoPackage Extension Template (Informative) . Extensions are identified by a name of the form <author>_<extension name> where <author> indicates the person or organization that developed and maintains the extension. The author value "gpkg" is reserved for extensions that are developed, maintained, and approved by OGC. Implementers must use their own author names to register other extensions used in Extended GeoPackages. 2.3.2. Extensions 2.3.2.1. Data 2.3.2.1.1. Table Definition Requirement 58 A GeoPackage MAY contain a table named gpkg_extensions . If present this table SHALL be defined per clause 2.3.2.1.1 Table Definition , Table 10 , and gpkg_extensions Table Definition SQL . An extension SHALL NOT modify the definition or semantics of existing columns. An extension MAY define additional tables or columns. An extension MAY allow new values or encodings for existing columns. The gpkg_extensions table in a GeoPackage is used to indicate that a particular extension applies to a GeoPackage, a table in a GeoPackage, or a column of a table in a GeoPackage. An application that accesses a GeoPackage can query the gpkg_extensions table instead of the contents of all the user data tables to determine if it has the required capabilities to read or write to tables with extensions, and to "fail fast" and return an error message if it does not. Table 11. GeoPackage Extensions Table Definition (Table Name: gpkg_extensions) Column Name Col Type Column Description Null Key table_name TEXT Name of the table that requires the extension. When NULL, the extension is required for the entire GeoPackage. SHALL NOT be NULL when the column_name is not NULL. yes Jointly Unique column_name TEXT Name of the column that requires the extension. When NULL, the extension is required for the entire table. yes Jointly Unique extension_name TEXT The case sensitive name of the extension that is required, in the form <author>_<extension_name>. no Jointly Unique definition TEXT Permalink, URI, or reference to a document that defines the extension no scope TEXT Indicates scope of extension effects on readers / writers: 'read-write' or 'write-only' in lowercase. no See gpkg_extensions Table Definition SQL . 2.3.2.1.2. Table Data Values Requirement 59 In an Extended GeoPackage, every extension SHALL be registered in a corresponding row in the gpkg_extensions table. An extension SHALL NOT modify the definition or semantics of existing columns. An extension MAY define additional tables or columns. An extension MAY allow new values or encodings for existing columns. Either the absence of a gpkg_extensions table or the absence of rows in the gpkg_extensions table SHALL indicate that the file is a GeoPackage (as opposed to an Extended GeoPackage). Requirement 60 Values of the gpkg_extensions table_name column MAY reference values in the gpkg_contents table_name , reference new tables required by that extension, or be NULL (to indicate an extension that requires no new tables). Implementers should be aware of the fact that SQLite table names are not case sensitive and that table names in sqlite_master and gpkg_extensions may not have the same case. When searching for table name references, it is recommended to transform table names to lower case with the lower() function. See the Abstract Test Suite for an example. Requirement 61 The column_name column value in a gpkg_extensions row SHALL be the name of a column in the table specified by the table_name column value for that row, or be NULL. Requirement 62 Each extension_name column value in a gpkg_extensions row SHALL be a unique case sensitive value of the form <author>_<extension_name> where <author> indicates the person or organization that developed and maintains the extension. The valid character set for <author> SHALL be [a-zA-Z0-9]. The valid character set for <extension_name> SHALL be [a-zA-Z0-9_]. An extension_name for the "gpkg" author name SHALL be one of those defined in this encoding standard or in an OGC document (e.g., Best Practices Document or Encoding Standard) that extends it. The author value "gpkg" is reserved for GeoPackage extensions that are developed and maintained by OGC. GeoPackage implementers use their own author names to register other extensions. Requirement 63 The definition column value in a gpkg_extensions row SHALL contain a permalink, URI [I23] , or reference to a document defining the extension as per the GeoPackage Extension Template (Informative) . Examples of how to fill out the GeoPackage Extension Template in GeoPackage Extension Template (Informative) are provided in Annex F. This column is not unique because an extension may define multiple tables. Requirement 64 The scope column value in a gpkg_extensions row SHALL be lowercase "read-write" for an extension that affects both readers and writers, or "write-only" for an extension that affects only writers. Some extensions do not impose any additional requirements on software that accesses a GeoPackage in a read-only fashion. An example of this is an extension that defines an SQL trigger that uses a non-standard SQL function defined in a GeoPackage SQLite Extension. Triggers are only invoked when data is written to the GeoPackage, so usage of this type of extension can be safely ignored for read-only access. This is indicated by a gpkg_extensions.scope column value of "write-only". 2.4. Attributes 2.4.1. Introduction Non-spatial attribute data are entities (e.g., tuples or rows) of observations that may not have an explicit geometry property. In GeoPackage, this data is stored in user-defined attribute tables. These tables may contain properties such as an ID or geo-locatable address that allow them to be relationally linkable to rows in other attribute, feature or tile tables. Examples of attribute data include: meteorological readings from a weather station flow readings from a stream gauge traffic volumes from embedded highway sensors lists of customers delivery stops work orders 2.4.2. Contents 2.4.2.1. Data 2.4.2.1.1. Contents Table - Attributes Row Requirement 118 The gpkg_contents table SHALL contain a row with a data_type column value of "attributes" for each attributes data table or view. 2.4.3. Attributes User Data Tables 2.4.3.1. Data 2.4.3.1.1. Table Definition Non-spatial attribute data is stored in user-defined Attribute tables. Attribute sets are rows in an Attribute table. The attributes are columns in a Attribute table. (A GeoPackage is not required to contain any Attribute data tables. Attribute data tables in a GeoPackage may be empty.) Requirement 119 A GeoPackage MAY contain tables containing attribute sets. Every such attribute table SHALL be structured consistently with Table 11 and EXAMPLE: Attributes table Create Table SQL (Informative) . A table SHALL have a primary key column of type INTEGER and that column SHALL act as a rowid alias. The integer primary key of an attributes table allows features to be linked to row level metadata records in the gpkg_metadata table by rowid [B5] values in the gpkg_metadata_reference table as described in clause Metadata Reference Table below. Requirement 151 A GeoPackage MAY contain views containing attributes. Every such attributes view SHALL have a first column of type INTEGER and that column SHALL contain unique values for each row. Since the concept of primary keys does not exist for views in SQLite, this requirement provides a way to produce a compliant attributes view with a discoverable key-like column [K17] . Table 12. Sample Attributes Table Definition Column Name Col Type Column Description Null Key id INTEGER Autoincrement [K6a] primary key N/A [K6b] PK text_attribute TEXT Text attribute of feature yes real_attribute REAL Real attribute of feature yes boolean_attribute BOOLEAN Boolean attribute of feature yes raster_or_photo BLOB Photo of the area yes 3. Security Considerations Security considerations for implementations utilizing GeoPackages are in the domain of the implementing application, deployment platform, operating system and networking environment. The GeoPackage standard does not place any constraints on application, platform, operating system level or network security. Since GeoPackage is dependent on SQLite, implementors should monitor for security alerts related to SQLite and respond accordingly. Annex A: Conformance / Abstract Test Suite (Normative) A.1. Base A.1.1. Core A.1.1.1. SQLite Container A.1.1.1.1. Data File Format Test Case ID /base/core/container/data/file_format Test Purpose Verify that the GeoPackage is an SQLite version_3 database Test Method Pass if the first 16 bytes of the file contain "SQLite format 3" in ASCII. Reference Clause 1.1.1.1.1 Req 1: Test Type Basic Test Case ID /base/core/container/data/file_format/application_id Test Purpose Verify that the SQLite database header application id field indicates GeoPackage version 1.x Test Method Retrieve the bytes at the application id of the SQLite database header If the string is "GP10" in ASCII, fall back to the tests for GeoPackage 1.0. If the string is "GP11" in ASCII, fall back to the tests for GeoPackage 1.1. If the string is "GPKG" in ASCII PRAGMA user_version Fail if the integer representation of the user_version string is less than 10200. If the integer representation of the user_version string is less than 10300, fall back to the tests for GeoPackage 1.2. Fail if the string is not one of those values Reference Clause 1.1.1.1.1 Req 2: Test Type Basic File Extension Name Test Case ID /base/core/container/data/file_extension_name Test Purpose Verify that the GeoPackage extension is ".gpkg" Test Method Pass if the GeoPackage file extension is ".gpkg" Reference Clause 1.1.1.1.2 Req 3: Test Type Basic File Contents Test Case ID /base/core/container/data/table_data_types Test Purpose Verify that the data types of GeoPackage columns include only the types specified by Table 1 . Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type IN ('tiles','features','attributes') Not testable if returns empty set For each row table name from step 1 PRAGMA table_info(table_name) For each row type column value Fail if value is not one of the data type names specified by Table 1 Pass if no fails Reference Table 1 Req 5: Test Type Basic Integrity Check Test Case ID /base/core/container/data/file_integrity Test Purpose Verify that the GeoPackage passes the SQLite integrity check. Test Method Pass if "PRAGMA integrity_check" returns "ok" Reference Clause File Integrity Req 6: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /base/core/container/data/foreign_key_integrity Test Purpose Verify that the GeoPackage passes the SQLite foreign_key_check. Test Method Pass if "PRAGMA foreign_key_check" (with no parameter value) returns an empty result set Reference Clause File Integrity Req 7: Test Type Capability A.1.1.1.2. API Structured Query Language Test Case ID /base/core/container/api/sql Test Purpose Test that the GeoPackage SQLite Extension provides the SQLite SQL API interface. Test Method sqlite3_exec('SELECT * FROM sqlite_master;) Fail if returns an SQL error. Pass otherwise Reference Clause 1.1.1.2.1 Req 8: Test Type Capability A.1.1.2. Spatial Reference Systems A.1.1.2.1. Data Table Definition Test Case ID /base/core/gpkg_spatial_ref_sys/data/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND tbl_name = 'gpkg_spatial_ref_sys' Fail if returns an empty result set Pass if column names and column definitions in the returned CREATE TABLE statement in the sql column value, including data type, nullability, and primary key constraints match all of those in the contents of C.1 Table 15. Column order, check constraint and trigger definitions, and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Fail otherwise. Reference Clause 1.1.2.1.1 Req 10: Test Type Basic Table Data Values Test Case ID /base/core/gpkg_spatial_ref_sys/data_values_default Test Purpose Verify that the spatial_ref_sys table contains the required default contents. Test Method SELECT srs_id, organization, organization_coordsys_id, description FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys WHERE srs_id = -1 returns -1 "NONE" -1 "undefined", AND SELECT srs_id, organization, organization_coordsys_id, description FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys WHERE srs_id = 0 returns 0 "NONE" 0 "undefined", AND SELECT definition FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys WHERE organization IN ("epsg","EPSG") AND organization_coordsys_id 4326 Confirm that this is a valid CRS Pass if tests 1-3 are met Fail otherwise Reference Clause 1.1.2.1.2 Requirement 11: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /base/core/spatial_ref_sys/data_values_required Test Purpose Verify that the spatial_ref_sys table contains rows to define all srs_id values used by features and tiles in a GeoPackage. Test Method SELECT DISTINCT gc.srs_id, srs.srs_id FROM gpkg_contents AS gc LEFT OUTER JOIN gpkg_spatial_ref_sys AS srs ON srs.srs_id = gc.srs_id WHERE gc.data_type IN ('tiles', 'features') Pass if no returned srs.srs_id values are NULL. Fail otherwise Reference Clause Clause 1.1.2.1.2 Req 12: Test Type Capability A.1.1.3. Contents A.1.1.3.1. Data Table Definition Test Case ID /base/core/contents/data/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_contents table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND tbl_name = 'gpkg_contents' Fail if returns an empty result set. Pass if the column names and column definitions in the returned CREATE TABLE statement, including data type, nullability, default values and primary, foreign and unique key constraints match all of those in the contents of C.2 Table gpkg_contents Table Definition SQL . Column order, check constraint and trigger definitions, and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Fail Otherwise Reference Clause 1.1.3.1.1 Req 13: Test Type Basic Table Data Values Test Case ID /base/core/contents/data/data_values_table_name Test Purpose Verify that the table_name column values in the gpkg_contents table are valid. Test Method SELECT DISTINCT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE table_name NOT IN (SELECT name FROM sqlite_master) Fail if there are any results Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 1.1.3.1.2 Req 14: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /base/core/contents/data/data_values_last_change Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_contents table last_change column values are in ISO 8601 [29] format as per Requirement 5 . Test Method SELECT last_change from gpkg_contents. Not testable if returns an empty result set. For each row from step 1 Fail if format of returned value does not match yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.hhhZ Pass if no fails. Reference Clause 1.1.3.1.2 Req 15: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /base/core/contents/data/data_values_srs_id Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_contents table srs_id column values reference gpkg_spatial_ref_sys srs_id column values. Test Method PRAGMA foreign_key_check('gpkg_contents') Fail if does not return an empty result set Reference Clause 1.1.3.1.2 Req 16: Test Type Capability A.2. Options Test Case ID /opt/valid_geopackage Test Purpose Verify that a GeoPackage contains a features or tiles table and gpkg_contents table row describing it. Test Method SELECT COUNT(*) FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type IN ('tiles', 'features') Pass if result > 0 Fail otherwise Reference Clause 2 Req 17 : Test Type Capability A.2.1. Features Note: Some of these tests require a spatial engine or custom code beyond simple SQL. These tests are marked with a *. A.2.1.1. Simple Features SQL Introduction A.2.1.2. Contents A.2.1.2.1. Data Contents Table Feature Row Test Case ID /opt/features/contents/data/features_row Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_contents table_name value table exists, and is apparently a feature table for every row with a data_type column value of "features" Test Method Execute test /opt/features/vector_features/data/feature_table_integer_primary_key Reference Clause 2.1.2.1.1 Req 18: Test Type Capability A.2.1.3. Geometry Encoding A.2.1.3.1. Data BLOB Format Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_encoding/data/blob Test Purpose Verify that geometries stored in feature table geometry columns are encoded in the StandardGeoPackageBinary format. Test Method SELECT table_name AS tn, column_name AS cn FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'features') Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 SELECT cn FROM tn Not testable if none found For each cn value from step a Fail if the first two bytes of each gc are not "GP" Fail if gc.version_number is not 0 Fail if gc.flags.GeopackageBinary type != 0 Fail if cn.flags.E is not in the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.1.3.1.1 Req 19: Test Type Capability Empty Geometries Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_encoding/data/empty_geometry Test Purpose Verify that empty geometries are encoded consistently in the StandardGeoPackageBinary format. Test Method SELECT table_name AS tn, column_name AS cn FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'features') Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 SELECT cn FROM tn Not testable if none found For each cn value from step a Fail if gc.flags.Y == 1 and gc.flags.E != 0 Fail if the geometry is empty but the envelope is not empty (gc.flags.E != 0 and envelope values are not NaN) Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.1.3.1.1 Req 152: Test Type Basic A.2.1.4. SQL Geometry Types A.2.1.4.1. Data Core Types Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_encoding/data/core_types_existing_sparse_data Test Purpose Verify that existing basic simple feature geometries are stored in valid GeoPackageBinary format encodings. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT table_name AS tn, column_name AS cn FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'features'), Fail if returns an empty result set For each row from step 3 SELECT cn FROM tn; For each row from step a, if bytes 2-5 of cn.wkb as uint32 in endianness of gc.wkb byte 1of cn from #1 are a geometry type value from Annex G Table 42, then Log cn.header values, wkb endianness and geometry type *If cn.wkb is not correctly encoded per ISO 13249-3 clause 5.1.46 then log fail Otherwise log pass Pass if log contanins pass and no fails Reference Clause 2.1.4.1.1 Req 20: Test Type Capability A.2.1.5. Geometry Columns A.2.1.5.1. Data Table Definition Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_geometry_columns table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method PRAGMA table_info('gpkg_geometry_columns') Fail if returns an empty result set. Fail if the columns described in Table 5 are missing or have non-matching definitions. Column order and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Primary key constraints are as per gpkg_geometry_columns Table Definition SQL . Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.1 Req 21: Test Type Basic Table Data Values Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_geometry_columns Test Purpose Verify that gpkg_geometry_columns contains one row record for each geometry column in each vector feature user data table. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = \'features' Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = \'features' AND table_name NOT IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns) Fail if result set is not empty Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.2 Req 22: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_table_name Test Purpose Verify that the table_name column values in the gpkg_geometry_columns table are valid. Test Method PRAGMA foreign_key_list('gpkg_geometry_columns'); Fail if there is no row designating table_name as a foreign key to table_name in gpkg_contents Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.2 Req 23: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_column_name Test Purpose Verify that the column_name column values in the gpkg_geometry_columns table are valid. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 PRAGMA table_info(table_name) Fail if gpkg_geometry_columns.column_name value does not equal a name column value returned by PRAGMA table_info. Pass if no fails. Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.2 Req 24: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_geometry_type_name Test Purpose Verify that the geometry_type_name column values in the gpkg_geometry_columns table are valid. Test Method SELECT DISTINCT geometry_type_name from gpkg_geometry_columns Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 Fail if a returned geometry_type_name value is not in Table 28 in Annex G Pass if no fails. Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.2 Req 25: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_srs_id Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_geometry_columns table srs_id column values are valid. Test Method PRAGMA foreign_key_check('gpkg_geometry_columns') Fail if returns any rows with a fourth column foreign key index value of 0 Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.2 Req 26: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_srs_id_match Test Purpose Verify that the srs_id column values are consistent between gpkg_geometry_columns and gpkg_contents . Test Method SELECT a.srs_id, b.srs_id FROM gpkg_geometry_columns a, gpkg_contents b WHERE a.table_name = b.table_name Fail if returns any rows have non-matching SRS IDs Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.2 Req 146: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_z Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_geometry_columns table z column values are valid. Test Method SELECT z FROM gpkg_geometry_columns Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT z FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE z NOT IN (0,1,2) Fail if does not return an empty result set Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.2 Req 27: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_m Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_geometry_columns table m column values are valid. Test Method SELECT m FROM gpkg_geometry_columns Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT m FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE m NOT IN (0,1,2) Fail if does not return an empty result set Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.1.5.1.2 Req 28: Test Type Capability A.2.1.6. Vector Features User Data Tables A.2.1.6.1. Data Table Definition Test Case ID /opt/features/vector_features/data/feature_table Test Purpose Verify that every vector feature table or view is present and that each has a discoverable integer primary key or key-like column. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'features' Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 PRAGMA table_info(table_name) Fail if returns an empty result set Identify the id column If the result set contains a row where the pk column value is 1 then it is the id column Otherwise the first column is the id column Fail if the id column is not of type "INTEGER" SELECT COUNT(*) - COUNT(DISTINCT id) from table_name Fail if result is nonzero Pass if no fails. Reference Clause 2.1.6.1.1 Req 29: Reference Clause 2.1.6.1.1 Req 150: Test Type Basic Test Case ID /opt/features/vector_features/data/feature_table_one_geometry_column Test Purpose Verify that every vector features user data table has one geometry column. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WERE data_type = 'features' Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row table name from step 1 SELECT column_name from gpkg_geometry_columns where table_name = row table name Fail if returns more than one column name Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.1.6.1.1 Req 30: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/vector_features/data/feature_table_geometry_column_type Test Purpose Verify that the declared SQL type of a feature table geometry column is the uppercase geometry type name from Annex G specified by the geometry_type_name column for that column_name and table_name in the gpkg_geometry_columns table. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name, geometry_type_name table_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'features') For each row selected in (1): PRAGMA table_info('{selected table_name}') Fail if declared type of column_name selected in (1) is not the geometry_type_name selected in (1) Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.1.6.1.1 Req 31: Test Type Capability Table Data Values Test Case ID /opt/features/vector_features/data/data_values_geometry_type Test Purpose Verify that the geometry type of feature geometries are of the type specified by the gpkg_geometry columns table geometry_type_name column value. Test Method SELECT table_name AS tn, column_name AS cn, geometry_type_name AS gt_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'features') Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 Select the set of geometry types in use for the values in cn For each row actual_type_name from step a Determine if each geometry type matches the actual_type_name Fail if any geometries do not match Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.1.6.1.2 Req 32: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/features/vector_features/data/data_value_geometry_srs_id Test Purpose Verify the the srs_id of feature geometries are the srs_id specified for the gpkg_geometry_columns table srs_id column value. Test Method SELECT table_name AS tn, column_name AS cn, srs_id AS gc_srs_id FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents where data_type = 'features') Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 *Select the set of SRIDs in use for the values in cn For each row from step a *Fail if any SRID is not equal to gc_srs_id Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.1.6.1.2 Req 33: Test Type Capability A.2.2. Tiles A.2.2.1. Contents A.2.2.1.1. Data Contents Table – Tiles Row Test Case ID /opt/tiles/contents/data/tiles_row Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_contents table_name value table exists and is apparently a tiles table for every row with a data_type column value of "tiles". Test Method Execute test /opt/tiles/tile_pyramid/data/table_def Reference Clause 2.2.2.1.1 Req 34: Test Type Capability A.2.2.2. Zoom Levels A.2.2.2.1. Data Zoom Times Two Test Case ID /opt/tiles/zoom_levels/data/zoom_times_two Test Purpose Verify that zoom level pixel sizes for tile matrix user data tables vary by factors of 2 between adjacent zoom levels in the tile matrix metadata table. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'tiles' Not testable if returns empty result set For each row table_name from step 1 SELECT zoom_level, pixel_x_size, pixel_y_size FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = selected table name ORDER BY zoom_level ASC Not testable if returns empty result set, or only one row Not testable if there are not two rows with adjacent zoom levels Fail if any pair of rows for adjacent zoom levels have pixel_x_size or pixel_y_size values that differ by other than factors of two Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.2.3.1.1 Req 35: Test Type Capability A.2.2.3. Tile Encoding PNG A.2.2.3.1. Data MIME Type PNG Test Case ID /opt/tiles/tiles_encoding/data/mime_type_png Test Purpose Verify that a tile matrix user data table that contains tile data that is not MIME type "image/jpeg" by default contains tile data in MIME type "image/png". Test Method SELECT table_name AS tn FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = \'tiles' For each row tbl_name from step 1 WHEN (SELECT tbl_name FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name = \'gpkg_extensions') = \'gpkg_extensions' THEN (SELECT extension_name FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE table_name = \'tn' AND column_name = \'tile_data') END; Not testable unless it returns empty result set SELECT tile_data FROM tn For each row tile_data from step a Pass if tile data in MIME type image/jpeg Pass if tile data in MIME type image/png Fail if no passes Reference Clause 2.2.4.1.1 Req 36: Test Type Capability A.2.2.4. Tile Encoding JPEG A.2.2.4.1. Data MIME Type JPEG Test Case ID /opt/tiles/tiles_encoding/data/mime_type_jpeg Test Purpose Verify that a tile matrix user data table that contains tile data that is not MIME type "image/png" by default contains tile data in MIME type "image/jpeg". Test Method SELECT table_name AS tn FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'tiles' For each row tbl_name from step 1 WHEN (SELECT tbl_name FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name = 'gpkg_extensions') = 'gpkg_extensions' THEN (SELECT extension_name FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE table_name = 'tn' AND column_name = 'tile_data') END; Not testable unless it returns empty result set SELECT tile_data FROM tn For each row tile_data from step a Pass if tile data in MIME type image/jpeg Pass if tile data in MIME type image/png Fail if no passes Reference Clause 2.2.5.1.1 Req 37: Test Type Capability A.2.2.5. Tile Matrix Set A.2.2.5.1. Data Table Definition Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix_set/data/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_tile_matrix_set table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND tbl_name = 'gpkg_tile_matrix_set' Fail if returns an empty result set. Pass if the column names and column definitions in the returned CREATE TABLE statement in the sql column value, including data type, nullability, default values and primary, foreign and unique key constraints match all of those in the contents of sample_feature_table Table Definition SQL (Informative) . Column order, check constraint and trigger definitions, and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Fail otherwise. Reference Clause 2.2.6.1.1 Req 38: Test Type Capability Table Data Values Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix_set/data/data_values_table_name Test Purpose Verify that values of the gpkg_tile_matrix_set table_name column reference values in the gpkg_contents table_name column. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_tile_matrix_set Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_tile_matrix_set tms WHERE table_name NOT IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents gc WHERE tms.table_name = gc.table_name) Fail if result set contains any rows Pass otherwise Reference Clause 2.2.6.1.2 Req 39: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix_set/data/data_values_row_record Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_tile_matrix_set table contains a row record for each tile pyramid user data table. Test Method SELECT table_name AS <user_data_tiles_table> from gpkg_contents where data_type = 'tiles' Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND tbl_name = '<user_data_tiles_table>' Fail if returns an empty result set Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.2.6.1.2 Req 40: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix_set/data/data_values_srs_id Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_tile_matrix_set table srs_id column values reference gpkg_spatial_ref_sys srs_id column values. Test Method PRAGMA foreign_key_check('gpkg_geometry_columns') Fail if returns any rows with a fourth column foreign key index value of 1 (gpkg_spatial_ref_sys) Reference Clause 2.2.6.1.2 Req 41: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix_set/data/data_values_srs_id_match Test Purpose Verify that the srs_id column values are consistent between gpkg_tile_matrix_set and gpkg_contents tables. Test Method SELECT a.srs_id, b.srs_id FROM gpkg_tile_matrix_set a, gpkg_contents b WHERE a.table_name = b.table_name Fail if returns any rows have non-matching SRS IDs Reference Clause 2.2.6.1.2 Req 147: Test Type Capability A.2.2.6. Tile Matrix A.2.2.6.1. Data Table Definition Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_tile_matrix table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = \'table' AND tbl_name = \'gpkg_tile_matrix' Fail if returns an empty result set. Pass if the column names and column definitions in the returned CREATE TABLE statement in the sql column value, including data type, nullability, default values, primary, and foreign key constraints match all of those in the contents of Annex C Table 23. Fail otherwise. Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.1 Req 42: Test Type Basic Table Data Values Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_table_name Test Purpose Verify that values of the gpkg_tile_matrix table_name column reference values in the gpkg_contents table_name column. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_tile_matrix tmm WHERE table_name NOT IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents gc WHERE tmm.table_name = gc.table_name) Fail if result set contains any rows Pass otherwise Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 43: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_zoom_level_rows Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_tile_matrix table contains a row record for each zoom level that contains one or more tiles in each tile pyramid user data table. Test Method SELECT table_name AS <user_data_tiles_table> from gpkg_contents where data_type = 'tiles' Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 SELECT DISTINCT gtmm.zoom_level AS gtmm_zoom, udt.zoom_level AS udtt_zoom FROM gpkg_tile_matrix AS gtmm LEFT OUTER JOIN <user_data_tiles_table> AS udtt ON udtt.zoom_level = gtmm.zoom_level AND gtmm.t_table_name = '<user_data_tiles_table>' Fail if any gtmm_zoom column value in the result set is NULL Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 44: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_width_height Test Purpose Verify that the tile matrix extents in gpkg_tile_matrix_set match the contents of the gpkg_tile_matrix table. Test Method SELECT table_name AS <user_data_tiles_table> from gpkg_contents where data_type = 'tiles' Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 SELECT max_x - min_x from gpkg_tile_matrix_set where table_name = '<user_data_tiles_table>' SELECT zoom_level, matrix_width * tile_width * pixel_x_size from gpkg_tile_matrix where table_name = '<user_data_tiles_table>' SELECT max_y - min_y from gpkg_tile_matrix_set where table_name = '<user_data_tiles_table>' SELECT zoom_level, matrix_height * tile_height * pixel_y_size from gpkg_tile_matrix where table_name = '<user_data_tiles_table>' Fail if, for any zoom level, the difference for an axis does not equal the product for that axis at that zoom level Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 45: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_zoom_level Test Purpose Verify that zoom level column values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table are not negative. Test Method SELECT zoom_level FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT min(zoom_level) FROM gpkg_tile_matrix_metadata. Fail if less than 0. Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 46: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_matrix_width Test Purpose Verify that the matrix_width values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table are valid. Test Method SELECT matrix_width FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT min(matrix_width) FROM gpkg_tile_matrix. Fail if less than 1. Pass otherwise. Reference: Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 47: Test Type: Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_matrix_height Test Purpose Verify that the matrix_height values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table are valid. Test Method SELECT matrix_height FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT min(matrix_height) FROM gpkg_tile_matrix. Fail if less than 1. Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 48: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_tile_width Test Purpose Verify that the tile_width values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table are valid. Test Method SELECT tile_width FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT min(tile_width) FROM gpkg_tile_matrix. Fail if less than 1. Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 49: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_tile_height Test Purpose Verify that the tile_height values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table are valid. Test Method SELECT tile_height FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT min(tile_height) FROM gpkg_tile_matrix. Fail if less than 1. Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 50: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_pixel_x_size Test Purpose Verify that the pixel_x_size values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table are valid. Test Method SELECT pixel_x_size FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT min(pixel_x_size) FROM gpkg_tile_matrix. Fail if less than 0. Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 51: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_pixel_y_size Test Purpose Verify that the pixel_y_size values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table are valid. Test Method SELECT pixel_y_size FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT min(pixel_y_size) FROM gpkg_tile_matrix. Fail if less than 0. Pass otherwise. Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 52: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/gpkg_tile_matrix/data/data_values_pixel_size_sort Test Purpose Verify that the pixel_x_size and pixel_y_size column values for zoom level column values in a gpkg_tile_matrix table sorted in ascending order are sorted in descending order, showing that lower zoom levels are zoomed "out". Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'tiles' Not testable if returns empty result set For each row table_name from step 1 SELECT zoom_level, pixel_x_size, pixel_y_size from gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = row table name ORDER BY zoom_level ASC Not testable if returns empty result set Fail if pixel_x_sizes are not sorted in descending order Fail if pixel_y_sizes are not sorted in descending order Pass if testable and no fails Reference Clause 2.2.7.1.2 Req 53: Test Type Capability A.2.2.7. Tile Pyramid User Data A.2.2.7.1. Data Table Definition Test Case ID /opt/tiles/tile_pyramid/data/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the tile pyramids each have a table or view, that all required columns are present, and that the "id" column has unique values. Test Method SELECT COUNT(table_name) FROM gpkg_contents WERE data_type = "tiles" Not testable if less than 1 SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = "tiles" For each row from step 3 PRAGMA table_info(table_name) Fail if returns an empty result set Fail if result set does not contain one row where the "type" column value is "INTEGER" and the "name" column value is "id" Fail if result set does not contain four other rows where the name column values are "zoom_level","tile_column","tile_row", and "tile_data". SELECT COUNT(*) - COUNT(DISTINCT id) from table_name Fail if result is nonzero Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.2.8.1.1 Req 54: Test Type Basic Table Data Values Test Case ID /opt/tiles/tile_pyramid/data/data_values_zoom_levels Test Purpose Verify that the zoom level column values in each tile pyramid user data table are within the range of zoom levels defined by rows in the gpkg_tile_matrix table. Test Method SELECT DISTINCT table_name AS <user_data_tiles_table> FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row <user_data_tiles_table> from step 1 SELECT zoom_level FROM <user_data_tiles_table> If result set not empty SELECT MIN(gtmm.zoom_level) AS min_gtmm_zoom, MAX(gtmm.zoom_level) AS max_gtmm_zoom FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = <user_data_tiles_table> SELECT id FROM <user_data_tiles_table> WHERE zoom_level < min_gtmm_zoom Fail if result set not empty SELECT id FROM <user_data_tiles_table> WHERE zoom_level > max_gtmm_zoom Fail if result set not empty Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pas and no fails Reference Clause 2.2.8.1.2 Req 55: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/tile_pyramid/data/data_values_tile_column Test Purpose Verify that the tile_column column values for each zoom level value in each tile pyramid user data table are within the range of columns defined by rows in the gpkg_tile_matrix table. Test Method SELECT DISTINCT table_name AS <user_data_tiles_table> FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row <user_data_tiles_table> from step 1 SELECT DISTINCT gtmm.zoom_level AS gtmm_zoom, gtmm.matrix_width AS gtmm_width, udt.zoom_level AS udt_zoom, udt.tile_column AS udt_column FROM gpkg_tile_matrix AS gtmm LEFT OUTER JOIN <user_data_tiles_table> AS udt ON udt.zoom_level = gtmm.zoom_level AND gtmm.t_table_name = '<user_data_tiles_table>' AND (udt_column < 0 OR udt_column > (gtmm_width - 1)) Fail if any udt_column value in the result set is not NULL Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails Reference Clause 2.2.8.1.2 Req 56: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/tiles/tile_pyramid_data/data_values_tile_row Test Purpose Verify that the tile_row column values for each zoom level value in each tile pyramid user data table are within the range of rows defined by rows in the gpkg_tile_matrix table. Test Method SELECT DISTINCT table_name AS <user_data_tiles_table> FROM gpkg_tile_matrix Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row <user_data_tiles_table> from step 1 SELECT DISTINCT gtmm.zoom_level AS gtmm_zoom, gtmm.matrix_height AS gtmm_height, udt.zoom_level AS udt_zoom, udt.tile_row AS udt_row FROM gpkg_tile_matrix AS gtmm LEFT OUTER JOIN <user_data_tiles_table> AS udt ON udt.zoom_level = gtmm.zoom_level AND gtmm.t_table_name = '<user_data_tiles_table> ' AND (udt_row < 0 OR udt_row > (gtmm_height - 1)) Fail if any udt_row value in the result set is not NULL Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails Reference Clause 2.2.8.1.2 Req 57: Test Type Capability A.2.3. Extension Mechanism A.2.3.1. Extensions A.2.3.1.1. Data Table Definition Test Case ID /opt/extension_mechanism/data/table_def Test Purpose Verify that a gpkg_extensions table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND tbl_name = 'gpkg_extensions' Fail if returns an empty result set. Pass if the column names and column definitions in the returned Create TABLE statement in the sql column value, including data type, nullability, default values and primary, foreign and unique key constraints match all of those in the contents of Table Definition . Column order, check constraint and trigger definitions, and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Fail otherwise. Reference Clause 2.3.2.1.1 Req 58: Test Type Basic Table Data Values Test Case ID /opt/extension_mechanism/data/data_values_for_extensions Test Purpose Verify that every extension of a GeoPackage is registered in a row in the gpkg_extensions table Test Method Manual inspection Reference Clause 2.3.2.1.2 Req 59: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/extension_mechanism/data/data_values_table_name Test Purpose Verify that the table_name column values in the gpkg_extensions table are valid. Test Method SELECT lower(table_name) AS table_name, column_name FROM gpkg_extensions; Not testable if table does not exist or query returns an empty result set. For each row from step one "SELECT DISTINCT lower(ge.table_name) AS ge_table, lower(sm.tbl_name) AS tbl_name FROM gpkg_extensions AS ge LEFT OUTER JOIN sqlite_master AS sm ON lower(ge.table_name) = lower(sm.tbl_name); Fail if ge_table and tbl_name are not equal (or both null). Pass if no fails. Reference Clause 2.3.2.1.2 Req 60: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/extension_mechanism/data/data_values_column_name Test Purpose Verify that the column_name column values in the gpkg_extensions table are valid. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL Pass if returns an empty result set For each row from step 3 SELECT count(column_name) FROM table_name Fail if query is invalid, suggesting an invalid column name Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails. Reference Clause 2.3.2.1.2 Req 61: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/extension_mechanism/data/data_values_extension_name Test Purpose Verify that the extension_name column values in the gpkg_extensions table are valid. Test Method SELECT extension_name FROM gpkg_extensions Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row returned from step 1 Log pass if extension_name is one of those listed in Annex F. Separate extension_name into <author> and <extension> at the first "_" Fail if <author> is "gpkg" Fail if <author> contains characters other than [a-zA-Z0-9] Fail if <extension> contains characters other than [a-zA-Z0-9_] Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails. Reference Clause 2.3.2.1.2 Req 62: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/extension_mechanism/data/data_values_definition Test Purpose Verify that the definition column value contains or references extension documentation Test Method SELECT definition FROM gpkg_extensions Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row returned from step 1 Inspect if definition value is not like "Annex %", or "http%" or mailto:% or "Extension Title%" Fail if definition value does not contain or reference extension documentation Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.3.2.1.2 Req 63: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /opt/extension_mechanism/data/data_values_scope Test Purpose Verify that the scope column value is "read-write" or "write-only" Test Method SELECT scope FROM gpkg_extensions Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row returned from step 1 Fail if value is not "read-write" or "write-only" Pass if no fails Reference Clause 2.3.2.1.2 Req 64: Test Type Capability A.2.4. Attributes A.2.4.1. Contents A.2.4.1.1. Data Contents Table – Attributes Row Test Case ID /opt/attributes/contents/data/attributes_row Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_contents table_name value table exists and is apparently an attributes table for every row with a data_type column value of "attributes". Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = "attributes" Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 PRAGMA table_info(table_name) Fail if returns an empty result set Identify the id column If the result set contains a row where the pk column value is 1 then it is the id column Otherwise the first column is the id column Fail if the id column is not of type "INTEGER" SELECT COUNT(*) - COUNT(DISTINCT id) from table_name Fail if result is nonzero Pass if no fails. Reference Clause 2.4.2.1.1 Req 118 Reference Clause 2.4.3.1.1 Req 119 Reference Clause 2.4.3.1.1 Req 151 Test Type Capability Annex B: Background and Context (Normative) B.1. Background An open standard non-proprietary platform-independent GeoPackage container for distribution and direct use of all kinds of geospatial data will increase the cross-platform interoperability of geospatial applications and web services. Standard APIs for access and management of GeoPackage data will provide consistent query and update results across such applications and services. Increased interoperability and result consistency will enlarge the potential market for such applications and services, particularly in resource-constrained mobile computing environments like cell phones and tablets. GeoPackages will become the standard containers for "MyGeoData" that are used as a transfer format by users and Geospatial Web Services and a storage format on personal and enterprise devices. This OGC® GeoPackage Encoding Standard defines a GeoPackage as a self-contained, single-file, cross-platform, serverless, transactional, open source SQLite data container with table definitions, relational integrity constraints, an SQL API exposed via a "C" CLI and JDBC, and manifest tables that together act as an exchange and direct-use format for multiple types of geospatial data including vector features, features with raster attributes and tile matrix pyramids, especially on mobile / hand held devices in disconnected or limited network connectivity environments. Table formats, definitions of geometry types and metadata tables, relational integrity constraints, and SQL API are interdependent specification facets of the SF-SQL [I9] [I10] [I11] and SQL-MM (Spatial) [I12] standards that serve as normative references for the vector feature portion of this standard. This standard attempts to support and use relevant raster types, storage table definitions, and metadata from widely adopted implementations and existing standards such as WMTS [I16] and ISO metadata [I28] , to integrate use of rasters as attributes of geospatial features, and to define relational integrity constraints and an SQL API thereon to provide a raster analogy to the SF-SQL and SF-MM data access and data quality assurance capabilities. Conformance classes for this standard are classified as core (mandatory) and extension (optional). The simple core of an Empty GeoPackage contains two SQL tables. Future versions of this standard may include requirements for elevation data and routes. Future enhancements to this standard, a future GeoPackage Web Service specification, and modifications to existing OGC Web Service (OWS) specifications to use GeoPackages as exchange formats may allow OWS to support provisioning of GeoPackages throughout an enterprise or information community. B.2. Document terms and definitions This document uses the standard terms defined in Subclause 5.3 of [OGC 06-121], which is based on the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards. In particular, the word "shall" (not "must") is the verb form used to indicate a requirement to be strictly followed to conform to this standard. For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. Empty GeoPackage A GeoPackage that contains a gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table, a gpkg_contents table with row record(s) with data_type column values of "features" or "tiles", and corresponding features tables per clause Features and/or tiles tables per clause Tiles where the user data tables per clauses 2.1.6. and 2.2.8 exist but contain no rows. Extended GeoPackage A GeoPackage that contains any additional data elements (tables or columns) or SQL constructs (data types, indexes, constraints or triggers) that are not specified in this encoding standard. geolocate identify a real-world geographic location GeoPackage file a platform-independent SQLite database file that contains GeoPackage data and metadata tables with specified definitions, integrity assertions, format limitations and content constraints. GeoPackage SQLite Configuration consists of the SQLite 3 software library and a set of compile- and runtime configurations options. GeoPackage SQLite Extension a SQLite loadable extension that MAY provide SQL functions to support spatial indexes and SQL triggers linked to a SQLite library with specified configuration requirements to provide SQL API access to a GeoPackage. georectified raster whose pixels have been regularly spaced in a geographic (i.e., latitude / longitude) or projected map coordinate system using ground control points so that any pixel can be geolocated given its grid coordinate and the grid origin, cell spacing, and orientation. orthorectified georectified raster that has also been corrected to remove image perspective (camera angle tilt), camera and lens induced distortions, and terrain induced distortions using camera calibration parameters and DEM elevation data to accurately align with real world coordinates, have constant scale, and support direct measurement of distances, angles, and areas. tile a rectangular pictorial representation of geographic data, often part of a set of such elements, covering a spatially contiguous extent and sharing similar information content and graphical styling, which can be uniquely defined by a pair of indexes for the column and row along with an identifier for the tile matrix. tile matrix a collection of tiles for a fixed scale tile pyramid a collection of tile matrices defined at different scales Valid GeoPackage A GeoPackage that contains features per clause Features and/or tiles per clause Tiles and row(s) in the gpkg_contents table with data_type column values of "features" and/or "tiles" describing the user data tables. B.3. Conventions Symbols (and abbreviated terms) ACID Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, and Durable ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange API Application Program Interface BLOB Binary Large OBject CLI Call-Level Interface COTS Commercial Off The Shelf DEM Digital Elevation Model GPKG GeoPackage GRD Ground Resolved Distance EPSG European Petroleum Survey Group FK Foreign Key IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IIRS Image Interpretability Rating Scale IRARS Imagery Resolution Assessments and Reporting Standards (Committee) ISO International Organization for Standardization JDBC Java Data Base Connectivity JPEG Joint Photographics Expert Group (image format) MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions NIIRS National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale OGC Open Geospatial Consortium PK Primary Key PNG Portable Network Graphics (image format) RDBMS Relational Data Base Management System RFC Request For Comments SQL Structured Query Language SRID Spatial Reference (System) Identifier UML Unified Modeling Language UK Unique Key UTC Coordinated Universal Time XML eXtensible Markup Language 1D One Dimensional 2D Two Dimensional 3D Three Dimensional B.4. Submitting Organizations (Informative) The following organizations submitted this Encoding Standard to the Open Geospatial Consortium as a Request For Comment (RFC). Envitia Luciad Sigma Bravo The Carbon Project U.S. Army Geospatial Center U.S. National Geospatial Intelligence Agency B.5. Document contributor contact points (Informative) All questions regarding this document should be directed to the editor or the contributors: Table 13. Document contributors Name Organization Email Brett Antonides LNM Solutions brett.antonides<at>lmnsolutions.com Kevin Backe U.S. Army Geospatial Center GASD Kevin.Backe<at>usace.army.mil Roger Brackin Envitia roger.brackin<at>envitia.com Chris Clark Compusult chrisc<at>compusult.net Scott Clark LNM Solutions scott.clark<at>lmnsolutions.com David Cray U.S. Army Geospatial Center GASD David.Cray<at>usace.army.mil Paul Daisey Image Matters pauld<at>imagemattersllc.com Rich Fecher Radiant Solutions richard.fecher<at>radiantsolutions.com Nathan P. Frantz U.S. Army Geospatial Center ERDC Nathan.P.Frantz<at>usace.army.mil Alessandro Furieri Spatialite a.furieri<at>lqt.it Randy Gladish Image Matters randyg<at>imagemattersllc.com Eric Gundersen MapBox eric<at>mapbox.com Brad Hards Sigma Bravo bhards<at>sigmabravo.com Jeff Harrison The Carbon Project jharrison<at>thecarbonproject.com Chris Holmes OpenGeo cholmes<at>9eo.org Frederic Houbie Luciad frederic.houbie<at>luciad.com Sean Hogan Compusult sean<at>compusult.net Kirk Jensen Image Matters kirkj<at>imagemattersllc.com (chinese chars not working) Joshua Feng China University joshua<at>gis.tw Terry A. Idol U.S. National Geospatial Intelligence Agency Terry.A.Idol<at>nga.mil Drew Kurry Digital Globe dkurry<at>digitalglobe.com Steven Lander Reinventing Geospatial steven.lander<at>rgi-corp.com Tom MacWright MapBox tom<at>mapbox.com Joan Maso Pau Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CREAF) joan.maso<at>uab.es Kevin S. Mullane U.S. Army Geospatial Center GASD Kevin.S.Mullane<at>usace.army.mil Brian Osborn CACI bosborn<at>caci.com (chinese chars not working) Yi-Min Huang Feng China University niner<at>gis.tw Andrea Peri Regione Toscana Italy andrea.peri<at>regione.toscana.it Paul Ramsey OpenGeo pramsey<at>opengeo.org Matthew L. Renner U.S. Army Geospatial Center ERDC Matthew.L.Renner<at>usace.army.mil Even Rouault Mines-Paris even.rouault<at>mines-paris.org Keith Ryden Environmental Systems Research Institute kryden<at>esri.com Scott Simmons CACI scsimmons<at>caci.com Ingo Simonis International Geospatial Services Institute ingo.simonis<at>igsi.eu Raj Singh Open Geospatial Consortium rsingh<at>opengeospatial.org Steve Smyth Open Site Plan steve<at>opensiteplan.org Donald V. Sullivan U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration donald.v.sullivan<at>nasa.gov Christopher Tucker Mapstory tucker<at>mapstory.org Benjamin T. Tuttle U.S. National Geospatial Intelligence Agency Benjamin.T.Tuttle<at>nga.mil Pepijn Van Eeckhoudt Luciad pepijn.vaneeckhoudt<at>luciad.com David G. Wesloh U.S. National Geospatial Intelligence Agency David.G.Wesloh<at>nga.mil Jeff Yutzler Image Matters jeffy<at>imagemattersllc.com Eric Zimmerman U.S. Army Geospatial Center ERDC Eric.Zimmerman<at>usace.army.mil B.6. Revision History (Informative) Table 14. Revision History Date Rel Editor Paragraph modified Description 2014-02-10 R10 Paul Daisey All 1.0.0 2015-04-20 R11 Paul Daisey All 1.0.1 2015-08-04 R12 Jeff Yutzler All 1.1.0 2017-08-25 R14 Jeff Yutzler All 1.2.0 2018-09-06 R15 Jeff Yutzler All 1.2.1 2020-04-10 R16 Jeff Yutzler All Open Comment period for 1.3.0 2020-08-19 R17 Jeff Yutzler All 1.3.0 2022-08-26 R18 Jeff Yutzler All 1.3.1 2024-02-01 R19 Jeff Yutzler All 1.4.0 Detailed release notes for this version of GeoPackage are available at: https://github.com/opengeospatial/geopackage/blob/master/spec/core/release_notes/1.4.0/rn.adoc . B.7. Changes to the OGC® Abstract Specification The OGC® Abstract Specification does not require changes to accommodate this OGC® standard. B.8. Changes to OGC® Implementation Standards None at present. B.9. Potential Future Work (Informative) Future versions of this standard MAY do the following. Investigate GeoPackage implementation on SQLite version 4 [B25] . Include requirements for elevation data and routes. Future enhancements to this standard, a future GeoPackage Web Service specification and modifications to existing OGC Web Service (OWS) specifications to use GeoPackages as exchange formats MAY allow OWS to support provisioning of GeoPackages throughout an enterprise. Include additional raster / image formats, including fewer restrictions on the image/tiff format. Include additional SQL API routines for interrogation and conversion of raster / image BLOBs. Add infrastructure to the metadata tables such as a temporal_columns table that refers to the time properties of data records. Specify a streaming synchronization protocol for GeoPackage as part of a future GeoPackage Web Service specification, and/or a future version of the GeoPackage and/or Web Synchronization Service specification(s). Address symbology and styling information. Include geographic / geodesic geometry types. Create a GeoPackage Abstract Object Model to support data encodings other than SQL. Add UTFGrid support. Future versions of this standard and/or one for a GeoPackage Web Service MAY do the following. Address utilities for importing and exporting vector, raster and tile data in various formats. Address encryption of GeoPackages and/or individual tables or column values. B.10. UML Notation The diagrams that appear in this standard are presented using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) [B14] static structure diagrams. The UML notations used in this standard for RDBMS tables in a GeoPackage are described in Figure 3 below. Figure 3. UML Notation for RDBMS Tables In this standard, the following two stereotypes of UML classes are used to represent RDBMS tables: <<table>> An instantiation of a UML class as an RDMBS table. <<column>> An instantiation of a UML attribute as an RDBMS table column. In this standard, the following standard data types are used for RDBMS columns: NULL – The value is a NULL value. INTEGER – A signed integer, stored in 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 bytes depending on the magnitude of the value REAL – The value is a floating point value, stored as an 8-byte IEEE floating point number. TEXT – A sequence of characters, stored using the database encoding (UTF-8, UTF-16BE or UTF-16LE). BLOB – The value is a blob of data, stored exactly as it was input. NONE – The value is a Date / Time Timestamp B.11. GeoPackage Tables Detailed Diagram Figure 4. GeoPackage Tables Details B.12. GeoPackage Minimal Tables for Features Diagram Figure 5. GeoPackage Minimal Tables for Features B.13. GeoPackage Minimal Tables for Tiles Diagram Figure 6. GeoPackage Minimal Tables for Tiles Annex C: Table Definition SQL (Normative) C.1. gpkg_spatial_ref_sys gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Table Definition SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_spatial_ref_sys ( srs_name TEXT NOT NULL, srs_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, organization TEXT NOT NULL, organization_coordsys_id INTEGER NOT NULL, definition TEXT NOT NULL, description TEXT ); SQL/MM View of gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Definition SQL (Informative) CREATE VIEW st_spatial_ref_sys AS SELECT srs_name, srs_id, organization, organization_coordsys_id, definition, description FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys; SF/SQL View of gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Definition SQL (Informative) CREATE VIEW spatial_ref_sys AS SELECT srs_id AS srid, organization AS auth_name, organization_coordsys_id AS auth_srid, definition AS srtext FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys; C.2. gpkg_contents gpkg_contents Table Definition SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_contents ( table_name TEXT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, data_type TEXT NOT NULL, identifier TEXT UNIQUE, description TEXT DEFAULT '', last_change DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), min_x DOUBLE, min_y DOUBLE, max_x DOUBLE, max_y DOUBLE, srs_id INTEGER, CONSTRAINT fk_gc_r_srs_id FOREIGN KEY (srs_id) REFERENCES gpkg_spatial_ref_sys(srs_id) ); C.3. gpkg_geometry_columns gpkg_geometry_columns Table Definition SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_geometry_columns ( table_name TEXT NOT NULL, column_name TEXT NOT NULL, geometry_type_name TEXT NOT NULL, srs_id INTEGER NOT NULL, z TINYINT NOT NULL, m TINYINT NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT pk_geom_cols PRIMARY KEY (table_name, column_name), CONSTRAINT uk_gc_table_name UNIQUE (table_name), CONSTRAINT fk_gc_tn FOREIGN KEY (table_name) REFERENCES gpkg_contents(table_name), CONSTRAINT fk_gc_srs FOREIGN KEY (srs_id) REFERENCES gpkg_spatial_ref_sys (srs_id) ); SQL/MM View of gpkg_geometry_columns Definition SQL (Informative) CREATE VIEW st_geometry_columns AS SELECT table_name, column_name, 'ST_' || geometry_type_name AS geometry_type_name, g.srs_id, srs_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns as g JOIN gpkg_spatial_ref_sys AS s WHERE g.srs_id = s.srs_id; SF/SQL VIEW of gpkg_geometry_columns Definition SQL (Informative) CREATE VIEW geometry_columns AS SELECT table_name AS f_table_name, column_name AS f_geometry_column, code4name (geometry_type_name) AS geometry_type, 2 + (CASE z WHEN 1 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) + (CASE m WHEN 1 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS coord_dimension, srs_id AS srid FROM gpkg_geometry_columns; Implementer must provide code4name(geometry_type_name) SQL function C.4. sample_feature_table (Informative) sample_feature_table Table Definition SQL (Informative) CREATE TABLE sample_feature_table ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, geometry GEOMETRY, text_attribute TEXT, real_attribute REAL, boolean_attribute BOOLEAN, raster_or_photo BLOB ); C.5. gpkg_tile_matrix_set gpkg_tile_matrix_set Table Creation SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_tile_matrix_set ( table_name TEXT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, srs_id INTEGER NOT NULL, min_x DOUBLE NOT NULL, min_y DOUBLE NOT NULL, max_x DOUBLE NOT NULL, max_y DOUBLE NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT fk_gtms_table_name FOREIGN KEY (table_name) REFERENCES gpkg_contents(table_name), CONSTRAINT fk_gtms_srs FOREIGN KEY (srs_id) REFERENCES gpkg_spatial_ref_sys (srs_id) ); C.6. gpkg_tile_matrix gpkg_tile_matrix Table Creation SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_tile_matrix ( table_name TEXT NOT NULL, zoom_level INTEGER NOT NULL, matrix_width INTEGER NOT NULL, matrix_height INTEGER NOT NULL, tile_width INTEGER NOT NULL, tile_height INTEGER NOT NULL, pixel_x_size DOUBLE NOT NULL, pixel_y_size DOUBLE NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT pk_ttm PRIMARY KEY (table_name, zoom_level), CONSTRAINT fk_tmm_table_name FOREIGN KEY (table_name) REFERENCES gpkg_contents(table_name) ); EXAMPLE: gpkg_tile_matrix Insert Statement (Informative) INSERT INTO gpkg_tile_matrix VALUES ( "sample_tile_pyramid", 0, 1, 1, 512, 512, 2.0, 2.0 ); C.7. sample_tile_pyramid (Informative) EXAMPLE: tiles table Create Table SQL (Informative) CREATE TABLE sample_tile_pyramid ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, zoom_level INTEGER NOT NULL, tile_column INTEGER NOT NULL, tile_row INTEGER NOT NULL, tile_data BLOB NOT NULL, UNIQUE (zoom_level, tile_column, tile_row) ) EXAMPLE: tiles table Insert Statement (Informative) INSERT INTO sample_matrix_pyramid VALUES ( NULL, 1, 1, 1, "BLOB VALUE" ) C.8. gpkg_extensions gpkg_extensions Table Definition SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_extensions ( table_name TEXT, column_name TEXT, extension_name TEXT NOT NULL, definition TEXT NOT NULL, scope TEXT NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT ge_tce UNIQUE (table_name, column_name, extension_name) ); C.9. sample_attributes_table (Informative) EXAMPLE: Attributes table Create Table SQL (Informative) CREATE TABLE sample_attributes ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, text_attribute TEXT, real_attribute REAL, boolean_attribute BOOLEAN, raster_or_photo BLOB ) EXAMPLE: attributes table Insert Statement (Informative) INSERT INTO sample_attributes(text_attribute, real_attribute, boolean_attribute, raster_or_photo) VALUES ( "place", 1, true, "BLOB VALUE" ) Annex D: Trigger Definition SQL (Informative) This annex describes triggers that MAY be created in GeoPackages to verify conformance to specific requirements. GeoPackage clients SHOULD recognize that these triggers may be present in GeoPackages and be prepared to handle errors raised by the triggers. It is possible that new GeoPackage extensions may extend certain GeoPackage requirements in ways that would make one or more of these triggers unnecessary or incorrect. It is the responsibility of the system adding the extension to the GeoPackage to check for the presence of relevant triggers and to replace them with corrected or benign ones. Simply dropping the triggers may not be sufficient as some systems could naively reinstate them if they are detected to be missing. D.1. gpkg_tile_matrix Table 15. gpkg_tile_matrix Trigger Definition SQL CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_zoom_level_insert' BEFORE INSERT ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: zoom_level cannot be less than 0') WHERE (NEW.zoom_level < 0); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_zoom_level_update' BEFORE UPDATE of zoom_level ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: zoom_level cannot be less than 0') WHERE (NEW.zoom_level < 0); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_matrix_width_insert' BEFORE INSERT ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: matrix_width cannot be less than 1') WHERE (NEW.matrix_width < 1); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_matrix_width_update' BEFORE UPDATE OF matrix_width ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: matrix_width cannot be less than 1') WHERE (NEW.matrix_width < 1); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_matrix_height_insert' BEFORE INSERT ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: matrix_height cannot be less than 1') WHERE (NEW.matrix_height < 1); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_matrix_height_update' BEFORE UPDATE OF matrix_height ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: matrix_height cannot be less than 1') WHERE (NEW.matrix_height < 1); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_pixel_x_size_insert' BEFORE INSERT ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: pixel_x_size must be greater than 0') WHERE NOT (NEW.pixel_x_size > 0); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_pixel_x_size_update' BEFORE UPDATE OF pixel_x_size ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: pixel_x_size must be greater than 0') WHERE NOT (NEW.pixel_x_size > 0); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_pixel_y_size_insert' BEFORE INSERT ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: pixel_y_size must be greater than 0') WHERE NOT (NEW.pixel_y_size > 0); END

CREATE TRIGGER 'gpkg_tile_matrix_pixel_y_size_update' BEFORE UPDATE OF pixel_y_size ON 'gpkg_tile_matrix' FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''gpkg_tile_matrix'' violates constraint: pixel_y_size must be greater than 0') WHERE NOT (NEW.pixel_y_size > 0); END D.2. sample_feature_table Table 16. EXAMPLE: features table Trigger Definition SQL CREATE TRIGGER "sample_feature_table_real_insert" BEFORE INSERT ON "sample_feature_table" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''sample_feature_table'' violates constraint: real_attribute must be greater than 0') WHERE NOT (NEW.real_attribute > 0); END

CREATE TRIGGER "sample_feature_table_real_update" BEFORE UPDATE OF "real_attribute" ON "sample_feature_table" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE (ABORT, 'update of ''real_attribute'' on table ''sample_feature_table'' violates constraint: real_attribute value must be > 0') WHERE NOT (NEW.real_attribute > 0); END where <t> and <c> are replaced with the names of the feature table and geometry column being inserted or updated. D.3. sample_tile_pyramid Table 17. tiles table Trigger Definition SQL CREATE TRIGGER "sample_tile_pyramid_zoom_insert" BEFORE INSERT ON "sample_tile_pyramid" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: zoom_level not specified for table in gpkg_tile_matrix') WHERE NOT (NEW.zoom_level IN (SELECT zoom_level FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = 'sample_tile_pyramid')) ; END

CREATE TRIGGER "sample_tile_pyramid_zoom_update" BEFORE UPDATE OF zoom_level ON "sample_tile_pyramid" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: zoom_level not specified for table in gpkg_tile_matrix') WHERE NOT (NEW.zoom_level IN (SELECT zoom_level FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = 'sample_tile_pyramid')) ; END

CREATE TRIGGER "sample_tile_pyramid_tile_column_insert" BEFORE INSERT ON "sample_tile_pyramid" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: tile_column cannot be < 0') WHERE (NEW.tile_column < 0) ; SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: tile_column must by < matrix_width specified for table and zoom level in gpkg_tile_matrix') WHERE NOT (NEW.tile_column < (SELECT matrix_width FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = 'sample_tile_pyramid' AND zoom_level = NEW.zoom_level)); END

CREATE TRIGGER "sample_tile_pyramid_tile_column_update" BEFORE UPDATE OF tile_column ON "sample_tile_pyramid" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: tile_column cannot be < 0') WHERE (NEW.tile_column < 0) ; SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: tile_column must by < matrix_width specified for table and zoom level in gpkg_tile_matrix') WHERE NOT (NEW.tile_column < (SELECT matrix_width FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = 'sample_tile_pyramid' AND zoom_level = NEW.zoom_level)); END

CREATE TRIGGER "sample_tile_pyramid_tile_row_insert" BEFORE INSERT ON "sample_tile_pyramid" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: tile_row cannot be < 0') WHERE (NEW.tile_row < 0) ; SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'insert on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: tile_row must by < matrix_height specified for table and zoom level in gpkg_tile_matrix') WHERE NOT (NEW.tile_row < (SELECT matrix_height FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = 'sample_tile_pyramid' AND zoom_level = NEW.zoom_level)); END

CREATE TRIGGER "sample_tile_pyramid_tile_row_update" BEFORE UPDATE OF tile_row ON "sample_tile_pyramid" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: tile_row cannot be < 0') WHERE (NEW.tile_row < 0) ; SELECT RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ''sample_tile_pyramid'' violates constraint: tile_row must by < matrix_height specified for table and zoom level in gpkg_tile_matrix') WHERE NOT (NEW.tile_row < (SELECT matrix_height FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = 'sample_tile_pyramid' AND zoom_level = NEW.zoom_level)); END Annex E: GeoPackage Extension Template (Informative) Extension Title Title of the Extension Introduction Description of extension Extension Author Author of extension, author_name. Extension Name or Template Name of the extension or definition of the template to create the name of extensions that should be used in gpkg_extensions Extension Type "Extension of Existing Requirement in Clause(s) XXX" or "New Requirement Dependent on Clause(s) YYY" Applicability Tables and/or columns on which this extension may be applied Scope Read-write or write-only with clarification if necessary Requirements Definition of extension and interdependencies with other extensions if any. GeoPackage Definition of extension data or MIME type(s) Definition of extension tables or table templates Definition of triggers or trigger templates GeoPackage SQLite Configuration Definition of SQLite configuration settings Setting compile or runtime Option Shall / Not (Value) Discussion GeoPackage SQLite Extension Definition of SQL functions SQL Function Description Use foo(bar, baz) : datatype Returns r when w Abstract Test Suite All test cases required to verify conformance to this extension. Examples (Informative) Any example or samples demonstrating the extension in use. Annex F: Registered Extensions (Normative) This clause specifies requirements for GeoPackage extensions. Definitions of those extensions are in the form specified by the template in GeoPackage Extension Template (Informative) . Extension Name Content Type GeoPackage Non-Linear Geometry Types features R-tree Spatial Indexes features Zoom Other Intervals tiles Tiles Encoding WebP tiles Metadata general Schema features WKT for Coordinate Reference Systems spatial reference systems Tiled Gridded Coverage Data coverages Related Tables related tables F.1. GeoPackage Non-Linear Geometry Types Introduction This extension of clause SQL Geometry Types defines additional geometry types. Clause 2.1.4 of the GeoPackage Version 1 Encoding Standard specifies support for the Geometry, Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon, and GeometryCollection geometry types in the GeoPackageBinary geometry encoding format specified in clause 2.1.3. This extension specifies support for the additional CircularString, CompoundCurve, CurvePolygon, MultiCurve, MultiSurface, Curve, and Surface geometry types in the GeoPackage Binary geometry encoding format using the codes from Table 22 . Extension Author GeoPackage SWG, author_name gpkg Extension Name or Template Extension names are constructed from the gpkg_geom_<gname> template where <gname> is the uppercase name of the extension geometry type from Table 22 . Extension Type Extension of Existing Requirement in clause SQL Geometry Types Applicability This extension applies to any column specified in the gpkg_geometry_columns table. Scope Read-write Requirements GeoPackage Requirement 65 (extends Requirement 25 ) The geometry_type_name value in a gpkg_geometry_columns row MAY be one of the uppercase extended non-linear geometry type names specified in Geometry Types (Normative) . Requirement 66 The GeoPackageBinary geometry encoding format specified in clause Geometry Encoding SHALL be used to encode non-linear geometry types using the type codes in Geometry Types (Normative) table Table 22 . Requirement 67 An extension name to specify a feature geometry extension type SHALL be defined for the "gpkg" author name using the "gpkg_geom_<gname>" template where <gname> is the uppercase name of the extension geometry type from Geometry Types (Normative) used in a GeoPackage. Requirement 68 A GeoPackage that contains a gpkg_geometry_columns table or view with row records that specify extension geometry_type_name column values SHALL contain a gpkg_extensions table that contains row records with table_name and column_name values from the gpkg_geometry_columns row records that identify extension type uses, and extension_name column values for each of those geometry types constructed per the previous requirement [extension_geometry_types_extensions_name] . GeoPackage SQLite Configuration None GeoPackage SQLite Extension Requirement 69 SQL functions that operate on GeoPackageBinary geometries as specified in other extensions SHALL operate correctly on the non-linear geometries specified in this extension . Abstract Test Suite GeoPackage Extension Types Test Case ID /extensions/geometry_types/data_values_geometry_type_name Test Purpose Verify that only allowed geometry types (including extended non-linear geometry types) are in use. Test Method Run test /opt/features/geometry_columns/data/data_values_geometry_type_name, but the values in 3a may also include the values from Table 28 in Annex G. Reference Annex F.1 Req 65: Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/geometry_types/all_types_test_data Test Purpose Verify that geometries non-linear geometry types are stored in valid GeoPackageBinary format encodings. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT table_name AS tn, column_name AS cn FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = 'features'), Fail if returns an empty result set For each row from step 3 SELECT cn FROM tn; For each row from step a, log fail if GeoPackageBinary "X" type flag is 1 For each row from step a, if bytes 2-5 of cn.wkb as uint32 in endianness of gc.wkb byte 1of cn from #1 are a geometry type value from Annex G Table 28, then Log cn.header values, wkb endianness and geometry type ii. If cn.wkb is not correctly encoded per ISO 13249-3 clause 5.1.46 then log fail iii. If cn.flags.E is 1 - 4 and some cn.wkbx is outside of cn.envelope.minx,maxx then log fail iv. If cn.flags.E is 1 - 4 and some gc.wkby is outside of cn.envelope.miny,maxy then log fail If cn.flags.E is 2,4 and some gc.wkb.z is outside of cnenvelope.minz,maxz then log fail vi. If cn.flags.E is 3,4 and some gc.wkb.m is outside of cn.envelope.minm,maxm then log fail vii. If cn.flags.E is 5-7 then log fail viii. Otherwise log pass Log pass if log contains pass and no fails Reference Annex F.1 Req 66: Test Type Capability Extensions Name Test Case ID /extensions/geometry_types/extension_name Test Purpose Verify that an extension name in the form gpkg_geom_<gname> is defined for each <gname> extension geometry type from Annex G used in a GeoPackage. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type == 'features')) Not testable if result set is empty For each row result set table_name, column_name from step 3 SELECT result_set_column_name FROM result_set_table_name For each geometry column value from step a If the first two bytes of each geometry column value are "GP", then /opt/extension_mechanism/data/table_def Fail if failed SELECT ST_GeometryType(geometry column value) AS <gtype>; SELECT extension_name FROM gpkg_extensions WERE table_name = result_set_table_name AND column_name = result_set_column_name AND extension_name = \'gpkg_geom_' || <gtype> Fail if result set is empty Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails Reference Annex F.1 Req 67: Test Type Basic Extensions Row Test Case ID /extensions/geometry_types/extension_row Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_extensions table contains a row with an extension_name in the form gpkg_geom_<gname> for each table_name and column_name in the gpkg_geometry_columns table with a <gname> geometry_type_name. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name, geometry_type_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns Not testable if no results For each result If geometry_type_name is an extended geometry type SELECT extension_name FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE table_name = '{table_name}' AND column_name = '{column_name}" Fail if result set does not contain a row with an extension_name of gpkg_geom_{geometry_type_name} Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.1 Req 68: Test Type Capability F.2. User Defined Geometry Types Extension of GeoPackageBinary Geometry Encoding On August 15, 2016 the GeoPackage SWG voted to remove this extension from the standard due to interoperability concerns. For more information see the release notes. The original extension may be found in http://www.geopackage.org/spec110/#extension_geometry_encoding . F.3. R-tree Spatial Indexes Introduction The R-tree Spatial Indexes extension provides a means to encode an R-tree index for geometry values in a GeoPackage. An R-tree index [B28] provides a significant performance advantage for searches with basic envelope spatial criteria that return subsets of the rows in a feature table with a non-trivial number (thousands or more) of rows. [K26] Extension Author GeoPackage SWG, author_name gpkg . Extension Name or Template gpkg_rtree_index Extension Type New Requirement dependent on clauses Geometry Encoding and User Defined Geometry Types Extension of GeoPackageBinary Geometry Encoding . Applicability This extension applies to any column specified in the gpkg_geometry_columns table. Scope Write-only, because it does not change the result of reads, although it may improve their performance. Requirements This extension uses the R-tree implementation provided by the SQLite R*Tree Module extension documented at http://www.sqlite.org/rtree.html . GeoPackage Requirement 75 The "gpkg_rtree_index" extension name SHALL be used as a gpkg_extensions table extension_name column value to specify implementation of spatial indexes on a geometry column. Requirement 76 A GeoPackage that implements spatial indexes SHALL have a gpkg_extensions table that contains a row for each spatially indexed column with extension_name "gpkg_rtree_index", the table_name of the table with a spatially indexed column, the column_name of the spatially indexed column, and a scope of "write-only". Requirement 77 A GeoPackage SHALL implement spatial indexes on feature table geometry columns using the SQLite Virtual Table R-trees and triggers specified below. The tables below contain SQL templates with variables. Replace the following template variables with the specified values to create the required SQL statements: <t>: The name of the feature table containing the geometry column <c>: The name of the geometry column in <t> that is being indexed <i>: The name of the integer primary key column in <t> as specified in Requirement 29 Create Virtual Table R-tree spatial indexes on geometry columns SHALL be created using the SQLite Virtual Table R-tree extension. An application that creates a spatial index SHALL create it using the following SQL statement template: CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE rtree_<t>_<c> USING rtree(id, minx, maxx, miny, maxy) where <t> and <c> are replaced with the names of the feature table and geometry column being indexed. The R-tree function id parameter becomes the virtual table 64-bit signed integer primary key id column, and the min/max x/y parameters are min- and max-value pairs (stored as 32-bit floating point numbers) for each dimension that become the virtual table data columns that are populated to create the spatial R-tree index. Load Spatial Index Values The indexes provided by the SQLite Virtual Table R-tree extension are not automatic indexes. This means the index data structure needs to be manually populated, updated and queried. Each newly created spatial index SHALL be populated using the following SQL statement INSERT OR REPLACE INTO rtree_<t>_<c> SELECT <i>, ST_MinX(<c>), ST_MaxX(<c>), ST_MinY(<c>), ST_MaxY(<c>) FROM <t> WHERE <c> NOT NULL AND NOT ST_IsEmpty(<c>); where <t> and <c> are replaced with the names of the feature table and geometry column being indexed and <i> is replaced with the name of the feature table integer primary key column. Define Triggers to Maintain Spatial Index Values For each spatial index in a GeoPackage, corresponding insert, update and delete triggers that update the spatial index SHALL be present on the indexed geometry column. These spatial index triggers SHALL be defined as follows: /* Conditions: Insertion of non-empty geometry Actions : Insert record into R-tree */ CREATE TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_insert AFTER INSERT ON <t> WHEN (new.<c> NOT NULL AND NOT ST_IsEmpty(NEW.<c>)) BEGIN INSERT OR REPLACE INTO rtree_<t>_<c> VALUES ( NEW.<i>, ST_MinX(NEW.<c>), ST_MaxX(NEW.<c>), ST_MinY(NEW.<c>), ST_MaxY(NEW.<c>) ); END;

/* rtree_<t>_<c>_update1 is deprecated and is replaced by rtree_<t>_<c>_update6 and rtree_<t>_<c>_update7 */

/* Conditions: Update of geometry column to empty geometry No row ID change Actions : Remove record from R-tree */ CREATE TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_update2 AFTER UPDATE OF <c> ON <t> WHEN OLD.<i> = NEW.<i> AND (NEW.<c> ISNULL OR ST_IsEmpty(NEW.<c>)) BEGIN DELETE FROM rtree_<t>_<c> WHERE id = OLD.<i>; END;

/* rtree_<t>_<c>_update3 is deprecated and is replaced by rtree_<t>_<c>_update5 */

/* Conditions: Update of any column Row ID change Empty geometry Actions : Remove record from R-tree for old and new <i> */ CREATE TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_update4 AFTER UPDATE ON <t> WHEN OLD.<i> != NEW.<i> AND (NEW.<c> ISNULL OR ST_IsEmpty(NEW.<c>)) BEGIN DELETE FROM rtree_<t>_<c> WHERE id IN (OLD.<i>, NEW.<i>); END;

/* Conditions: Update of any column Row ID change Non-empty geometry Actions : Remove record from R-tree for old <i> Insert record into R-tree for new <i> */ CREATE TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_update5 AFTER UPDATE ON <t> WHEN OLD.<i> != NEW.<i> AND (NEW.<c> NOTNULL AND NOT ST_IsEmpty(NEW.<c>)) BEGIN DELETE FROM rtree_<t>_<c> WHERE id = OLD.<i>; INSERT OR REPLACE INTO rtree_<t>_<c> VALUES ( NEW.<i>, ST_MinX(NEW.<c>), ST_MaxX(NEW.<c>), ST_MinY(NEW.<c>), ST_MaxY(NEW.<c>) ); END;

/* Conditions: Update a non-empty geometry with another non-empty geometry Actions : Replace record from R-tree for <i> */ CREATE TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_update6 AFTER UPDATE OF <c> ON <t> WHEN OLD.<i> = NEW.<i> AND (NEW.<c> NOTNULL AND NOT ST_IsEmpty(NEW.<c>)) AND (OLD.<c> NOTNULL AND NOT ST_IsEmpty(OLD.<c>)) BEGIN UPDATE rtree_<t>_<c> SET minx = ST_MinX(NEW.<c>), maxx = ST_MaxX(NEW.<c>), miny = ST_MinY(NEW.<c>), maxy = ST_MaxY(NEW.<c>) WHERE id = NEW.<i>; END;

/* Conditions: Update a null/empty geometry with a non-empty geometry Actions : Insert record into R-tree for new <i> */ CREATE TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_update7 AFTER UPDATE OF <c> ON <t> WHEN OLD.<i> = NEW.<i> AND (NEW.<c> NOTNULL AND NOT ST_IsEmpty(NEW.<c>)) AND (OLD.<c> ISNULL OR ST_IsEmpty(OLD.<c>)) BEGIN INSERT INTO rtree_<t>_<c> VALUES ( NEW.<i>, ST_MinX(NEW.<c>), ST_MaxX(NEW.<c>), ST_MinY(NEW.<c>), ST_MaxY(NEW.<c>) ); END;

/* Conditions: Row deleted Actions : Remove record from R-tree for old <i> */ CREATE TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_delete AFTER DELETE ON <t> WHEN old.<c> NOT NULL BEGIN DELETE FROM rtree_<t>_<c> WHERE id = OLD.<i>; END; where <t> and <c> are replaced with the names of the feature table and geometry column being indexed and <i> is replaced with the name of the feature table integer primary key column. GeoPackage Versions 1.2.0 and prior have an incorrect update3 trigger that will fail in certain circumstances. GeoPackage Version 1.2.1 fixes this issue by replacing the update3 trigger. In GeoPackage 1.4.0, the decision was made to deprecate the update3 trigger and replace it with the new update5 trigger. This will allow clients to easily detect whether the correct trigger is in place. It is strongly recommended to update older GeoPackages by dropping the update3 trigger and adding the update5 trigger. The GeoPackage Executable Test Suite has been updated to accept either version of the trigger in older versions and to mandate the corrected version in versions after 1.2.0. In addition, GeoPackage Versions 1.3.1 and prior have a single update1 trigger that is incompatible with upsert statements. GeoPackage Version 1.4.0 fixes this issue by replacing the update1 trigger with the new update6 and update7 triggers. It is strongly recommended to update older GeoPackages by dropping the update1 trigger and adding the update6 and update7 triggers. The GeoPackage Executable Test Suite will be updated to accept either version of the trigger in older versions and to mandate the corrected version in versions after 1.3.1. If present, the deprecated triggers can be dropped with a DROP TRIGGER command. DROP TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_update1; DROP TRIGGER rtree_<t>_<c>_update3; GeoPackage SQLite Configuration Definition of SQLite configuration settings Setting compile or runtime Option Shall / Not (Value) Discussion compile SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE Shall R-trees are used for GeoPackage Spatial Indexes compile SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY Not R-trees with floating point values are used for GeoPackage spatial indexes GeoPackage SQLite Extension Definition of SQL functions SQL Function Description Use ST_IsEmpty(geom Geometry): integer Returns 1 if geometry value is empty, 0 if not empty, NULL if geometry value is NULL Test if a geometry value corresponds to the empty set ST_MinX(geom Geometry): real Returns the minimum X value of the bounding envelope of a geometry Update the spatial index on a geometry column in a feature table ST_MaxX(geom Geometry): real Returns the maximum Y value of the bounding envelope of a geometry Update the spatial index on a geometry column in a feature table ST_MinY(geom Geometry): real Returns the minimum X value of the bounding envelope of a geometry Update the spatial index on a geometry column in a feature table ST_MaxY(geom Geometry): real Returns the maximum Y value of the bounding envelope of a geometry Update the spatial index on a geometry column in a feature table Requirement 78 The SQL functions on geometries in this SQLite Extension SHALL operate correctly on extended geometry types specified by User Defined Geometry Types Extension of GeoPackageBinary Geometry Encoding and/or GeoPackage Non-Linear Geometry Types when those extensions are also implemented. The minimum bounding indexes created within the R-tree Extension for GeoPackage should reflect the appropriate bounding area for the indexed feature. However, due to varying precision implementations, it is not practical to assert this practice through a requirement or test. Clients should exercise care when using these indexes during queries because the SQLite R-tree module might round bounding boxes slightly outward (up to 0.000012%). Queries using spatial indexes should contain slightly expanded bounding boxes to guard against this. Abstract Test Suite Extension Name Test Case ID /extensions/rtree/extension_name Test Purpose Verify that spatial index extensions are registered using the "gpkg_rtree_index" name in the gpkg_extensions table. Test Method SELECT COUNT(*) FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name = 'gpkg_rtree_index'; Extension not testable if count = 0 Reference Annex F.3 Req 75 Test Type Capability Extensions Row Test Case ID /extensions/rtree/extension_row Test Purpose Verify that the "gpkg_rtree_index" extension name is used to register spatial index extensions. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name, scope FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name = 'gpkg_rtree_index' Not testable if result set is empty Fail if any column_name is NULL Fail if any scope is not 'write-only' Fail if any column_name is not a column in table_name Pass otherwise Reference Annex F.3 Req 76 Test Type Basic Implementation Test Case ID /reg_ext/features/spatial_indexes/implementation Test Purpose Verify the correct implementation of spatial indexes on feature table geometry columns. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name FROM gpkg_geometry_columns WHERE table_name IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name == 'gpkg_rtree_index') Not testable if result set is empty For each row table_name, column_name from step 1 SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name = 'rtree_' || result_set_table_name || '_' || result_set_column_name Fail if returned sql != 'CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE "rtree_' || result_set_table_name || '_' || result_set_column_name ||'" USING rtree(id, minx, maxx, miny, maxy)' SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'trigger' AND name = 'rtree_' || result_set_table_name || '_' || result_set_column_name || '_insert' Fail if returned sql != result of populating insert trigger template using result_set_table_name for <t> and result_set_column_name for <c> SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'trigger' AND name LIKE 'rtree_' || result_set_table_name || '_' || result_set_column_name || '_update%' ORDER BY name ASC Fail if returned sql != result of populating 4 5 update triggers templates using result_set_table_name for <t> and result_set_column_name for <c> Fail if the result set contains the deprecated update1 and/or update3 triggers. SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='trigger' AND name = 'rtree_' || result_set_table_name || '_' || result_set_column_name || '_delete' Fail if returned sql != result of populating delete trigger template using result_set_table_name for <t> and result_set_column_name for <c> Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.3 Req 77 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /reg_ext/features/spatial_indexes/implementation/sql_functions Test Purpose Verify the correct implementation of sql functions used in spatial indexes on feature table geometry columns. Test Method Open Geometry Test Data Set GeoPackage with GeoPackage SQLite Extension For each Geometry Test Data Set <gtype_test> data table row for each geometry type in Annex G, for an assortment of srs_ids, for an assortment of coordinate values including empty geometries, without and with z and / or m values, in both big and little endian encodings: SELECT 'Fail' FROM <gtype_test> WHERE ST_IsEmpty(geom.) != empty SELECT 'Fail' FROM <gtype_test> WHERE ST_MinX(geom) != minx SELECT 'Fail' FROM <gtype_test> WHERE ST_MaxX(geom) != maxx SELECT 'Fail' FROM <gtype_test> WHERE ST_MinY(geom) != miny SELECT 'Fail' FROM <gtype_test> WHERE ST_MaxY(geom) != maxy Pass if no 'Fail' selected from step 2 Reference Annex F.3 Req 78 Test Type Capability F.4. Geometry Type Triggers On August 15, 2016 the GeoPackage SWG voted to remove this extension from the standard due to interoperability concerns. For more information see the release notes. The original extension may be found in http://www.geopackage.org/spec110/#extension_geometry_type_triggers . F.5. Geometry SRS ID Triggers On August 15, 2016 the GeoPackage SWG voted to remove this extension from the standard due to interoperability concerns. For more information see the release notes. The original extension may be found in http://www.geopackage.org/spec110/#extension_geometry_srsid_triggers . F.6. Zoom Other Intervals Introduction This extension of clause Zoom Levels allows zoom level intervals other than a factor of two. In a GeoPackage, zoom levels are integers in sequence from 0 to n that identify tile matrix layers in a tile matrix set that contain tiles of decreasing spatial extent and finer spatial resolution. Adjacent zoom levels immediately precede or follow each other and differ by a value of 1. Pixel sizes are real numbers in the terrain units of the spatial reference system of a tile image specifying the dimensions of the real world area represented by one pixel. Pixel sizes MAY vary by a constant factor or by different factors or intervals between some or all adjacent zoom levels in a tile matrix set. In the commonly used "zoom times two" convention, pixel sizes vary by a factor of 2 between all adjacent zoom levels, as shown in the example in [tiles_factor2_example_appendix] . This extension enables use of "zoom other intervals" conventions with different factors or irregular intervals with pixel sizes chosen for intuitive cartographic representation of raster data, or to coincide with the original pixel size of commonly used global image products. See WMTS [I16] Annex E for additional examples of both conventions. Extension Author GeoPackage SWG, author_name gpkg Extension Name or Template gpkg_zoom_other Extension Type Extension of Existing Requirement in clause 2.2.3. Applicability This extension applies to any table listed in the gpkg_contents table with a data_type of tiles . Scope Read-write Requirements GeoPackage Requirement 87 The "gpkg_zoom_other" extension name SHALL be used as a gpkg_extensions table extension name column value to specify implementation of other zoom intervals on a tile pyramid user data table as specified in Zoom Other Intervals . Requirement 88 A GeoPackage that implements other zoom intervals SHALL have a gpkg_extensions table that contains a row for each tile pyramid user data table with other zoom intervals with extension_name "gpkg_zoom_other", the table_name of the table with other zoom intervals, and the "tile_data" column_name. Requirement 89 Tile pyramid user data tables MAY have pixel sizes that vary by irregular intervals or by regular intervals other than a factor of two (the default) between adjacent zoom levels. Extends Requirement 35 . The pixel_x_size and / or pixel_y_size column values in the gpkg_tile_matrix table vary by irregular intervals or by regular intervals other than a factor of two (the default) between adjacent zoom levels for a particular tile matrix set pyramid table. GeoPackage SQLite Configuration None GeoPackage SQLite Extension None Abstract Test Suite Extensions Name Test Case ID /reg_ext/tiles/zoom_levels/data/zoom_other_ext_name Test Purpose Verify that the "gpkg_zoom_other" extension name is used to register tiles tables with other than factors of two zoom intervals. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = \'tiles' Not testable if empty result set For each row table_name from step 1 SELECT zoom_level, pixel_x_size, pixel_y_size FROM gpkg_tile_matrix WHERE table_name = selected table name ORDER BY zoom_level ASC Not testable if returns empty result set Not testable if there are not two rows with adjacent zoom levels Not testable if no pair of rows for adjacent zoom levels have pixel_x_size or pixel_y_size values that differ by other than factors of two /opt/extension_mechanism/data/table_def Fail if failed SELECT * FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE table_name = selected table name AND extension_name = \'gpkg_zoom_other' Fail if returns an empty result set Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails Reference Annex F.6 Req 87 Test Type Basic Extensions Row Test Case ID /reg_ext/tiles/zoom_levels/data/zoom_other_ext_row Test Purpose Verify that tiles tables with other than factors of two zoom intervals are registered using the "gpkg_zoom_other" extension name. Test Method /reg_ext/tiles/zoom_levels/data/zoom_other_ext_name Reference Annex F.6 Req 88 Test Type: Capability Zoom Interval Test Case ID /reg_ext/tiles/zoom_levels/data/zoom_intervals Test Purpose Verify that zoom level pixel sizes for tile matrix user data tables vary by factors of 2 between adjacent zoom levels in the tile matrix metadata table only for tile matrix sets that this extension does not apply to. Test Method Override test /opt/tiles/zoom_levels/data/zoom_times_two SELECT table_name AS tn FROM gpkg_contents WHERE data_type = \'tiles' For each row tn from step 2 WHEN (SELECT tbl_name FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name = \'gpkg_extensions') = \'gpkg_extensions' THEN (SELECT table_name from gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name = \'gpkg_zoom_other' AND table_name = \'tn') END; If returns empty result set, execute test /opt/tiles/zoom_levels/data/zoom_times_two Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.6 Req 89 Test Type Capability F.7. Tiles Encoding WebP Introduction This extension of clauses Tile Encoding PNG and Tile Encoding JPEG allows encoding of tile images in WebP format. PNG and JPEG are the default MIME types for encoding images in tile pyramid user data tables. This extension allows the use of image/x-webp as an additional encoding type. Extension Author GeoPackage SWG, author_name gpkg . Extension Name or Template gpkg_webp Extension Type Extension of Existing Requirement in clauses Tile Encoding PNG and Tile Encoding JPEG . Applicability This extension applies to any table listed in the gpkg_contents table with a data_type of tiles . Scope Read-write Requirements GeoPackage Requirement 90 GeoPackages with one or more rows in the gpkg_extensions table with an extension_name of "gpkg_webp" SHALL comply with this extension. Requirement 91 A GeoPackage that contains tile pyramid user data tables with tile_data columns that contain images in WebP format SHALL contain a gpkg_extensions table that contains row records with table_name values for each such table, column_name values of "tile_data", extension_name column values of "gpkg_webp", and scope column values of "read-write". Requirement 92 (extends Requirement 36 and Requirement 37 ) A GeoPackage that contains a tile pyramid user data table that contains tile data MAY store tile_data in the WebP format [I22] . Files complying with the WebP format SHALL have the MIME type image/x-webp . Requirements 36 and 37 allow a tile pyramid user data table to contain PNG or JPG tiles. This requirement allows for WebP tiles as well. GeoPackage SQLite Configuration None GeoPackage SQLite Extension None Abstract Test Suite Extensions Name Test Case ID /extensions/tile_encoding_webp/data/webp_ext_name Test Purpose: Verify that the "gpkg_webp" extensions name is used to register WEBP tile encoding implementations. Test Method: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name = 'gpkg_webp'; Extension not in use if count is empty Reference Annex F.7 Req 90 Test Type Basic Extensions Row Test Case ID /extensions/tile_encoding_webp/data/webp_ext_row Test Purpose: Verify that this extension is registered using proper rows in the gpkg_extensions table. Test Method: /opt/extension_mechanism/data/data_values_table_name will test whether the table_name values are valid. SELECT column_name, scope FROM gpkg_extensions where extension_name = 'gpkg_webp'; For each row table_name from step 1 Fail if column_name is not "tile_data" Fail if scope is not "read-write" Pass if no fails Reference: Annex F.7 Req 91 Test Type Capability Extensions Mime Type Test Case ID /extensions/tiles_encoding_webp/data/mime_type_webp Test Purpose Verify that a tile matrix user data table that conforms to this extension contains a valid image type, including images of MIME type image/x-webp. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name = 'gpkg_webp' For each table_name from step 1 Run test /opt/tiles/tiles_encoding/data/mime_type_jpeg step 2 but allow an extra MIME type (step 2c) of "image/x-webp" Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.7 Req 92 Test Type Capability F.8. Metadata Introduction Two tables in a GeoPackage provide a means of storing metadata in MIME [I21] encodings that are defined in accordance with any authoritative metadata specifications, and relating it to the entity stores (i.e., features, rasters, and tiles data) in a GeoPackage. These tables are intended to provide the support necessary to implement the hierarchical metadata models as defined in ISO 19115 [I28] and illustrated in Hierarchical Metadata Example One - ISO19115. and Raster or Tile Metadata Example . As GeoPackage data is captured and updated, the most local and specific detailed metadata changes associated with the new or modified data MAY be captured separately, and referenced to existing global and general metadata. The gpkg_metadata table that contains metadata is described in clause Metadata Table , and the gpkg_metadata_reference table that relates gpkg_metadata to GeoPackage data is described in clause Metadata Reference Table . There is no GeoPackage requirement that such metadata be provided or that defined metadata be structured in a hierarchical fashion [K27] . This extension simply provides a mechanism for storing this information. If this extension is used, such metadata [K28] and data that relates it to GeoPackage contents should not be stored in other tables. Extension Author GeoPackage SWG, author_name gpkg Extension Name or Template gpkg_metadata Extension Type New Requirement Applicability This extension applies to any content in the GeoPackage. Scope Read-write Requirements Table Definitions Metadata Table Requirement 93 A GeoPackage MAY contain a table named gpkg_metadata . If present it SHALL be defined per clauses Metadata Table , Table 12 , and gpkg_metadata Table Definition SQL . The first component of GeoPackage metadata is the gpkg_metadata table that MAY contain metadata in MIME [I21] encodings structured in accordance with any authoritative metadata specification, such as ISO 19115 [I28] , ISO 19115-2 [B6] , ISO 19139 [B7] , Dublin Core [B8] , CSDGM [B10] , DDMS [B12] , NMF/NMIS [B13] , etc. The GeoPackage interpretation of what constitutes "metadata" is a broad one that includes UML models [B14] encoded in XMI [B15] , GML Application Schemas [I30] , ISO 19110 feature catalogues [B18] , OWL [B20] and SKOS [B21] taxonomies, etc. Table 18. Metadata Table Definition Column Name Column Type Column Description Null Default Key id INTEGER Autoincrement [K6a] primary key no PK md_scope TEXT Case sensitive name of the data scope to which this metadata applies; see Table 15 below no 'dataset' md_standard_uri TEXT URI [I23] reference to the metadata structure definition authority [K29] no any mime_type TEXT MIME [I21] encoding of metadata no 'text/xml' [I24] metadata TEXT metadata no '' The md_standard_uri data value provides an identifier for the metadata structure (schema) specified by its definition authority. The structure (schema) information could be in whatever encoding is used by the definition authority, e.g. UML [B14] , or IDEF1x [B16] , or XML/Schema [I25] [I26] [I27] , or RDF/S [B19] . See gpkg_metadata Table Definition SQL . Metadata Reference Table Requirement 95 A GeoPackage that contains a gpkg_metadata table SHALL contain a gpkg_metadata_reference table per clauses Metadata Reference Table , Table 13 , and gpkg_metadata_reference Table Definition SQL . The second component of GeoPackage metadata is the gpkg_metadata_reference table that links metadata in the gpkg_metadata table to data in the feature, and tiles tables defined in clauses 2.1.6 and 2.2.7. The gpkg_metadata_reference table is not required to contain any rows. Table 19. Metadata Reference Table Definition (Table Name: gpkg_metadata_reference) Column Name Col Type Column Description Null Default Key reference_scope TEXT Lowercase metadata reference scope; one of 'geopackage', 'table', 'column', 'row', 'row/col' no table_name TEXT Name of the table to which this metadata reference applies, or NULL for reference_scope of 'geopackage' yes column_name TEXT For reference_scope of 'column' or 'row/col', name of the column to which this metadata reference applies (NULL otherwise) yes row_id_value [K30] INTEGER For reference_scope of 'row' or 'row/col', the rowid of a row record in the table referenced by table_name (NULL otherwise) yes timestamp DATETIME Timestamp value in ISO 8601 format as defined by the strftime function \'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ' format string applied to the current time no strftime(\'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ', \'now') md_file_id INTEGER gpkg_metadata table id column value for the metadata to which this gpkg_metadata_reference applies no FK md_parent_id INTEGER gpkg_metadata table id column value for the hierarchical parent gpkg_metadata for the gpkg_metadata to which this gpkg_metadata_reference applies, or NULL if md_file_id forms the root of a metadata hierarchy yes FK Every row in gpkg_metadata_reference that has a NULL value as md_parent_id forms the root of a metadata hierarchy. [K31] See Table Definition SQL (Normative) clause gpkg_metadata_reference Table Definition SQL . Table Data Values gpkg_extensions Requirement 140 GeoPackages with rows in the gpkg_extensions table with an extension_name of "gpkg_metadata" SHALL comply with this extension. GeoPackages complying with this extension SHALL have rows in the gpkg_extensions table as described in Table 14 (below). Requirement 140 was updated as part of GeoPackage 1.2.1. In 1.1.0 and 1.2.0, the details of required gpkg_extensions rows were inadvertently left unspecified. While the executable test suite running on an older GeoPackage version will not generate a failure due to missing gpkg_extensions rows, it is recommended to update these rows to comply with the updated requirement on older versions as well. Table 20. Extension Table Records table_name column_name extension_name definition scope gpkg_metadata null gpkg_metadata see note below read-write gpkg_metadata_reference null gpkg_metadata see note below read-write For the definition column, use a hyperlink that describes the current implementation of this extension. While a URL like http://www.geopackage.org/spec/#extension_metadata is acceptable, permalinks to specific versions are provided upon publication using the URL pattern http://www.geopackage.org/specMmP/#extension_metadata where M is the major version, m is the minor version, and P is the patch. For example http://www.geopackage.org/spec121/#extension_metadata is the permalink for this extension for GeoPackage 1.2.1. gpkg_metadata The md_scope column in the gpkg_metadata table is the name of the applicable scope for the contents of the metadata column for a given row. The list of valid scope names and their definitions is provided in Table 15 below. The initial contents of this table were obtained from the ISO 19115 [I28] , Annex B B.5.25 MD_ScopeCode code list, which was extended [K32] for use in the GeoPackage specification by addition of entries with "NA" as the scope code column in Table 12 . Table 21. Metadata Scopes Name (md_scope) Scope Code Definition undefined NA Metadata information scope is undefined fieldSession 012 Information applies to the field session collectionSession 004 Information applies to the collection session series 006 Information applies to the (dataset) series [K33] dataset 005 Information applies to the (geographic feature) dataset featureType 010 Information applies to a feature type (class) feature 009 Information applies to a feature (instance) attributeType 002 Information applies to the attribute class attribute 001 Information applies to the characteristic of a feature (instance) tile 016 Information applies to a tile, a spatial subset of geographic data model 015 Information applies to a copy or imitation of an existing or hypothetical object catalog NA Metadata applies to a feature catalog [K34] schema NA Metadata applies to an application schema [K35] taxonomy NA Metadata applies to a taxonomy or knowledge system [K36] software 013 Information applies to a computer program or routine service 014 Information applies to a capability which a service provider entity makes available to a service user entity through a set of interfaces that define a behavior, such as a use case collectionHardware 003 Information applies to the collection hardware class nonGeographicDataset 007 Information applies to non-geographic data dimensionGroup 008 Information applies to a dimension group style NA Information applies to a specific style Requirement 94 Each md_scope column value in a gpkg_metadata table SHALL be one of the name column values from Table 15 . Each md_scope column value in a gpkg_metadata table SHOULD be one of the name column values from Table 15 . However, this list is not exhaustive; new scopes are permitted. gpkg_metadata_reference Requirement 96 Every gpkg_metadata_reference table reference scope column value SHALL be one of 'geopackage', 'table', 'column', 'row', 'row/col' in lowercase. Requirement 97 Every gpkg_metadata_reference table row with a reference_scope column value of 'geopackage' SHALL have a table_name column value that is NULL. Every other gpkg_metadata_reference table row SHALL have a table_name column value that references a value in the gpkg_contents table_name column. Requirement 98 Every gpkg_metadata_reference table row with a reference_scope column value of 'geopackage','table' or 'row' SHALL have a column_name column value that is NULL. Every other gpkg_metadata_reference table row SHALL have a column_name column value that contains the name of a column in the SQLite table or view identified by the table_name column value. Requirement 99 Every gpkg_metadata_reference table row with a reference_scope column value of 'geopackage', 'table' or 'column' SHALL have a row_id_value column value that is NULL. Every other gpkg_metadata_reference table row SHALL have a row_id_value column value that contains the ROWID of a row in the SQLite table or view identified by the table_name column value. Requirement 100 Every gpkg_metadata_reference table row timestamp column value SHALL be in a DATETIME format as per Requirement 5 . [K37] Requirement 101 Every gpkg_metadata_reference table row md_file_id column value SHALL be an id column value from the gpkg_metadata table. Requirement 102 Every gpkg_metadata_reference table row md_parent_id column value that is NOT NULL SHALL be an id column value from the gpkg_metadata table that is not equal to the md_file_id column value for that row. Abstract Test Suite Table Definition Metadata Table Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_metadata table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method PRAGMA TABLE_INFO(gpkg_metadata) Fail if returns an empty result set. Pass if the column names, types, nullability, default values, and primary, foreign and unique key constraints match all of those in the contents of Table 18. Column order, check constraint and trigger definitions, and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Fail otherwise. Reference Annex F.8 Req 93 Test Type Basic Metadata Reference Table Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata_reference/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_metadata_reference table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND tbl_name = 'gpkg_metadata_reference' Fail if returns an empty result set. Pass if the column names and column definitions in the returned Create TABLE statement in the sql column value, including data type, nullability, default values and primary, foreign and unique key constraints match all of those in the contents of Table 33. Column order, check constraint and trigger definitions, and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Fail otherwise. Reference Annex F.8 Req 95 Test Type Basic Table Data Values gpkg_extensions Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/extensions/data_values Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_extensions table has the required rows. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name, scope FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name = 'gpkg_metadata'; Not testable if returns an empty result set Fail if there are not exactly two rows For each row returned from step 1 Fail if scope is not "read-write" Fail if column_name is not NULL Fail if either table_name entry is not present Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.8 Req 140 Test Type: Capabilities gpkg_metadata Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata/data_values_md_scope Test Purpose Verify that each of the md_scope column values in a gpkg_metadata table is one of the name column values from Table 15 . Test Method . SELECT md_scope FROM gpkg_metadata . Not testable if returns an empty result set . For each row returned from step 1 .. Fail if md_scope value not one of the name column values from Table 15 . . Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.8 Req 94 Test Type: Capabilities gpkg_metadata_reference Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata_reference/reference_scope Test Purpose Verify that gpkg_metadata_reference table reference_scope column values are valid. Test Method SELECT reference_scope FROM gpkg_metadata_reference Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT reference_scope FROM gpkg_metadata_reference WHERE reference_scope NOT IN ('geopackage','table','column','row','row/col') Fail if does not return an empty result set Pass otherwise. Reference Annex F.8 Req 96 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata_reference/table_name Test Purpose Verify that gpkg_metadata_reference table_name column values are NULL for rows with reference_scope values of 'geopackage', and reference gpkg_contents table_name values for all other reference_scope values. Test Method SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_metadata_reference Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_metadata_reference WHERE reference_scope = \'geopackage' Fail if result set contains any non-NULL values SELECT table_name FROM metadata_reference WHERE reference_scope != \'geopackage' AND table_name NOT IN (SELECT table_name FROM gpkg_contents) Fail if result set is not empty Pass otherwise. Reference Annex F.8 Req 97 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata_reference/column_name Test Purpose Verify that gpkg_metadata_reference column_name column values are NULL for rows with reference scope values of 'geopackage', 'table', or 'row', and contain the name of a column in table_name table for other reference scope values. Test Method SELECT column_name FROM gpkg_metadata_reference Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT column_name FROM gpkg_metadata_reference WHERE reference_scope IN ('geopackage', 'table', 'row') Fail if result set contains any non-NULL values SELECT <table_name>, <column_name> FROM metadata_reference WHERE reference_scope NOT IN ('geopackage', 'table', 'row') For each row from step 5 SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = \'table' AND tbl_name = \'<table_name>' Fail if returns an empty result set. Fail if the one of the column names in the returned sql Create TABLE statement is not <column_name> Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails. Reference Annex F.8 Req 98 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata_reference/row_id_value Test Purpose Verify that gpkg_metadata_reference row_id_value column values are NULL for rows with reference scope values of 'geopackage', 'table', or 'row', and contain the ROWID of a row in the table_name for other reference scope values. Test Method SELECT row_id_value FROM gpkg_metadata_reference Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT row_id_value FROM gpkg_metadata_reference WHERE reference_scope IN ('geopackage', 'table', 'row') Fail if result set contains any non-NULL values For each SELECT <table_name>, <row_id_value> FROM gpkg_metadata_reference WHERE reference_scope NOT IN ('geopackage', 'table', 'row') For each row from step 5 SELECT * FROM <table_name> WHERE ROWID = <row_id_value> Fail if result set is empty Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails. Reference Annex F.8 Req 99 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata_reference/timestamp Test Purpose Verify that every gpkg_metadata_reference table row timestamp column value is in ISO 8601 UTC format. Test Method SELECT timestamp from gpkg_metadata_reference. Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 Fail if format of returned value does not match the format as per Requirement 5 Log pass otherwise Pass if logged pass and no fails. Reference Annex F.8 Req 100 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata_reference/md_file_id Test Purpose Verify that every gpkg_metadata_reference table row md_file_id column value references a gpkg_metadata id column value. Test Method PRAGMA foreign_key_check('geometry_columns') Fail if returns any rows with a fourth column foreign key index value of 0 Reference Annex F.8 Req 101 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/metadata/metadata_reference/md_parent_id Test Purpose Verify that every gpkg_metadata_reference table row md_parent_id column value that is not null is an id column value from the gpkg_metadata_table that is not equal to the md_file_id column value for that row. Test Method SELECT md_file_id FROM gpkg_metadata_reference Not testable if returns an empty result set SELECT gmr.md_file_id, gmr.md_parent_id FROM gpkg_metadata_reference AS gmr WHERE gmr.md_file_id == gmr.md_parent_id Fail if result set is not empty SELECT gmr.md_file_id, gmr.md_parent_id, gm.id FROM gpkg_metadata_reference AS gmr LEFT OUTER JOIN gpkg_metadata gm ON gmr.md_parent_id =gm.id Fail if any result set gm.id values are NULL Pass otherwise Reference Annex F.8 Req 102 Test Type Capability Table Definition SQL gpkg_metadata GeoPackage versions 1.2.1 and prior had an optional validation triggers gpkg_metadata and gpkg_metadata_reference . These triggers were determined to be excessively strict and were not enabling interoperability in a meaningful way so they have been removed in version 1.3.0. gpkg_metadata Table Definition SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_metadata ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, md_scope TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'dataset', md_standard_uri TEXT NOT NULL, mime_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'text/xml', metadata TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '' ); gpkg_metadata_reference gpkg_metadata_reference Table Definition SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_metadata_reference ( reference_scope TEXT NOT NULL, table_name TEXT, column_name TEXT, row_id_value INTEGER, timestamp DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), md_file_id INTEGER NOT NULL, md_parent_id INTEGER, CONSTRAINT crmr_mfi_fk FOREIGN KEY (md_file_id) REFERENCES gpkg_metadata(id), CONSTRAINT crmr_mpi_fk FOREIGN KEY (md_parent_id) REFERENCES gpkg_metadata(id) ); Example: gpkg_metadata_reference SQL insert statement (Informative) INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'table', 'sample_rasters', NULL, NULL, '2012-08-17T14:49:32.932Z', 98, 99 ) Examples (Informative) Hierarchical Metadata Example One - ISO19115. Suppose we have this metadata: id md_scope md_standard_uri metadata 0 undefined http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 3 series http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 4 dataset http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 5 featureType http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 6 feature http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 7 attributeType http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 8 attribute http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT and this reference table definition: 1) Consider a geographic data provider generating vector mapping data for three Administrative areas(A, B and C). …​ The metadata could be carried exclusively at Dataset Series level. Then we need a record for each layer table for the three admin areas, like this: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'table', /* reference type */ 'roads', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ -1, /* row_id_value */ (datetime('now')), 3, /* md_file_id */ 0 /* md_parent_id */ ) 2) After some time alternate vector mapping of Administrative area A becomes available. The metadata would then be extended for Administrative area A, to describe the new quality date values. These values would supersede those given for the Dataset series, but only for Administrative area A. The metadata for B and C would remain unchanged. This new metadata would be recorded at Dataset level. Then we need a record for each layer table in "A" like this: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'table', /* reference type */ 'roads', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ -1, /* row_id_value */ (datetime('now')), 4, /* md_file_id */ 3 /* md_parent_id */ ) 3) Eventually further data becomes available for Administrative area A, with a complete re-survey of the road network. Again this implies new metadata for the affected feature types. This metadata would be carried at Feature type level for Administrative area A. All other metadata relating to other feature types remains unaffected. Only the metadata for roads in Administrative area A is modified. This road metadata is recorded at Feature type level. Then we need a record for each layer table for the roads network, like this: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'table', /* reference type */ 'roads', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ -1, /* row_id_value */ (datetime('now')), 5, /* md_file_id */ 4 /* md_parent_id */ ) 4) An anomaly in the road survey is identified, in that all Overhead clearances for the Administrative area A have been surveyed to the nearest metre. These are re-surveyed to the nearest decimetre. This re-survey implies new metadata for the affected attribute type 'Overhead Clearance'. All other metadata for Administrative area A remains unaffected. This 'Overhead Clearance' metadata is recorded at Attribute Type level. Then we need a record for each layer table in the roads network with attribute type 'Overhead Clearance', like this; INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'column', /* reference type */ 'roads', /* table name */ 'overhead_clearance', /* column_name */ -1, /* row_id_value */ (datetime('now')), 7, /* md_file_id */ 4 /* md_parent_id */ ) 5) A new bridge is constructed in Administrative area A. This new data is reflected in the geographic data for Administrative area A, and new metadata is required to record this new feature. All other metadata for Administrative area A remains unaffected. This new feature metadata is recorded at Feature instance level. Then we need a record for the bridge layer table row for the new bridge, like this: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row', /* reference type */ 'bridge', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ 987, /* row_id_value */ (datetime('now')), 6, /* md_file_id */ 4 /* md_parent_id */ ) 6) The overhead clearance attribute of the new bridge was wrongly recorded, and is modified. Again this new attribute requires new metadata to describe the modification. All other metadata for Administrative area A remains unaffected. This new attribute metadata is recorded at Attribute instance level. Then we need a record for the clearance attribute value, like this: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row/col', /* reference type */ 'bridge', /* table name */ 'overhead_clearance', /* column_name */ 987, /* row_id_value */ (datetime('now')), 8, /* md_file_id */ 4 /* md_parent_id */ ) Hierarchical Metadata Example Two - Field Data Collection This use case demonstrates a mechanism to indicate which data in a GeoPackage that was originally loaded with data from one or more services has been collected or updated since the initial load, and therefore MAY need to be uploaded to update the original services (e.g., WFS, WCS, WMTS). Suppose a user with a mobile handheld device goes out in the field and collects observations of a new "Point of Interest" (POI) feature type, and associated metadata about the field session, the new feature type, some POI instances and some of their attributes (e.g., spatial accuracy, attribute accuracy) that results in the following additional metadata: id md_scope md_standard_uri metadata 1 fieldSession http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 10 featureType http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 11 feature http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 12 attribute http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 13 attribute http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 14 feature http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 15 attribute http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 16 attribute http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 17 feature http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 18 attribute http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT 19 attribute http://schemas.opengis.net/iso/19139/ TEXT (This example assumes that the field session data is still considered "raw" and won’t be considered a data set or part of a data series until it has been verified and cleaned, but if that is wrong then additional series and data set metadata could be added.) Then we need a gpkg_metadata_reference record for the field session for the new POI table, whose md_parent_id is undefined: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'table', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ -1, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 1, /* md_file_id */ 0 /* md_parent_id */ ) Then we need a gpkg_metadata_reference record for the feature type for the new POI table, whose md_parent_id is that of the field session: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'table', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ -1, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 10, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ ) Then we need gpkg_metadata_reference records for the poi feature instance rows, whose md_parent_id is that of the field session: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ 1, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 11, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ )

INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ 2, /* row_id_value */ 14, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ )

INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'undefined', /* column_name */ 3, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 17, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ ) And finally we need gpkg_metadata_reference records for the poi attribute instance metadata , whose md_parent_id is that of the field session: INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row/col', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'point', /* column_name */ 1, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 12, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ )

INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row/col', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'point', /* column_name */ 2, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 15, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ )

INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row/col', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'point', /* column_name */ 3, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 18, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ )

INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row/col', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'category', /* column_name */ 1, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 13, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ )

INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row/col', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'category', /* column_name */ 2, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 16, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ )

INSERT INTO gpkg_metadata_reference VALUES ( 'row/col', /* reference type */ 'poi', /* table name */ 'category', /* column_name */ 3, /* row_id_value */ (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')), 19, /* md_file_id */ 1 /* md_parent_id */ ) As long as all metadata collected in the field session either directly (as above) or indirectly (suppose there were a data set level metadata_reference record intermediary) refers to the field session metadata via md_parent_id values, then this chain of metadata references identifies the newly collected information, as Joan requested, in addition to the metadata. So here is the data after both examples: Table 22. xml_metadata id md_scope md_standard_uri metadata 0 undefined http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 1 fieldSession http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 2 collectionSession http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 3 series http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 4 dataset http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 5 featureType http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 6 feature http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 7 attributeType http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 8 attribute http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 10 featureType http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 11 feature http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 12 attribute http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 13 attribute http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 14 feature http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 15 attribute http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 16 attribute http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 17 feature http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 18 attribute http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT 19 attribute http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd TEXT Table 23. gpkg_metadata_reference reference_type table_name column_name row_id_value timestamp md_file_id md_parent_id table roads undefined 0 ts 3 0 table roads undefined 0 ts 4 3 table roads undefined 0 ts 5 4 column roads overhead_clearance 0 ts 7 4 row bridge undefined 987 ts 6 4 row/col bridge overhead_clearance 987 ts 8 4 table poi undefined 0 ts 1 0 row poi undefined 0 ts 10 1 row poi undefined 1 ts 11 1 row poi undefined 2 ts 14 1 row/col poi undefined 3 ts 17 1 row/col poi point 1 ts 12 1 row/col poi point 2 ts 15 1 row/col poi point 3 ts 18 1 row/col poi category 1 ts 13 1 row/col poi category 2 ts 16 1 row/col poi category 3 ts 19 1 Raster or Tile Metadata Example A number of raster image processing problems MAY require the support of more metadata that is contained in the image itself. Applications MAY use the gpkg_metadata and gpkg_metadata_reference tables defined in clause [_metadata] to store raster image metadata defined according to standard authoritative or application or vendor specific metadata models. An example of the data items in such a model is shown in the following table. Rational Polynomial Coefficient Photometric Interpretation No Data Value Compression Quality Factor Georectification NIIRS Min X Min Y Max X Max Y F.9. Schema Introduction The schema extension provides a means to describe the columns of tables in a GeoPackage with more detail than can be captured by the SQL table definition directly. The information provided by this extension can be used by applications to, for instance, present data contained in a GeoPackage in a more user-friendly fashion or implement data validation logic. Extension Author GeoPackage SWG, author_name gpkg Extension Name gpkg_schema Extension Type New requirement dependent on clauses Features , Attributes , and Extension Mechanism . Applicability This extension may apply to any Vector Feature User Data Tables , Attributes User Data Tables , or extension tables (see Attributes User Data Tables ). Scope Read-write Requirements Table Definitions Data Columns Requirement 103 A GeoPackage MAY contain a table named gpkg_data_columns . If present it SHALL be defined per Table 16 and gpkg_data_columns Table Definition SQL . Table 24. Data Columns Table Definition Column Name Column Type Column Description Null Key table_name TEXT Name of a table specified in gpkg_contents.table_name or gpkg_extensions.table_name no PK, UK column_name TEXT Name of the table column no PK name TEXT A human-readable identifier (e.g. short name) for the column_name content yes UK title TEXT A human-readable formal title for the column_name content yes description TEXT A human-readable description for the column_name content yes mime_type TEXT MIME [I21] type of column_name if BLOB type, or NULL for other types yes constraint_name TEXT Column value constraint name (lowercase) specified by reference to gpkg_data_column_constraints.constraint_name yes GeoPackage applications MAY [K38] use the gpkg_data_columns table to store minimal application schema identifying, descriptive and MIME [I21] type [K39] information about columns in user vector feature and tile matrix data tables that supplements the data available from the SQLite sqlite_master table and pragma table_info(table_name) SQL function. The gpkg_data_columns data CAN be used to provide more specific column data types and value ranges and application specific structural and semantic information to enable more informative user menu displays and more effective user decisions on the suitability of GeoPackage contents for specific purposes. See gpkg_data_columns Table Definition SQL . In versions 1.2.1 and earlier, the table_name column had a foreign key to gpkg_contents.table_name . This constraint has been relaxed but software that edits GeoPackages should be aware that this constraint will exist in many existing files. Data Column Constraints Requirement 107 A GeoPackage MAY contain a table named gpkg_data_column_constraints . If present it SHALL be defined per Table 17 and gpkg_data_columns Table Definition SQL . The gpkg_data_column_constraints table contains data to specify restrictions on basic data type column values. The constraint_name column is referenced by the constraint_name column in the gpkg_data_columns table defined in Table 16 . Table 25. Data Column Constraints Table Definition Column Name Column Type Column Description Null Key constraint_name TEXT Name of constraint (lowercase) no Jointly Unique constraint_type TEXT Type name of constraint: 'range' | 'enum' | 'glob' no Jointly Unique value TEXT Specified case sensitive value for 'enum' or 'glob' or NULL for 'range' constraint_type yes Jointly Unique min NUMERIC Minimum value for 'range' or NULL for 'enum' or 'glob' constraint_type yes min_is_inclusive BOOLEAN 0 (false) if min value is exclusive, or 1 (true) if min value is inclusive yes max NUMERIC Maximum value for 'range' or NULL for 'enum' or 'glob' constraint_type yes max_is_inclusive BOOLEAN 0 (false) if max value is exclusive, or 1 (true) if max value is inclusive yes description TEXT For ranges and globs, describes the constraint; for enums, describes the enum value. yes The min and max columns are defined as NUMERIC to be able to contain range values for any numeric data column defined with a data type from Table 1. These are the only exceptions to the data type rule stated in Req 5. See gpkg_data_columns Table Definition SQL . In GeoPackage 1.0, this table had column names minIsInclusive and maxIsInclusive instead of min_is_inclusive and max_is_inclusive . This was corrected in GeoPackage 1.1 but it is possible that some older GeoPackages may have rows in this table and use the incorrect column names. Table Data Values gpkg_extensions Requirement 141 GeoPackages with rows in the gpkg_extensions table with an extension_name of "gpkg_schema" SHALL comply with this extension. GeoPackages complying with this extension SHALL have rows in the gpkg_extensions table as described in Table 18 (below). Requirement 141 was updated as part of GeoPackage 1.2.1. In 1.1.0 and 1.2.0, the details of required gpkg_extensions rows were inadvertently left unspecified. While the executable test suite running on an older GeoPackage version will not generate a failure due to missing gpkg_extensions rows, it is recommended to update these rows to comply with the updated requirement on older versions as well. Table 26. Extension Table Records table_name column_name extension_name definition scope gpkg_data_columns null gpkg_schema see note below read-write gpkg_data_column_constraints null gpkg_schema see note below read-write For the definition column, use a hyperlink that describes the current implementation of this extension. While a URL like http://www.geopackage.org/spec/#extension_schema is acceptable, permalinks to specific versions are provided upon publication using the URL pattern http://www.geopackage.org/specMmP/#extension_schema where M is the major version, m is the minor version, and P is the patch. For example http://www.geopackage.org/spec121/#extension_schema is the permalink for this extension for GeoPackage 1.2.1. Data Columns Requirement 104 Values of the gpkg_data_columns table table_name column value SHALL reference values in the table_name column from either gpkg_contents or gpkg_extensions . Requirement 105 The column_name column value in a gpkg_data_columns table row SHALL contain the name of a column in the SQLite table or view identified by the table_name column value. Requirement 106 The constraint_name column value in a gpkg_data_columns table MAY be NULL. If it is not NULL, it SHALL contain a constraint_name column value (which SHALL be lowercase) from the gpkg_data_column_constraints table. Data Column Constraints The lowercase gpkg_data_column_constraints constraint_type column value specifies the type of constraint: "range", "enum", or "glob" (GLOB is a text pattern match - see [I33] ). The case sensitive value column contains an enumerated legal value for constraint_type "enum", a pattern match string for constraint_type "glob", or NULL for constraint_type "range". The set of value column values in rows of constraint_type "enum" with the same constraint_name contains all possible enumerated values for the constraint name. The min and max column values specify the minimum and maximum valid values for constraint_type "range", or are NULL for constraint_type "enum" or "glob". The min_is_inclusive and max_is_inclusive column values contain 1 if the min and max values (respectively) are inclusive, 0 if they are exclusive, or are NULL for constraint_type "enum" or "glob". These restrictions MAY be enforced by SQL triggers or by code in applications that update GeoPackage data values. Table 27. Sample Data Column Constraints constraint_name constraint_type value min min_is_inclusive max max_is_inclusive sampleRange range NULL 1 true 10 true sampleEnum enum 1 NULL NULL NULL NULL sampleEnum enum 3 NULL NULL NULL NULL sampleEnum enum 5 NULL NULL NULL NULL sampleEnum enum 7 NULL NULL NULL NULL sampleEnum enum 9 NULL NULL NULL NULL sampleGlob glob [1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9] NULL NULL NULL NULL Requirement 108 The gpkg_data_column_constraints table MAY be empty. If it contains data, the lowercase constraint_type column values SHALL be one of "range", "enum", or "glob". Requirement 109 The gpkg_data_column_constraint constraint_name values for rows with constraint_type values of "range" and "glob" SHALL be unique. Requirement 110 The gpkg_data_column_constraints table MAY be empty. If it contains rows with constraint_type column values of "range", the value column values for those rows SHALL be NULL. Requirement 111 If the gpkg_data_column_constraints table contains rows with constraint_type column values of "range", the min column values for those rows SHALL be NOT NULL and less than the max column value which shall be NOT NULL. Requirement 112 If the gpkg_data_column_constraints table contains rows with constraint_type column values of "range", the min_is_inclusive and max_is_inclusive column values for those rows SHALL be 0 or 1. Requirement 113 If the gpkg_data_column_constraints table contains rows with constraint_type column values of "enum" or "glob", the min , max , min_is_inclusive and max_is_inclusive column values for those rows SHALL be NULL. Requirement 114 If the gpkg_data_column_constraints table contains rows with constraint_type column values of "enum" or "glob", the value column SHALL NOT be NULL. Abstract Test Suite Table Definition Data Columns Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_columns/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_data_columns table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method PRAGMA table_info(gpkg_data_columns) Fail if returns an empty result set Fail if column names and column definitions in the returned table_info do not match those of Table 23, including data type, nullability, default values. Column order, check constraint and trigger definitions, and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Pass if no failures. Reference Annex F.9 Req 103 Test Type Basic Data Column Constraints Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_column_constraints/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_data_column_constraints table exists and has the correct definition. Test Method PRAGMA table_info(gpkg_data_column_constraints) Fail if returns an empty result set Fail if column names and column definitions in the returned table_info do not match those of Table 23, including data type, nullability, default values. Column order, check constraint and trigger definitions, and other column definitions in the returned sql are irrelevant. Pass if no failures. Reference Annex F.9 Req 107 Test Type Basic Data Values gpkg_extensions Test Case ID /extensions/schema/extensions/data_values Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_extensions table has the required rows. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name, scope FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name = 'gpkg_schema'; Not testable if returns an empty result set Fail if there are not exactly two rows For each row returned from step 1 Fail if scope is not "read-write" Fail if column_name is not NULL Fail if either table_name entry is not present Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.9 Req 141 Test Type: Capabilities Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_columns/table_name Test Purpose Verify that for each gpkg_data_columns row, the table_name value matches a row in gpkg_contents or gpkg_extensions . Test Method SELECT DISTINCT gdc.table_name AS gdc_table, ge.table_name AS joined_table FROM gpkg_data_columns AS gdc LEFT OUTER JOIN gpkg_contents AS gc ON gdc.table_name = gc.table_name LEFT OUTER JOIN gpkg_extensions AS ge ON gdc.table_name = ge.table_name; Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 Fail if joined_table is NULL. Pass if no fails. Reference Annex F.9 Req 104 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_columns/column_name Test Purpose Verify that for each gpkg_data_columns row, the column_name value matches a column in the table or view identified by the table_name column value. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name FROM gpkg_data_columns Not testable if returns an empty result set For each row from step 1 PRAGMA table_info(table_name) Fail if table_name does not contain a column matching column_name Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.9 Req 105 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_columns/constraint_name Test Purpose Verify that for each gpkg_data_columns row, if the constraint_name value is NOT NULL then the gpkg_data_column_constraints table contains at least a row with a matching constraint_name value. Test Method SELECT constraint_name AS cn FROM gpkg_data_columns Not testable if returns an empty result set For each NOT NULL cn value from step 1 SELECT 1 FROM gpkg_data_column_constraints WHERE constraint_name = cn Fail if returns an empty result set Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.9 Req 106 Test Type Capability Data Column Constraints Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_column_constraints/constraint_type Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_data_column_constraints constraint_type column values are one of "range", "enum", or "glob". Test Method SELECT DISTINCT constraint_type FROM gpkg_data_column_constraints Not testable if returns an empty result set For each constraint_type value returned by step 1 Fail if constraint_type NOT IN ("range", "enum", "glob"). Pass if no fails. Reference Annex F.9 Req 108 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_column_constraints/constraint_names_unique Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_data_column_constraints constraint_name column values for constraint_type values of "range", or "glob" are unique. Test Method SELECT DISTINCT constraint_name FROM gpkg_data_column_constraints WHERE constraint_type IN ('range', 'glob') For each returned constraint_name cn SELECT count(*) FROM gpkg_data column_constraints WHERE constraint_name = cn Fail if count > 1 Pass if no fails. Reference Annex F.9 Req 109 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_column_constraints/value_for_range Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_data_column_constraints value column values are NULL for rows with a constraint_type value of "range". Test Method SELECT constraint_name, value FROM gpkg_data_column_constraints WHERE constraint_type = 'range' Not testable if returns an empty result set For each value returned by step 1 Fail if value IS NOT NULL Pass if no fails. Reference Annex F.9 Req 110 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_column_constraints/min_max_for_range Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_data_column_constraints min column values are NOT NULL and less than the max column values for rows with a constraint_type value of "range". Test Method SELECT constraint_name, min, max FROM gpkg_data_column_constraints WHERE constraint_type = 'range' Not testable if returns an empty result set For each set of min and max values returned by step 1 Fail if min IS NULL Fail if max IS NULL Fail if min >= max Pass if no fails. Reference Annex F.9 Req 111 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extensions/schema/data_column_constraints/inclusive_for_range Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_data_column_constraints min_is_inclusive and max_is_inclusive column values are NOT NULL and either 0 or 1 for rows with a constraint_type value of "range". Test Method SELECT constraint_name, min_is_inclusive, max_is_inclusive FROM gpkg_data_column_constraints WHERE constraint_type = 'range' Not testable if returns an empty result set For each set of values returned by step 1 Fail if min_is_inclusive IS NULL Fail if max_is_inclusive IS NULL Fail if min_is_inclusive is NOT IN (0,1) Fail if max_is_inclusive is NOT IN (0,1) Pass if no fails. Reference Annex F.9 Req 112 Test Type Capability Test Case ID: /extensions/schema/data_column_constraints/min_max_inclusive_for_enum_glob Test Purpose: Verify that the gpkg_data_column_constraints min , max , min_is_inclusive and max_is_inclusive column values are NULL for rows with a constraint_type value of "enum" or "glob". Test Method: SELECT constraint_name, min, max, min_is_inclusive, max_is_inclusive FROM gpkg_data_column_constraints WHERE constraint_type IN ('enum','glob') Not testable if returns an empty result set For each set of values returned by step 1 Fail if min IS NOT NULL Fail if max IS NOT NULL Fail if min_is_inclusive IS NOT NULL Fail if max_is_inclusive IS NOT NULL Pass if no fails. Reference Annex F.9 Req 113 Test Type Capability Test Case ID: /extensions/schema/data_column_constraints/value_for_enum_glob Test Purpose: Verify that the gpkg_data_column_constraints value column values are NOT NULL for rows with a constraint_type value of "enum" or "glob". Test Method: SELECT value FROM gpkg_data_column_constraints WHERE constraint_type IN ('enum','glob') Not testable if returns an empty result set For each value returned by step 1 Fail if value IS NULL Pass if no fails. Reference Annex F.9 Req 114 Test Type Capability Table Definition SQL gpkg_data_columns gpkg_data_columns Table Definition SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_data_columns ( table_name TEXT NOT NULL, column_name TEXT NOT NULL, name TEXT, title TEXT, description TEXT, mime_type TEXT, constraint_name TEXT, CONSTRAINT pk_gdc PRIMARY KEY (table_name, column_name), CONSTRAINT gdc_tn UNIQUE (table_name, name) ); gpkg_data_column_constraints gpkg_data_columns Table Definition SQL CREATE TABLE gpkg_data_column_constraints ( constraint_name TEXT NOT NULL, constraint_type TEXT NOT NULL, // 'range' | 'enum' | 'glob' value TEXT, min NUMERIC, min_is_inclusive BOOLEAN, // 0 = false, 1 = true max NUMERIC, max_is_inclusive BOOLEAN, // 0 = false, 1 = true description TEXT, CONSTRAINT gdcc_ntv UNIQUE (constraint_name, constraint_type, value) ) F.10. WKT for Coordinate Reference Systems Introduction The OGC GeoPackage standard was adopted prior to the adoption of "12-063r5 OGC Well known text representation of Coordinate Reference Systems" [I34] , in 13 August, 2014. As a result, the OGC GeoPackage standard references an older document [I32] which has known ambiguities that are being encountered in the field. This extension establishes a new column to contain values that conform to the new standard. OGC later adopted "18-010r7 OGC Well known text representation of Coordinate Reference Systems" [I36] , in 6 June, 2019 as a revision to 12-063r5. Extension Author GeoPackage SWG, author_name gpkg . Extension Name or Template gpkg_crs_wkt Extension Type Extension of Existing Requirement in clause Table Definition . Applicability Applies to the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table. Scope Read-write Requirements Table Definition gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Requirement 115 For GeoPackages conforming to this extension, the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table SHALL have an additional column called definition_12_063 as per Table 19 and gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Table Definition SQL (CRS WKT Extension) . Table 28. Spatial Ref Sys Table Definition Column Name Column Type Column Description NOT NULL flag Key srs_name TEXT Human readable name of this SRS true srs_id INTEGER Unique identifier for each Spatial Reference System within a GeoPackage true PK organization TEXT Case-insensitive name of the defining organization e.g. EPSG or epsg true organization_coordsys_id INTEGER Numeric ID of the Spatial Reference System assigned by the organization true definition TEXT Well-known Text [I32] Representation of the Spatial Reference System true description TEXT Human readable description of this SRS false definition_12_063 TEXT Well-known Text [I34] or [I36] Representation of the Spatial Reference System true Previous versions of this extension specified default values for definition and definition_12_063 . Those defaults have been removed for interoperability reasons but implementers should be aware that some GeoPackages may have these defaults in place. Table Data Values gpkg_extensions Requirement 145 GeoPackages with a row in the gpkg_extensions table with an extension_name of "gpkg_crs_wkt" SHALL comply with this extension. GeoPackages complying with this extension SHALL have a row in the gpkg_extensions table as described in Table 20 (below). Requirement 145 has been updated as part of GeoPackage 1.2.1. In 1.1.0 and 1.2.0, the table_name and column_name column values of the required gpkg_extensions row were inadvertently left unspecified. While the executable test suite running on an older GeoPackage version will not generate a failure due to missing gpkg_extensions column values, it is recommended to update these values to comply with the updated requirement on older versions as well. Table 29. Extension Table Records table_name column_name extension_name definition scope gpkg_spatial_ref_sys definition_12_063 gpkg_crs_wkt see note below read-write For the definition column, use a hyperlink that describes the current implementation of this extension. While a URL like http://www.geopackage.org/spec/#extension_crs_wkt is acceptable, permalinks to specific versions are provided upon publication using the URL pattern http://www.geopackage.org/specMmP/#extension_crs_wkt where M is the major version, m is the minor version, and P is the patch. For example http://www.geopackage.org/spec121/#extension_crs_wkt is the permalink for this extension for GeoPackage 1.2.1. gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Requirement 116 Values of the definition_12_063 column SHALL be constructed per the WKT syntax in [I34] and [I36] . For backwards compatibility, only use common WKT values between 12-063 and 18-010. Additional WKT values in 18-010r7 can be used when required in the CRS definition. Requirement 117 At least one definition column SHALL be defined with a valid definition unless the value of the srs_id column is 0 or -1 . Both columns SHOULD be defined. If it is not possible to produce a valid [I32] definition then the value of the definition column MAY be undefined . If it is not possible to produce a valid [I34] or [I36] definition then the value of the definition_12_063 column MAY be undefined . If, for a particular row, both the definition and definition_12_063 columns are populated, the value in the definition_12_063 column takes priority. Abstract Test Suite Table Definition Table Definition Test Case ID /extension_crs_wkt/table_def Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table exists and has the correct definition. Extends /base/core/gpkg_spatial_ref_sys/data/table_def . Test Method PRAGMA table_info('gpkg_spatial_ref_sys') Fail if returns an empty result set Fail if result set does not include a column named 'definition_12_063' or if the column is not of type 'TEXT', notnull 1, and dflt_value 'undefined'. Pass if no failures. Reference Annex F.10 Req 115 Test Type Basic Table Data Values Test Case ID /extensions/crs_wkt/extensions/data_values Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_extensions table has the required row. Test Method SELECT table_name, column_name, scope FROM gpkg_extensions WHERE extension_name = 'gpkg_crs_wkt'; Not testable if returns an empty result set Fail if there is not exactly one row Fail if scope is not "read-write" Fail if column_name is not "definition_12_063" Fail if table_name is not "gpkg_spatial_ref_sys" Pass if no fails Reference Annex F.10 Req 145 Test Type: Capabilities Test Case ID /extension_crs_wkt/data_values_default Test Purpose Verify that the gpkg_spatial_ref_sys table contains the required default contents. Extends /base/core/gpkg_spatial_ref_sys/data_values_default . Test Method SELECT organization, organization_coordsys_id, definition, definition_12_063 FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys WHERE srs_id = -1 Confirm that this returns "NONE" -1 "undefined" "undefined" SELECT srs_id, organization, organization_coordsys_id, definition, definition_12_063 FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys WHERE srs_id = 0 Confirm that this returns "NONE" 0 "undefined" "undefined" SELECT definition FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys WHERE organization IN ("epsg","EPSG") AND organization_coordsys_id 4326 Confirm that this is a valid CRS SELECT definition_12_063 FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys WHERE organization IN ("epsg","EPSG") AND organization_coordsys_id 4326 Confirm that this is a valid 12-063 CRS Pass if tests 1-4 are met Fail otherwise Reference Annex F.10 Req 116 Test Type Capability Test Case ID /extension_crs_wkt/data_values_required Test Purpose Verify that the spatial_ref_sys table contains rows to define all srs_id values used by features and tiles in a GeoPackage. Extends /base/core/gpkg_spatial_ref_sys/data_values_required . Test Method SELECT definition, definition_12_063 FROM gpkg_spatial_ref_sys WHERE srs_id NOT IN (0, -1) For each result Fail if both definition values are 'undefined' Pass if no failures Reference Annex F.10 Req 117 Test Type Capability Table Definition SQL gpkg_spatial_ref_sys gpkg_spatial_ref_sys Table Definition SQL (CRS WKT Extension) CREATE TABLE gpkg_spatial_ref_sys ( srs_name TEXT NOT NULL, srs_id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, organization TEXT NOT NULL, organization_coordsys_id INTEGER NOT NULL, definition TEXT NOT NULL, description TEXT, definition_12_063 TEXT NOT NULL ); F.11. Tiled Gridded Coverage Data This extension has been published separately as OGC 17-066r1 . F.12. Related Tables This extension has been published separately as OGC 18-000 . Annex G: Geometry Types (Normative) Table 30. Geometry Type Codes (Core) Code Name 0 GEOMETRY 1 POINT 2 LINESTRING 3 POLYGON 4 MULTIPOINT 5 MULTILINESTRING 6 MULTIPOLYGON 7 GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Table 31. Geometry Type Codes (Extension) Code Name 8 CIRCULARSTRING 9 COMPOUNDCURVE 10 CURVEPOLYGON 11 MULTICURVE 12 MULTISURFACE 13 CURVE 14 SURFACE GEOMETRY subtypes are POINT, CURVE, SURFACE and GEOMETRYCOLLECTION. CURVE subtypes are LINESTRING, CIRCULARSTRING and COMPOUNDCURVE. SURFACE subtype is CURVEPOLYGON. CURVEPOLYGON subtype is POLYGON. GEOMETRYCOLLECTION subtypes are MULTIPOINT, MULTICURVE and MULTISURFACE. MULTICURVE subtype is MULTILINESTRING. MULTISURFACE subtype is MULTIPOLYGON. Annex H: Tiles Zoom Times Two Example (Informative) Table 32. Zoom Times Two Example table_name zoom_level matrix_width matrix_height tile_width tile_height pixel_x_size pixel_y_size MyTiles 0 8 8 512 512 69237.2 68412.1 MyTiles 1 16 16 512 512 34618.6 34206.0 MyTiles 2 32 32 512 512 17309.3 17103.0 MyTiles 3 64 64 512 512 8654.64 8654.64 MyTiles 4 128 128 512 512 4327.32 4275.75 MyTiles 5 256 256 512 512 2163.66 2137.87 MyTiles 6 512 512 512 512 1081.83 1068.93 MyTiles 7 1024 1024 512 512 540.915 543.469 MyTiles 8 2048 2048 512 512 270.457 267.234 Annex I: Normative References (Normative) The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of OGC 12-128. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of OGC 12-128 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. [I1] ISO/IEC 9075:1992 Information Technology - Database Language SQL (SQL92) [I2] ISO/IEC 9075-1:2011 Information Technology - Database Language SQL - Part 1: Framework [I3] ISO/IEC 9075-2:2011 Information Technology - Database Language SQL - Part 2: Foundation [I4] ISO/IEC 9075-3:2008 Information Technology - Database Language SQL - Part 3: Call- Level Interface (SQL/CLI) [I5] SQLite (all parts) http://www.sqlite.org/ (online) http://www.sqlite.org/sqlite-doc-3071300.zip (offline) [I6] http://sqlite.org/fileformat2.html [I7] http://www.sqlite.org/formatchng.html [I8] http://www.sqlite.org/download.html [I9] OGC 06-103r4 OpenGIS® Implementation Standard for Geographic information - Simple feature access - Part 1: Common architecture Version: 1.2.1 2011-05-28 http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=25355 [I10] OGC 06-104r4 OpenGIS® Implementation Standard for Geographic information - Simple feature access - Part 2: SQL option Version: 1.2.1 2010-08-04 http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=25354 (the older version 1.1 of this standard is known as ISO 19125-1:2004) [I11] OGC 05-134 OpenGIS® Implementation Specification for Geographic information - Simple feature access - Part 2: SQL option Version 1.1.0 2005-11-22 http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=13228 (also known as the now withdrawn ISO 19125-2:2004) [I12] ISO/IEC 13249-3:2011 Information technology — SQL Multimedia and Application Packages - Part 3: Spatial (SQL/MM) [I13] https://epsg.org/home.html [I14] (This reference no longer exists) [I15] MIL_STD_2401 DoD World Geodetic System 84 (WGS84), 11 January 1994 [I16] OGC 07-057r7 OpenGIS® Web Map Tile Service Implementation Standard Version 1.0.0 2010-04-06 (WMTS) http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=35326 [I17] ITU-T Recommendation T.81 (09/92) with Corrigendum (JPEG) [I18] T.871 : Information technology - Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF), September 11, 2012 http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.871-201105-I/en [I19] IETF RFC 2046 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt [I20] Portable Network Graphics http://libpng.org/pub/png/ [I21] MIME Media Types http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/index.html [I22] WebP https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/ [I23] IETF RFC 3986 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt [I24] W3C Recommendation 26 November 2008 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition) http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/ [I25] W3C Recommendation 28 October 2004 XML Schema Part 0: Primer Second Edition http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-0/ [I26] W3C Recommendation 28 October 2004 XML Schema Part 1: Structures Second Edition http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/ [I27] W3C Recommendation 28 October 2004 XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/ [I28] ISO: 19115-1:2014 Geographic information — Metadata — Part 1: Fundamentals (2014) https://www.iso.org/standard/53798.html [I29] ISO 8601 Representation of dates and times http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=40874 [I30] OGC® 10-100r3 Geography Markup Language (GML) simple features profile (with technical note) http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=42729 [I31] SQLite R*Tree Module http://www.sqlite.org/rtree.html [I32] OpenGIS® 01-009 Implementation Specification: Coordinate Transformation Services Revision 1.0 http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=999 [I33] SQLite GLOB operator https://www.sqlite.org/lang_expr.html#glob [I34] Geographic information — Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems http://docs.opengeospatial.org/is/12-063r5/12-063r5.html [I35] TIFF ™ Revision 6.0 Final — June 3, 1992 ftp://download.osgeo.org/libtiff/doc/TIFF6.pdf , ©1986-1988, 1992 by Adobe® Systems Incorporated [I36] Geographic information — Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems https://docs.opengeospatial.org/is/18-010r7/18-010r7.html Annex J: Bibliography (Informative) [B1] http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data/data-storage.html#db [B2] https://developer.apple.com/technologies/ios/data-management.html [B3] International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP): Understanding the EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset. Report 373-07-1 (2022). https://epsg.org/guidance-notes.html [B4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII [B5] http://www.sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html#rowid [B6] ISO 19115-2 Geographic information - - Metadata - Part 2: Metadata for imagery and gridded data [B7] ISO 19139: Geographic information — Metadata — XML schema implementation [B8] Dublin Core Metadata Initiative http://dublincore.org/ IETF RFC 5013 [B9] ISO 15836:2009 http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52142 [B10] Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) [B11] http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/metadata/base-metadata/index_html [B12] Department of Defense Discovery Metadata Specification (DDMS) http://metadata.ces.mil/mdr/irs/DDMS/ [B13] NMF NGA.STND.0012_2.0 / NMIS NGA.STND.0018_1.0 [B14] Unified Modeling Language (UML) http://www.uml.org/ [B15] XML for Metadata Interchange (XMI) http://www.omg.org/spec/XMI/ [B16] IDEF1x Data Modeling Method http://www.idef.com/IDEF1x.htm [B17] Geography Markup Language (GML) ISO 19136:2007 [B18] ISO 19110 Geographic information – Methodology for feature cataloguing [B19] RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ [B20] Web Ontology Language (OWL) http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-owl2-xml-serialization-20091027/ [B21] Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) http://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/ [B22] STANAG 7074 Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard (DIGEST) - AGeoP-3A, edition 1, 19 October 1994 http://www.dgiwg.org/dgiwg/htm/documents/historical_documents.htm [B23] ISO 19109 Geographic information - Rules for application schema [B24] http://www.sqlite.org/changes.html [B25] http://sqlite.org/src4/doc/trunk/www/design.wiki [B26] OGC® 16-094r3 GeoPackage Elevation Extension Interoperability Experiment Engineering Report, Draft Revision 3, 21 June 2016 [B27] Media Types https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml [B28] Guttman, A. (1984). "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching" http://www-db.deis.unibo.it/courses/SI-LS/papers/Gut84.pdf . Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data – SIGMOD '84. p. 47. Annex K: Endnotes [K1] SQLite version 4 (reference B25), which will be an alternative to version 3, not a replacement thereof, was not available when this standard was written. See Future Work clause in Annex B. [K2] SQLite is in the public domain (see http://www.sqlite.org/copyright.html ) [K3] With SQLite versions 3.7.17 and later this value MAY be set with the "PRAGMA application_id=1196444487;" SQL statement, where 1196444487 is the 32-bit integer value of 0x47504B47. With earlier versions of SQLite the application id can be set by writing the byte sequence 0x47, 0x50, 0x4B, 0x47 at offset 68 in the SQLite database file (see http://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html#database_header for details). [K4] Older GeoPackages use a different versioning mechanism. Instead of using the user_version, they have an application ID of "GP10" (for GeoPackage 1.0 and 1.0.1) or "GP11" (for GeoPackage 1.1). [K4a] For more information on maximum database size, see Section 14 of https://www.sqlite.org/limits.html . [K5] The SQLite PRAGMA integrity_check SQL command does a full database scan that can take a long time to complete on a large GeoPackage file. [K6] New applications should use the latest available SQLite version software [I8] [K6a] The use of the AUTOINCREMENT keyword is optional but recommended. Implementers MAY omit the AUTOINCREMENT keyword for performance reasons, with the understanding that doing so has the potential to allow primary key identifiers to be reused. [K6b] When a table has a primary key that is backed by a ROWID, the "null" flag is ignored. [K7] The following statement selects an ISO 8601 timestamp value with millisecond precision using the SQLite strftime function: SELECT (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')). [K8] GeometryCollection is a generic term for the ST_GeomCollection type defined in [I12] , which uses it for the definition of Well Known Text (WKT) and Well Known Binary (WKB) encodings. The SQL type name GEOMETRYCOLLECTION defined in [I10] and used in Clause 1.1.2.1.1 and Annex G below refers to the SQL BLOB encoding of a GeometryCollection. [K9] OGC WKB simple feature geometry types specified in [I9] are a subset of the ISO WKB geometry types specified in [I12] [K10] WKB geometry types are are restricted to 0, 1 and 2-dimensional geometric objects that exist in 2, 3 or 4-dimensional coordinate space; they are not geographic or geodesic geometry types. [K11] See https://portal.ogc.org/files/?artifact_id=76024 [K12] A GeoPackage is not required to contain any feature data tables. Feature data tables in a GeoPackage MAY be empty. [K13] GeoPackage applications MAY use SQL triggers or tests in application code to meet this requirement [K14] Images of multiple MIME types MAY be stored in given table. For example, in a tiles table, image/png format tiles COULD be used for transparency where there is no data on the tile edges, and image/jpeg format tiles COULD be used for storage efficiency where there is image data for all pixels. Images of multiple bit depths of the same MIME type MAY also be stored in a given table, for example image/png tiles in both 8 and 24 bit depths. [K15] See Zoom Other Intervals for use of other zoom levels as a registered extensions. [K16] See Tiles Encoding WebP regarding use of the WebP alternative tile MIME type as a registered extension. [K17] Note that SQLite ignores certain column properties (those pertaining to insert, update, or delete operations) when those columns are part of a view. Therefore it is not possible to enforce rules such as NOT NULL or PRIMARY KEY for those columns. When using views, the producer is responsible for ensuring that the underlying tables are populated properly. [K18] The "tiles" stipulation was removed because it prevented the use of the tile matrix mechanism by extensions for other data types. [K19] The "tiles" stipulation was removed because it prevented the use of the tile matrix mechanism by extensions for other data types. [K20] GeoPackage applications MAY query the gpkg_tile_matrix table or the tile pyramid user data table to determine the minimum and maximum zoom levels for a given tile pyramid table. [K21] GeoPackage applications MAY query a tile pyramid user data table to determine which tiles are available at each zoom level. [K22] GeoPackage applications that insert, update, or delete tile pyramid user data table tiles row records are responsible for maintaining the corresponding descriptive contents of the gpkg_tile_matrix_metadata table. [K23] The gpkg_tile_matrix_set table contains coordinates that define a bounding box as the exact stated spatial extent for all tiles in a tile (matrix set) table. If the geographic extent of the image data contained in tiles at a particular zoom level is within but not equal to this bounding box, then the non-image area of matrix edge tiles must be padded with no-data values, preferably transparent ones. [K24] A GeoPackage is not required to contain any tile pyramid user data tables. Tile pyramid user data tables in a GeoPackage MAY be empty. [K25] The zoom_level / tile_column / tile_row unique key is automatically indexed, and allows tiles to be selected and accessed by "z, x, y", a common convention used by some implementations. This table / view definition MAY also allow tiles to be selected based on a spatially indexed bounding box in a separate metadata table. [K26] If an application process will make many updates, it is often faster to drop the indexes, do the updates, and then recreate the indexes. [K27] Informative examples of hierarchical metadata are provided in Hierarchical Metadata Example One - ISO19115. [K28] An informative example of raster image metadata is provided in Tiles Zoom Times Two Example (Informative) [K29] For example, for ISO 19139 metadata the URI value should be the metadata schema namespace http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd [K30] In SQLite, the rowid value is always equal to the value of a single-column primary key on an integer column [B30] and is not changed by a database reorganization performed by the VACUUM SQL command. [K31] Such a metadata hierarchy MAY have only one level of defined metadata [K32] The scope codes in Metadata Scopes include a very wide set of descriptive information types as "metadata" to describe data. [K33] ISO 19139 format metadata (B32) is recommended for general-purpose description of geospatial data at the series and dataset metadata scopes. [K34] The "catalog" md_scope MAY be used for Feature Catalog (B40) information stored as XML metadata that is linked to features stored in a GeoPackage. [K35] The "schema" md_scope MAY be used for Application Schema (B37)(B38)(B39)(B44) information stored as XML metadata that is linked to features stored in a GeoPackage. [K36] The "taxonomy" md_scope MAY be used for taxonomy or knowledge system (B41)(B42) "linked data" information stored as XML metadata that is linked to features stored in a GeoPackage. [K37] The following statement selects an ISO 8601 timestamp value with millisecond precision using the SQLite strftime function: SELECT (strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%fZ','now')). [K38] A GeoPackage is not required to contain a gpkg_data_columns table. The gpkg_data_columns table in a GeoPackage MAY be empty. [K39] GeoPackages MAY contain MIME types other than the raster image types specified in clauses 2.2.4, 2.2.5, and 3.2.2 as feature attributes, but they are not required to do so. Last updated 2024-02-06 09:48:41 -0500

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