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Haydn's univeral index of biography from the creation to the present time, for the use of the statesman, the historian, and the journalist

Haydn, Joseph, 1786 or 7-1856

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THIRTEENTH EDITION, {Corrected to June, 1868).

Dates and Facts relating to the History of Mankind from the most authentic

and recent records, especially interesting to the Historian, Members

of the Learned Professions, Literary Lnstitutes^

Merchants, and General Readers,

In the course of June will be published, in One handsome Library Volume, beautifully printed in legible type, price l&r., cloth ; 2Ij., half bound ; 24J., whole calf extra, and 32J. whole morocco extra,

HAYDN'S

Dictionary of Dates

FOR

UNIVERSAL REFERENCE:

RELATING TO ALL AGES AND NATIONS:

COMPREHENDING REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, ANCIENT AND MODERN,

THE FOUNDATION, LAWS AND GOVERNMENT OF COUNTRIES— THEIR PROGRESS IN CIVIL- ISATION, INDUSTRY, LITERATURE, ARTS, AND SCIENCE--THEIR ACHIEVE- MENTS IN ARMS— AND THEIR CIVIL, MILITARY, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, AND PARTICULARLY OF

THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

THIRTEENTH EDITION, REVISED AND GREATLY ENLARGED,

By benjamin VINCENT,

Assistant Secretary and Keeper of the Library of the Royal Institution of Great Britain.

iw -(^Nr w « •

LITERARY NOTICES.

" On a former occasion we expressed our sense of the value of this work, which is the most universal book of reference in a moderate compass that we know of in the English language. The original compiler, Joseph Haydn, is dead. After fagging away at his inter- minable task, collecting and comparing dates from the earliest eras ot chronology to the current hour, Im departed and left this mass of materials to the executors of Mr. Moxon, or

C:tically in perpetual trust for the English public There is, in fact, as little chance of his k going out of print as of the extinction of the * Post Office Directory ' or of * Bradshaw's Railway Guide.' Like both of these literary chefs-(r<£uvre^ it has grown into an institution, and Mr. Vincent, the assistant secretary and librarian of the Royal Institution, has the function of posting it up to the latest possible moment. ' Mr. Vincent has also submitted the work to a thorough revision, has largely increased its number of articles, and extended its index, while there is not a day which does not yield him fresh materials for incorporation under many of the titles which existed already. If we refer to some of the latter, we see at a ^ance the exigencies and the value of a book so edited and re-edited from time to time. " — The TimeSf November 30, 1861.

" In the whole range of literature there is scarcely another volume that can be compared with it, for the Talue of its varied information. No mean praise this, but the ' Dictionary of Dates ' honestly deserves ii,"—The City Press^ April 26, 1862.

V a*

1 f

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AUS

AUSTRIA, eoiUinued,

Reduction in the army assented to ; and a per- sonal liberty law (resembling our habeas corpus act) pasted .... Dec.

Polish insurrection Jan.

Meeting of the German sovereigns (except kings of Prussia, Holland, and Denmark) with the emperor of Austria, at Frankfort, by his invitation ; the draft of a reform of the fede- rate constitution ag^reed io . 16-31 Aug.

The Transyl vanian deputim accept the constitu- tion, and take their seats in the Reichsrath

30 Oct.

Qallicia and Cracow declared to be in a state of

siege 29 Fob.

(For events of the war with Denmark, see Denmark.)

The emperor and the king of Prussia meet at Carlsbiid 23 Juno,

Resignation of count Rechberg, foreign minis- ter, succeeded by coimt Monsdurff-Pouilly, about 27 Oct.

Peace with Denmark, signed . . 30 Oct.

Emperor oi>en8 Reichsrath, 14 Nov, ; great freedom of debate; the state of siege in Oallicia censured .... Dec.

Austria supports the Confederation in the dis- pute respecting the duchies . . Due.

Apparent rouniun between Austria and PruRsiii,

Jan.

Groat- financiil difficulty; proposed reduction in the army by the chambers . . Jan.

0>ntcst between the government and the chambers April,

Reported failure of Mr. Jltitfs mission to Vienniv, to promote free trade . June,

New ministry formed : count Mensdorff as nominal premier : counts Belcredi and Esterhazy as minhiters : conciliatory mea- sures towards Hungary, proposed 27 July,

Convention of Gastein (see 6<utein) signed

14 Aug.

Emperor's rescript suppressmg the constitu- tion, with the view of giving autonomy to Hungary (lekick i<e) ... 20 Sept.

Rejoicings in Htmgaiy, but dissatisfaction in Austria, Croatia, &c. . . . Nov., Dec,

Treaty of commerce with Great Britain, signed

16 Dec.

Warm di.sputes with Pnxssia, aggressive, re- specting the settlement of Holstein Jan. Mar.

Preparations for war begin . March,

The archduke Albrecht made commander of the southern army, 6 May ; Benedek of the northern 12 May,

War decUred by Prussia, 18 June ; by Italy {which t*e) 20 Juno,

The Austrians enter Silesia, 18 June; and the Prussians liohcinU ... 21 June,

The Italians defeated by the archduke Al- brecht, at Custozza ... 24 Juno

Prussian victories at Nachod, ^c. 27-29 June,

Benedek totallT* defeated at KOniggrkt?. or

Sadowa 3 July,

(For details of the war see Pru$na and Italy.)

The emperor cedes Venetia to the emi>eror Napoleon, and requests his intervention,

• 4 July

Preliminaries of peace signed at Nikolsburg,

26 July,

Treaty of peace with Prussia signed at Prague,

23 Aug

Treaty of peace with Italy signed at Vienna, ceding Venetia, 3 Oct. ; the iron crown given up 11 Oct

The Quadrilateral and Venice surrendered to the Italians . . . 11-19 Oct.

Baron Ferdinand von Beust, late Saxon minis- ter of foreign affairs, made Austriim foreign minister 30 Oct.

Meeting of the Reichsrath . 19 Nov.

1863 1863

1864

»»

1865

>»

1866

II «l

Commercial treaty with France, to commence I Jan. 1867, signed . . . .11 Dec^

Great dissension among the nationalities of the empire Dec.

Extraordinary diet convoked (for 25 Fob.) 3 Jan.

Establishment of autonomv for Hungary an- nounced ; resignation of Belcredi 4 Feb. ; Von Beust made president of the council 7 Feb.

Rescript restoring a separate ministry for Hungary, count Andrassy president 17 Fol).

Death of archduke Stephen (palatine of Hnn- gary in 1848) Feb.

Commercial treaty with It-ily, signed 23 April,

Reichsrath opened at Vienna . 20 May,

The Czechs (of Bohemia and Moravia), Croats, Slavonizins, Serbs, Rouman8(of Tr5in«ylvania), and Russiniaiis (of (lallicia), protest against ab.<(orption, and demand national legislative p«iwers May <fe July,

Painful death of the archduchess Matilda through bums .... 6 June,

The emj^eror and empress crowned king and queen of Hungary at Buda . 8 Juno,

Von Beust made chancellor of the empire,

23 June,

The Sultan visi's Vienna ; well -received

27 July — 1 Aug.

The emywrors of Austria and France meet at Salzburg 18-23 A.ug.

Amwgements for the dividing the financial affairs of Austria and Hungary, signed. 1 3 Sept.

Changes (respecting marriage and education) in the concordat, proposed . . Sept.

Letter from the emperor to cardinal Rnusch, declaring for complete liberty of conscience m opposition to the concordat. The con- cordat almost annulled by the lower house,

Oct.

Emperor of Austria and king of Pj-ussia meet at Ofis, in Bavaria . . .21 Oct.

Emperor arrives at Paris, 23 Oct ; leaves 5 Nov.

Dualism accepted by the Reichsrath at Vienna,

Nov.

New Austrian ministry constituted . 31 Dec. (See Gtnnany, Huttyary, VUnna, d-c.)

1866

1867

»i i<

>»

M\RGRAVBe OF Al'STRIA.

Leoxwld I., 928; Albert I., 1018 ; Emc^t, 1056; Leopold II., 1075 ; Leopold III., 1096; Alliert ll., 1136; Ix)opold IV., 1136; Henry II., 1142 (made a diike ii56>

II II I

IT 56. 1177.

1194. II98. 1330.

1282.

1308. 1330. 1358. 1365-

1395- 1411.

1411.

M39

DCKES.

Henry II.

Leopold V. He made prisoner Richard I. of

England when returning incognito from

the cruxade, and sold him to the emperor

Henr>' VI. Frederic I. , the catholic. Leopold VI., the glorious. Killed in battle. Frederic II.. the warlike. Killed in a brittle

with the Hungarians, 15 June. 1246. Interregnum. Albert I. and his brother Rodolph. Albert

becomes emperor of Germany, 1298. Frederic l.

Albert II. and Otho, his brother. Rodolph. Albert III. and Leopold II. or III. (killed at

Sempach). William, and other brothers, and their cousin

Albert IV. The same. The provinces divided into the

duchies of Austria and Carinthia, and the

county of Tyrol. Albert v., duke of Austria; obtains Bohemia

and Moravia ; elected king of Hungary and

emperor, 1437 ; dies, 1439 : succeeded by

his posthumouR son Ladislaus, who dies childless, 1457.

1457. The emperor Frederic III. and Albert VI.

BAL 72 BAM

BALLOONS, coidinutd.

Wclrerhamptim : he reached the height of I Ul^ 17th ascent at Woolwich ; descend a at Mr.

5mile>> 17 July, x86a Bmndon'a, Sufiblk (xst winter ascent this

He ;A9re&ded t<* the height of about 7 miles at . century) 12 Jau. 1864

WoiTcrhuuptoQ ; ac 5) miles high he became | He ascends from Woolwich (24th time) 30 Dec. „

insoLBible : Mr. Cox well lost the use of his ' His 25th ascent .... 27 Fob. 1865

haxtdM, but wan able to open the valve with his Other ascents, 3 Oct. 3 Dec. 1865 ; and in May. xS6o

t«eth ; they thus descended in safety, 5 Sept. „ (Mr. Ulaisher has laid the renult of his

He AAccuderl at Newcastle during the meeting observations before the scientific world. }

C'f the British AssiX'iation. . 31 Aug. 1863 I Nft'iar ascended in his "GtSant" balh^n at

Uisi :'>th ascent ; surveys London . . 9 Oct. „ I Paris 23 June, „

BALLOT (French haVotU, a little ball). Secret voting was practisi^d by the ancii-nt Greeks and Romans, and the modem Venetians, and is now employed in France and in tlio Unitwl States of North America. The " Ballot Society " is very energetic.

The l-iillot-box used in a political club at M ilea's Secret voting existed in the chamber of dcimticA

cxtfiec-house. Westminster .... 1659 in France from 1840 to 1845. It has Iteen

Atniv-t entitled "The Benefit of the Ballot." employed sim-e the cou]) deUt in . l>cc. 1851

'xA to have been written by Andrew MarveU, The house of commons nMoctcd the Inllot — 257

wiiA f-uhlbhod in the " 8tu*te Tracts " . . 1693 being aguinst. and 18^ fi)r it . 30 Juno, ,.

Frfpii«Kr<l to \jM used in the election of members The Uulot adopted in Mctoria, Au^tnilLk . . 1856

i.-f parliament, in a pamphlet . . 1705 Fur several years it has liecn annually pn>pi>Hcd

A bid authorising v<jtc by IxUlot passed the by Mr. Henrv Berkeley, and rejected (by ibi

commons, but rejected by the lords . . . 1710 to 112, 12 July, 1867).

The ballot has been an open question in whig |

governments Kincc 1835

BALL'S BLUFF, Viiyinia, on the banks of the Potomac. North America. On 21 Oct. 1S61, by direction of the Federal general C. P. Sti>ne the heroic col. Baker crossi'd the river to r»-coiinoitre. He attacked the Confederate camp at I^eesbur^, and was defeated with ^rrtat 1««S9. The disa.ster wa>4 attiibutcd to mismanagement, and in Feb. 1862, general Stone was arrested on suspicion of trea.'son.

BALFA'NAHINCH (Ireland), where a sanguiuar}' engagement took place Wtween a large bo<ly of the insurgent Irish and the British troops, under gen. Nugent, 13 June, 1798. A large jiart of the town was destroyed, and the royal army suffered very severely.

BALMORAL CASTLE, Deeside, Aberdeenshire ; visited by her majesty in 1848, 1849, 1S50. The estate was purchased for 32,000/. by prince AU)ert in 1852. In 1853 the j>rc5ent ]>aihiin;r, in the Scotch baronial style, was commenced, from designs by Mr. W. Smith of Aberleen.

BALTIC SEA, O.-^tseb or Eastern Sea, separates Sweden and the Danish Isles from Russia, I*ru.s^ia, and Germany. Declared neutral for commerce by tnmty between Kussiaand Swctien 1759, and Denmark 1760. It is often partially frozen. (,"harles X. of Sweden, with an army, crossed the Belts in 1658, and tlie Russians pa<i»(l from Finland to Sweden on the i«'e in 1809.

BALTIC cxPRnmoNR. , the Baltic in £Dglii«h i<bii« of wur. in prc-

Ajtiuat Prnu.nrl'. Bee Armed Nevtrality —I. scnce of the ompuror . isJulv, 1854

Untier lord Sebum and admiral Parker, Co- (Capture of BomarKuud, one of the Aland U-

p«,nh:ii^-n wuH b<:mljarded, and twenty-eight landft, and Hurrviider of the garriM>n ; fcc

s^il of the liauinh flc«t taken or dcHtroyed, Bomartutid 16 Amk. „

2 April, 1801 English and French fleets return homewunl to

:*. Under adrnirdl Gambler and lord Cathcart, winter 15 Oct. ,,

ei^ht«,-cn sail of the line, fifteen frigat«t>, and ' end expedition nailed . 20 March — 4 April, 1855

thirty-/ine brigs and giuiboats surrendered to It conAititcd of 85 English 8hips fsoqS guuit).

commanded by admiral R. 8. Dundoa, and 16 French ahipM (408 guun), imder Hdmind Pemand.

the British 36 July, 1807

A;.vi7t*t Etusia.—l. The British fleet, c*>m-

ui.indcd by idr Charles Napier, sailed from

Sftithead in presence of the queen, who led it 1 Throe vesKols nilcnccd the RuK8i;ui 1xitt<:ric» :it

out to sea in her yacht, the Fairy, xi March, 1854 U(wland island .... ai July, „ It arrived in Wing>j Bound, 15 March ; and in The fleet proceeded towards Cronntadt. Many

the Baltic 20 March, ,, I infernal machincti* were diACOvercd. Svua-

Tlie ^'^U/ of Finland blockade<i . 13 April, „ I borg was attacked (see ^pea^rp) . 9 Aug. „ 10.000 French tnyrps embarked at Calais for Shortly after the fleet returned to England.

BALTIMORE, a maritime city in Maryland, United States, founded in 1729. On 12 Sept. 1 814. the British army under col. Kofls advanced against this place. He was killed in a skirmish ; and the command was a8.sumed hy coh Brooke, who attacked and routed the American army, which lost 600 killed and wounded and 300 prisoners. The projected attack on the town was however abandoned. Alison. See United StcUes, 1861.

BAMBERG (Bavaria), said to have been founded by Saxons, in 804, and endowed with a chnrch by Charlemagne. It was made a bishopric in 1007, and the bishop was a prince of the empire till the treaty of Luneville, 1801, wnen Bamberg was seculariseu. It was incor-

* These were cones of gnlvaniscd iron, z6 inches in diameter, and 90 inches long. Each cont;uned Q or 10 lb. of porwder, with apparatus for firing by sulphturic acid. Little damage was done by them. They were aaia to be the inTenuon of the ph{l(NK)phor JacoM.

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" Haydn's Dictionary of Dates."

To Mr.

Bookseller.

Please forward me on the day of publication, as under,

And oblige,

Your obedient servant,

Cop "Haydn's Dictionary of Dates," cloth, at \Zs.

Cop ditto, HALF-BOUND CALF, at 215.

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Cop ditto, WHOLE-BOUND MOROCCO, at 3 2 J.

tktio.s

' V^ Aatbatli Bibtaiit; »c!iwl

ANDOVER-HARVARD THEOLOGICAL LIBRARY

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

'»

specimen Pages, Prospectus, & Opinions of the Press

HAYDN'S

Dictionary of Dates

COMPREHENDING

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, ANCIENT AND MODERN,

THE FOUNDATION, LAWS, AND GOVERNMENTS OF COUNTRIES — ^THEIR -PROGRESS IN ARTS, SCIENCE, AMD LITERATURE — THEIR ACJilEVEMENTS IN ARMS— AND THEIR CIVIL, MILITARY, RELIGIOUS, AND PHlLAI^'fftROPIC . INSTITUTIONS, PARTICULARLY OF

THE BRITISH EMP

IRk.

NEW EDITION, BEINa THE THIRTEENTH.

.!•:

*•

1868.

) '.

NEARLY READY. The Thirteenth and greatly enlarged and revised edition of

HAYDN'S

Dictionary of Dates

RELATING TO ALL ACES AND NATIONS ;

UNIVERSAL REFERENCE.

THIRTEENTH EDITION, CORRECTED TO JUNE. iBM.

By benjamin VINCENT,

LONDON ; EDWARD MOXON AND CO., DOVER STREET.

AUSTRIA.

Is 800^ Cliarlemagne, who had added to his hereditaiy dominionB the greater part of Oennany and Italy, and a portion of Spam, received, from pope Leo III., the imperial crown with the revived titles of Cesar and Emperor of Borne. He was succeeded by eight emperors of his family, the last of whom, Louis lY., died in 912. Conrad, duke of Franconia, was then elected emperor, and the imperial crown remained elective until the dissolution of the German empire in 1806. Although the emperors were elected, they succeeded each other, with few exceptions, by dynasties. Thus, after the death of Conrad, Henry, sumamed the Fowler, duke of Saxony, was elected, whose successors, Otho I., Otho II., Otho III., and Henry IL were also his descen- dants. After Henry TL came Conrad of Franconia, said to have been descended from Otho I., who was followed by his son Henry III., his grandson Henry IV., and his great grandson Henry V. Conrad of Suabia was next elected in 1 125. He was the son of Agnes, daughter of Henry lY., and of Frederick, count of Hohenstaufen, who was created duke of Suabia. His famOy gave six emperors, and reigned till 1269. Then succeeded the famous Kodolph of Hape- btirg, whose descendant — ^through the female line of Maria Theresa^ who married Francis L, duke of Lorraine — now reigns in Austria.

In 1806, after Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Baden, Hesse Darmstadt, Nassau, and several other States were formed into the Confederation of the Bhine, the Emperor Francis resigned the title of Emperor of Germany, and took that of Emperor of Austria.

The Confederation of the Bhine lasted till 1813. In 181 5, the congress of Vienna established the Germanic Confederation, composed of all the independent States of Germany. At the Diet of this confederation, which held its sittings at Frankf orton-the-Main, Austria presided and held a casting vote.

The Germanic Confederation was overthrown by Prussia in the war of 1866, and the North Gennan Confederation was afterwards formed, under the lead of Prussia. The official name for the Austrian dominions, adopted since Nov. 14, 1868, is " Austro-Hungarian Monarchy."

TbjlSCIS Jobeph (Charles) I., emperor of Austria^ king of Hungary, of Bohemia, &a, eldest son of the archduke Frands Charles Joseph, and of the archduchess Sophia Frederica Dorothy Wilhelmina, daughter of MaTiTnilian I., king of Bavaria^ was bom August 18, 1830.

His education was carefully attended to, and he is said to be well acquainted with all the languages spoken in his dominions. Jn 1848, when the existence of the empire was threatened by the insurrection in Hungary, and the successive risings in Vienna, it was thought that the accession to the throne of a young prince, as yet unconnected with politics, would do much to aQay the discontent which existed throughout the States of Austria. His father accordingly renounced his claim to the throne, and the Emperor Ferdinand I., his uncle, who was without chOdren, abdicated in his favour, Dec. 2, 1848.

The commencement of his reign was beset with difficulties. The Italian provinces, supported by Sardinia, were in open revolt, and Hungary had constituted itself a republic imder Kossuth. The Italian insurrection was soon quelled by the decisive victory gained by general Badetski at Xovara, which compelled Sardinia to sue for peace and pay the expenses of the war. The emperor was then enabled to concentrate his forces against Hungary, and being assisted by a Buasian army, sent by the emperor Nicholas, that kingdom was after a very short time brought to submisBion.

Having regained all his dominions by the capitulation of Venice, the emperor sought to re- oorer the various prerogatives which had been relinquished, in 1848, by his predecessor. He disbanded the national guard, abolished the liberty of the press, and annulled the constitution, which he himself had granted to his subjects, in March, 1849. In order, as much as possible, to oentialize his power, he abolished the customs dues between the German provinces of his

AUSTRIA.

empire, and those of Hungary aod Italy. In 1855, he signed a concordat with the pope, by which the clergy acquired many important privileges ; among others, the right of controlling the press and superintending public education. When hostilities broke out between Turkey and Bussia he joined the Western Powers in the treaty of alliance of Dec. 2, 1854, but never took an active part in the war. In 1859, when Sardinia entered into alliance with France for the liberation of Lombardy and Venice, he sustained a series of reverses, ending in the loss of the battle of Solferino, at which he was present, which compelled his army to abandon the whole of Lombardy and retire to Yenetia. He then signed the treaty of Yillafranca, by which Yenetia was guaranteed to him. In the following year, troubles again arose in Hungary and the Venetian territories, which induced him to re-establish the ancient constitutiouB of Hungary, Croatia and Transylvania, and at the same time to concentrate a powerful force in Yenice, to oppose the movement for Italian unity, which had triumphed in the greater part of the Peninsula. In 1864, he joined Prussia, in the expedition against Denmark to enforce the views of the German Confederation, with regard to the duchies of Sleswig and Holstein, and a dispute having arisen between Austria and Prussia, in consequence of the appropriation of Holstein by Prussia, an offensive and defensive alliance was entered into between the last named country and Italy, by which it was arranged that in the event of Austria's not acceding to the demands of Prussia to disarm, each should attack her at the same moment. Austria, in the war of seven weeks which followed, being thus obliged to divide her forces, found herself at an immense disadvantage ; she, nevertheless, gained a signal victory over the Italians at Custozza, and the Austrian fleet greatly distinguished itself at Lissa; she was, however, unable to resist Prussia and her allies — whose strength, both materially and morally, was greatly increased by the needle gun, and, after several reverses, sustained a decisive defeat at Sadowa. It was then that the emperor gave up the Venetian territory to the Emperor of the French, who at once entered into negotia- tions with Prussia, which resulted in the treaty of peace concluded at Prague, Aug. 23, 1866, by which the emperor of Austria agreed to recognise a new formation of Germany, in which Austria should take no part ; and in that between Austria and Italy, by which Yenetia was ceded to the latter conntry.

The emperor married, April 24, 1854, Elizabeth Amelia Eugenie, the daughter of I^Iaximilian Joseph, duke in Bavaria, and has issue : —

1. Gisella Lomsa Mary, 6. July 12, 1856.

2. Rodolph Francis Charies Joseph, b. Aug. 21, 1858.

3. Mary Matilda Valeria Amelia^ h, April 22, 1868.

EMPERORS OF GERMANY.

House or Chaklkmaoss.

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BADEN.

Hebman, count of Zahringen and Hochbei^g, a grandson of Berthold who was oonnt of Breisgau in the I ith centniy, having acquired, by marriage, the territory of Baden, combined his ▼arious possessions into one state, and assumed the title of Margrave of Baden. His descendants added considerably to their territory, which, however, was also, from time to time, divided amongst collateral branches of the family. At the death of Christopher in 1547 the Mar- graviate was divided between his two sons, Bemhard and Ernest ; the former inheriting Baden Baden, and the latter becoming founder of the line of Baden Durlach. At the death of Augustus William Greorge in 1771 the line of Baden Baden became extinct, and the territory reverted to Charles Frederick Margrave of Baden Durlach, who became an Elector of the Em* Pire in 1803, and Grand-Dake in 1806. At the congress of Vienna Baden would probably have been shared between Austria and Bavaria, had not the Emperor Alexander, the son* in-law of the Grand-Duke, insisted that it should remain " one and indivisible."

Charles Frederick died in 181 1, and was succeeded by his grandson Charles Louis Frederick, his eldest son, Charles Louis, having died before him. The third Grand-Duke was Louis William Augustus, the second son of Charles Frederick, who was succeeded by lus half-brother, Charles Leopold Frederick.

The present Grand-Duke, Frxdxbick William Louis, is the second son of Charles Leopold Frederick, and was bom, September 9, 1826. At the death of lus father, April 24, 1852, he assumed the government as regent — ^his elder brother, Louis, being unfit to rule in consequence of physical and mental infirmities — and took the title of Grand-Duke, September 5, 1856. On the 7th December 1853 he narrowly escaped assassination. During his reign great contentions have occurred between the government, the religion of which is evangelical, and the Homan Catholic clergy. By a proclamation of April 7, 1860, the Grand-Duke established the inde- pendence of the Boman Catholic Church in his dominions, and the rights of both churches are now equally respected.

He married, on the 20th September 1856, Louisa Mazy Elixabeth, the daughter of William L, king of Prussia, by whom he has issue : —

1. Frederick William Louis Leopold Augustus^ bom July 9, 1857.

2. Sophia Mary Victoria^ bom August 7, 1863.

3. Louis William Charles Frederick Berthold, bom June 12, 1865.

DESCENT OF THE GRAND-DUKES OF BADEN.

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BAVARIA.

The dukedom of Bavaiia was conferred upon Otho the Great, Count of Wittelsbach, ancestor of the present dynasty, by the emperor Frederick Barbarossa in i i8o, and to this was added, in 1 21 5, the palatinate of the Bhine. The duchy was in 1623 raised into an electorate by the emperor Ferdinand II. ; but the territories acquired by the dukes of Bavaria were at various times divided between rival claimants. The Upper Palatinate was again united to Bavaria in 1648, and the palatinate of the Rhine in 1777, when, upon the failure of the direct male line by the death of Maximilian Joseph I., without issue, the electorate of Bavaria devolved u])on the elector palatine Charles Theodore, in accordance with the terms of the treaty of Pavia made in 1329, and con6rmed by the late elector in 1774. The elector, Charles Theodore, died also with- out issue in 1799; and the branch of Sukbach becoming thereby extinct, he was succeeded by Maximilian Joseph, duke of Deux-Ponts, the first sovereign of the reigning branch of the house of Wittelsbach. Bavaria was raised to the rank of a kingdom by the treaty of Pressburg in 1805.

Louis II. (Louis Otho Frederick William), king of Bavaria and count palatine of the Bhine, was bom at the palace of Nymphenburg, near Munich, August 25, 1845. He is the elder of the two sons of the late king, Maximilian II., by the princess Frederica Frances Augusta Mary Hedwiga (who was bom 15 Oct. 1825, and is still living), second daughter of the late prince Frederick William Charles of Prussia. The revolutionary events that agitated so many of the states of Europe in the early part of 1848 having forced upon king Louis I. the necessity for political and administrative reforms that he could not have effected to the satisfaction of his people, owing mainly to the influence acquired over him by the notorious Lola Montes, whom he had created countess of Landsfeld, he had the wisdom to save the crown for his dynasty by abdicating, March 21, in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian Joseph, who occupied the Bavarian throne until his death on March 10, 1864. Ho was succeeded by the reigning sovereign, who had only attained his majority in the preceding year, and had hitherto taken no part in state affairs. Highly endowed by nature, both in mind and body, his education was superintended at first with the greatest care by his mother, and subsequently by count La RoB^ and lieutenant von WUlffen, his classical studies being directed by professor Steininger. He ascended the throne at a time when the questions of the Zollverein and of Schleswig- Holstein were still pending, and Bavaria was endeavouring to constitute herself a mediator, and to rally round her the secondary states of Germany in opposition to the pretensions of Austria and of Prussia. At first the young king evinced an inclination to take the reins of government into his own hands, and showed more decision and capacity for business than had characterised his father. This tendency combined with his affability to render him very popular, and this impression was strengthened by his speech at the opening of the chambers at the commencement of 1865, which was pacific and full of good intentions towards Germany, and in reply to which an address was voted expressive of devotion to his dynasty, and grateful remembrance of the late sovereign. The administration of public affairs still remained in the hands of Herr Von Schrenk, who was replaced before the end of 1864 by Herr Yon der Pfordten, without causing any change in the policy of Bavaria. The first independent act of the new sovereign was to invite to Munich the eminent composer, Kichard Wagner, as well known by his visionary and revolutionaiy opinions as by his musical failures. This event is said to have been caused by the king, having once been much impressed by the performance of Wagner's *' Lohengrin," a romantic opera founded on the legend of the Knight of the Swan, which is connected with the old castle of Hohenschwangau, where king Louis had passed his childhood. This intimacy gave rise to a rumour that the composer, under pretence of instructing the king in music, had introduced to his notice the philosophical works of Bttchner and Feuerbach. AJl parties united to oppose this sinister influence, and an urgent remonstrance having been addressed to the king by the people of Munich, Herr Wagner was dismissed early in 1866. No party has, however, been able to obtain any ascendency over the king, who has since maintained an aknost complete isolation. The vacillation of Bavaria in 1866, in the great conflict for supremacy in Germany between Prussia and Austria, the ultimate alliance of her forces with those of the latter power, and the unfavourable terms of the Bavaro-Prussian treaty of peace, are events of which the responsibility must be considered to rest with his chief minister at that period, Herr Yon der Pfordten, rather than with the sovereign. Herr Yon der Pfordten was replaced at the close of 1866 by the prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst, who still remains at the head of affairs.

Louis II. is as yet unmarried, and rumours have been often circulated that he has a strong inclination to abdicate in favour of his younger brother, the prince Otho William Leopold Adal- bert Waldemar, bom April 27, 1848. The ex-king, Louis I., died at Nice, 29 Feb. 1868, in the eighty-second year of his age.

DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF BAVARIA.

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elMkarLeo- I Smok Coboz^ B^hterof the BUM of thjit As the Mgeiji

sa^tbe gnadDuke w:. ci&ed to leave 1513;. He then re-

in iuk vsej xt ae iJna nni r^a sbl "SK ina. 1 ■*&■««» if Xwwaffw. At «be riait of the iJbevC «r.fBwqcH % an annBj. ^ 3»l m i iimimumil 1^ laiujuuiL Vir^BarifT. aad it wss then ^Uft iit 1*1 aMnoft acinMMWif ^pia.^^ T^anaev C^Ksicat ^«^ok ak m-vtf. Maj ad, 1816,

Ui x^*^ TX TSsmuaa^ le Cimtaams^ tSL -stt ]«pmnap s r$5CL v^k he v^ cffered tiie 'er-.nn *y ^yswau Ebcrzir ?rfM»t am ofiBc W ^a «mk jAeLwjmM mqpatted to accept lau/t. 'Jt }>ii]pnBu 'fnaesL as mc m. ait 12^ -^^7- ^5^ & laaac b «si&nr Kft» Fi ■■wh on the »«L fr-.m -naen. Ofifc ie cbx% tc •[^^S.sac 'z£ » iwbuk. ht ha£ Asxved fesa England, <rng^.'fKriTny -^7 "aac ait C^ggnug aace ahmu£ bt kac to. ix s$ jcl WsDHzaed the Pzinceas I/'.nu* 'jf ^fTjOBM. imocass zi Ijnim RnmoK. jbil n. ait maat jwtr hmsSSIam ««re commenced

t^^M itjn fxsjAii '/'Asswst^ Is w ik:* s£I 1^ icc^ J^c£ xS^ hzwvs. ^at the diffcRnoes t«tv«9n. h^iifpat scd H'-tLsii vn -HiaJTr sss^asi W Tiiaffj. Ix i$33 vsi prannlgated the </vfMUV.^-& 'jf BtJipssL vxka. x imt dL sait maic SSsa^ n fiKcie. Is iwaKvt cml and poll- \i^su*^;iAiJ!ij^ik^nsSai>'£mgaaa3]^'f^ The

'eu^T^if*: y/wner h jiatKid m the samm <£ she Vw^ she si^sdacve pev^K- » cca&ied to tvo cham- t^^ 4r>^.t«d Vj vidft >DK»s9li a2m3« %> ^Esreml adEi^CL Is vsi a^vars the pvateet desire of Kitnc l>t<;^^ L to r=>aear€z^ V- she^rcTTSB^afcf s&» oaaMiDESkmaBi t^ opinion,

vl(ki« h>^ l^ grut tact in aKKxtasdaz. TVe ^oit aeckof SfinJiaes of hit reign w^ne occa- «ir>M^ ivjth^ax^ta^JEaHi^f thetv-ozrcdotpartiea the cathcficasi she Scral^vhidi have divided BeSi^tei. Eadi 4f theK. hj t^nT hat h*d she ammdeKT. aad ther ttOl oontiniie to exist KitS^^icm taawiid thr»;^ the ciisical period of 1S4S vhhc<ct anj «en.»s cumnwCioii, although 0m^ I^Afi n^ikJbeaak iraarritiitaUaBB wm made^ In 1S60 Ti^!Qe roKxin of annexaticm to Ymt^sfi yrAiMfA a immhrr of loral addresMs to the kzn^ aad gaw ne to the Ttohmteer move- SMfKrt tltfy/Qj^hMit the cfMBctaj. The Belgiaa gunemmeat hai entered into treaties of commerce Willi Ynsh/^., Kwitserlaad, the Xetheriaada, ^d Sweden and Xorvaj. Coni^enticns have also \^ifm KnUtr*A iuUf with France and other ouuntiies for the protecticm <ff litaraiy and artistic jpro- y^y, f/7 whUAi htAiptn piracy has been TirtnaDr abolished. lieofuld L died IXeoember lo, I065, kiui Wkn sti/jicit^kd ij his sen Leopold (Ixnm Philip Maria Victor^ IL, who was horn April 9, t^i^ la the ffp««cfa whiA be made to both chamben of the legislataTe on the day of his inau> tf*iraii//n, l)^, 17, 1866, be asid, " I shall rdigioashr foDow the rtample and ptecepts of my Ji^i*(rf I will be a Bdgian from my heart ami sooL I love those great institotions which KnMntiUfts fff^fsr and li\jertr, and whidi are the most soBd bases of the thione." The respect and adrniratf/yn which the kmg has ahrays evinced for parliamentaiy fibotr, have noUy redeemed ihmtj w</rds. In (}€it, 1866 be and his subjects gained great popularity among 'PngKa>im«»n by iJtm r/iatfifi^ic«nt manner in which they received and entertained a large body of RngHah volon- t^Mrfw wTi/i ka^l (('me over to celebrate the anniversaiy of Belgian national independ^ice. In the mUtm visit, tlie foll^/wing year, the Belgian vohmteen were greeted in London with eqiial isr/rdiality ami entbturfasm. Ik^ore his accession to the throne, King Leopold II. traveUed ihrtmt(U Ktfvpt, I>nr«r Nubfa, and Sinai, and is the only reigning sovereign who has ever visited Irylia af«/i rbina. In 1866 he was created a knight of the garter. On the 22d Janua^ 1S69, }m ti%\0TrUftunid <b»efi affliction at the loss of his only son, Uie {wince royal, Leopold, Doke of Jiral/ant, who dif^l after a lingering illness in his tenth year. In Nov. 1869, the king visited l^ifwltrtif WAS <mtertalned liy the Queen, and by the Corporation of London, and received an linmmwM dninitati'm frrmi the OfAcers of the Anny, Navy, and Volunteers, accompanied by the Mayirm of most t)t the cities of (>reat Britain. Leopold IL married (Aug. 22, 1853) Muia Ifmiriiitta Aniie, Arch<lachess of Austria, by whom he has surviving issue, i. Louisa Maria Ainttllft, bf>m Vtth, 18, 1858 ; 2, Btephanie Clotilda Lomsa Herminia Blaria Charlotto, bom

7jw JMrpnmuaptirB l» FbiUp, oonnt of Flanden, brother to the king.

"■

o o

BRAZIL.

Brazil, from its discoyery almost simultaneously by Vicente Yafiez Pinzon and Pedro Alvarei Cabral in 1500, until recent times has been the most important possession of Portugal beyond the seas. Many attempts were made from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century by the French and Dutch to gain a settlement on its coasts, but each alike eventually failed. The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 having compelled the royal house of Braganza to leave that country, they retired to Brazil, and landed there in 180S. In 18 15 Brazil was raised by John YI. to the rank of a kingdom, and his eldest son, Dom Pedro, was left by him as regent upon his return to Portugal in 1821. The speedy recall of the regent by the Cortes at Lisbon brought to a climax the growing discontent of the Brazilians with the Portuguese government, and Dom Pedro was urged to refuse compliance with the orders that he had received. The independence of Brazil was declared in 1822, and Dom Pedro crowned emperor, but these acts were not recognised by Portugal until 1825. Upon the death of king John YI. in 1826, the crown of Portugal devolved upon the emperor Dom Pedro, the two countries thus being again united under the same sovereign. The emperor, however, resigned the Portuguese throne to his daughter. Dona Maria da Gloria, in order that the old discontent with the moth^ country might not be revived. Nevertheless, disputes that arose between the emperor and the Chamber of Deputies, and the disordered state of the national finances, increased the universal dissatisfaction to such an extent that Dom Pedro resolved to abdicate, April 7, 1831, in favour of his infant son, the present emperor. Dom Pedro I. died at Lisbon, September 24, 1834, at the age of thirty-six.

Dom Pedro II. d' Alcantara (John Charles Leopold Salvador Bibiano Francis Xavier de Paul Leocadio Michael Gabriel Raphael Gonzaga), Emperor of Brazil, only son of the emperor Dom Pedro I., and his first wife, the empress Maria Leopoldina Caroline Josephine, second daughter of Francis I., Emperor of Austria, was bom at Kio Janeiro, December 2, 1825. He ascended the throne in accordance with the act of abdication of his father, signed at Boavista, April 7, 1 83 1, under the guardianship of the celebrated Jos^ Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. I'he affairs of the empire were directed by a council of regency of three persons until October 1835, when Diogo Antonio Feijo became sole regent. He was replaced in September 1837 by Pedro de Araujo Lima, afterwards marquess of Olinda, who held the office until the majority of the young emperor, which was fixed for the completion of his eighteenth year. His aptitude for business and his popularity were, however, so great that he was declared of age by the Chambers, .July 23, 1840. He accordingly assimied the reins of government, and his coronation took place July 18, 1841. His highly cultivated abilities and varied attainments bear ample testimony to the care with which his education was directed by the eminent statesman who was his guardian. The chief measures of his reign have been directed with much success to the increase of the commercial and agricultural prosperity of Brazil, and to the extinction of slavery throughout the empire. He is also a warm patron of science, literature, and of all industrial enters prises. The wreck and plunder of the British ship * ' Prince of Wales " in 1 86 1 , at Albard&o, on the coast of Brazil, and the murder of som^ of the crew, led to reprisals on the part of the British, and eventaally, in 1863, to a suspension of diplomatic intercourse between the two coimtries, which was not resumed until more than two years after. The decision of the late king of the Belgians in favour of Brazil, in further disputes that arose with Great Britain out of this affair, tended greatly to establish the Brazilian prestige in Europe. The war with Kosas, the dictator of Buenos Ayres, in 1851-52, and that which broke out with Paraguay at the close of 1864, in which Brazil has been allied with Uruguay and the Argentine Confederation, and which has lasted with progressive fortune to the present time, have still further extended the influ- ence of the Empire, the Emperor himself leading the army against the forces of Lopez, but latterly it has been under the command of the count of Eu. The actual President of the ministry is the Yiscount de Itaborahy.

Dom Pedro II. married in person, September 4, 1843, the princess Thebesa Christina Maria, fourth daughter of the late Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. The empress was bom March 14, 1822, and has had issue, besides two sons who died in infancy, two daughters : —

1. The Princess Imperial Dona Isabella Christina Leopoldina Augusta Michaella Gabriella

Kaphaella Gonzaga, bom July 29, 1846, and married at Bio Janeiro, October 15, 1864, to Louis Philip Ms^ Ferdinand Gaston of Orleans, count of Eu, (bom April 28, 1842,) eldest son of Louis, duke of Nemours, and grandson of Louis Philippe, late king of the French. She is the heiress presumptive to the throne.

2. Princess Dona Leopoldina Theresa Frances Caroline Michaella Gabriella Kaphaella

Gonzaga, bom July 13, 1847, and married December 15, 1864, to prince Louis Augustus

Maria Eudes of Saxe-Coburg-Cohaiy, (bom August 9, 1845,) s^coi^d son of prince

Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-CohaxT, and grandson of Louis Philippe, late king of the

. French, by whom she has issue three sons, Pedro, bom March 19, 1866, Augustus, bom

JDeoember 6, 1867, and JasS, bom May 21, 1869.

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BRUNSWICK.

The founder of the familj of Bninswick is generally considered to be Albert A2Z0, margrave of Este, ^ho, towards the end of the eleventh century, married Cunigunda, a daughter of Cruelph of the family of the counts of Altdorf. His son, Guelph I., acquired the dukedom of Bavari% and inherited aU the possessions of the Guelph family. His successors continued to add to their - territory, principally by their alliances, until their dominions reached from Italy to the Baltic The great grandson of Guelph L, Henry the Lion, however was deprived of Bavaria, Saxooy, Austria, and other possessions by ban of the empire, in 1179, for having seized Holstein and Mecklenburg, and was allowed to retain only Luneburg, Kalenberg, Gottingen, Grubenhagen, and Brunswick Wolf enbutteL Otto, the grandson of Heniy the lion, was the first to receive the title of Duke of Brunswick.* At his death, his possessions were divided between his two sons Albert and John, but became united again, under Magnus II., in consequence of the ex- tinction of the line founded by John. Magnus left four sons, of whom Frederick, his immediate successor, became Emperor of Grermany ; Bernard continued the main line, and Henry founded the intermediate line of Brunswick, which became extinct in 1634. Ernest, a descendant of Bernard, inherited Brunswick and Lunebtirg. His eldest son Heniy, duke of Luneburg Danneburg, founded the line of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, and William, his younger son, that of Brunswick Luneburg. The great grandson of the latter, Greorge Louis, became king of England in 17 14.

At the death of Augustus, the son of Heniy, the line of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, was divided into two branches. Ferdinand Albert, the son of Augustus, inherited the duchy of Bevem, and founded the line of that name, and his nephews, Augustus William and Louis Rodolphu% dying without male issue, he succeeded to their title and reunited the territory. During the reign of his great grandson Charles William Ferdinand, who was killed at the battle of Auerstadt, Brunswick was occupied by the French, and taken to form the kingdom of Westphalia^ Frederick William, son of the last mentioned, a general in the English service, distinguished himself greatly in the war against France, at the head of 7,000 of his own troops, including his celebrated regiment of Hussars, the Black Brunswickers. In 1 81 3, he was enabled to assume the government of his dominions, but at the retiun of Napoleon from Elba, again took the field, and was killed at Quatre Bras, June 16, 181 5, leaving two sons to the guardianship of their uncle, the Prince Kegent of England, afterwards George lY.

Charles (Frederick Augustus William) the elder, was bom October 30, 1804, and Augustus Louis William Maximilian Frederick, April 25, 1806. Their infancy was passed in exile ; first, in Sweden, with their mother, afterwards at Baden and Vienna, and ultimately in Eng- land. At the death of their father, Charles succeeded to the duchy, which was governed during his minority, by Count Milnster, the regent's minister at Hanover. He was declared of age, in October, 1823, and, two years afterwards, ruled in person. During his seven years' reign he was constantly at variance with his uncle, George IV. of England, as to the disposal of his private fortune. Finally, by what Prince Mettemich termed a "revolution de famille," he was forced to quit his duchy, and further declared incapable of reigning by the Crermanio Diet. His brother, who was then at Berlin, immediately assumed the government, and was re* cognised by the Diet and by his family, as the legal successor, April 25, 183 1. His rule, at first, did not give entire satisfation, but, in 1848 and 1849, he established trial by juiy, the equality of all religions before the law, liberty of the press, and various other liberal measurea^ which had probably the effect of preventing a revolution in his dominions, during that critical period.

Neither the reigning duke nor his brother has issue, and at their death the duchy would have reverted to the house of Hanovw, had not that family been deprived of its tenitories. Brunswick now f onna part of the North German Confederation.

DESCENT OF THE DUKES OF BRUNSWICK.

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DENMARK.

The ancie&i kmgdbmf of Domiaik, Xorvmr, and Sweden, woe united hj the treaty or imioa of Calmar in 1597 under qoeen Mai^^vet, «1k> ha« been iljrled the Senuramis of the North, and this union continued until Sweden, led br GustaTus Vasa in 1521, enforced its separation from the two other kingdoma. In 144S the late rojral houM of Oldmbnig ascended the throne in the penon of Christian, count of Oldenburg; who was also elected count of Holstein and dake of Schkswig in 1459. His deacendants were elected kings without intenmnion until 1665, when Freiierick IIL changed the electrre into an hcteditanr and absolute monarchy Tested in hii own familj. Norway remained annexed to Denmark until 1814, when it was ceded to Sweden by the treaty d Kiel in exchange for Pomerania and Kiigen, idiich were again ex- changed in 1815 with Prosria for the duchy of Lanenbnig. The Oldenburg dynasty was ter- minated by the death without issue of king Frederick VlL, November 15, 1863, when the crown devolved upon the reigning sovereign by virtue of the Protocol of Warsaw, May 24 — June 5, 1 85 1, and of the conference-protocol conduded in London, May 8, 1852, by the great Enrofiean powers, and following the law of the Danish succession passed July 31, 1 853, by which the throne was settled in the line of Schkswig-Holrtein-Sonderbnrg-Gliicksburg.

Chblstiax IX., King of Denmark, of the Vandals and of the Goths, duke oi Slesvig, Holstein, Stormanken, Ditmarsken. Lanenborg, and Oldenborg. is the fourth son of the late duke Frede- rick William Paul Leopold of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glncksburg, by the duchess Louisa Caroline, daughter of the landgrave Charies of Hesse-CasseL He was bom at the castle of Luisenlund near Schleswig, April 8, 1S18, and for some time occupied the post of inspector- general and c^/mmander-in-chicdF of the Danish cavalry. When the insurrection broke out in the duchies in 1848, he was the only prince of the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glticks- burg who remained in the military service of Denmark during the war of i848-5a He ascended the throne in accordance with the above-mentioned acts upon the decease of king Frederick VII., November 15, 1863, at a time when the relations between Deimiark and the Duchies had asinimed a m<^ critical aspect. His first act was to give his assent to the new constitution that luyl been passed by the rigsraad. Duke Frederick of Schleswig-Hoktein-Sonderbuig- Augustenburg immediately asserted his claims to the sovereignty of the duchies, although his father duke Christian had renounced in favour of Denmark, December 30, 1852, all his rights to them for a compensation of 3,500,000 dollars. The aspect of affairs was thtis com- pletely changed, and the diet of the Germanic Confederation resolved to support the preten- sions of duke Frederick. Federal execution was decreed at Frankfort, December 21, 1863, and the Saxon and Hanoverian troops entered Altona. The Danes thereupon retired from Holiftein in order to avoid a collision with the federal army. Dissensions, however, arose be- tween Austria and Prussia and the rest of the Germanic Confederation, and resulted in an alliance of the former powers to secure to themselves the entire direction of the war in oppo- sition to the wishes of the Diet, llie Austrian and Prussian troops occupied Holstein, and invaded Schleswig after overcoming by mere force of numbers the heroic defence of the Danes. An eventful campaign ensued for the possession of the duchies, and after many desperate con- tests the decisive assault by the allies of the fortifications of DUppel, the bombardment of Alsen, and the occupation of Jutland, led to the termination of hostilities by a treaty of peace signed at Vienna, October 30, 1864. By this treaty the king of Denmark renounced aU his rights to the duchies of ScUeswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, and placed them at the disposal of the allies. He also consented to a rectification of the Danish frontier, and to the indenmification by the duchies of the allies for the expenses incurred by them during the war. The inhabitants of the duchies were accordingly released from their allegiance, November 16, 1864.

The only subsequent events of importance have been the new constitution, sanctioned by the king in July 1866, and the treaty for sale of the Danish West Indian islands of St. Thomas and St. John to the United States in October 1867 for ;f 1,500,000, which, however, has not been as yet ratified by the latter power. The now presidcoit of the misistiy is the count Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs do IfVijsenborg.

King C*hristian married. May 26, 1842, Louise Wilhelmine Frederikke Caroline Auguste Julie, princess of Fressen-Cassel, daufsrhter of the late landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel, and of the

Srincess Louise Charlotte of Denmark, sister of king Christian VIII. The queen was bom «ptember 7, 181 7, and has issue : — J. The Crown Prince Christian Frederih William Carl, general, heir-appaient to the throne, bom June 3, 1843. He married, July 28, 1869, the princess Louisa, only child of C/harles XV., king of Sweden and Norway, who was bom October 31, 1 851.

2. Princess Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julie, bom December I, 1844, and

marrie<l March 10, 1863, to Albert Edward^ prince of Wales.

3. Prince Christian Wilhdm Ferdinand Adolph Georg, bom December 24, 1845, now King

Georg I. of the Hellenes.

4. Princess Maria Sophia Frederikke Darfmar^ bom November 26, 1847, now grandduchess

Maria Feodorovna. Married, November 9, 1866, Alexander Alexandrovitdi, czarevitch

of JiUM^tL

/Princeu Tkyra AmallM Caroline Charlotte Anna) bom September 29, 1853. PrinoeValdemar, hom October 27, 1858.

DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF DENMARK.

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EGYPT.

EoTPT, which liAd been nnder the lOTeralgiitjr of th« Bot^ffeSh or CIkusIaii Hunelnkes rince 1382, wm talun lij Sellxn I., Soltoa of the Turks, in 1517. It then became trllrataxy to Turkey, and was governed hj Mame- luke beys under a pacha, appointed bj the sultan, till the French invasion of 1799. The French baring be«i dlspoesessed in x8ox by the English, the Turkish government was restored. Mehemet Alt a man of humUa <MrIgin, who had been raised to Ugh command in the Turkish armj, was at that time with his corpe of Albanians at Cairo, and became popular on account of the strict discipline and order which he maintained among his own troops, whose behaviour contrasted favourably with that of the Mamelukes, who had rendered themselves odious bj numerous acts of violence. Having been proclaimed pacha in 1804, Mehemet All refused the dignity, which was then conferred on Khurshed. The latter, however, in a short period, becam* detested on account of his exactions, and then Mehemet Ali declared against him, and, with the support oi the sheiks and backed hj the interest of France, was appointed to the Pashalic of IRgypt hj the Sultan in 1806. The first few years of his reign were passed in contentions with the Mamelukes, whose power, however, h« effectually subdued by the massacre of their chiefs in 181 x. Having overcome opposition in Egypt, the effort! of Mehemet Ali were directed to the accomplishment of a scheme for emancipating himself from the yoke of Turkey ; and in 1830 a circumstance occurred which served him, as a pretext, for setting the authority of his aovereign at defiance. Several thousand feUahs had quitted Egypt, and settled at Acre. On the refusal of Abdallah, the Pasha of that dty, to give them up, Mehemet Ali sent an expedition, under the command of his reputed son, Ibrahim, to enforce his demands. This expedition, on account of a serious outbreak of cholera, did not start till the following year, when Syria was invaded, and the towns of Oasa, Jaffa, and CaYffa soon surrendered. Acre resisted longer and made a heroic defence, but was, at length, taken by assault after a six months' siege. The invasion of Syria being a clear act of rebellion, the Sultan decreed the deposition of th« viceroy and his son, and sent an army against theuL The Turks were defeated at Homs (EmesaX 19th July, 1833, and again at Konieh, December 20, X833, when the forces of the Sultan were so completely shattered that the empire itself was, for a moment, at the mercy of the conqueror. The principal European powers then intervened and matters were arranged, for a time, by the treaty of Kutahieh, May 14, 1833, Syria remaining in the possession of Ibrahim. The systematic evasion, on the part of the Pacha, of all obligaUoni entered into between the Porte and other countries, especially England and Austria, oompeUed the Sultan, la order to maintain good relations abroad, to enforce his authority by arms. He was again unsuccessful In the field (June 34, 1839), and had the further mortification of seeing the Turkish admiral pass over, with his fleet, to the enemy, (July 14, 1839). The triumph of the Pacha then seemed complete. Negotiations were attempted by the principal powers, but France, whose influence had always been paramount with the Pacha, oould not be brought to countenance any measures of coercion against him. England, Austria, Prussia, and Bussia, therefore, signed the treaty of London, without France, and began operations immediately. Sidon, Beyrout, and Acre were captured, and the Egyptians were driven out of Syria. On the other hand, the Sultan was prevailed upon by the powers to make the Pachalic of Egypt hereditaxy in the family of Mehemet AIL

Mehemet Ali abdicated in favour of his adopted son Ibrahim in Sept 1848, and died Aug. s, 1849. Ibrahim reigned only a few months, dying Nov. 10, 1848. The successors of Ibrahim were Abbas, the son of Tussua Bey, Mehemet's eldest son, who died, July 14, 1854 ; Said, the fourth son of Mehemet, who died, Jan. 18, Z863.

Ismail Pacha, the present 'Viceroy, who has assumed the title of Khedive, is the second son of Ibrahim, and was bom at Cairo in the year of the Hegira xa48, (1833X He was educated with his eldest brother, Ahmed Bifaat. at the Staff College at Paris. On his return to Egypt in 1849, he joined the party then opposed to the Viceroy Abbas. In 1855, he was sent by his uncle, Mohammed Said, on a confidential mission to the oourt of Fnnce, and on his return, through Italy, visited the Pope, to whom he was the bearer of an auto- graph letter of the Viceroy, accompanied by magnificent presents. In the absence of SaSd from Egypt in x86x, he carried on the government, and at the end of the same year took command of an army sent to subdue some revolted tribes on the frontiers.

He succeeded to the pachalic at the death of his uncle SaSd, on the x8th January, X863. One of his first caret was to promote the cultivation of cotton, the supply of which had become very much diminished in conse- quence of the American dvil war. In Nov. 1866, he estabUshed an Assembly of Deputies, which, however, has the power of discussing such subjects only as the Viceroy chooses to lay before it. The policy of the Viceroy, which, in accordance with that of his family, seems to be directed to the ultimate emancipation of Egypt from the sovereignty of the Porte, lately threatened to cause a rupture between him and his suserain. He has. however, thought proper to accept the conditions set forth in a late firman of the Sultan, requiring that all taxes should be levied in the Sultan's name, that no new taxes should be imposed without necessity, and that no new foreign loan should be contracted without the Sultan's authorisation. He has also intimated his willingness to surrender to the Porte the breech-loaders and iron-clads which had been ordered by him.

The reign of Ismail Pacha will be remembered in connection with the completion, in X869, of the canal through the Isthmus of Sues ; a work commenced in 1859, during the pachalio of Said, and carried through, with indomitable energy and perseverance, by its projector, M. Ferdinand de Lesseps, now Duke of Sues, la spite of considerable opposition from various quarters, as well as from the present Viceroy himself, at the beginning of his reign. Should the canal be able to retain a sufficient depth of water. It will greatly facilitate traflio betwem ttie Aann of the Mediteiraneaa and countries on the Indian ocean.

SUCCESSION OF THE VICEROYS OF EGYPT.

i.BAa,mk

fcBKAn.tamUB.

FRANCE LEGITIMIST.

Hbkbt rV., the first prince of the house of Bourbon, who reigned in Prance, came to the throne in August 1589, when the family of Valois became extinct at the death of Henry UL The Bourbons reigned without interruption until 1791, when Louis XVI., the fifth soyereign of the line, was deposed during the revolution, Jan. 20, 1793, and subsequently executed.

In 1814 the dynasty was restored for a short period in the person of Louis XYIII., who wa^ however, obliged to leave France on the return of Napoleon from Elba, but was brought back again by the allies after the battle of Waterloo in 1815. At his death, in 1824, he was suo- oeeded by his brother, Charles X., who reigned till July 1830, when, in consequence of the ordinances which he issued, suppressing the liberty of the press, and reconstituting the Chamber of Deputies, a revolution took place in Paris, which ended in the expulsion of the elder branch of the Bourbon family from the oountiy.

Henry Charles Ferdinand Maria Dieudonn^ d'Artois, duke of Bordeaux, and count of Chambord, (Henry Y. of France), the representative of the elder branch of the house of Bour- bon, was bom at Paris on the 29th of September 1820. He is the son of Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, duke of Berry, who was assassinated, Feb. 13, 1820^ and of Caroline Ferdinanda Louisa, daughter of Francis I., king of Naples, now the widow of the Marquis Luochesi Palli Campo PignAtelli.

After the revolution of July 1830, his uncle, the Duke of Angouldme, having renounced his rights to the throne as eldest son of Charles X., the latter abdicated in his favour, and he was prodaamed King oi France, under the name of Henry the Fifth, in the presence of the troops assembled at Rambouillet. His reign, however, never had any practical existence, and he accompanied his family into exile.

For the next six years he resided by turns at Holyrood House, Prague, and Groritz, after which he spent a few years in visiting the military establishments of the principal countries of Europe, in most of which he was treated with honours which are usually only paid to de facto sovereigns. At the end of 1843 he settled for a time in London at a house in Belgrave Square, where he established his court, and received the homage of the principal members of the legiti- mist party.

Not having thought proper to take any active measures to advance his cause, when the revolu- tion of February 1848 drove Louis Philippe from the throne, the political acts of the Duke of Bordeaux have been limited principally to declarations in favour of the temporal power of the Pope, to keeping together the members of the legitimate party, and to endeavouring to effect a union with the Orleans branch of his family, in order that his prospects may be the better should circumstances ever arise in his favour.

On ate 1 6th November 1846, he married Maria Theresa Beatrix Gkietana, the eldest daughter of the Dtike of ModeoA, and up to the present time (Nov. 1869) has no ohildreD.

rEANCE-LEGITlMIST.

FRANCE IMPERIAL.

The vast empire of Charlemagne, incloding not only the ancient Franoonia, but likewise Saxony, Upper Italy, Spain, and Burgundy, became dismembered during the feeble reign of his son and successor, Louis le Debonnaire, and the Carlovingian dynasty came to an end with the deatli of Louis the Lidolent in 987. Hugues Capet was thereupon elected king by the nobles, and the crown remained in his family until the decease of Charles IV. in 1328, when it passed to the house of Valois in the person of Philip YL, and continued in that line until the aHSftasinatici of Henry III. in 1589. Henry, king of Navarre, then ascended the throne and established tfafl dynasty of the Bourbons, who reigned until overthrown by the Revolution of 1792. The Be< public was then constituted, but was virtually terminated by the appointment of Ni^poleon Bom^Murte as first consul in 1799. The empire was proclaimed May 18, 1804, and finally ended with the abdication of Napolecm I., June 22, 181 5. The restoration of the Bourbon dynasty followed, but was of short duration, for on the 30th of July, 1830, Charles X. was deposed, and the succession transferred to the younger bnmch of the Bourbons, the house of Orleans. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, was raised to the throne, August 9, 1830, and occupied it until February 24, 1848, when he was compelled to abdicate. France was then declared a Bepublic, and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president, which office he held until Decembsr 2, 1852, when he was proclaimed emperor.

Napolbon m., (Charles Louis Napoleon), Emperor of the French, is the third son of Louis Bonar parte, sometime king of Holland, brother of the emperor Napoleon I., by his wife Eug^e Hop* tense de Beauhamais, daughter of the empress Josephine by her first marriage. He was bom at the palace of his mother, rue Cerute (now Lafitte), April 20, 1808, and was baptized by cardinal Fesch at the palace of Fontainebleau, November 10, 18 10, the emperor Napoleon and the empress Maria Louisa being sponsors. At the age of seven commenced his training in the school of adver- sity, when he left France as an exile. His education was most carefully conducted by his mother, and he went through the usual curriculum at the gymnasiimi of Augsburg. In 1824 they fixed their residence at Arenenbergon the lake of Constance, and he became an officer in the federal army. After having been engaged, in 1830, in the vain effort of the Italians to regain their independ- ence, he resolved on making at Strasbouzg, October 30, 1836, the rash attempt to gain possession of the throne of France. The affair proved a miserable failure, and he was arrested and exiled to America. He however soon returned to England, and on the 6th of August, 1840, made a second descent upon the French coast near Boulogne, but was again captured and sentenced to imprisonment for life. Sent to the fortress of Ham, he remained there until May 25, 1846, when he succeeded in effecting his escape to England in the disguise of a carpenter. Here he resided until the revolutbn of 1848 broke out, when he was elected a member of the National Assembly. This honour he at first declined ; but upon being afterwards re-elected, he accepted the poeitbn, and took his seat on the 26th of September. The choice of a president of the Bepublic ensued on the lOth of December, and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected by an overwhelming majority. On the 2d of December, 1851, by a coup-dHitai he dissolved the National Assembly and decreed universal suffrage, and on the 22d of the same month was elected presi- dent for ten years. The re-establishment of the empire in the person and family of the prince- president was voted by the senate, November 7, 1852, and this being fully ratified by the voice of the nation, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed emperor, December 2, 1852, by the titla of Napoleoa III. The maniage of the emperor with Mademoiselle de Montijo, countess ol

FRANCE IMPERIAL,

ok place JanuAzy 29, 1853, In November of which year an attenqit was made to .e emperor. The Crimean war, in which France and England were allied with Turkey EUiana^ commenced in March 1854, and after many glorious victories was ended by the f Paris in March 1856. In April 1855, the emperor and empress visited London, r in the same year two attempts were made upon the life of the emperor. Besides M assassination was attempted by Orsini and his accomplices in January 1858, as he 3g to the opera. The Italian war arose in May 1859, and France entered into an with Sardinia against Austria. The emperor himself took the command of the French rooghont the campaign, and defeated the Austrians at the battle of Magenta^ June 4^ in at Solferino, June 24. Peace was agreed to at Villa Franca, July 12, and the returned to Paris, the empress having been left regent during his absence. The anneza- avoy and Nice, March 24, i860, formed a sequel to the war, and in February the greatest he principality of Monaco was purchased for four million francs. War was declared Mexico, April 16, 1862, of which the only result was the placing of the unfortunate ) MazimiHan upon the throne of that countiy. The convention with Italy for the on. of Home was concluded September 15, 1864, in accordance with which the French ft the Holy City in December 1865, but were at a later period compelled by unforeseen 3 return. During these eventful years the emperor has been aided by many trusted among whom may be named the count Walewski, the duke de Momy, the duke de % and M. Rouher, who was minister of state from October 1863 until July 1869, when led in consequence of the adoption by the emperor of reforms demanded by the liberal ' of the legislative assembly. M. Roidier however still remained the chief adviser of the until December 1869, when a liberal cabinet was formed under the presidency of M. nivicr.

g the long years of his exile, as well as since his accession, the emperor Napoleon has ich devoted to the study of history, and of military and engineering science. His ies politiques," published in 1832, " Id^ Napol^niennes," 1 839, " Fragments his- , on Comparaison des Revolutions de 1688 et 1830," 1841, and " Etudes sur le Pass^ et • de r Artillerie," 1846-63, his ** Melanges," collected and republished in his " (Euvres," id lastly, his " Histoire de Jules C^sar," 1865-66, the two volumes of which already ave been translated into several European languages — ^all bear indubitable testimony «at i^nlity and profound knowledge of lustorical events.

mperor married, January 29, 1853, Marie EuG^ims de Monti jo de Guzman y Porto- countess of Teba, second daughter of Manoel, count of Montijo and of Teba, and Peneranda. She was bom at Granada, May 5, 1826, and has one son, the Prince Napoleon Eugene Louis John Joseph, who was bom at the palace of tiie Toileries, 5, 1856.

FRANCE-IMPERIAL.

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FRANCE ORLEANIST.

The OrleanB dynasty in France lasted from the oyerthrow of Charles X. in July 1830^ to thftt of Louis Phillippe on the 24th of February 1848.

Louis Philippe Albert d'Orleans, count of Paris, representative of the Orleans branch of the house of Bourbon, is the eldest son of Ferdinand Philip Louis Charles Henry Joseph, duke of Orleans, eldest son of King Louis Philip, and of Helena Louisa Elizabeth, daughter of Frede- rick Louis, Prince of Mecklenburg Schwerin, and was bom August 24, 1838. His father had always been a favourite with the French people. He had been educated at Qie College of Louis le Grand, like the son of a private gentleman, and had carried off prizes without a suspidon having ever arisen of his having gained them except by merit. He had afterwards distinguished himself in two campaigns in A&ica, and also at the siege of Antwerp, and had endeai^ him- self to the poor by many an act of charity. Had his life been spared, it is not unreasonable to suppose that his influence would have become powerful in the councils of his father, and that the events of the last quarter of a century would have been considerably modified, not only in France, but in Europe. The duke died in consequence of a fall from his carriage in July 1842. The Count de Paris was then but four years old. Five and a half years later the revolution of February drove his grandfather from power, and then took place the most momentous occurrence of the young prince's life, an occurrence which nearly had the effect of placing him on the throne. On the 24th of February the Chamber of Deputies was summoned to meet at three o'clock. Most of the members had already jarrived at half-past twelve, and were scattered in the various offices adjoining the great chamber, discussing the momentous events then taking place in Paris. Before one o'clock the President, at the request of the members present, declared the sitting to be opened, and ordered business to begin. At that moment M. Dupin entered the chamber, accompanied by the Duchess of Orleans, and the Duke de Nemours, the Ducliess leading her two little sons, the Count de Paris and the Duke de Chartres. M. Dupin announced that, ** In consequence of the events which had taken place, the King had abdicated in favour of H.R.H. the Count de Paris, and had constituted the Dudiess of Orleans regent." Here aroee cries of ** Vive le Roi ! Vive le Prince ! Vive la R^gente ! "

'* Gentlemen," continued M. Dupin, "these cheers, so gratifying to the new lune and to the regent, are not the first which have greeted them. They have just traversed the Tuileries and the Place de la Concorde on foot, with no other escort than tiie people and the national guard. Gentlemen, it is the most earnest desire of the regent to govern in accordance with the wishes of the people for the public good, and for the glory and prosperity of France." These words were received with renewed cries of " Vive le Roi ! " and M. Dupin urged the president to record that the new king and the regent had been accepted by acclunation by the Chamber. The president was about to complv, when he was interrupted by M. Lamartine, who moved that the sitting should be suspendeo. A number of strangers, consisting of mechanics, students, national guards, and others, some armed with muskets and swords, had, by this time, made their way into the Chamber. The Duke de Nemours and several deputies urged the duchess to retire. She, however, kept her place. General Oudinot said, "If the duchess wishes to leave, we will accompany her ; if she chooses to remain, let her do so, and she will do well, for she will be protected by our devotion." The pressure of strangers kept increasing, the deputies were being driven into the centre of the room. The duchess then retired towards the steps leading to the door under the clock, and took up her position on the last row of seats. The president called in vain on the strangers to retire. M. Marie, after many endeavours to get a hearing, said, ** That a law already existed, fixing the regency on the Duke of Nemours, and that the Chamber had no power to create a regency ; their inunediate duty was to form a pro- visional government." MM. Cr^mieux, Odillon, Barrot, Ledru Rollin, and Larochejaquelin, followed to the same purpose ; the multitude aU the time continued waving flags, brandishing weapons, and shouting, '' Down with the king." M. Chevalier, who was not a member, here rose and said, ** Beware of proclaiming the Count of Paris without authority, but only let the duchess and the coimt have the courage to show themselves on the boulevsJtls in the midst of the people, and the national guard and I will answer for their safety ; and, if the people do not raise him to power — " .... All eyes were now turned towards the seats lately occupied by the duchess and her family, but the royal party had left. The remainder of the speaker's words were drowned in cries of " Vive la R^publique." The prince's chance was lost.

Since 1848 the prince has resided principally in England, with the exception of a short period during the American war, when he and hu brother served in the Federal army on the staff of General MacClellan. The count is said to t>e the author of an article in the Itevue de$ Deux Mondeif entitled "L'Allemagoe et ses Tendences Nonvelles."

The Count of Paris mairi^ on the 30th May, 1864, Mary Isabella, the daughter of the Duke of Montpensier, and has issue —

I. Maiy Amelia Louisa Helen, bom Sept. 28, 1865. , 2, Louis Philip Robert bom Feb. 6^ 18439.

FRANCE-ORLEANIST.

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GREAT BRITAIN.

The Stuart dynasty having been terminated in 1714 by the death of Qneen Anne, and the exile of Prince James, usually called the Pretender, the only surviving child of King James IL, the crown of Great Britain and Ireland was transferred to the House of Hanover, in acoordaiioe with the provisions of the Act of Settlement of 1700. Greorge Louis, Elector of Hanover, son of the Electress Sophia, and grandson of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, the eldest daughter ol James I., thereupon ascended the British throne as Greorge L, and after an unpopular re$gn of nearly thirteen years, was succeeded in 1727 by his son, Greorge II., at whose decease, In 1760, the crown devolved upon his grandson, Greorge IIL, the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and father of George lY., William IV., and Edward, Duke of Kent, the father of our present most gracious sovereign.

Alexandbota Viotobia, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, is the only daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of Greorge III., and of the Princess Victoria Maiy Louisa of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, fourth and youngest daughter of Francis, Duke of Saxe<>obDzg- Saalfeld, and widow of Emich Charles, Prince of Leiningen. She was bom at Kensington Palace on the 24th of May 1819, her parents having hastened their return from Lein- ingen in order that their child might be "bom a Briton," and baptized there on the 24th of June, the sponsors being the Prince Begent, the Emperor Alexander of Bussia, the Queen* Dowager of Wurtemberg, and the Duchess-Dowager of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Upon tha sudden death of the Duke of Kent, January 23, 1820, the care and education of the young Princess devolved upon her mother, who was greatly aided in her arduous task by her brother Leopold, the late King of the Belgians, by whose advice the superintendence of her studies was at first intrusted to the Baroness Lehzen, who was replaced at a later period by the talented Duchess of Northumberland.

The Princess Victoria asoended the throne at the decease of her uncle, William IV., on the 20th of June 1837, when she had just completed her eighteenth year, and was crowned in Westminster Abbey, June 28, 1838, amidst the most enthusiastic demonstrations of loyal affec- tion. Two years subsequently she married, February 10, 1840, her cousin. Prince Frauds Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was bom August 26, 1 81 9, and styled "Prince Consort" by royal warrant, dated June 25, 1857. The administratjon of publio affairs was retained from the date of the late king^s death until August 1841 by Lord

^ GREAT BRITAIN.

t Idboome, wfao had inrtnicied her Majesty in the principles of the constitntioii previously to i kr aooeoBion. The chief events of this period were the adoption of Sir Rowland Hill's scheme ~ d ^ penny postage, and the oatbreak of the war with China in March 1839, which did iBt tcnninate until August 1842, when the Melbourne cabinet had given way to the Iby govemment of Sir Robert PeeL About this time two infamous attempts were made I ti asBsastnate her Majesty, by firing at her whilst driving in the parks ; the first by Edward OifoKd, jTine 10, 1840, the second by John Francis, May 30^ 1842 ; both happily were alike BMucefBfdL In the autumn of 1843, the Queen went to France on a visit to Louis Philippe il the Chilteaa d*Eu, and two years later paid her first visit to Germany. The railway mania sad the anti-com-law agitation engrossed public attention during the year 1845, and on June 26^ 1846, the act for the repeal of the com laws received the royal assent. This wm followed j i& the next month by the resignation of the Peel ministry, and the formation of an admin- ' juration by Lord John RusselL At the dose of 1845, ^^ ^^^ '^'^ broke out, and after aseries flf briUiaat victories, was tenninated by the annexation of the Punjab to the British dominions^ Karch 29, i849> ^^^ ^^^^ salient feature of the present reign was the Great Exhibition of 1851, which was opened by her Majesty on May i, and owed its complete success to the ex- otioiis of the Prince Consort. In Februaiy 1852, the Russell ministry yielded up the reins of goTcnunent to Lord Derby, who was, however, unable to retain them longer than December following^ when Lord Aberdeen came into office at the head of a coalition ministiy. The lasffiit qooAAcm soon after assumed a serious aspect, and in March 1854 led to the alliance of Gfeat Britain with France and Turkey, and the declaration of war against Russia. The Ciiniean war ciumed, marked by the glorious achievements of the Alma, Balaklava^ and Inker- aann, and brought to an end by the storming of Sevastopol in September 1855, and the treaty of Paris, March 30, 1856. Meantime, an adverse vote in the House of Commons, respecting the coodnct of the war, caused the resignation of Lord Aberdeen in February 1855, '^^ ^^ recon- starocticBi of the ministry by Lord Palmerston, and in the same year a visit of the Emperor and ^mptess of the French to London wtm returned by the Queen and Prince Consort visiting Ptaia. War again arose with China in October I856, and after the capture of Canton, was onnrJndwl by the treaty of Tien-tsin, June 26, 1858. The mutiny of the Indian army was, however, by far the most serious event that has occurred since the Crimean war, threatening «i it did the very existence of our Indian empire. The outbreak began in March 1857, accom- panied bj fearful atrocities, and spread rapidly throughout BengaL Delhi and Cawnpore were letaken and Lucknow relieved by the exertions of Sir H. Havelock and Lord Clyde, but the psdfication of the country was not accomplished before May 1859. Previously to this, the sofcreignty of the East India Company had ceased, September i, 1858, and her Majesty had bssB proclaimed Empress throughout India. The return to office of Lord Derby in February 1858^ was followed by the formation of the Palmerston cabinet in June 1859. The Chinese war rBoonmenoed in August i860, but was finally terminated two months later by the surrender of

P^in.

Earij in the year 186 1 the decease of the Duchess of Kent cast a gloom over the royal iMjuiehiilfl, whidi was ere long deepened a hundred-fold by the sudden death of the Prince CoBMorty December 14, and which has never yet been entirely dispelled. The International Xihibition of 1862 shed some radiance upon that year, but this wtm destined soon to be •iaciired by the great distress caused by the cotton famine that ensued upon the outbreak of the dvil war in the United States. The decease of Lord Palmerston, October 18, 1865, caused a narnuigeiiMiit of the gorenunent under the premiership of Lord Russell, who resigned in J«id 1866^ on aoooont of bdng defeated upon his Refonn BilL The control oi Stito •SiH

GREAT BRITAIN.

for a third time derolyed upon Lord Derby, who was roocowful in reprening the Fenian dis- tnrbanoea, and in paasing the Reform Act of 1867, to which the Reform Acta for Scotland and Ireland of 1868 formed the seqneL In Febroaiy 1868, Lord Derby was compelled by ill- health to resign the lead of the Conseryative party to Mr Disraeli, who held oflBce until the <<Ti»ning December. The helm of State has since that time been directed by Mr Gladstone who has already signalised his administration by the act for the disestablishment of the Irish Chnrch.

Her Majesty has always devoted much time to literature and art, and contributed largely to the "Early Years of H.R.H. the Prince Consort," published in 1867, since which she has published " Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands," 1868.

The Queen has issue : —

1. Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess Royal, b, 21 Nov. 1 840, m. 25 Jan. 1858, to

Frederick William, Crown Prince of Prussia.

2. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Duke of Cornwall, b, 9 Nov. 1841, m. 10 March,

1863, to the Princess Alexandra Caroline Mary Charlotte Louisa Julia, (&. I Dea 1844,) eldest daughter of Christian IX., reigning King of Denmark, by whom he has issue : — (i.) Albert Victor Christian Edward, 6. 8. Jan. 1864 ; (2.) Greorge Frederick Ernest Albert, b, 3 June, 1865 ; (3.) Lomsa Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, 6. 20 Feb. 1867; (4.) Victoria Alexandra Olga Maiy, b. 6 July, 1868; (5.) Maud Charlotte Maiy 'Vic- toria, b, 26 Nov. 1869.

3. Alice Maud Mary, b, 25 April, 1843, ^"^ ' ^^Jt 1862, to Prince Frederick William Louis • Charles of Hesse.

4. Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, Captain R.N., b. 6 August, 1844.

5. Helena Augusta Victoria, 6. 25 May, 1846, m, 5 July, 1866, to Prince Frederick Chxis-

tian Charles Augustus of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenbuig.

6. Louisa Carolina Alberta, 6. 18 March, 1848.

7. Arthur William Patrick Albert, Lieutenant R.E., b. I May, 1850.

8. Leopold George Duncan Albert, 6. 7 April, 1853.

9. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, b. 14 April, 1857.

DESCENT OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF GREAT BRITAIN.

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GREECR

Tm dasric land of Greece, after having been subject to the Turkish yoke for three centuries, regained her independence by the treaty of Adrianople in 1829, at the dose of an heroic struggle that Listed for upwards of eight years. The sovereignty of the newly-constituted kingdom waa offered in 1830 to the late king of the Belgians, then Prince Leopold of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfeld, but he thought it prudent to decline the honour. The choice of the three protecting powenL Great Britain, France, and Russia^ by a treaty concluded at London, May 7, 1832, then fell upon Prince Otho, second son of Louis I., king of Bavaria, who ascended the throne of Greece as Otho I. The government was cairied on by a regency under the presidency of Count Ludwig ▼on Armansperg until June I, 1835, when it was assumed by the young king upon the comple- tion of his twentieth year. His rule, although well-intentioned towa^rds his adopted country, utterly failed to enlist the sympathies of his people, and a long and troubled reign was at length dosed by his flight and deposition, October, 22, 1862. He died in exile at Bamberg in Bavaria^ July 26, 1867, aged 52. The throne having thus become vacant, it was by universal sufErage conferred upon Prince Alfred of Great Britain by 230,016 out of 241,202 votes, the youngDuks of Leuchtenberg, nephew of the Emperor Alexander II. of Russia, being also a candidate. He wai declared king by the National Assembly, February 3, 1863, but the preferred crown was not ao- cepted by the British Grovemment. It was then proposed to the Duke of Saxe-Goburg-Gotha that he should become a candidate for the vacant throne, but he declined after some negotiations as to the conditions upon which he would consent, one of which was that he should govern Greece only until his nephew, the Prince of Coburg-Cohary, should be old enough to assume the government. The Duke d'Aumale and King Ferdinand of Portugal having also declined to be nominated for the sovereignty, it was resolved by the National Assembly, March 18, 1863, to offer it to Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlUcksbuig, the reigning sovereign.

GsoROB I. (Christian William Ferdinand Adolphus George), king of the Hellenes, was bom December 24, 1845. He is the second son of Christian IX., the present king of Denmark, by his queen, Louisa, third daughter of the late Landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel, and is brother of tne Princess of Wales and of the Czarevna of Russia, the Princess Dagmar. Prince William entered the Danish xuival service, in which he holds the rank of admiral He was proclaimed by the National Assembly at Athens as Kmg George I., March 30, 1863, and the veneraUa admiral Kanaris proceeded to Copenhagen to make a formal offer of the crown, with the con- sent of Great Britain, France, and Russia, the three protecting powers, on condition of the annexation of the Ionian Islands to Greece. This was accepted on Prince William's behalf by the late King Frederick VII. of Denmark, June 6, 1863. The newly-elected king was declared of age June 27 ; he arrived at Athens, October 30, and took the oath to the constitution on the following day. On September 12, 1863, he signed an act giving precedence over himself to his younger brother. Prince Waldemar, and his issue, in the line of succession to the throne of Denmark. The stipulated annexation to Greece of the Ionian Islands took place May 28, 1 864, and a visit was paid to them by the king a few days afterwards. In November 1064 a new constitution was passed by the National Assembly and accepted by the sovereign. The succeed- ing years of his reign have been chiefly marked by endeavours to improve the finandal poeitioii of the state, by frequent changes of ministry, and by the popular sympathy manifested towards the Cretan insurrectionists, which almost involved the country in war with the Ottoman empire. The prindpal statesman at the head of affairs have been Balbis, Kanaris, Koumoundourof, Boulgaris, and Zaimis, who is the actual president of the coundL

King George married, October 27, 1867, in the chapel of the Winter Palace at St. Peterabuxg^ the Grand-Diichess Oloa Constantinovna, eldest daughter of the Grand-Duke Constantine Nicobuevitch of Russia, and niece of the Emperor Alexander II. His uncle. Prince John of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glttcksburg was appointed regent during the king's absence from Greece. The Queen of the Hellenes was bom, September 3, 185 1, and has two sons, Constantine, Duke of Sparta, bom at Athens, August 2, 1068, who is the heir apparent to the Hellenic throne, and George, count of Corfu, bom June 24, 1869.

GREECK

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HANOVER.

The f cmnder of the present haoae of Hanover was William, the second son of Ernest, duke of Bninswick Lnnebuig, of the iliustrious family of Guelph, who acquired the duchy of Luneboig in I549f to which, in 1585, he added the county of Biepholz. He was succeeded, successively, by his sons, Ernest, Christian, Augustus, who obtained the principality of Calenberg, and the county of Hoya, and Frederick. The successors of Frederick were Christian Louis and G^eoige William, first and second sons of the above mentioned William. George William died in 1705 without male issue, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Ernest Augustus, who mairied Sophia^ grand-daughter of James I., and received, in 1692, the title of Elector of ELanover. His son, Greorge Louis, (George L of England), united the territories of Lunebui^ into <me state, which was further augmented, during the northern war in 1 716, by the duchies d Bremen and Yerden ; in 1803 by Osnabuigh ; and in 1814 and 1815 by Hilderheim, East Friesland, and other places. In 1803 Hanover was occupied by the Frraich. In 1806 it was given by Napoleon L to the king of Prussia, and in the following year the greater part ol it was combined with the newly-created kingdom of Westphaliik In 1813 it reverted to itf former sovereign, and in 1 8 14 was erected into a kingdom. Hanover continued a part of the British empire until the death of William IV. in 1837, when it came into the possession of Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumberland, fifth son of Greorge III., by virtue of the law regulating the succession in the Guelphic Grerman dominions, which gives preference to the male branch.

Georgb v., the son of Ernest Augustus, by the Princess Frederica Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz, was bom, May 27, 1 819. At an early age he lost his sight, and it waf doubtful whether it would be possible for him, on account of his infirmity, to rule the kingdom. His father, however, took the precaution to have the question settled at an early period by a decree, ordering that all documents presented to the future sovereign, for signature, should be read to him in the presence of a committee of twelve witnesses, and countersigned by their secretary. He succeeded his father, Nov. 18, 185 1. During the fifteen years of his reign the prosperity of his countiy was greatly promoted by the establishment of docks and harbours at Harburg, Greestemunde, Emden, Leer, and Papenburg, and by the construction of numerous roads and railways ; while international commerce was benefited by the abolition of the Staden dues. During the war in the Crimea he remained neutral, and would not permit recruiting to take place in his dominions for the service of England. In the war which Prussia waged against Austria and the Germanic Confederation, he defended the confederation, and, aooom* panied by his son, the crown-prince Ernest Augustus, led his army to the field and was present at the battle of Langensalza, which he won over a body of Prussians and Coburgers. On the following day, however, being surrounded by an army three times superior to his own in num* bers, he was obliged to capitulate. At the termination of the war, the kingdom of Hanover was annexed to Prussia by decree of Sept. 20, 1866, against which King Greorge protested before all the courts of Europe. Since the loss of his dominions King George has resided at Hietsing near 'Vienna. He is passionately fond of music, and has composed several pieces.

He married, Feb. 18, 1843, Alexandra Maria^ the daughter of Joseph, duke of Saxe-Alten- burg, and has issue : —

1. Ernest Augustus William Adolphus Greorge Frederick, bom Sept. 21, 1845.

2. Frederica Sophia Mary Henrietta Amelia Theresa, bom Jan. 9, 1848.

3. Mary Ernestine Josephine Adolphine Henrietta Theresa Elizabeth Alezandn^ bom Deo. 31I849.

DESCENT OP THE KINGS OF HANOVER.

HAYTI AND SAINT DOMINGO.

The island of St. Domingo, the second in extent of the West Indies, was disooyered by Columbus, in December, 1492. It remained a Spanish colony until 1630, when its westen portion was captured by French buccaneers. This portion becaone a colony of France in i677f and remained so till 1 791, when the black population revolted, and two years later massacred nearly all the whites. Toussaint L'Ouverture, the chief of the insurgents, was recognised by the French Directoiy as general in chief of the troops in 1 794. In 1 795, the eastern part of the island was ceded to France by Spain. Toussaint L'Ouverture, however, attempted to establish an independent republic in 1 80 1, but, in the following year, was taken prisoner by the French who sent him to France, where he died shortly after. In consequence of a fresh insurrection raised by general Dessalines, a negro, the French evacuated the island in 1 803. Dessalines was raised to power, October 8, 1 804, imder the title of Emperor, and styled James the First, and was assassinated, Oct. 17, 1806.

In 1808, the empire was divided into two parts; the blacks forming a monarchy under Christophe, a man of colour, who styled himself Henry I., king of Hayti ; and the Mulattos constituting themselves a republic, under the presidency of Pethion. The latter was succeeded in 1 81 8 by Boyer, who, at the death of Christophe, who committed suicide in 1820, was elected regent for life, over both States, and recognised by France in 1825. He was, however, deposed in 1843, when St. Domingo declared itself a republic, and chose for its president Pedro Santana, who was recognised by France in 1848, and by Great Britain in 1850. In March, 1 86 1, during the presidency of Jos^ Valdevende, St. Domingo declared for annexation to Spain, and the offer was accepted by the Queen, on the 20th May. In 1863, it revolted against the Spanish authority, and after a war of two years, Spain renounced her sovereignty over the state by a royal decree, dated May 5, 1865, and the Spanish troops finally evacuated the coimtry in September following. General Buenaventura Baez was then elected President of the Republic^ but was driven away in consequence of a revolution organised by Pimentel in June, 1866; he returned, however, but the whole country revolted against him, and civil war continued until March, 1869, when general Cabral, the ex-President, promised submission and fidelity to President Baez. The project formed by the latter of giving up the Bay of Samana to the United States aroused much discontent. By the latest intelligence from New York, dated January 10, 1870, it appears that Commissioner Perry is in treaty with President Baez for the annexation of St. Domingo to the United States.

Hayti, after the successive short reigns of several presidents, elected Greneral Soulouque who took the title of emperor, August 26, 1849, and styled himself Faustin I. His government having proved very tyrannical, an insurrection took place at GonaKves in December, 1858, when General Geffirard was proclaimed president of the republic of Hayti by the French provinces of Artibonite and the **Nord." General Geffrard appears to have governed with wisdom and moderation. In 1862 a conspiracy, at the head of which was General Legros, occasioned the condemnation to death of twelve persons whose sentence, however, was commuted by President Geffrard into that of imprisonment. Another revolt occurred in 1865, imder Salnave, which was suppressed, partly by the assistance of a British squadron, which, in consequence of aa insult to the British cons\il by Salnave, bombarded the forts of Cape Hayti, after which the government troops took the place by assault, and Salnave made his escape to St. Doniingo. Revolts occurred again in July, 1866, and in March, 1867, when President Geffrard abdicated and sailed for Jamaica. On the i6th June following. General Salnave was elected president for four years. Another revolution began in July, 1868, since which time civil war has been chronic in the state. By the latest advices received from Hayti, we learn that President Salnave was captored, by the revolutionaiy party, and having been tried by court-martial, waa aho^ Ji

HAYTI AND SAINT DOMINGO.

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[Tk» tdand htU ftf Frmitet, 18024.]

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J08B XABIA CABBAU

B09ATB3rTUBA BABI, rrMfalnt,lMMl

JOSB XAKIA CABBAL.

■OIATBHTUBA BABI»

HOLLAND.

The House of Nassau, althoagh its early histoiy mxy be open to some doabt, is certainl j ooa o the most ancient and illustrions of Europe. Its genealogy can be traced to Otho^ count o Nassau, a general in the army of Heniy the Fowler, emperor of Germanyr Henry IL, hi descendant, left two sons, Walram, from whom are descended the branches of Nassau, Wiea baden, Weilberg, and Idstein ; and Otho the founder of the branch of Dillemburg, Orange, anc Siegen. Williflum, called the elder, a descendant of the latter, shared the patrimony with bir brother Heniy, obtaining for his portion the counties of Nassau, Dillemburg, Beilstein, aac Diest. It was he who introduced tiie protestant religion into his dominions. William, prinoc of Orange, one of his sons, became cluef of the united provinces of the Netherlands In theft struggle against Spain for independence, and was assassinated by Balthasar Grerard in 1 584. At his death, the principality of Orange devolved successively upon his sons Philip WilUain^ who was a catholic and favoured the pretensions of Spain ; Maurice, stadholder of ths Netherlands, and Frederick Henry, also stadholder. William II., the son of the last named, was the father of William III., who, by his marriage with Mary, the daughter of James IL, became king of England. Henrica Emilia, daughter of Frederick Henry, married Frederick William, coimt of Nassau Dietz, whose father, Ernest Casimir, count of Dietz, was the grandson, and whose grandfather, John, count of Dillemburg, was tiie son of William the elder. From Frederick Henry and Henrica Emilia followed, in the direct line, Henry Casimir, John William, William IV., who became hereditary stadholder, and William Y., who retired on the invasion of the French in 1795. The House of Orange was restored in 1813, when William, the son of the last mentioned, assumed the title of king of the Netherlands. He was succeeded in the direct line by William II. and the present king.

WiLUAM (Alexander Paul Frederick Louis) III., the eldest son of William II. and Anne Paulovna, the sister of the emperor Nicholas, was bom February 19, 1 81 7, and came to the throne, at the death of his father, March 17, 1849. During his reign the provisions of the new constitution, which came into force shortly before his accession, have been carried out in a most liberal spirit. Many important reforms have also been effected in the administration ci the law, in the working of the post office, &c. A treaty has been concluded with Belgium for the aYM>lition of the Scheldt dues, and many privileges, formerly exclusively enjoyed by the Dutch shipping interest, have been extended to traders of other countries. The finances, also, have reached so healthy a condition that the receipts have, for many years past, exceedc^d the expenses, the king, himself, having given an early example of economy, by considerably roauciug the civil Ust, which in ^e budget of 1869 is put down at only 750^000 florins. Koligious equality is established in the Netherlands, and the king has allowed the court of llome to establish ecclesiastical dignities. The prosperity of the country has also been mudi enhanced by the construction of railways and canals, the draining of the lake of Haarlem, and various other important works.

In 1866 occurred a difficulty which threatened to kindle a war in Europe. Prussia having ar(|uired a great accession of territory by her war against Austria, France, among other (lumands, insisted that no political union should continue to exist between Germany and any U*rrit<>ry belonging to the Netherlands, and, consequently, that the Prussian garrison should be withdrawn from the fortress of Luxemburg. Prussia, unwilling to accede to this demand, prvtended, in a dispatch addressed to the Netherlands' government, that her troops oocu|^ed the town not oxdy as a federal garrison, but by virtue of the treaties of 1 8 16 and 1856 between lldUand and Pnusia. The Dutch government in its reply, however, declined to admit a soln- ilnn of the question which endeavoured to reconcile the dissolution of the German confederaticni wttii the presence of Prussian troops in Luxemburg, especially as Luxemburg had been declared A fiMloral fortress as far back as 1814 and 181 5. After much angry feeling had been excited, |)iit matter was settled at a conference held at Tendon, under the presidency of Lord Stanley, j«Y the representatives of the powers who had signed the treaty of 1839, and it was agreed that i.MXvniburg should remain under the sovereignty of the house of Orange Nassau, that it should U» Mputral, and that its fortress should be demolished.

\^ September, 1868, the Roman catholic bishops published a declaration against the law of k^.tTt «^ public education, which law, however, the Chamber of Deputies refus^ to modify.

VV^Ui regard to the late acts of the Dutch legislature it may be mentioned that, in December, ij^V^k. » htfge majority in the Chamber of I^puties (53 to 8), voted against t^e abolition of 'ly^ttat punishment, and that the two chambers have since abolished stamps on newspapers.

\])«( vTilliam III. married, on the 1 8th June, 1839, Sophia Frederica Matilda^ daughter of V\itjb^4ii L- king of Wurtemberg, and has issue: —

I. XViUfatfi Nkholas Alexander Frederick Charles Heniy, prince of Orange^ bom September

-t

Charlei Heniy Frederick, bom Aug. 25, 1851.

DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF HOLLAND.

Corvn or Nassau.

I ^

I.,

iL.ioei

,1110. ValmtIL.UaL

L.llMi Otk>Il.,mK. HniyIL.mi

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Joha.

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iUMk

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I i

T. JOB> WaUAM , ITIL •.WILLIAM IT.. 17IL

t. -WILLIAM ▼.,

UQlL^MllOlb

Xnros or thm NETHxiiLAirDe.

1 WILIIAM L. Xli« «( tka Vfltekata, UUL

LWIUIAMIL.

vnr.

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« VnUAMIIL.

WOhttate,

1810.

tfimUk Bmuj AlbwtT ■ IS09.

U..

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Cittrtm kUmmUr,

ITALY.

HuuBEBT L, Tioeroj of Aries and count of Maurienne, the son of Bertlioldof Saxony, who Utsc in the eleventh century, is generally considered by genealogists to be the founder of the royi family of Savoy. Having obtained GhablaiB and the Valais as a recompence for services ren dered to Germany in the field, he left the lordships of Savoy, Maurienne and the Valais to hii son Amadeus, at whose death they came into the possession of his brother Otho, who, b] his marriage with the daughter of the Marquess Manfred, had already acquired the marquesssti of Susa with Turin, Pignerol, the valley of Aosta, and other places. Peter, the eldest soi of Otho, dying without male heirs, the whole of the territory came into the possession oi Amadeus II., his second son. Amadeus II. was succeeded in the direct line by Humbert IL Amadeus III., Humbert III., Thomas I., Amadeus lY., and Boniface. The last dying withoal male issue, his uncle Peter took possession of the crown. Peter was succeeded by his nexl brother, Philip, archbishop^ of Lyons, at whose death, without issue, the crown descended to hlf nephew, Amadeus V., the second son of Thomas, an elder brother of Peter and Philip, wbc had died during the reign of Boniface. Amadeus Y., called the Great, added considerably to hii dominions, and defended Rhodes against the Turks. After Amadeus V. the succession fdl lowed in Hie direct line in the persons of Aymon, Amadeas VI., Amadeus VII., and Amadeu VEIL In the reign of the last mentioned. Savoy was erected into a duchy by the Empera Sigismimd. Amadeus VIII. abdicated in 1434 in favour of his son Louis, and was afterwaidi elected p<^ under the name of Felix V. In 1449 he renounced the tiara, and died in 1451 Louis, his son, added parts of Novara and other places to his territories. Amadeus IX., aac Fhilibert I., followed in direct succession. The latter, who died at the age of seventeen, wii succeeded by his brother, Charles, then 14 years old. Charles conquered Saluzzo and Canna gnola» and acquired the title of king of Cyprus by the will of Charlotte, widow of Louis of Savoy his uncle. He was succeeded by his son, Charles II., at whose death, in 1496, the line of Ama deus IX. becoming extinct, Philip, the son of Louis, came to the throne, who was followed b] Philibert II. and Charles III., his first and second sons, after whom followed in direct sucoesski Emmanuel Philibert, Charles Emmanuel the Great, Victor Amadeus I., and Frauds Hyacinth I The last dying at the age of six, after a reign of one year, was succeeded by his brother, Charki Emmanuel II., in whose reign some of the most magnificent structures of Turin were erected, aik the passage was cut through Monteviso. Victor Amadeus II. , the son of Charles Enmianuel II. followed, who, after the war of the Spanish succession, was made king of Sicily by the treaty d Utrecht in 1 713, but exchanged that title for that of king of Sardinia. In 1730 he abdicated b favour of his son, Charles Emmanuel III., by whom he was afterwards imprisoned, and died ll 1732. Victor Amadeus III. and Charles Emmanuel IV. followed in direct succession. The formii having joined with other powers of Europe to put down the French revolution, lost Savoy, aai the latter, after having been deprived of all his possessions with the exception of the islaik of Sardinia, abdicated in 1802. Victor Emmanuel I., his brother, succeeded, but Sardinia wu incorporated into the kingdom of Italy in 1805, and remained part of the French empire till tb fall of Napoleon in 1 8 14, when Victor Emmanuel was restored. The congress of Vienna if established the limits of the kingdom of Sardinia as they had been in 1792. Victor Emmanoi was succeeded in 182 1 by his brother, Charles Felix, at whose death, without issue, in 1831 the crown devolved upon Charles Albert, the father of the present king of Italy, a desoendaa of Thomas Frands, prince of Carignano, a younger son of Charles Emmanuel I.

ITALY.

Tktob EmfAiOTEL (Maria Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas) II. ia the son of Charles Albert

hag of Sardmia, and Queen Theresa, the daughter of Ferdinand, grand-duke of Tuscany, and

VM bom March 14, 1 820. In 1849 he aocompanied his father in the war against Austria,

sad was wounded at the battle of Groito. After the defeat of the Sardinian army at Novara.

Uxnh. 23, 1849, he succeeded to the crown by the abdication of his father. Allowing the idea

d Italian unity to remain in abeyance for a time, he maugurated his reign, under the able

■dnirtiy of the Marquess d'Aicglio, and afterwards of Count Cavour, by accomplishing various

iiqMitant internal refozms, such as establishing order in the finances, reorganising the army, &o.

At the proposal of Coont Cavour, the privileges of the clergy were veiy much curtailed, and

pablic education was taken out of the hands of the religious corporations, by whom it had

kitherto been monopoliBed. On the loth April, 1855, he entered into a convention with £ng-

kndand France to assist in the war against Kussia, and sent 15,000 men to the Crimea, under

the command of General La Marmora, who greatly distinguished themselves at the battle

«f the Tcfaemaya.

Aboat this tune, the king lost within a short period, his mother, his wife, lus brother, and Jus youngest child, and he himself sufifered a serious illness. The organs of the ultramontane party both in Italy and France did not fail to attribute this to the wrath of heaven. The king, however, continued resolutely in his course. In 1857, Austria remonstrated against the attacks of the free Sardinian press, but obtaining no satisfaction from Count Cavour, diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken off, and it was felt that peace would not be of long

In the aotomn of 1858, Count Cavour paid a memorable visit to the Emperor Napoleon ai Pkmbftrea, at which the futare course of the French and Sardinian governments is eooskkfed to have been arranged. On the new year's day following, the emperor, at his leoeptioo, declared to the Austrian ambassador that the " relations between France and rerenot so good as formerly." On the 30th January, 1859, the alliance between and France was cemented by the marriage of the Princess Clotilda, the daughter of the king, with Prince Napoleon, the emperor's cousin. The king, in his speech at the opening of parliament this year, said that "cries of woe had reached him from all parts of Baly." Both Austria and Sardinia had, in the meantime, been increasing their' forces and itreni^tbening their positions to the utmost. Austria, however, began hostilities, on the 26th i^ril, by croesing the Ticino, and, on the following day, Victor Emmanuel took the field. The cBaperor of the French declared war against Austria, on the 3d of May, and he also joined Ui anny. The allies were successful at Montebello, Palestro (where the king displayed great pttsonal valour) Magenta, Malegnano, and finally at Self erino, at which last battle the emperors c£ Fimnoe and Austria, and the king of Italy were present. Lombardy was then in the of the allies, and the war was brought to a close, without any attempt being 00 Venetia^ where the Austrians were exceedingly strong, by the emperor of the and the emperor of Austria signing preliminaries of peace at Villafronca, to The revolted states of Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Komagna were soon at their request, annexed to Sardinia. The expedition of Craribaldi to Sicily and Xafilea, at fiivt diplomatically disavowed by Count Cavour, afterwards received support bam the Sardinian government, who sent an expedition through the territories of Umbria ■Mi the Marches, lately taken from the Pope, and completed the conquest of the kingdom cf the Two Sicilies by tJie c^>ture of Gaeta. In the case of all these annexations the wishes cf the people were ascertained by universal suffrage, and in a year and a half from the com- MSBoement of the Austrian war, Victor Emmanuel was in possession of the whole of Italy, with ^ exception of Rome and the Venetian provinces, and took the title of king of Italy, by of a law passed 17th March, 186 1. The difficulty of the Italian government, after this, to rnstrsin the premature action of Garibaldi and his party, impatient for the annexation «f the rest of the peninsula. Prior to the breaking out of hostilities between Austria and Tliii in 1866^ the king of Italy had concluded a treaty of alliance with the hitter country, ■Mi OS the l8th June dedared war against Austria, on the pretext that Austria had notified her of A«#a«M«»g the German confederation against Prussia. The king joined the army

ITALY.

on the 2i8t, leaYing the government in the handB of the prince of Carignano. In the war whSdi followed, the king's two sons, Humbert and Amadens, displayed great braTery,' and the latter received a wound in the chest. The Italians took Borgof orte, and were suooesaful in some minor engagements, but were repulsed, with heavy loss, at Custozza, and were defeated at the naval battle of Ussa. Austria, however, being unsuccessful against the Prussians, ceded Venetia to France. In October following, France gave up Venice to a communal council of that dty, and on the 4th November the king of Italy received a deputation from Venetia, transmitting to him the result of a popular vote, by which all the Venetian provinces declared their desire for amieza* tion to Italy. After this, the only portion of Italy not in the possession of the king was Bome^ with its surrounding territory. There were, however, serious difficulties in the way of iti acquisition. On the 15th September, 1864, the king had signed with the French govenh ment a treaty for the departure, within two years, of the French troops from Home, in which he had guaranteed that the papal territory should not be attacked from without, and that Florenott should be made the capital of his kingdom. The French troops, in consequence, had quitted Kome in Dec. 1866. The aspirations of the Italian people for the possession of Rome had been put into form by a resolution which had been passed almost unanimously by the senate and the chamber of deputies as far back as 1 861, to the efifect that Rome ought to be tiie capital of Italy, but that it ought to be acquired by moral means. When, therefore, in Oct. 1867, Craribaldi published a proclamation in Florence, inviting the nation to join in an expedition against Home, the Italian government^ not wishing to lose popularity, took no measures to pre- vent him from carrying his scheme into execution. But matters did not turn out as they had done in Sicily and Naples. France immediately sent troops to assist the pope, and uphold the treaty of September, and Garibaldi was defeated at Montana. The Roman question haa since remained in abeyance, and the Italian government has, during the last two yean^ directed its chief attention to matters of finance.

King Victor Emmanuel, who from his personal uprightness, has acquired the well-deserved appellation of JU Galantuomo, married, on the 12th of April, 1842, Mary Adelaide Franoei Rainera Elizabeth Clotilda^ the daughter of Rainer, archduke of Austria, by whom (who died Jan. 20, 1855), he has surviving issue : —

1. Clotilda Maria Theresa Louisa, bom March 2, 1843 ; married, January 30, 1859, to Piinoa Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte.

2. Humbert Rainer Charles Emmanuel John Maria Ferdinand Eugene, prince of Piedmont, bom March 14, 1844 ; married, April 22, 1868, to Maria Margaret Theresa Jane, prinoesa of Savoy, who has issue : —

Victor Emmanuel Ferdinand Maria Januarius, prince of Naples, bom Nov. 1 1, 1869.

3. Amadeus Ferdinand Maria, duke of Aosta, bom May 30, 1845 ; married May 30, 1867, to Maria Victoria Charlotte Henrietta Jane, the daughter of prince Charles Emmanuel dal Pood della Cistema, and has issue : —

Emmanuel Philibert Victor Eugene Albert Genoa Joseph Maria^ duke of Apulia, bom Jan. 13, 1869.

4. Maria Pia, bom November 16, 1847 ; married, Oct. 6, 1862, to Louis, king of PortngiL

DESCENT OF THE KING OF ITALY.

Counts or Savoy.

LBKtOID, lOHL 1 BUiniET. lOM.

& AMAMOBhlOe.

[aM(

a. OTTO, VM. 4 AMADBU8 IL, 1071 f. BUMBXbIt IL. U08. & AMADITl nL« UA 7. HUMBnT IIL. UN. t. THOMAS, im.

9l AXAIWJBIT.

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nriB,

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Abb*.

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17. AMAO:

TIL.1«L

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L AMAOBUB TIIL, 140.

1 l0n8.1«BB.

Mary.

IL AMAMCS EL. icn.

LMitaIIL.X.orBifta.

7. mur.

ClMrtotto.

4 IBZUmiL,

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A CHAmim,

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AFiArcn

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Ksrofl or Sasddoa.

L TICTOK AMADIUB IL. AbdtelcdmO; Aim

1 CBARUB BfMAirUlL IIL. 177A

A TICTOE AMADIDS IIL. 17M.

4 aiAlT.W IMMAinTBL IT. teUQA

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Oakacf

MMtecLa4» A IMA

FrtM* CaharlMriMl

Mute Vis. A 1M7.

IiOiitoL,Kii«orrM«ii|[Ur

LUCCA.

LuocA, a small territory in the north of Italy, on the shores of the Mediterranean, at one time a Koman colony, passed under successive rulers until 1370, when it purchased its freedom of the emperor Charles IV. for 200,000 florins. After this it retained its independence until the invasion of the French, and was styled the most serene republic of Lucca, (La serenissima Be- pubblica di Lucca). In 1805, it was united to Piombino, and formed into a principality by Napoleon I., who assigned it to his sister Eliza, the wife of colonel Bacciocchi. After the fall of Napoleon, the congress of Vienna created Lucca a duchy, and conferred it on Maria Louisa, the daughter of Charles lY., of Spain, and widow of Louis, king of Etruria, and her children ; the conditions being that, should the duchess or her children come into possession of the duchy of Parma, or should the family become extinct, the duchy of Lucca should be united to the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany. Maria Louisa assumed the reins of government in 18 18, and died March 13, 1824.

Charles Louis, her son and successor was bom 23rd December, 1799. Being assured of one day obtaining the duchy of Parma, he does not appear to have taken a great personal interest in the affidrs of the lesser state, the government of which he left to his ministers. After the death of the Marquess di Mansi, the finances of the duchy fell into apparently hopeless con- fusion, through the mismanagement of his successor, and the duke experienced much anxiety in consequence. He was extricated from his difficulty, however, by the administrative skill of a young native of Yorkshire, who had entered his service as groom, and on whom he subsequentlj oonfered the title of baron. Baron Ward had a genius for diplomacy, and was, above all, an honest man. When the duke had discovered his merits, he left the management of affairs entirely to him. ** He cons\ilted him (says Sir Bernard Burke in his Vicissitudes of Families) in many perplexed and difficult cases, and he invariably found such benefit from the advice of his new counsellor that he began to regard him as almost infallible."

Li 1838, the duke attended the coronation of the Emperor of Austria, at Milan, as king of Lombardy, and then proceeded to England to be present at that of Her Majesty Queen Vic- toria. Li 1847, when it was clear, from the state of health of the archduchess Maria Louisa^ that the sovereignty of Parma would soon devolve upon him, he ceded Lucca to Leopold, grand-duke of Tuscany, October 5, 1847 ; but his escape from the cares of state was not of long duration. Maria Louisa died on the i8th of the following month, when he was required to assume the sovereignty of Parma. Here again he was relieved from much trouble by baron Ward, who, according to the above-named authority, governed the Italian principality, although generally residing at Vienna, where he was accredited Minister Plenipotentiary. When troubles arose in 1848, the duke established a regency, which was replaced by a provinonal government a few days afterwards. He quitted the duchy on the 19th of April, renouncing the sovereignty in favour of his son, Ferdinand Charles, March 14, 1849.

Chablss Louis, since his abdication, has resided principally on his Tuscan estate near Viar^;gia He married, September 5, 1820, Maria Theresa Ferdinanda Felicia Graetana Pia, daughter of Victor Emmanuel I., king of Sardinia, and had issue, one daughter, who died in infancy, and the above-named son Ferdinand Charles, who was bom Jan. 14, 1823, and assassinated, March 27, 1854.

Ferdinand Charles married Louisa Maria Theresa of Bourbon, the daughter of the duke of Beny, and had issue, Robert Charles Louis Maria, heir to the families of Plantagenet, Stuart, Tudor and Bourbon, bom 19th July, 1848, and married (April 5, 1869) to Maria Pia^ the daughter of Gaetan, count of Girgenti, Lifant of Spain. I

DESCENT OF THE DUKE OF LUCCA.

itMUK. rriv*

VtadllLJlMli

DuuB or Pa&ma.

malMUtr.

All

ML.iai

IL, UN.

■limLtk.

MAUA tovn i>iifcM«rt

PUIl»T..l

Um af BfAte. 17M.

fBp^. iao8. rim Hill 1

nmp, IHdw

tlTvm^Vm,

L JOSIPHDrV,

Me»,MM. IMiaudlfx

teiMU^un.

euixn riHii), ».

k*irLMM.kml7M.

M ChaHatto, bora ItOL

liHt T^f^^ r> fc ^ 1^ ■lii.fkfi tjMtaM I'll

nillaa. »t Ikinav.

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MEXICO.

Benito Juabez, the present presideiit of Mexico, is descended from the Indian race of tiia Tapatecos, and was bom in 1802. Although without the advantage of fortune, he was enable^ by ms own efforts, to acquire a regular education. He graduated in the college of Oaxaca^ studifld law, and, in 1830, became a member of the Institute of Arts and Sciences of Mexico. In 1833 he was elected member of the Chamber of Deputies, and successively held the important posts of Professor of Canon Law at the Institute of Oaxaca, secretary to the Supreme Tribunal of Jnstioa^ substitute judge of the same, civil judge of the first instance, and attorney-general of OazatML In 1846 he became a member of Congress, where he advocated the seculuization of chnnA property. In 185 1 he became president of the Supreme Court of Justice.

When President Comonfort was compelled to make way for President Zuloaga, in Jaaoaxy, ^ 1858, Juarez, who was then chief of the constitutional party, refused to recognise the new prenident, and established a government of his own at Vera Cruz. Civil war ensued, but without any important result during the presidency of Zuloaga. When Zuloaga was deposed in December, 1858, and General l^liramon placed in power, the latter laid siege to Vera Cruz, but was obliged to retire to defend Mexico, which was threatened by the constitutional party. In April, 1859, the government of the United States, which had previously recognised Creneral Miramon, being unable to obtain the ratification of a treaty for placing the provinoet of Chihuahua and Sonora, situated on the highway to the Gulf of California, under the proteo- tion of the United States, transferred its confidence to Juarez, who mide the concessions required. This was a triumph to the latter, who turned his advantage to account by at once confiscating the property of the clergy, establishing civil marriage, carrying on the railway from Vera Cruz to Mexico, and performing and promising many other important acts. In the meantime the civil war continued, but Juarez had the immense advantage of being well supplied with funds from the custom-house of Vera Cruz, while money was scarce in the treasury of his rival On the 2 2d of December, i860. General Miramon was finally defeated at the battle of Son Miguelito, and Juarez entered Mexico on January 11, 1861. He immediately dismissed the officials of the previons government, expelled the representatives of foreign powers who had shown sympathy with Greneral Miramon, and, after having been recognised by England and France, caused himself to be re-elected to the presidency, June ii, 1 86 1. His difficulties, however, were not over. Depending for funds on forced loans, confiscations, and extortions of all kinds, and being, consequently, unable to meet his engagements, he passed a decree, on June 17^ 1 86 1, su8]>ending for two years payments to creditors of the state. This violation of good faith induced England, France, and Spain to combine in an armed expedition to enforce their claims England and Spain, having declared themselves satisfied with C4)ncessions promised to them, withdrew from the expedition, and France was left to carry on the war alone. Juarez made preparations for a stout resistance, and obtained a loon of 25,000,000 dollars from the United States, pledging as security several provinces of Mexico. The French received a check at Pueblo, but, after receiving reinforcements under General Forey, succeeded in occupying the country from the coast to the city of Mexico. Juarez, in the meantime, though obliged to fall back, never ceased to keep a semblance of government in some part or other of the Mexican territory. An assembly of notables having met at Mexico, July 8, 1863, to deliberate on the future form of government, decided — i. That Mexico shoiild adopt a limited hereditary monarchy under a Catholic prince. 2. That the sovereign should bear the title of emperor. 3. That the imperial crown should be offered to the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria. 4. That, should the Archduke Maximilian be prevented from accepting the offer, the Emperor Napoleon III. should be requested to designate some other Catholic prince. A deputation was sent to the archduke at his seat at Miramar, who accepted the crown on the conditions that the whole Mexican nation should confirm the wishes of the capital, and that the integrity of the new empire should be sufficiently guaranteed. These conditions being obtained, he gave up his claims to the Austrian succession, and departed for Mexico. He arrived at Vera Cruz, May 28, 1S64, where he was well received by the native population, and made his entry into the city of Mexico on the 12th of June following. The emperor initiated several reforms, and his reign, had it been permitted to continue, would doubtless have been a boon to the countiy. He was, however, engaged in a constant struggle not only with the supporters of Juarez, but with those of Genend Ortega, who claimed the presidency for himself. There were also other opponents to his rule, support^ by bands of filibusters organised in the United States. After the departure of the French army, which was withdrawn at the beginning of 1867, he left Mexico at the head of all his available troops, and marched on Queretaro, which he reached on February 19. After a brave defence, this dty was taken (May 15) by Greneral Escobedo. The emperor was made prisoner of war, and on the 1 9th of June following condenmed to death b^ a ooadlof war, and ^ot, together with Generals Miramon and Mejia, notwith- standing ^jfllHB^ European powers.

glj^^ iSbtj^^^^^Kii the empire, President Jnares has had to contend against several •eriona iB|^ ^fcd hj Maitineis, Ortega^ and Negrete, candidates for the presidency.

In Jon f^ endMYOozed to orgudad an independeiit oonfederation in tho

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SUCCESSION OF THE RULERS OF MEXICO.

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MONACO.

Situated upon the oonfinefl of Franoe and of Italy, the little state of Monaco ii boanded on the Bouth by the gulf of Genoa^ on the north and east by Savoy, and on the west by the department of Yar. The sovereignty of this territory has been vested in the noble Genoese family of Grimaldi ever since the year 968, when the Emperor Otho I. bestowed upon Grimaldi L the fortress and lordship of Monaco, from which he had expelled the Saracens. One of his descen- dants, Charles the Great, led the renowned Genoese archers and perished in their discomfiture at the battle of Cr^y in 1346. After having been since 1450 under the protection of Spain, Honorius II., in 1553, invoked the protection of Francis I. of France, but soon returned to his allegiance to the king of Spain, and fought valiantly at the battle of Lepanto ; Honorius H., his grandson, in 1641, drove the Spaniards from his dominions, and by the treaty of P^ronne again placed them under the protectorate of France. For this act his >Iilanese and Neapolitan posses- sions were confiscated by Spain, and he received from Louis XIV., as compensation for these losses, the duchy of Valentinois and other estates. The direct male line of the Grimaldi princes of Monaco became extinct upon the death of Prince Anthony, February 26, 1731, when the principality was carried into the house of Matignon by the marriage of his eldest daughter, Louisa Hippolyta, with Jacques Franfois de Lienor Groyon-Matignon, count of Torigny, who assumed the surname and arms of Grimaldi, and received the duchy of Valentinois upon his marriage in 1 71 5.

United to France in 1793, by decree of the national convention, Monaco regained its inde- pendence in 1 8 14 under Honorius Y., and by the treaty of Paris, November 20, 181 5, was placed under the military protectorate of Sardinia. In 1848 the communes of Mentone and Boquebrune revolted against the authority of his brother and successor Florestan I., and demanded to be annexed to Piedmont.* This was decreed by Charles Albert, king of Sar- dinia, September 18, 1848, and Mentone and Roquebrune were occupied by his troops, but upon appeal to France their annexation was suspended, and the Sardinian troops withdrawn. Florestan I., who in his younger days had been an actor at the theatre of the Ambigu-Comique^ died at Paris on the 20th of Jime, 1856.

Charles III., Honorius, prince of Monaco, and duke of Valentinois, is the only son of Flore- stan I., prince of Monaco, by his wife the Princess Maria Louisa Caraline Gabriella Gibert de Lametz, who was bom, July 18, 1793, and is still living. He was bom on the 8th of December 1 81 8, and in 1853 endeavoured to excite at Mentone a public demonstration in his favour against his father. No sooner, however, was he recognised, than the people rose against him» and he owed his safe escape to the national guard and Sardinian carabineers, who escorted him to prison and thence to Genoa, where he was at once released.

He succeeded his father, June 20, 1856, and on the 2d of February 1861 he ceded to France his sovereign rights over the communes of Mentone and Boquebrune, receiving as indemnity the sum of four million francs. These communes now form part of the department of the Alpes Maritimes. Monaco, with its beautiful ch&teau, and its casino, was alone reserved by Prince Charles, who resides for six months alternately there and at Paris.

Prince Charles married, September 28, 1846, Antoinette Ghislaine, countess of Mdrode, who was bom September 28, 1828, and died February 10, 1864, leaving issue an only son, AUnH Honorius Charles, duke of Valentinois, a lieutenant in the French navy, bom November 13, 1848, and married September 21, 1869, to the Lady Mary Victoria Hamilton-Douglas, (6. 11 Dec. 1850), only daughter of William, late duke of Hamilton, Brandon, and ChAtelheraull^ and the Princess Marie of Baden.

DESCENT OF THE PRINCES OF MONACO.

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PARMA.

Parma and Plaobntia were erected into a dnchy in 1545, in which year they were given hj pope Paul III. to hifl natural son, Peter Lonis Famese, in whose family they remained mitil the death of duke Antonio in 1 731, when the male line of the Famese dynasty became extinct^ and their dominions passed to the house of Bourbon by reason of the marriage of Elizabetli Fameee with Philip Y. of Spain. Don Carlos, their son, succeeded duke Antonio, and in 1735 became king of the Two Sicilies, whereupon he ceded his duchy to the house of Austria, ii whose possession it remained imtil it was transferred by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Octobei 18, 1748, to Philip, brother of Don Carlos. In 1801, Louis, duke of Parma, was made king oi Etruria, and the duchy united to France until April 1814, when Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla were conferred by the treaty of Paris on the archduchess Maria Louisa of Austria, wife of the emperor Napoleon I. The ex-empress Maria Louisa died December 17, 1847, and the duchy of G-uastalla became annexed to Modena, whilst Parma and Placentia devolved upon Charles Louis, duke of Lucca, who resigned Lucca to the grand-duke of Tuscany, in accord- ance with the arrangements of previous treaties. Charles Louis was the son of Louis L, king of Etruria, whom he succeeded as Louis II., May 27, 1 803, but was deprived of his kingdom by Napoleon in 1807, whilst yet a child. Bom December 22, 1 799, he succeeded to the duchj of Lucca upon the decease of his mother, the Infanta Maria Louisa, March 13, 1824. He assumed the dukedom of Parma as Charles II., and after a short reign abdicated, March 14 1849, in favour of his son, Ferdinand Charles, and has since resided at Yiareggio in Tuscany Charles III. reigned five years, during which his dominions were ruled from Vienna witli remarkable intelligence and dexterity by baron Ward, who was at the same time prime ministei and ministei^plenipotentiary to Austria. Ward, although originally but a Yorkshire groom, had by his integrity and aptitude for business won for himself the confidence and esteem oi Charles Louis, duke of Lucca, who made him a minister of state, and intrusted him with the absolute direction of state afiairs. His talent for diplomacy was so great as to lead prinoc Mettemich to style him a *^ heaven-bom diplomatist." Government by a foreigner, and with the moral support of Austria, caused, however, great public discontent, until at last the duke wai stabbed in the streets of Parma, March 26, 1854, and died from his wound on the following day.

RoBKBT (Charles Louis Maria of Bourbon), Duke of Parma and Placentia, the elder son of the late duke Charles III. and Louisa Maria Theresa, daughter of Ferdinand, duke of Beny, was bom July 9, 1848. Being a minor at the death of his father, March 27, 1854, he succeeded to the dukedom under the regency of his mother, who immediately dismissed baron Ward, and goremed the duchy until the outbreak of the war in Italy, when the Parmesans established a ptOTifflonal government, and compelled the duchess-regent and her son to retire into Switzerland, ICajy I, 1859. The revolutionary movement proved successful, and Farina was made dictator vntil the annexation of Parma and Placentia to Sardinia was voted, September 12, 1859, and Hmj w«re incorporated with that kingdom by the royal decree of March 18, i860.

Tlie dnbhess Louisa, who was sister of the Coimt de Chambord, died at Yenice, February l, 186)4. "Dakib Robert, who now resides at Frohsdorf in Lower Austria, is presumptive heir to Hm molt aiudesit dynasties of Europe. He will succeed the duke of Bordeaux as undoubted bofir of the royal house of Bourbon, and will be also heir of the ancient Celtic kings of ihroagh the elder line of BalioL He is moreover co-heir of the Stuart, Tudor, and kings of Great Britain. He has one brother, Henry, coimt of Bardi, bom 12 Feb- ■••f, iSS^ •■^ *^"^ sisters, Margaret, bom I January, 1847, and married 4 February, 1867,

-1-^ nf Spain, and Alice, bom 27 December, 1849, and married January xand duke of Tuscany.

_ 4

DESCENT OF THE GRAND-DUKES OF PARMA.

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PERSIA.

Thi fofonder of the reigmng dynasty of Penoa was Agha Mohammad Khan Kajar who, after Persia had for many years been torn by dvil war, acquired the sovereignty by his victory over Lnft Ali Khan Zend in 1795. Agha Mohammad was assassinated in 1797, and soooeeded by his nephew. Shah Fatah Ali, who, in his wars with Bossia, lost most of his provinces on the Caspian, together with Erivan and the coontry of the Araxes. His soooessor was Mohammad, a grandson of Fatah All and father of Nasr Eddin, the present shah.

Kasb Eddin was bom in 1820, and soooeeded to the throne, October 13, 1S48. From the geographical position of the Persian dominions it is ahnost impossible for a roler of that ooontiy to avoid being swayed either by English or by Rossian infloence, and the present shah has doobtless, at different times, sobmitted to each. At the beginning of the war between Rossia and Torkey he declared his neotrality, bot, shortly before its dose, entered into a treaty with Bossia. In the following year, in conseqoence of the occopation of Herat by Persian troops, the government of India declared war against him (Nov. i, 1856). After a few months' of hostilities, doring which Greneral Ootram captored Karrack, Boshir, and other places, a treaty of peace was signed, at Paris, by Lord Cowley and the Persian ambassador, in which ample satisfaction was given to England. The shah has had wars with several neighbooring states, and has lately been soccessfol in an expedition against the Toroomans.

Shah Nasr Eddin has always shown a disposition to advance the welfare of his sabjects by adopting, whenever possible, the civilisation of Eorope. His anny is drilled after the Eoropean method, a navy is in procesB of f onnation, and the electric telegraph has been intro- doced into his dominions.

The children of the Shah are—

1. Mozaffer-Eddin, heir apparent, bom in 185a

2. Djilal-Eddaoleh, bom in 1853.

SUCCESSION OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA, OF THE DYNASTY OF THE KAJARS.

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POPE PIUS IX.

Giovanni Mastai Febetti, Pope Pius IX., was bom at Sinigaglia in 1792, and educated aft the College of Volterra. At the age of eighteen, being compell^, in conflequence of bad health, to abstain aa much as possible from mental labour, ne left College, and, after a short period, entered the corps of noble guards in the service of the Pope. His health, however, still continu- ing bad, he left the army, and, having entered the Church, was made Aichbtshop of Spoleto in 1827, Bishop of Imola in 1832, Cardmal in 1840, and became Pope, at the death of Qregarj XVI., in 1846.

His first acts as Pontiff, while they filled most of the higher clergy and offidala with diimaj, greatly excited the enthusiasm of the populace, and, for a time, Pius IX. was the most popular man in Italy. He disnussed his Swiss Guard ; granted an imconditional amnesty to all penons suffering punishment for political offences ; named a conmiission to reform the law ; diminished the expenses of the court ; and granted a constitution, which was promulgated on the 14th March, 1848. The liberal party, however, excited by the insurrectionary movements in other states of Italy, and by the French revolution of February 1848, clamoured for oonoetsioiM which the Government had never intended to make. One of the most earnest wishes of ths people was that the Papal States should take an active part in assisting Lombardy and Venice to gain their independence. The Pope, on the other hand, unwilling to offend Austria^ delaysd giving way to the popular ciy as long as possible, but at length sent an army of observatioQ of 1 7,000 men under General Durando. Durando, disobeying his instructions, actively assisted the insurgents, in consequence of which his conduct was immediately disavowed by the Popou Great agitation followed. Several ministers succeeded each other without allaying the discon- tent, the last of whom, Kossi, was assassinated on the steps of the Chamber of Deputies. An insurrection arose the day afterwards, and the Pope left his dominions for Graeta^ in the toti- tory of the king of Naples.

A constituent assembly was elected at Rome by universal suffrage, which decreed the ovw- throw of the Pope as temporal sovereign, and proclaimed a democratic republic, Mairrlnii Armellini, and SafiS, being named triumvirs. The Pope, in the meantime, sought the assist- ance of France, Austria, Spain, and Naples, and France hastened to respond to the call in order to be in the field before Austria ; the principal conditions being that a general amnesty should be proclaimed ; that the Grovemment should be secularised ; and that the law should be carried out according to the Code Napoleon. Rome was besieged and taken by the French, under Creneral Oudinot. The Pope, however, did not return inmiediately, but sent three Cardi- nals, of known conser\'ative principles, as conmiissioners to rule in his name ; and it was not till the 4th of April that he re-entered his dominions.

When Sardinia, supported by France, declared war against Austria, the integrity of the Roman States was guaranteed. The Emperor Napoleon even formed a scheme for establishing a confederation of Italian States, over which the Pope was to preside. A rising, however, took place in the legations, which ended in their being annexed to Sardinia ; and, notwithstanding the gallant efforts of the Papal army, chiefly nused for the protection of the Roman territoiy, and placed under the command of General Lamorici^re, little of that territory now remains in the possession of the Pope, besides Rome and Civita Vecchia.

By the convention of September 15, 1864, between the Emperor Napoleon and the King of Italy, the integrity of the Papal territory was again guaranteed. Florence was to be made the capital of Italy, and the French troops were to be withdrawn from Rome in two yean. The troops were withdrawn by France, but the Italian government allowed General Garibaldi, in October, 1867, to concentrate his followers at Mentana, with the view of creating a general rising for the pur|K)se of effecting the annexation of the remainder of the Roman territory to Italy. The Garibaldini were encountered by the Papal troops, assisted by a French detach- ment sent by the Emperor to cause the convention of September to be respected, and completely routed.

Having mentioned the principal acts of Pius IX. as prince, it remains to state that, as pon- tiff, he established the Roman hierarchy in England in 1850, signed a concordat with Austria in 1855; published the celebrated Encyclical letter in 1864 ; and is now occupied with the (Ecumenical Council, which began its deliberations in December last.

In the arts and sdenoes Pins IX. is a most distinguished proficient ; his attainments in the chief European langM||MBdlii8 memory with regard to men and things, is far beyond the average ; whilo UH^^^HkKl purity of life are admitted by the professors of all creeds.

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PORTUGAL.

Ix the wan which Alfonio, Usg of CMtlle, waged against the Moon, he wai vexr much anbted Iqr Henir of Borgundr, a descendant of Hugh Capet, to whom, as a reward for his services, he gave his natural daughter Theresa in marriage, with the govemment of the northern part of what now constitutes the kingdom of Portugal. The son of Hennr, Alfonso Henriques, extended his territory br conquest as far as the Tagus, and gained the memorable battle of Ourique, in which he is said to have defeated 300,000 men commanded bj flve Moorish kings. After the victoxy, which took place July 35, 1139, he was hailed king by his troops, and from that date is reckoned Uie foundation of the Portuguese monarchy. Alfonso Heiwiquas was succeeded by his son and his grandson, Sancho I. and Alfonso IL, who both gained important victories over the Moon. Sancho II., the son of the latter, was deposed by Pope Innocent IV. owing to priestly intrigues, and to the influence exerted over him by his queen. He was succeeded by his brother, Alfonso III., who added to his kingdom the province of Algarve. The successon of Alfonso III., in the direct male Une, were Denys— who founded the univenity of Colmbra, formerly seated at Lisbon — Alfonso IV., Peter the Cruel, and Ferdinand I. On the death of the last, without male hein, the crown was claimed ty the husband of Beatrix, his daughter, John I., king of Castile. By the Portuguese law of succes- sion, a daughter might succeed to the crown in default of sons, provided she were not married to a foreigner. Beatrix, by her marriage having forfeited her right, the next in succession was Don John, King Pedro's legi- timate son, by Ines de Castro. As he, however, was in the captivity of the king of Castil^, the cortes elected John, a natiural son of Pedro, who promised to deliver up his authority to his brother if ever he ^ould regain his freedom. John I., whose reign was distinguished by the maritime expedition, and geogrMihical discoveries of his third son. Prince Henry, was succeeded in the direct male line by Edward, Alfonso V;, and John II. The last dying without issue, the crown devolved on Emanuel, the grandson of Edward, in whose reign took place the memorable expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, round the Cape of Grood Hope. Emanuel was followed by his son, John III., who was succeeded bv Sebastian, his grandson. This priatoe. who had taken an army to Africa to asiiist Mulev Mahomet to gain the throne of Morocco was defeated, and probably killed at the battle of Alcacarquivir, although his fate was involved in an uncertainty which enabled two or three pseudo-Sebastians to claim the crown. The only male of the royal family then surviving was Henry, a son of King Emanuel, and a cardinal, at whose death, after a reign of two yean, the sovereign^ was claimed by seven different candidates. Philip II. of Spain, who claimed, in right of his mother Isabel, the eldest daughter of King Emanuel, succeeded, though not without the assistance of an army under the duke of Alva, which defeated the forces of Antony, prior of Crato—an illegitimate son of Louis, Emanuel's third son — who had been proclaimed king. Portugal remained in the possession of the kings of Spain, of the house of Austria, Philip II., Philip III., and Philip IV. for sixty yean, when the principal nobles suooeeded in throwing off the yoke, and placing on the throne John, duke of Braganxa, who was descended from King Emanuel, and also from John I.

Portugal has been governed by the house of Bragansa to the present time, with the exception of a Aori period during which it was occupied by the French. The sovereigns of this family have succeeded in the loUowicg order:—

Alfonso VI , son of John IV., was dethroned and imprisoned in 2667, and died 1683.

Pedro II. died in 1706.

John v., son of Pedro II., died 1750.

Joseph I., son of the preceding, in whose reign Portugal attained a high degree of prosperity, under the administration of his eminent minister the Marquis of Pombal, died 1777-

Mary I., the daughter of Joseph, married her uncle, Don Pedro, (Pedro III.,) and governed Jolntlj with him until she became insane, in 1790, when her son,

John VI., became regent, and at her death, in 1816, king. It was during his regency that Portugal was invaded by the French, and, being unable to offer any effective resistance, the royal family took refuge in Brazil. In 1815 John VI. raised that possession into a kingdom, but the cortes insisting that he should reside in Europe, he returned to Lisbon in 1821 , leaving Don Pedro the prince royal at Rio. The latter, in 1823, assumed the sovereignty of Brazil, and his title was recognised in 1825 bv the king of Portugal At the death of John VI., March 10, 1826, the Emperor Pedro of Brazil was proclaimed king of Portugal, as Pedro IV., but immediately abdicated in favour of his eldest daughter, Maria da Gloria, who, it was agreed, should marry her unde, Don Miguel, who claimed the crown. Don Miguel, however, afterwards refused to fulfil the agreement, and pro* claimed himself king of Portugal. This led to the civil war which resulted in the overtlirow of Don Miguel, and the secure establishment of Donna Maria on the throne in 1834. Her immediate successor was Pedro v., who was followed by

Dom Luis I., (Louis Philip Maria Ferdinand Peter d'Alcantan Anthony Michael Raphael Gabriel Gonxaga Xavier Francis a'Assis John Julius Augustus Wolfaudus de Bragansa Bourbon), king of Portugal and of toe Algarves, second son of the late Queen Donna Maria II. da Gloria, by her second marriage with the Pxinos Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Cobuxg-Cohary, was bom on the 31st of October 1838. The troubled reign of Queen Donna Maria having ended with her death on the 15th of November 185^ the crown devolved upon her eldest son, who ascended the throne as Dom Pedro V., under the regency of his father. King Ferdinand, he being then a minor. He visited England. France, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland, in company with his brother the duke of Oporto, the present sovereign, and manied, in 1857, the Prlnossi Stephanie of Hohenzollem Sigmaringen. Ifer untimely death from diphtheria took place July 16, 1859, and in little more Uian two years slie was followed to the gnve by the king, who was carried off by gastric fever on the nth of November 1861. He was succeeded on the throne by his brother, the duke of Oporto, as Dom Luis I., who was at that time a captain in the Portuguese navy. Like the late king he takes much interest In public affain, and has continued the govemment of his kingdom upon liberal constitutional principles.

Dom Luis married, on the 6th of October i86a, the Princess Maria Pia (bom i6th October 1847), younger daughter of Victor Emanuel, king of Italy, by whom he has issue two sons : —

X. Charles Ferdinand, prince royal, bom September 28, 1863.

9. Alphonso Henr\' Napoleon, duke of Oporto, bom July 31, 1865.

King Ferdinand, the father of the sovereign, was bom October 29, 18 z6. He has recently declined to accept the crown of Spain, having previously refused that of Greece, which was offered to him upon the dethronement of King Otho.

DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF PORTUGAL.

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PRUSSIA.

The house of HohenzoUem, from which the present royal family of PmsBiA is descended, is known to have existed, as far back as the year 800. Frederick VIII. of HohenzoUem, having purchased the margravate of Brandenburg, was made Elector of Brandenburg by the EmperoK Sigismimd in 141 5.

In 1608, John Sigismund, the ninth elector, by his marriage with Anne of Prussia, added to his dominions the duchies of Prussia, of Cleves, and of Juliers. The electorate suffered greatly during the thirty years' war which began 1618 in the reign of Geoige William, but recov^^ed its prosperity by the prudent government of his successor, Frederidc William, called the Great Elector. Frederick William was succeeded by his son Frederick, who declared himself long of Prussia, and was, in return for great services rendered by him against France, in the war of the Spanish succession, recognised as such by the Emperor Leopold in 1 701. He was buo* ceeded by Frederick William I. in 1 713, by Frederick II. (the Great) in 1740, in whose rejm were annexed Silesia and the provinces dismembered from Poland ; by Frederick William II., in 1787 ; by Frederick William III., in 1797; by Frederick William IV., in 1840; and by William I., the present king, in 1861.

William I. (Frederick William Lewis) king of Prussia, the second son of Frederick William III., was bom on the 22d Mareh, 1 797. He entered the army at an early age, and served in the campaigns of 1813 and 181 5. Wliile prestimptive heir to the crown he took an active part in politics, and sat in the first Prussian Diet. During the troubles of 1848, being unpopular on account of his absolutist principles, he retired for a dbort time to England. On his return he was elected a member of the Prussian National Assembly ; soon afterwards he took the command of the troops sent by Prussia to quell the insurrection in Baden. During the Crimean war, the Prince of Prussia was very much opposed to the neutral policy adopted by his country. His accession to the throne took place at the death of his brotiier on the 2d of January, 1861, and he was crowned with great pomp at Koenigsburg on the i8th of October following, when he declared that he held his crown from Grod alone. It had always been the ardent desire of King William — as it had been that of several of his ancestors — to raise the forces of Prussia to the highest possible pitch of power and efficiency ; and he had not been long on the throne before he l^gan to carry his views into effect by very considerably increasing the army and navy, and adding to the strength of the frontier defences. This policy, however, did not find favour with the representatives of the nation, and successive Chambers of Deputies were dissolved for refusing to pass the budget for military expenses. At length the ministry, under Count Bismark — who had been recalled from Paris on the emergency — ^having induced the Chamber of Peers to sanction the expenditure, the king dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, declaring himself obliged to act without their consent. Great dissatisfaction arose, in con- sequence, which was not allayed by the prosecution of several liberal journals, and the pub- lication of a decree suspending the liberty of the press. Public attention, however, was soon drawn from home matters to the troubles which were arising in Denmark, with regard to the succession to the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, and the relation of the latter to the Grerman Confederation. Those difficulties were solved by Austria and Prussia sending an army to carry out their views, which, after a short campaign, brought Denmark to submission. A dispute, between Austria and Prussia, on the subject of the ultimate disposal of Holstein, led eventually to the seven weeks' war of 1866, in which Prussia, assisted by Italy and seventeen cl the states of Germany, obtained a complete triumph over her rival, and acquired the kingdom of Hanover, the electorate of Hesse, the duchy of Nassau, the principality of Hesse Homburg, the republic of Frankfort, the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, with portions of Bavaria and Hesse Darmstadt, besides her ascendency as chief of the North German Con* federation.

William I. was married on the nth June, 1829, to Mary Louisa Augusta Catherine, daughter of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe Weimar, and has issue : —

1. Frederick William Nicholas Charles, bom October 18, 183 1, married to Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess Royal of England ; and

2. Louisa Mary Elizabeth, bom December 3, 1838, and married to Frederick William Loois, the present Grand Duke of Baden.

PRUSSIA.

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RUSSIA.

MiOHAXL Fbodoboyitz, the first czar of Roaaia of the house of Bomanof , from whom the present imperial is desceoded, was elected in 1613. At his death the succesaion proceeded, not always in reeolar order, as follows: — Alexis, his son ; Feodor, Iran, and Peter the Great, three sons of Alexis ; Catherine I., the widow of Peter ; Peter II., his grandson ; Anne, a daughter of Ivan, elected to the prejudice of Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great, to whom the crown should have devolved according to the will of her father; John of Brunswick, a great grandson of lyan, and Elizabeth the above-mentioned, daughter of Peter the Great. The throne of Russia then came into the possession of the present reigning family by the accession of Peter III., the son of Anne, daughter of, Peter the Great and Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein Gottorp. Peter was murdered, and succeeded by his wife Catherine II., after whom followed his son Paul and his grandsons Alexander and Nicholas, the late emperor.

Alexander II., the son of the Emperor Nicholas and the Empress Alexandra Feodorowna, the daughter of Frederick William III. of Prussia, was bom on the 29th April, 181 8. His education was superintended first by General Moerder, a Protestant, and afterwards by the poet Zhukovsky, his military training being, at the same time, attended to with the greatest care by his father himself. At the age of sixteen he attained his majority, but was subject for some years afterwards to such severe discipline that his health suffered in consequence, and he was obliged to travel to recruit it. He visited Germany and made a long stay at the court of Hesse Darmstadt, where, in 1841, he married the Princess Mary, daughter of the Grand Duke Louis.

Soon after his marriage, he endeavoured to gain popularity among the inhabitants of Finland by patronising the Finnish Academy and establishing a prof essdrsUp of Finnish language and literature. He also received the thanks of his father for the care with which, as director of tiia military schools of the empire, he had caused the youth to be trained in the ''true Russiaa feeling."

In 1850 he visited Southern Russia, and obtained the order of St. George by his behaviour in a skirmish with the Circassians of the Caucasus.

Although he is said to have disapproved of the policy which led to the war with Turkey, he nevertheless continued the contest vrith vigour after his accession in March 1855, and swore "to persevere in the policy which his father had pursued." He, however, accepted peace as soon as the taking of Kara enabled him to do so wiUiout loss of dignity.

After the Crimean war he turned his attention to public education, and, by a decree kA October 1855, abolished the restriction which limited the number of graduates in the universities of Russia, and also founded a chair of Eastern languages in the University of St. Petersburgh.

Notwithstanding several concessions made to Poland, a formidable insurrection broke out in that country, in 1861, which was not quelled till 1864.

In March 1861, the emperor performed one of the most important acts of his reign, by eman^ cipating the Serfs to the number of about 23,000. This measure, which met with great opposi- tion from his principal counsellors, is due almost entirely to himself. The same boon was granted, after the insurrection, to the Serfs of Poland.

In 1866, an attempt was made on the life of the emperor ; Karakasoff, the would-be murderer, was executed, and thirty other peraons, said to have been his accomplices, were imprisoned.

A war, of some months* standing, with the Emir of Bokara, was settled in Nov. 1866, and in May 1867 Russian America was sold to the United States for 7,200,000 doUan.

The Emperor Alexander, by his marriage with Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maiy, daughter of Louis II., Grand Duke of Hesse, has surviving issue —

1. Alexander, heir-presumptive, bom March 10, 1845.

2. Vladimir, bom April 22, 1847.

3. Alexis, bom January 14, 1850.

4. Mary, bom October 17, 1853.

5. Sergius, bom May ii, 1857.

6. PaiU, bom October 3, i860.

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Ebnist n. (Angostus Ernest Charles John Leopold Alexander Edward) Dake of Saze-Coborg Gotha, the elder son of the late Duke Ernest I., by the Princess Louise, onlj daughter of Augustus, last reigning duke but one of Saze-Grotha Altenburg, was bom at the ducal palace at Coburg, on the 2ist of June, 1818. His childhood was passed in the constant companionship of his yoimger brother Albert, the late Prince Consort. The mairiage of their parents not having been a happy one, a separation took place in 1824 ; and the duchess never saw her children again, but their youth was watched over with the most devoted love and care by their grands mothers, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and the Dowager Duchess of Saxe- Gotha-Altenburg. When Prince Ernest was five years old, they were entrusted to the care of a tutor, Herr Florschiitz of Coburg, who fulfilled his task with much success. He completed his education at the University of Bonn, where he made a special study of political economy. In 1836 he travelled in Belgium, France, and England, in company with his brother, who on this occasion first met the Queen, then Princess Victoria. He afterwards visited Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Africa.

He succeeded his father, January 29th, 1844 ; and in 1846 anticipated the wants of his people by granting a liberal constitution to the two duchies, owing to which the critical period of 184S and 1849 passed over without disturbance in his dominions. In 1849 he had command of a division of the federal army in the war against Denmark, and to him was due the victory at Eckemfoerde. After the dissolution of the Grermanic confederation, the duchies of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha became incorporated in the North German Confederation, the ducal aimy being placed under the command of the King of Prussia.

Duke Ernest has always had a great fondness for the arts and sciences ; music, especially, hai been with him a favourite study from his childhood, and he has attained considerable suocen u a composer. Several of his operas have been weU received, not only at Gotha, but in other towns of Germany. One of them, CatUda, translated into French, has been performed it Brussels, and another, Santa Chiara^ appeared in 1855, at the grand opera at Paris. Among his other musical compositions, one of the most important, is a cantata for soprano and baritone with choruses and orchestral accompaniments, entitled Immer Liebe, the words by Amot.

The duke married, on the 3d May, 1842, Alexandrina Louisa Amelia Frederica Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of Leopold, late Grand Duke of Baden.

The Prince of Wales, having resigned his rights on the 19th April, 1863, Prince Alfred of England is heir presumptive to the ducal throne.

'ESCENT or THE DUKES OF SAXE-COBURfrGOTHA.

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SAXONY.

When the funilj of Albert the Bear, Marquess of Salxwedel, to which the duchy of Saxony had belonged, became extinct by the death of Albert III. in 1432, the duchy with the title of elector was conferred by the Emperor Slgismund on Frederick the Warlike, margrave of Bfisnia (Meissen), supposed to have been deeoended from WittiUnd, the leader of the Saxons in their wars against Charlemagne. Frederick was succeeded by his son Frederick the Gk>od, at whose death, in 1464, the territory was divided between his two sons, Sanest and Albert From the former are descended the families of Saxe-Altenbura, Saxe-C!oburg-Ootha, Saxe-Meiii- nigen, and Saxe- Weimar, and from the latter the present royal house of Saxony. Ernest succeeded to flw electoral dignity, which after him devolved successively on his two sons Frederick the Wise «id John the Constant. The latter was succeeded by John Frederick, his son, who, having headed the Protestant league of Smidkald, was placed under the ban of the Empire and deprived of the electorate, which was trannened to Maurice, margrave of liisnia, grandson of Albert Maurice was a great suppiorter of the Protestant cause, and concluded with the Emperor Charles V. the convention of Passau. which secured religious liberty to the Protestants of Germany. At his death, the electorate devolved on nis brother Augustus, in whose reign his cousin John George, at the instigation of an adventurer named Grumbach. lud claim to Uia electorate, and attempted to raise a revolt against the Emperor Maximilian II. On the refusal of J (An George to give up Grumbach, Augustus was ordered by the emperor to enforce the demand, which be did by taidng Gotha, putting Grumbach and others to death, and sending John George captive to Vienna. Augustus was succeeded by his son Christian, whose two sons. Christian and John George, followed fn succession. After John George, the electoral crown descended, in the direct line, through John George XL, John George IIL, and John George IV., who was succeeded by his brother Frederick Augustus, iRiio became king of Pohmd. The last was succeeded in the direct line by Frederick Augustus II., who idso obtained the crown of Poland, Frederick Christian and Frederick Augustus, on whom the Emperor Xapoleon conferred the titie of king, with great accessions of territory, a laige portion of which, however, was ceded to Prunia by the congress of Vienna. Frederick Augustus was succeeded by his brother, Antony Clement who, dying without male issue, was succeeded bv his nephew, the late king, Frederick Augustus II., the son of Duke Maximilian, who renounced his claim to the throne.

John (Nepomucene Maria Joseph), the present king of Saxony, is the younger son of Duke Ma-rimiiUn uid Caroline Maria Theresa, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, and was born December Z2th, x8ox. His education was superintended by General Forell, Baron Weisenberg, and General Watsdorf. In xSai he was appointed a member of the College of Finance, of which he subsequently became vice-president Aftet the events of 1830, he became president of a commission to maintain public order, and commander of the dvle guard. Bv the new constitution of the kingdom, which he had assisted in drawing up, he acquired a seat bi the first cnamber as prince of the blood, where, besides taking an active part in the debates, he propcned several important reforms in the penal and criminal codes which were adopted by the Diet Since ms acces- sion to the throne, August gth, 1854, he has introduced several liberal measures and much improved the administration of justice by appointixig justices of the peace throughout his dominions, notwithstanding the opposition of the nobility, jealous of their own privileges. In the Russian war his sympathies were entirely with the czar. When Prussia and Austria, after the Danish war, submitted to the German diet the conven- tion of Gastein, one clause of which secured Lauenburg to Prussia, in consideration of a sum of money to be paid to Austria, the kinc of Saxony protested and asserted his own pretensions to that duchy. In November X865, the king concluded a treaty of conunerce with Italy, and formally recognised that kingdom. In June x866, when Austria declared against the legality of the Prussian occupation of Holstein, and proposed the intervention of the Confederation and the mobilisation of the federal army. Saxony was one of the powen which supported the motion. After the conclusion of the German war, the king of Saxony did not lmme> diately accept the invitation of Prussia (dated July x6th, x866) to form a new confederation, but concluded a separate treaty with that power on the 21st October following, by which it was settled that Saxonf shoidd become a member of the North German Confederation and pay ten milUons of thalers, and that her troops should be incorporated with the confederate army under the king of Prussia.

The king of Saxony has a great taste for literary and archaeological pursuits. In 1824 he became preddeot of the Society of Antiqu^es of Saxony, and in 1852 and 1853 presided at the German Society of History and Antiquities. He has published a translation. In blank verse, of Dante's Divina Commedia, under the pseu- donym of Philalethes, and a history of Romagna from X274 to 1304.

Kine John married, on the azst November 1822, Amklta Augusta, the daughter of MailmJHan, king of Bavaria, and has issue —

X. Frederick Augustus Albert Antony Ferdinand Joseph Charles Maria Baptist Nepomucene William Xavler George Fidelia, bom April 23, 1828. Married, June x8, 1853, to Caroline Frederica Frances Stephanie Amelia CecUia, daughter of Prince Gustavus Vasa, bom Aug. 5, 1833.

a. Mary Elizabeth Maximiliana Louisa Amelia Frances Sophia Leopoldina Anne Baptista Nepomueena, bom Feb. 4, X830. Married, April 22, 1850, to Ferdinand Maria Albert Amadeus Philibert Vincent prince of Sardinia.

3. Frederick Augustus George Louis WiUiam Maximilian Charles Maria Nepomucene Baptist Xavler Cyriacus Romanus, bora Aug. 8, 1832. Married, May zx, X859, to Mary Anne, daughter of Ferdinand, king of Portugal, born July 21, 1843, and has issue —

z. Matilda Mary Augusta Vietoria Leopoldina Caroline Louisa Frances Josephine, bora March 19, 1863.

9. Frederick Augustus John Louis Charles Gustavus Gregory Philip, bora May 25, 1865.

3. Mary Josepha Louisa Philippina Elizabeth Pia Angelica Margarita, bora May 31, X867.

4. John George Pius Charles Leopold Maria Janoarius Anadetus, bom July zz, 1869.

DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF SAXONY.

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SPAIN.

Spain, formed into one kingdom in 1512 by tiie union of Leon and Castile with Angon, at th» maniafi^ of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, and by the sabseqnent oanqnest of Granada and Navarre, was mleid by Ferdinand tiie Catholic until his death in 1 5 16, when the crown devolved upon the house of Austria in consequence of tiie manriaffe of Joanna of Castile, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, with the archduke Philip of Austria^ Hie aididQke Charles, their son, succeeded Ferdinand upon the throne of Spain, and in 1 5 19 ***«ft"«* the emperor Charles V. of Germany. He resigned the Spanish crown in 1556 to hiB son, FUUp II., and it continued in the Austrian line until the decease, without issue, of Chariet IL in 1700, who by his will nominated as his successor Philip, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of France, the first sovereign of the Bourbon d^iiasty, whoee rule has lasted until the present time, excepting only the brief period from 1800 to 1813, during which time the throne was occupied by Joseph Bonaparte.

Isabella II., ^Maria Isab^la Loiusa), Queen of Spain, is the elder daughter of the late king Ferdinand VIT., by his fourth wife, the princess Maria Christina Ferdinanda^ (who was bom April 27, 1806, and is now the wife of Fernando Mufioz, duke of Bianzar^), seoond daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. She was bom at Madrid, October 10, 1830^ and when only three vears of age, September 29, 1833, succeeded her father on the throne of Spain, the Salic law having been abolished by the late king in her favour by the pragmatio sanction of March 29, 1830, to the exclusion of her uncles, Don Carlos and Don Frandsoo. During her minority the regency was assumed by queen Christina, who immediately found herself involved in the war of succession with the adherents of Don Carlos. The civil war lasted for seven years, when Don Carlos took refuge in France, and in October 1840 queen Christina resigned her power into the hands of marshal Espartero, who was soon after dedared by the Cortes regent during the queen's minority. Insurrections in favour of the queen-mother broke out in various towns, but were quelled, until at length a successful revolution drove Espartero from office in July 1843. Isabella, although only Uiirteen years old, was declared by the Cortes to be of age, November 8, 1843, and marshal Narvaez appointed president of tlie ministiy. This was followed by the return of queen Christina, and tiie marriages of the queen to her cousin, Don Francisco d'Assisi, and of her sister the Infanta Maria Louisa to Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, fifth son of Louis Philippe, king of the French, on the loth of October 1846, — events that caused a serious disturbance of the friendly relations of this country wifli France and Spain. In May 1848 the British envoy. Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer, was ordered to leave Madrid, and diplomatic intercourse was not resumed until April 185a In January 1 85 1 Tnarshal Narvaez resigned, and ministerial changes followed in quick succession. An attempt was made, February 2, 1852, by a Franciscan monk, named Merino, to assassinate the Queoi as she was going to the church of Atocha at Madrid, but she escaped with only a slight staK This led to reactionary measures, and in July 1854 a military insurrection again placed Espartero in power. He retained office until July 1856, when a new cabinet was fonned by marshal O'Donnell, by whom the war with Morocco that broke out in October 1859 was successfully ended in March, i860. 0*Donnell resigned in Februaiy 1863, but, after frequent changes and conspiracies, returned to office in June 1865. January 1866 was marked by a military insurrection at Aranjuez led by general Prim, which was the prologue to the more serious outbreak that occurred at Madrid on the 22d of June, and which was not sup- pressed without much bloodshed. This caused the resignation of O'Donnell and the recall of Narvaez, at whose death, April 23, 1868, a new ministry was formed by Sefior Gronzalez Brava The severe and repressive measures adopted against the reactionists, tibe abolition of the firee* dom of the press, and other causes, lighted the fires of revolution. On the i8th of September 1868, admiral Topete hoisted the insurgent flag in Cadiz Bay, and was immediately joined by TnarBTiii.1 Semmo and general Prim, who had been, in former days, loaded by favcmrs from the queen. In eleven days the revolution triumphed, and on the 30th of September, queen Isabella left San Sebastian to seek an asylum in France. The throne was the same day declared vacant, and a provisional government established, which at once reversed the policy of the late govern- ment. A new constitution was promulgated, Jime 6, 1869, and the monarchical form of government thereby continued. Meanwhile, until the succession to the throne may be decided, the government of the coimtry is carried on by marshal Serrano, duke de la Torre, as regent, who was sworn into office June 18, 1869, and is aided by a ministry of which general Piun is president.

Queen Isabella, who has since taken up her residence in the Avenue du Roi de Bome at Paris, was married, October 10, 1846, to her cousin Don Francisco d*Assisi Maria Fernando^ duke of Cadiz, eldest son of the Infant Don Frandsoo de Paula, who was bom May 13, 1822, and by whom she has surviving issue : —

1. Maria Isabella, bom 20 December, 1 851, and married 14 May, 1868, to prince Gaetano

Maria Federico, count of Girgenti, brother of the ex-king Frauds II. of the Two Sicilies.

2. Alfonso Francisco Pelayo Fernando Pio Juan de Maria de la Concepcion Gr^gorio, prince

of Asturias, bom 27 November, 1857.

3. Maria del Pilar, bom 4 June, 1861.

4. Maria de la Paz, bom 23 June, 1862. 5* Maria Eulalia, bom 12 February, 1864.

DESCENT OF THE QUEEN OF SPAIN.

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SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

Chablis XY. (Cluttlfis Louis Eugene), King of Sweden and Norway, of the Gotlis, and of the VandalB, wbb bom on the 3d of May 1826. He is the eldest son of the Uite king Oscar L, by his queen, the princess Josephine Maximiliana Eugenie, (who was bom March 14th, 1807, and is still UTing), eldest daughter of Eugene de Beaohamais, viceroy of Italy, and afterwards duke of Leuchtenberg. He is grandson of the celebrated roarwhal Bemadotte, 1^0 reigned over these kingdoms as Charles XIV. John. The kingdoms of Sweden and Norway were united in 1814, in which year Norway, which had belonged to Denmark since 1397, was ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel Marshal Bemadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo, vras tiie first sovereign of the reigning d^ynasty, having been in 1810 elected crown-prince and presumptive heir to king Charles XIIL, who had no children. The aged king at once transferred to him the cares of government, and he succeeded to the throne upon the death of Charles XIII. on the 5th of Febraary 1818. He was succeeded, 8th March 1844, by his son Oscar, who governed until September 25th, 1857, when illness compelled him to transfer the reins of government to his son, the present sovereign, who was appointed regent. He ascended the throne upon the decease of his fatiier, on the 8th of July 1859, and was crowned at Stockholm, May 3rd, and at Trondhjem August 5th, i86a His reign has been hitherto peaceful, notwithstanding the dose proximity to his kingdoms of the seat of war in Schleswig and Holstein in 1864, and the sympathies of his subjects with the Danes in tiieir desperate struggle with Austria and Prussia to retain pos- session of those duchies. Some of the most important events, since 1809, in the history of the kingdom have taken place during the sway of king Charles XY . These are, a fundamental change in the constitution by tiie establishment of a parliament composed of two elective ohanir ben, the establishment of free-trade, the de facto abolition of capital punishment, and the greatly extended liberty of conscience. His Majesty is an artist and poet of considerable ability and in 1868 published ** ld6ea et B^flexions sur les mouvements de la Tactique modeme."

He married, June 19th, 1850, the princess Wilhelmina Frederica Alexandra Anna LouUa of Orange, bom 5th August 1828, elder daughter of prince William Frederick Charles of the Netherlands, by whom he has an only daughter, LoutMa Josephine Eugenie, who was bom on the 31st of October 185 1, and married the crown-prince of Denmark, July 28th, 1869. The heir presumptive to the Swedish and Norwegian crowns vt his next surviving brother, the prince Oiear Frederic, duke of Ostrogothia, who was bom January 21 at, 1829, and married June^ 6tli, 1857, the princess Sophia Wilhelmina Marianna Henrietta, (bom 9th July 1836), youngest daughter of William, late duke of Nassau, by whom he has issue, —

1. Oscar Outtavut Adolphus, duke of Wermland, bom i6th June 1858.

2. Oscar Charles Augustus, duke of Gothia^ bom 15th Nov. 1859.

3. Oscar Charles William, duke of Westrogothia^ bom 27th Feb. 1861.

4. Engine Napoleon Nicholas, duke of Nerida^ bom ist Aug. 1865.

DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF SWEDEN.

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TURKEY.

Thb Turks are descended from a tribe of Tartars which, in the middle of the eighth centoiy, settled in Armenia, and afterwards spread over a great part of Asia Minor. In 1298, their dominions were united into a single state hj Othxnan, one of their chiefs, who assumed the sovereignty under the title of sultan, and whose family rules in Turkey at the present day. The Turks rapidly increased their dominions at the expense of tiie declining empire of the East, which was finally overthrown by the taking of Constantinople in 1453, by the seventh sultan Mahomet II. After this the Turkish empire continued to extend itself, and by the middle of the sixteenth oentuiy included Greece, a part of Italy, Egypt, Syria, the islands of the Archi- pelago, Rhodes, and Cyprus. In 1571, Turkish conquest received a check at the battle of Lepanto, where the navy of Selim was destroyed by the combined fleets of Spain, Venice, Genoa^ Malta, and the Pope, under the conmiand of Don Juan of Austria. In the course of the follow- ing hundred and fifty years the Turks took Candia and retook the Morea, but also sustained serious reverses, and before the middle of the eighteenth century their power began to decline. Their fleet was defeated by England and Russia in 1770. The Russians took the Crimea in 17S4, and Turkey suffered greatly in a war with Austria and Russia in 1 787-91. In 1807, she was agEun engaged in hostilities with England and Russia, which ended in the treaty cofld.uded with Russia at Bucharest in 1 81 2, bv which it was stipulated that the river Pruth should be the boundary of the two empires. In 182 1 began the movement in Greece to throw off the Turkish yoke, which resulted in the independence of the Greek nation in 1829. The years 1828-29 '^^^'^ occupied by another war with Russia. In 183 1, the Pacha of Egypt revolted against the sultan, took Acre, and advanced to within eighty leagues of Constantinople. The sultan then invoked the assistance of Russia. The differences be^Teen the sultan and his vassal were settled by the interference of the western powers, who induced the sultan to make the pashalic of Egypt here- ditary in the family of Mehemet-AIL In 1853 arose the dispute between the Greek and Latin churches as to the possession of the holy places in Palestine, which led to the last war with Russia, in which Turkey was assisted by England, France, and Sardinia. During the war with Russia, an insurrection arose in Epirus and Albaxda, which was fomented by the Greek govern- ment. Hostilities took place, in consequence, between Greece and Turkey, to stop which England sent troops to the Pineus, upon which the king of Greece promised to observe strict neutrality. In i860, in consequence of a great massacre of Christians at Damascus, principally by the Druses, France sent an army whicm, together with Turkish troops under Fnad Pacha, attacked them and compelled them to deliver up their chiefs, several of whom were condenmed to die. In the following year (June 25), the late sultan Abdul Medjid died, and was succeeded by his brother.

Abdul Axis, the present sultan, is the second son of Sultan Mahmud, and was bom on the 9th February 1830. He is well acquainted with the English and Frendi languages, and with the politics of the day. He began his reign by many important reforms. He reduoeid the civil lirt from 70,000,000 to 12,000,000 piastres ; recognised the equality of all his subjects, of what- ever religion ; and declared his intention of having but one wife. His general, Omer Pasha, oomplet^y put down a serious insurrection in Montenegro, and a more formidable rebellion in Candia was also quelled, notwithstanding the assistance continually afforded to the Cretans by bands of volimteers oigaiiised in Greece.

Abdul Axis appears fully to possess the capacity of maintaining unaided his sovereignty in his own dominions, and has shown his determination to resist any undue assumption of inde- pendence on the part of his powerful vassal, the pasha of Egypt.

His children are —

1. iTussuf Izzeddin, bom Oct. 9, 1857.

2. Sultana Salih^, bom Aug. 10, 1862.

3. Mahmud Djexnil Eddin, bom Nov. 20^ 1862.

4. Mechmed Selim, bom Oct. 8, 1866.

5. Abdul Medjid, bom June 27, 1868.

DESCENT OF THE SULTAN OF TURKEY

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TUSCANY.

The powerful mediaeval republic of Florence, which anciently formed part of the Lomban kingdom, and rose in the fifteenth century under the government of the Medici to be tiie fore moet of the Italian republics, was made a duchy in 1 531, and Alessandro de' Medici became it first duke. He was succeeded in 1537 by Cosmo de' Medici, sumamed the Great, who wa invested by pope Pius V. with the title of grand-duke of Tuscany, August 24, 1569. Th< Medici dynasty became extinct upon the death of Giovanni Gastone, the seventh grand-duke, July 9, 1 737, and Tuscany was given by the treaty of Vienna to Frauds, duke of Lorraine, the husband of the empress Maria Theresa, who became in 1 745 emperor of Germany. Upon Ids decease in 1 765 Tuscany was inherited by his second son, Leopold, who also became emperor ol Germany in 1 790, and thereupon transferred the grand-duchy to his son Ferdinand, who was expelled by the French in 180 1, and his states merged in the new kingdom of Etruria. Etruria was in turn engulphed by France in 1807, and Eliza Bonaparte, eldest sister of the emperor Napoleon, and wife of prince Bacciocchi, made Grand-Duchess of Tuscany in 1809. Upon the abdication of Napoleon in 1 814, Ferdinand III. was restored to his dominions, and effected many judicious reforms. He died June 18, 1824, and was succeeded by his son, Leopold IL, who was bom October 3, 1 797, and continued the conciliatory measures of his father. The duchy of Lucca was ceded to Tuscany in 1847. In Februaiy 1849 an insurrection at Florence drove Leopold from his capital, but he was restored by the aid of Austrian troops, and thenceforward adopted a retrograde policy, which eventually resulted in his departure from Florence, April 27, 1859, and the formation of a provisional government. On the 2i8t oi July 1859, he abdicated in favour of his son, prince Ferdinand, and died at Bome, Januaiy 28, 1870. He was distinguished by great love for literatiu« and art, and Florence owes to him much that has rendered her so fascinating to the artist, connoisseur, and man of letters.

Ferdinand IT. (Salvator Maria Joseph John Baptist Francis Louis Gonzaga Raphael Kainer Januarius), Grand-Duke of Tuscany and Archduke of Austria, is the eldest son of the grand-duke Leopold II., and of his second wife, the princess MariA Antoinette Anne, (&.' 19 December, 1814,) daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. He was bom June 10^ 1835, and succeeded his father by virtue of his act of abdication, July 21, 1859, but the con- stituent assembly of Tuscany declared against the house of Hapsburg-Lorraine, and voted foi annexation to Sardinia. The grand-duchy of Tuscany was united to the dominions of the king of Sardinia by the royal decree of March 22, i860, against which act the grand-duke in vain protested, and Florence was made the capital of the newly-created kingdom of Italy, December II, 1864.

The grand-duke Ferdinand IV. has been twice married; first, November 24, 1856, to the princess Anne, daughter of John, king of Saxony, who was bom January 4, 1836, and died February 10, 1859, leaving issue a daughter, Marie Antoinette, 6. 10 January, 1858 ; secondly, January 12, 1868, to Alice, younger daughter of Charles III., late duke of Parma^ who was bom December 27, 1849, and is sister of Bobert, duke of Parma and Placentia.

DESCENT OF THE GRAND-DUKES OF TUSCANY..

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TWO SICILIES.

Thi kingdomB of Naples and Sicily, first united in 1085 under count Koger I., oontimiad under one sovereign until the deposition in Sicily of Charles of Anjou in 1282, by the revolutiaa well known as the " Sicilian Vespers." Sicily then fell under the dominion of Spain, and to this power the kingdom of Naples also became subject in 1503, under Ferdinand the CathoKe. They remained in this condition until 1707, when Naples, and in 1 718 Sicily, came into tlia possession of the archduke Charles of Austria, afterwards tiie emperor Charles VX of G«iw many. He did not however retain them long, but surrendered tiiem to Spain in 1734, Charles, son of Philip V., king of Spain, was made king of the Two Sicilies, and they vested in the Bourbon dynasty. The Two Sicilies were again separated in 1806, when tlia emperor Napoleon placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne of Naples, and Ferdinaiid IV. retired to Sicily. In 1808 Joseph Bonaparte was transferred to Spain, and the Neapolitm crown was conferred by Napoleon on his brother-in-law, Joachim Murat. The Bourbon dynaatf was restored in 1815, when Ferdinand IV. re-ascended the throne as Ferdinand I., king of the Two Sicilies. He died January 4, 1825, and his descendants reigned over these Iringdamii nntfl they were merged into the kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Francis IL (d'Assisi Maria Leopold), King of the Two Sicilies and of Jerusalem, is the eldest son of the late king Ferdinand II., by his first marriage with the princess Maiia Cl^in»' tina Caroline Josephine Graetana Eliza, daughter of Victor Emmanuel I., king of Sardinia. He was bom Januaiy 16, 1836, and succeeded to the throne upon the death of his fatiier, May 22, 1^59) gi^^u^ hopes that he would rule his kingdom with greater regard for the wishes of his subjects than had been the policy of his predecessor. These expectations were however not fulfilled, and on the 26th of March i860 the foreign ambassadors were constrained to address » collective note to the king, urging upon him the necessity for reform. This remaining unheeded^ an insurrection broke out in Sicily in April i860. Graribaldi landed with a body of volunteen at Marsala, May ii, proclaimed himself dictator, took Palermo by storm, and totally defeated the royal army at Melazzo, July 20. Prior to this the king had announced a liberal change in his government, but the revolution rapidly spread to Naples, and the king and queen were forced to abandon the capital, and take refuge in the castle of Gkteta, September 6, 1860^ which surrendered to the Sardinian troops under general Cialdini on the 13th of Febmaiy 1 861, after a gallant defence of six months' duration, forming one of the most stining militaiy episodes of modem times. For his intrepidity, the king received from the principal European powers their highest decorations, and the queen was presented with the military cross of St. George of Russia, and is the only lady thus distinguished. Graribaldi assumed the dictatorshqi until the arrival of king Victor Emmanuel, and on the 2i8t of October i860 the annexafeian of Naples to Sardinia was voted for ahnost unanimously. After the fall of Gkieta the king retired to his palace in Bome, and has been unceasing in his efforts to regain his throne.

The king married by proxy at Munich, January 8, and in person at Bari, Felnruaiy 3, 1859^ the duchess Mabia Sophia Amelia, third daughter of Maximilian Joseph, duke of Bavaria^ and younger sLster of the empress of Austria. She was bora at Possenhofen, October 4, 1841, and won the admiration of Europe by the undaunted courage and trae herdsm she displayed during the protracted siege of Gaeta. Her Majesty has one daughter, Christina Pia Maria Gfoseppa i7«rdlnanda Natalina Epheda^ bom at Bomei December 24, 1869.

TWO SICILIES.

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

XJltbses SncPSOK Gsaht, prendent of the TJnxted States of America, is of Scotdi desoenty m was bom at Point Pleasant, Clermont Comity, in the state of Ohio, on the 27th of April, i& At the age of seventeen he entered the military -college of West Point, which he left, in 184 with the rank of brevet second lieutenant in tne 4th regiment of infantry. In 1846 he serv in the Mexican war, and was promoted for his bravery to the rank of brevet captain. In 18 he quitted the service, entered into the leather trade, and married Miss Julia Dent. He afti wards settled at Galena in Blinoii.

At the breaking out of the dvil war he took service in the United States army, and pass rapidly through the ranks of colonel, brigadier-general of the volunteers of Illinois, oommander*! chief of the army of West Tennessee, and major-general, and distinguished himself greatly various battles and skiimiBhes, especially at Paduci^ Fort Donelson, Pittsburg-Landing, and the siege of Corinth, where he was at first second in command under General Halleck, and afh wards commander-in-chief. The failure of General Sherman before Vioksburg induced ti Federal Government to appoint General Grant in his stead, (Dec. 27, 1S62). After a sucoeaii of obstinate engagements, the outworks of that town were carried one by one, and Grensi Pemberton with over 30,000 men surrendered unconditionally on July 14. In October 1863 1 was selected to replace General Kosencranz, and, on the 2d March 1864, was appointed 1 President Lincoln commander-in-chief of the forces of the union. His plan appears to ha' been to surroimd the confederates, and to advance on Kichmond by however slow degrees, « at whatever cost in men and money. Making the Potomac his base of operations, he diieeb three divisions against the confederates, he himself, with one of them, threatening the aimy Lee. He at first made little progress, and his army received some checks in front of Petal burg. The battle of the Wilderness, one of the many actions in this campaign, lasted fi days, and terminated in Grant's favour, but with a fearfid loss. Other engagements, d astroufl for both armies, but especially discouraging to the federal troops, oUiged General Gfa to retire from his position in Pottsylvania. In Jime, however, after having secured the Jan Biver, he was enabled to lay siege to Petersburg, one of the keys to Richmond. Several dia nately contested conflicts took place before that city, in one of which, on the l8th June, t federals lost more than 8000 men. At this period, although, on the whole. Grant himself w gaining ground, his generals suffered frequent defeat, and Lee was enabled several times to crc the Kappahanoc and the Potomac, and threaten Washington. Grant nevertheless pursued, wi inflexible determination, his operations against Petersburg, which, after ei^t months* ais| and much bloodshed, surrendered, April 18, 1865. The surrender of Bichmond immediak followed. After this, the cause of the confederates was hopeless. Their resources Wf ■exhausted, and no means existed to renew them. Kesistance being no longer possible^ 1 and the other confederate generals laid down their arms, and the union was restored.

After the war, in the summer of 1865, General Grant visited New England and Canada, ai later in the year, made a tour of inspection through the Southern States. In 1867 he becai secretary ad interim in the place of Mr Stanton, suspended by President Johnson, but gave the keys of office when the senate passed a resolution disapproving the President's act.

On the 2 1st of May 1868, at the National Bepublican Convention assembled at Chicago, he ti nominated as candidate for the presidency of the republic by General Logan, chairman of 1 delegation from Illinois. In a letter which he addressed to the president of the Conventii accepting the nomination, he said, " It is impossible ... to lay down a policy to be adhei to, right or wrong, through an administration of four years. ... A purely administrati officer should always be left free to execute the will of the people. . . . Peace and univen

Prosperity will lighten the burden of taxation, while it constantly reduces the national dsl ^et us have peace."

General Grant was elected President on the 3d of November 1868, and succeeded Presidi Johnson, March 4, 1869. In his inaugural proclamation he promised to govern according law ; and, among other things, said, '* Let it be understood that there must be no repud^ of a single farthing of the public debt." From his last message to Congress, Dec. 6, 1869^ ^ gather that he is in favour of a gradual return to specie payment. That the people and gow ment of the United States warmly sympathise wiUi Cuba in its impending 8truf(gle, but fi the insurgents have not yet established a de facto government entitling tiiem to recognitiaa belligerents. That he approves the rejection of Mr R. Johnson's Alabuna treaty, and dedd that its provisions were madequate for the settlement of the grave wrong snsti^Qed by f United States. ^

JUCCESSION OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES

OF AMERICA,

FROM THE ACCEPTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

LOBO:

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1. JA3

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•MtivUto

WURTEMBERG.

The histoxy of the royal {amilj of Wurtemberg is very tmcertain before the time of Ulrich, wh was count of Wurtembeig from 1246 to 1265. fie oonriderably enlaiged his dominionB and Id two sons, Ulrich and Eberhard, who each ruled in suooession. The latter, who obtained 111 surname of Illustrious, made war on the imperial cities, entered into a confederacy against tb emperors Rudolph and Albert, and, at the death of the latter, was a candidate for the imperil crown. When Henry, count of Luxembui^, was elected emperor, Eberhard was put under A ban of the empire for his hostility to the cities and deprived of his dominions, but regains! them by the assistance of his brother-in-law, the Margrave Rudolph of Baden, at the death 0 the emperor in 1 31 3. He was succeeded in 1325 by his grandson Ulrich III., who kf two sons, Eberhard 11. and Ulrich lY., who reigned together, until the death of Ulrid in 1366, when Eberhard reigned alone till 1392. Eberhard was succeeded by his grand son and great grandson Eberhard III. and Eberard IV. The latter left two sons, Louis att Ulrich, who reigned together until the younger became of age, in 1433, when they dividai their patrimony. In 1482, Eberhard, the son of Ulrich, gave up his texritoiy to his oooaii Eberhard V., the son of Louis, for an annuity, and the country thva became reonitedL Ebti hard reigned wisely and with great advantage to his subjects, and received from the empsn Maximilian the titie of duke of Wurtemberg and Teck. His cousin who had previood resigned in his favour, succeeded at his death, as Eberhard VI., but was deposed hj ik emperor, who conferred the duchy on his cousin Ulrich VI., who reigned till 1550. Uhid was followed successively by his son and grandson, Christopher and Louis the Pius, and til last dying without issue, the duchy devolved on Frederick I., sumamed the 'M'«gtiMiftitMy^«^ ^ son of George, duke of Mompelgard and brother of Ulrich VI. Frederick was saooeeded i the direct line by John Frederick, Eberhard VII., William Louis, and Eberhard Loois^ ti last being succeeded, in 1 733, by his cousin, Charles Alexander, the son of Frederick Charit William Louis's brother. Charles Alexander left three sons, Charles Eugene^ Louis EugeD and Frederick Eugene, who reigned in succession after him. The French revolutioa begi before the death of the last mentioned, and Wurtemberg suffered much in the wan wliit followed. Duke Frederick Eugene was succeeded in 1797 by his son, Frederick WiOki Charles, who in the war between France and Austria in 1805 joined France, and In ll following year received the title of king from the emperor Napoleon. Frederick L iN succeeded in 1816 by his son, William I., the late king. To him Wurtemberg is indebted! the constitution by which it is now governed and for numerous liberal measures^ aaMfl others for a decree extending the liberty of the j^ress. He was opposed to the Grerman od stitution established at Frax^ort in 1849 ; refused to recognise the king of Prussia as Empsn of Germany in 1850; and greatly assisted in replacing the Grermanio confederation on I ancient basis.

Having been bom in 1 781, William I. was, before his death, on the 25th June, 18649 oldest reigning monarch of Europe. He was succeeded by his son, the present king —

Chables (Frederick Alexander) I., who was bom, 6th Marcti, 1823, and married on

13th July, 1846, Olga, the daughter of Nicholas, emperor of Russia,

DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF WURTEMBERG-

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INDEX OF BIOGRAPHY.

AAG

ABD

Aagaard, Christian, Danish Latin poet ; b. 27 Jml 1616 ; wrote " Threni Hyperboraei" on the death of COiriatian IV., &c. ; d. 5 Feb. 1664.

Aacaard, Niels, brother, Danish scholar ; i. 1612 ; d. 23 Jan. 1657.

AAttiT, see AcUt.

Abailaro, see Ahilard.

Abaso, Pietro d' (Petrus de Apono), Italian pbjBician and alchemist ; h. about 1250 ; nar- rowly escaped burning by the Inquisition ; his ** Conciliator Differentianun Philosophorum et Mediooiniin '* printed 1472 ; d. about 1 3 16.

Abiscal, Jo0^ Fernando, Spanish statesman ; i- 1743 '* usisted to defend the Havannahs agaiost the EngUsh, 1796 ; for his able govem- Bient of New Galicia made "Marques de la C<ncordia Espafiola del Peru" by the Cortes, 50 Mat, 1812; d. 30 June, 1821.

Abati, or Abbate, Niccolo dell', Italian fresco pMBter; 6. 15 12; d, 1571.

Abauzit, Firmin, French philosopher and

■d»Ur; friend of Newton; 6. 1 1 Nov. 1679 ;

d. 20 March, 1767. Abbadib, d', brothers, French travellers : An-

Wne, 6. 1810; Amould Michel, h. 181 5; ex-

pJwed Ethiopia, 1837-45, 1853-54. AsBADO, Jacques, French Protestant theolo-

910, dean of Killaloe ; 6. 1658 ; friend of mar-

^ Sdiomberg ; present at his death at battle

•rftheBoyne, I July, 1690; d. 25 Sept. 1727. Abbas I.— HL, shahs of Persia.

{• ^gnst: 6. X557: ihah, 1587 . . d. Jan. x6a8

U- *. X639 : ahah. 1642 d. 1666

**^ «• 1772 : last of the Sophi djmasty . d. 1736

AbiawPacha, viceroy of Egypt; 6. 181

"■CKeded his uncle Ibrahim, 10 Nov.

pmnoted railway from Alexandria to

'851 ;d. 14 July, 1854.

Abbot, Cbaries, h. 14 Oct. 1757; speaker of rae of oommoiu, 10 Feb. 1802-17; baxon Coldieiter, 3 Jime, 1817; d 8 May, 1829.

1813; 1848; Cairo,

Abbot, George, h. 29 Oct. 1562; archbiRhop of Canterbury, 1610 ; accidentally killed a park- keeper, 24 July, 1622 ; opposed the tyranny of the government, 1626-33 ; d. 4 Aug. 1633.

Abbot, Greorge, nephew; h. 1600; published Paraphrase of the Book of Job," 1640; Vindiciffi Sabbatie," 1641 ; </. 4 Feb. 1648.

Abbott, Charles, 6. 7 Oct. 1762 ; chief justice of the king's bench, 181 8; created baron Teu- tenlen, 30 April, 1827 ; </. 4 Nov. 1 832.

Abbott, Jacob, American writer (for the young); 6. 1803.

Abdallah-ben-Abdelmottalib, father of Ma- homet ; 6. about 545 ; d, 570.

Abdallatif, Arab physician and philosopher ; h. 1 162; favourite of Saladin; d. 8 Nov. 1 23 1.

Abd-el-Kadeb, Arab chief; h. 1807.

Preached a holy war to expel the French ; railed

10,000 men ; vigoroaily, but tuunccessfullj,

besieged Oran 1832

Recognised by the French m emir of Mascara,

by treaty (soon broken) ... 26 Feb. 1834 Carried on a gnenlla warfare 1835-J6

Thoronglily defeated by Bogeaud ; recognised the

French supremacy. .... 30 May, 1837 War renewed; declared a rebel; Algiers annexed tu

France Feb. 1842

The emir incited the Moors to attack the French ;

defeated by Bngeaud at Isly 14 Ang. 1844

Surrendered to Lamoricidre 33 Dec. 1847

Taken to France and imprisoned Feb. 1848

Relessed by Louis Napoleon x6 Oct. 1852

Resi(ied at Broussa till ... . Feb. 1855 At Damascus/ rescued many Christians from the

massacre July, i860

Visited Paris and London .... Aug. 1865

Abd-el-Wahab, founder of the Wahabiten, a fierce Arab sect; h. 1692 ; d. 14 Jime, 1787.

Abderahman I. — v., Ommiade caliphs of Spain.

I. chosen ruler of the Saracens in Spain, 754 ; took Cordova, and became caliph, 755: insti- tuted academies, dtc., 773-785 d.

II. caliph. Baa ; patronised learning, tc . d. in. caUpn, 913 ; defeated the C^uristlana at Jun*

qnera, 931 ; victoiloiu in Africa^ 930 (<. 961

787 85a

ABD

ABU

IV. caliph, Z017 ; killed in battle oear Granada loax

V. caliph, 1022 ; assassinated .... 1023

Abdul-Ahmed, sultan of Turkey ; b. 20 May, 1725; sultan, 21 Jan. 1 774; defeated by Rus- sia ; submitted to the treaty of Kutchuk Kain- ardji, 21 July, 1774; d. 7 April, 1789.

Abdul- Aziz, sultan of Turkey; 6. 9 Feb.

1830.

Succeeded his brother, Abdul-Medjid . 35 Jnne, 1861 Promoted economical reform . . July, Made Fuad Pacha vizier .32 Nor. Promoted industrial exhibition at Constanti- nople March-Julv, 1863

Visited Egypt 7-17 April, „

Declined to surrender Candia at the reiiuest of the western powers . . • 31 March, 1867

Visited Paris, 1-12 July ; London, 12 July ; en- tertained by the queen at Windsor, 1 3 July ; iuiiled from Dover, 23 July ; at Vienna, 27 July;

at Constantinople 7 Aug. 1867

Abdul-Medjid, sultan of Turkey ; b. 23 April, 1823; d. 25 June, 1 86 1.

Succeeded his father, Mahmud II. . 2 July, 1839 Established his father's civil reforms . 3 Nov. ,, Kefuseti to surrender Hungarian fugitives Sept. 1849 Declared war with Russia . . . s Oct. 1853 Peace signed at Paris ... 30 March, 1856

A'Beckett, Gilbert Abbot, comic writer; b. 1 81 1; one of the founders of "Punch," 1841 ; a London police magistrate, 1849; d. 30 Aug. 1856.

Avkille, Gaspanl, French poet and dramatist ; b. 1648 ; wrote " Crispin bel Esjmt," kc. ; d. 21 May, 1718.

Abel, king of Denmark, assassinated and suc- ceeded his bn)ther Eric, 1 2 50; defeated and slain by the rebelling Frisians, 1252.

Abel, Carl Friedrich, German musician ; b. 1725 ; d. 22 June, 1787.

Abel, Clarke, surgeon and naturali.st ; b. alK)ut 1 780 ; published " Narrative of a Journey in China," 1818; d. 26 Dec. 1826.

Abel, Gaspard, German historian ; 6. 14 July, 1676; d. 10 Jan. 1763.

Abel, Niels Henrik, Swedish mathematician ; b. 5 Aug. 1802 ; rf. 6 April, 1829.

Abela, Giovanni Francesco, Maltese archreo- logist; b. 1582; published " Malta Ulustrata," 1647; d. 4May, 1655.

Ab^lard, or Abailard, Pierre, teacher of theology and philosophy ; b. 1079 ; seduced and marrieil H^oYse, 1 1 19-20; condemned for heresy, 1121 ; founded the Paraclete, 1122; (H^loise first abbess, II36 ;) d. 21 April, 1 142.

Abelli, Louis, French theologian ; b, 1603 ; published " Medulla ITieologica," 1650; "Vie du Vincent de Paul," 1664 ; d. 4 Oct. 1691.

Aben £zr.\, "The Wise," Spanish rabbi; b. about 1 1 19 ; wrote commentaries on the Tal- mud ; d. about 1 1 74.

Abercorn, James Hamilton, duke of ; b. 21 Jan. 1 811; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, July, 1866 — Dec. 1868 ; created duke, 18 Aug. 1868.

Aberorombie, John ; 6. 1726 ; published "Dic- tionary of Gardening" (under name of Mawe), 1778; d, 1806.

Aberorombie, John, M.D. ; 6. 11 Nov. 1781 ; published " Inquiiy concerning the Intellectual Powers," 1830; d. 14 Nov. I^J4.

Abercrohby, James, son of Sir Rali^ ; 6. 7 Nov. 1776; master of the mint, and cabinet mininter, 1834; speaker of house of comiiiona, 19 Feb. 1835-39; created baron Dunfermline, 7 June, 1839; d. 17 April, 1858.

Abercromby, Patrick, Scotch historian ; (. 1656 ; published " Martial Achievements of the Scotch Nation," 171 1 ; d. about 1 716.

Abercromby, Sir Ralph, general ; 6. 173S; de- feated the French, and mortally wounded at Alexandria, 21 March; d. 28 March, I So I.

Aberdeen, Gordon, earls of. Georoe Gordon, Scottish lawyer : 6. about 1637 ; Inrd

of session, 1680 ; lord president of the court of session,

1681 ; lord high chancellor of Scotland, 1682-84:

created earl, 30 Nov. 1683 ; d. 1770. Gkokoe Hamilton Gordon ; 6. a8 Jan. 1784; tf. 14

Dec. i860.

Ambassador extraordlnarr to Austria . xSii

Foreign secretary in Wellington ministry June, z8ai

— Not. 1839 Colonial sec. in Peel ministry Nor. 1814 — April, 183$ Foreign secretary in same . Sept. 1^41— July, 1846 Premier, 38 I>ec. 185a ; resigned . . 30 Jan. 1853

Aberli, Johann Ludwig, Swiss landscape painter; b. 1723; d, 1786.

ABERyETm', John, surgeon and phvraologist; 6. 3 April, 1764; publuhed "Aw book,** the " Constitutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases," 1804; d. 20 April, 1831.

Abuah, king of Judab, B.c. 95^^55.

Abilt)G.vard, Niels Abraham, Dimish his- torical painter; b. 1744 ; d. 4 June, 1 809.

Abimelech, ruled Israel about B.C. 1209^.

Abinger, lord, see Scarlett.

Abington, Mrs Frances, actress ; h, 1731 ; d^but, 1759 ; d. 4 March, 1815.

About, Edmond Francois Valentin, French writer; 6. 14 Feb. 1828; published " Tolla," 1855; "Question Ilomaine," 1859; "Rome contemporaine," i860.

Abrabaxel, Isaac, Portuguese rabbi and statesman; 6. 1 43 7; d, 1508.

Abraham, the patriarch, 6. B.C. 1993 ; called, 192 1 ; d. 1822.

Arrant^, duke d', see Junot. ,

Arrant^, Joseph, marquess de, Portngaeee statesman and philosopher ; b. 7 Feb. 1 784; detained as hostage by Napoleon, 1807-14; ex- iled for conspiracy, 1824; d. in England, 1 827.

Abrehch, Friedrich Ludwig, German scholar and editor; 6. 29 Dec. 1699; d, 1782.

Abu Abdallah, or Boabdil, son of Abo- Hassan, king of Granada ; surrendered Granada to Spain, and retired to Africa, 1492.

Abu-Bbkr, first caliph ; b. about 573 ; son-in- law and successor of Mahomet, 632 ; d% 23 Aug.

634.

Abulfaragtub, GregoriuS) Arab Christian his- torian; b. 1226; d. 1286.

Abulfeda, Ismael, Arab warrior and lusto- rian; b. 1273; ^* 26 Oct 1331.

ACC

ADA

Aocono, or AccuBSirs, Franceiwo, Italian jviit; ftathorof the **GlosBa Ordiniuia^" the "GnaX Glo«:'* 6. 1182; d, 1260.

Accrif, Friedrich, Gernum chemist ; h, 29 Ibreh, 1769 ; taught chemistry in London, 1S03 ; pablished ** Treatise on Gas Lights," I&15; '^Adulteration of Food," (termed ^Death k the Pot»") 1822 ; d. 28 June, 1838.

AcHAiTK, king of Scotland about 787 ; friend <f Chariemagne ; d. 819.

AcHXKn, Fimn9ois Charles, French chemist ; b. 2S April, 1753; strongly advocated the manu- fkcture of beet-ruot sugar in France, 1 800 ; ^20 April, 1S21.

AcHARins Erik, Swedish botanist; 6. 18 Oct 1757; d. 14 Aug. 1 81 9.

AcHESTBACH, ^Vndreas, German land8ca|>e painter; b. 29 Sept. 1 81 5.

AcB£BT, Jean Luc d', French Beneilictine ntiqiiary ; b. 1609 ; publi'*hed " Veterum Scripn toram Benedictorum Spicilugium," 1655-77 ; d. 29 April, 1685.

Achilles Taths, Greek bishop, astronomer ind norelist ; Ji. about 5 th century.

AcHiLLEii, Alessandn>, Italian physician and fihiloeopber ; allied first dissector of human bodiei; b. 29 Oct. 1463; d. 2 Aug. 1512.

AcHMET, see Ahmed.

AciZRM AWN, Kndolph, bookseller ; h. 20 April, 1764 ; first published hid " Kepository of Arts," 1S09 ; introduced lithography into London, 1S17 » published the first English annual, "llie Fof^tet-me-not," 1823; d. 30 March, 1834.

AcftTfZKt, or AcoNTiua, Jaoopo, Italian philo- sopher ; 6. 7 Sept. 1492 ; became a protestant ; came to London ; fnnotected by Elizabeth ; pub- lished ^De Stratagematibus Satante in lU;li- ginoii Negotio," 1565; d, 15 May, 1566.

AcosTA, Gabriele, afterwards Uriel, Portu- goeae jurist; 6. about 1600; became a Jew, and a reformer of Judaism, 1624 ; persecuted, ictracted, severely pimiihed ; oonmiitted sui- cide, 1647.

AcoftTA, Jos^ Jesuit missionary in Peru; h. about 1 540 ; wrote ** Natural History of the I]uiie^'* printed 1591 ; d. 15 Feb. 1599.

AcQTAViVA, Andrea, duke of Atri, Italian

patnm of letters; b. 1466; d. about 1528.

AcREL, Olof, Swedish surgeon; 6. 1717;

ii8o7. AcBoir, physician of Agrigentrun ; fumigated

tW itreeti of Athens during the plague, B.C.

AP-

AcBOPOLiTA, Gcorgius, Byzantine historian; il220; d. 1282.

AcTOH, Charles Januarius Edward, cardinal ; ^6 Karch, 1803; cardinal, 1842; d. 23 Jan.

AcTojr, Jowph, of Irish extraction ; b. at ^aan^on, 1737 ; entered the service of the ^g of Napln, and eventually became prime auBirter; diwniBWMl, 1803; ^ i^oS.

Acu^A, Cristoval de, Si>anish Jesuit and geo- grapher; 6. 1597; accomi>anied Teixeira in hM exploration of the river Amazons, 1639; pub- lished a re|>ort, 1641 ; d. about 1675.

AccS*\, Peilro Bravo de, Spanish general ; governor of the Philippines, 1602; conquered the Moluccas, April, 1606; of. July, 1606.

Adair, James Alakittrick, Scutch physician ; b. 1 728 ; wrote on the Bath waters, 1 786 ; <L 1S02.

Adair, Sir Robert, diplomatist; h. 24 May, 1763; minister at Vienna, April, 1806; at Con- stantinople, 1808; d. 3 Oct. 1855.

Adalbert I., duke of Tuscany, 890-917.

Adalbert II., king of Italy, 950-961.

Adalbert, St., bishop of Prague, apostle of Prussia ; 6. about 939 ; martyred, 23 April, 997.

At>albkrt, archbishop of Bremen, 1043 ; able and ambitious, regent of Germany; de|KMed; rf. 16 March, 1 072.

Adalbert, archbishop of Mentz, iiii; a vigoroiui op]x»nent of the emperor Henry V. ; d. 14 July, 1 1 37.

Adalbert, prince of Prufwia, traveller : b. 29 Oct. 181 1 ; commander-in-chief of the Prussian »Mtvy, 1851.

Adam, created, b.c. 4004 ; d. 3074 (Usher).

Adam, Adolphe Charles, French opera com- poser; b. 24 ttuly, 1803; opened a third lyric theatre in Paris, Nov. 1847, unsuccessful through revolution of Feb. 1848; d. 3 May, 1856.

Adam, Albrecht, German artist ; b. about 1 7S6 ; d. 29 Aug. 1862.

Adam, Alexander, Latin scholar; b. June, 1741 ; published "Boman Antiquities," &c. ; d. 18 Dec. 1809.

Adam de la Halle, French trouvbre, founder of the musical drama ; composed ^' Li jeu de Robin et de Marion," at Naples, about 1282 ; d. 1286.

Adam, French sculptors, brothers : Laml)crt Sigisbert, b. 1 700 ; d. 1 759 ; Nicolas Si5bastien, ("Prometheus chained/') b. 1705; d. 1778; Fran9ois Gaspard, b. 1 7 10; d. 1759.

Adam, Johaim Ludwig, (jerman musical com- poser; 6. about 1760 ; appointe<l professor at the Conservatoire, Paris, 1797 ; d. 8 April, 1848.

Adam, Nicolas, French philologist; b. 1716; translated Horace, Phsedrus, Johnson's Kas- selas, &c. ; d. 1 792.

Adam of Bremen, German chronicler and missionary ; fl. 1067.

Adam of Mirimuth, chronicler of the four- teenth century ; wrote "Chronicon" about 1302 ;

d. 1343- Adam of Orleton, bishop of "Winchester ;

6. about 1285 ; a turbulent prelate ; d. 1375.

Adam, Bobert, architect ; 6. 1728; built the

Adelphi, Portland place, &c. in London ; d. 3

March, 1 792. James, his brother and colleague,

d, 1794.

ADA

ADR

Adam, Maitre, (or Billaut,) "the joiner of

Nevers," popular French poet ; rf. 19 May, 1662. Adam, William, Scotch lawyer; b. 2 Aug.

1751 ; wounded by Charles James Fox in a

duel, 30 Nov. 1779; d. 17 Feb. 1839. Adam Sootus, the PrsBmonstratensian, sent to

preach in Scotland by St. Norbert ; d. 1 180. Adam I, Leonardo, Italian philologist; 5. 12

Aug. 1690; wrote a history of Arcadia in

Latin, printed 1716; d. Jan. 1719. Adamnan, St., b. 625 ; abbot of Tona, 664 ;

wrote on the "Holy Places;" d. 23 Sept. 705. Adams, American statesmen :

John, 6. 19 Oct. 1735 ; actively opposed the stamp act, 1765; one of the Boston convention, 1770: a chief promoter of the declaration of independence on 4 July, 1776 : received by George III. as first am- bassador from United States, x June, 1785 ; succeeded Washington as president, 1797 ; d. 4 July, 1826.

John Qiiincy, son of preceoing ; 6. 11 June, 1767; minister at Berlin, &c., 1801-3 ; at London, 1815; elected president, 1S25 ; d. 17 Feb. iS^8.

CHARLK8 Francis, son of preceding ; o. 1807 ; edited "Life and Works of John Adams," 1850-56 ; Ameri- can minister in London. 1861 ; resigned, Feb. 1868.

Samuel, " The American Cato," a prominent actor in the revolution ; 6. 1723 ; d. 2 March, 1803.

Adams, Grcorge, natural philosopher ;b. 1 750 ; d. 14 Aug. 1795.

Adams, John, one of the mutineers of the Bounty, April, 1 789 ; they founded a colony at Pitcaim's island ; Adams l>ecame the patriar- chal governor, 1 798; d. 5 May, 1829.

Adams, John Couch, astronomer ; b. 5 June, 1819 ; investigated the pertiurbations of Uranus, 1841-44; suggested that they were due to an unknown pLimet, afterwards discovered to be Neptune, Oct. 1845 ; Lowndean professor of as- tronomy at Cambridge, 1858.

Adams, Sir Thomas, lord mayor of London ; h. 1586; mayor, 1646; gave ;^ir,ooo to help Charles I. ; knighted, 1661 ; d. 24 Feb. 1 667.

Adamson, Patrick, Scottish theologian; b. 1536; made archbishop of St. Andrews, 1576; d. 19 Feb. 1592.

Adanson, Michel, French naturalist ; b. 7 April, 1727 ; travelled in Africa, and vigorously opiK)sed the slave trade ; d. 3 Aug. 1 806.

ADDiNGT<jy, Henry; b. 30 May, 1757 ; speaker of the house of conmions, 8 June, 1789; premier, Feb. 1 80 1 to May 1804; baron Sid- mouth, 12 Jan. 1805; home secretary', \mder lord Liverpool, 1812-22; rf. 15 Feb. 1844.

Addison, Joseph, essayist and poet; b. i May, 1672; secretary for Ireland, 1 708; secre- tary of state, 1 71 7-18; his "Tatler" appeared 12 April (0,8.), 1709; "Spectator,** i March, 171 1; d. 17 June, 1719.

Addison, Lancelot, theologian; b. 1632; chap- lain of the garrison at Tangiers, 1663; pub- lished "Description of Barbary," 1 671; dean of Lichfield, 1683 ; d. 20 April, 1703.

Adelaide, Madame, sister of Louis XVI. ; h. 3 May, 1732; fled from France, 1791 ; d. iS Feb. 1800.

Adelaide, princess of Orleans, sister of king Louis Philippe; 6. 25 Aug. 1777; fled from France, 1792; d. 31 Dec. 1847.

Adelaide, of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort of William IV, ; 6. 13 Aug. 1792 ; married, II July, 1 81 8; became queen, 26 June, 1 830; widow, 20 Jirne, 1837 ; d. 2 Dec. 1 849.

Adelais, of Louvain, second queen of Henry I.; married 112 1; d. 1 15 1.

Adelhard, ablx)t of Corbie, cousin of Charle- magne, and employed by him diplomatically; b. about 753 ; d. 826.

Adeluno, Johann Christoph, German linguist ; b. 8 Aug. 1 732 ; published German and French dictionary, 1774-86; compiled " Mithridates,*' (the Lord's Prayer in nearly 5C» languages,) 1806; d. 10 Sept. 1806.

Ademar, or Aymar, French chronicler of St. Martial; d. 1030.

Adeodatus, or Dei'Sdedit, I., pope, 615 ; first affixed leaden seals to his bulls ; rf. 3 Dec. 618.

Adeodatus II., pope, 672 ; rf. June, 676.

Adhelm, Saint, see Aldhdm.

Adherbal, the Carthaginian, defeated the Roman fleet under Claudius, off Drepanum, B.C. 249.

Adherbal, king of Numidia, expelled by Jugiirtha, B.C. 118 ; restored by the Romans, 117; killed by Jugurtha, 1 1 2.

Adimari, Jjiugi, Italian satiric poet; (. 3 Sept. 1644; rf. 22 June, 1708.

Adler, Jacob GtH)rg Christian, Danish orientalist ; b. 6 Dec. 1755 ; patn)msed by car^ dinal Borgia : published " Museum Cuflcum Borgianiun," 1782-92; rf, 1805.

Adlerfeld, Gustaf, Swedish historian; 6. 1671 ; killed at Pultowa, 8 Julv, 1709; his " MiUtary History of Charles XII.'* published 174041.

Adolphus, or Ataulphus, king of the Visi- goths, 410; as.sas8inated at Barcelona, 415.

Adolphus of Nassau; 6. 1252; elected em- peror of Germany, 1292 ; defeated and slain by Albert of Austria, 2 July, 1298.

Adolphus Frederick, duke of Holstein Got- torp; 6. 14 May, 1 710; king of Sweden, 25 March, 1751 ; troubled by the "Hat" faction; rf. 12 Feb. 1 77 1.

Adolphus, John, historian ; b. 1 766 ; began to publish " Reign of George III.," 1802 ; rf. 16 July, 1845.

Adorni, Caterina Fieschi, Italian poetess and philanthropist ; b. 1447 ; rf. 14 Dec. 151a

Adreth, Fran9ois de Beaumont, baron des, French warrior; b. 1513; fought for Henry II. in Piedmont; joined the Huguenots and committed atrocious barbarities on the Catho- lics, 1562; again changed his religion, and returned to Charles IX., 1571 ; rf. 2 Feb. 1 587.

Adrian I. — VI., popes.

I. pope, 772 d. as Dea 795

II. pope, 867 d. 87a

III. pope, 884 . . : . . d. Maj, 885

ADR

AGI

IV. (NlebolM Braakspere) pope, 1154; execnted Anoldof BreieU, 1x55: humbled the Emperor FMeiick BArbwoeM, 1155-59 • . d. i Sept. 1159

V. (Ottoboni Fieecbi) pope, xi Jvlj . d. 16 Aug. X276

VI. <Fkrait)6. 1459 : tutor of emperor Charles V. ; pope, 1522 : a reformer . d. Sept 1523

Adriavi, Giovanni Battista, Florentine hia- torian ; 6. 1513; wrote hiittory of his oiftii tinea (1 556-74) in continuation of Guicciar- dfaii, published 1583 ; d. 1579.

AoRT, Jean FHiciMime, French biblio- giapher; 6. 1749; d. 20 March, 181 8.

^IDIUS, Roman general, choeen king of the Fimka, 459 ; defeated the Visigoths at Aries, 462; murdered, 464.

.'Eumiuzs de Columna, "most profound doc- tat" Bchoolman; d. 22 Sept. 1 3 16. .-Egisetjl, Paulus, medicad writer ; /. about 6ja

.£Gi5liARD, see Eginhard, .£lfric, archbishop of Canterbury, 994 : wrote Anglo-Saxon homilies; d. 16 Nov. icxx3. .^LIAKU:}, Claudius, Roman naturalist and historian, wrote in Greek ; jL about 140. .£uus DosTATUB, grammarian at Rome ;

X-356.

itiLius SP.VBTIANUS, Roman historian ; i^vTote Augustan history, about 297.

AiXK, king of Sussex, 490 ; finxt choeen Bret- vaUa, 506 ; king of Deira, 560588.

Aelbt, Van, Lhutch painters : Evert, 6. 1602 ; dL 165S ; Willem, nephew, h. 1620; d. 1679.

.^MILIAXUS, Caius Julius, emperor of Rome ; h, about 208; killed, 253.

.{JULICB PAULU8, liomau consul, defeated aad slain by Hannil)al at Camise, 2 Aug. B.c. 216.

.{iMiLirfl Paulus, his son, Roman consul, defeated Perseus at Pjdna, and conquered Macedonia, 22 June, B.C. 168; d. 160.

.-ExEAS GaZ-CUk, Greek Christian, wrote "Thfeophrmstus," a dialogue on the immortality of the sooL, about 484.

.£3(KAJ» Tacticuh, Greek military writer ;

/ ■.€. 362.

.-Erncutt, Franz Ulrich Theodor, German phvBcist; h. 13 Dec. 1724; d. 10 Aug. 1802.

.-tlPDrcift, Johann, Gennan reformer ; 6. 1499 ; d. 13 May, 1553.

AJiRxrA, Armenian heretic, denied the dififer- caee bciiieeu bishop and presbyter, rejected prayer ior the dead, and refused to observe Earter and stated fasts ; fi. 360.

Anmsr, Peter, called Pietro Longo, Butch pHBter; 6. 1519; d. 2 June, 1573.

iEKHiyCB, (vreek orator, rival of Demos- theaca; A. B.C. 389; honoured for bravery at the battle of Tamynae, 358; overcome by iNiiiMihf IMS* oration *^ on uie crown ;*' quitted

AthiMa, 330 ; d. 314.

.^EacBTLrfl, Crreek tragic poet; h. B.C. 525;

|HMd the priw, 484 ; d, in banishment for

•Ovd imFiety, 456.

-^sopca, Greek fabulist ; fi. about B.c. 570.

Aetius, the " atheist," heretic ; d. about 365.

AI'tius, termed "the last of the Romans," consul, &c ; entered service of Valentinian III., 424 ; defeated Attila at Chalons, 450 ; assas- sinated, through jealousy, 454.

Aetius, Greek medical writer ; jl. 5th cent.

Afer, Domitius, of Nismes, Roman orator, praetor, 26 ; wrote " de Testibus."

Affre, Denis Auguste, archbishop of Paris ; 6. 27 Sept. 1793; consecrated, 1840 ; killed during the conflict at Paris, 27 June, 1848.

Affry, Louis Auguste Philippe, Swiss states- man; 6. 1745; made ])eace Vrith Napoleon, 19 Feb. 1803; iandammann of Switzerland, 1803 and 1809; d. 16 June, 1810.

Afraniub, Roman comic {>oet ; about B.C. lOQ.

Africanus, Sextus Julius, Greek Christian historian; wTote "Pentabiblonchronologiuon;" d. about 232.

African us, see Scipio.

Agapetus I., II., i)oi>es.

I. pope, 535 </. 22 April, 536

II. pope, 946 d. 956

AuARD, Arthur, theologian and antiquary; b. 1540; d. 22 Aug. 1 61 5.

Agasias, of Ephcsus, sculptor of the Borghese gladiator ; fl. about 4th century B.c.

Agassiz, Louis, Swiss naturalist ; h. 28 May, 1807 ; professor at C'ambridge, U. S., 1846 ; published "Poi»sons Fossiles," 1832-42 ; "Pisces," 1839; "Journey in Brazil," 1868.

AoATHANOELUH, Armenian historian ; i%Tote history of Tiridates, about 320.

Agatharcuuh, alleged inventor of perspec- tive ; Jl. about B.C. 480.

Agathias, Byzantine historian (of the reign of Justinian), b. 536; d. 582.

Agathocleh, ruler of Syracuse, B.C. 317; de- feated by the Carthaginians at Himera; sud- denly and successfully invaded Carthage, Aug. 310 ; retume<i to Syracuse, 307 ; iM>isoned, 289.

Agathon, Greek tragic i^Titer ; Jl. about b.c. 409.

Agathon, bishop of Rome, 679 ; endeavoured to reunite Greek and Latin Churches, 680 ; d. 10 Jan. 682.

Agesander, Rhodian sculptor ; partly exe- cuted the liaocoon ; Jl. aljout 70-80.

AGE8ILAU8 I., II., kings of Sparta.

I. king B.C. 927-S80

II. 6. B.C. 444 ; king. 398 : cominanded Greeks in Asia, 396 ; victorious near Sard is, 395 ; defeated the Athenians and allies at Coronela, 394 ; cou- qnered Acamania, 391-90: invaded Arcadia,

370 d. 361

Agesipolis I.— III., kings of Sparta.

I. king B.o. 394-380

II. king B.C. 371-370

IIL deposed by Lycnrgus, his colleague, b.c. 219 ;

slain hj pirates 183

AoiLULPH, king of the Lombards ; married by Theudalinda, widow of Atharic, and made king I of the Lombards, '591 ; d. 616.

AGI

AKE

AoiNCOUR, see UAgincour, Aois I.— rv., kings of Sparta.

I. king, about b.c. X032

II. king, B.C. 437 : defeated the Athenians and allies at Mantineia, 418 ; . d. yjZ

III. king, 338 ; killed in battle near Megalopolis 330

IV. king, B.C. 244; attempted the restoration of the laws of Lycurgus ; put to death . 240

Aglionby, John, theologian; h. 1567; d. 6 Feb. 1610.

Agobard, Saint, archbishop of Lyons ; 6. 779; d. 6 June, 840.

Agostini, Leonardo, Italian antirjuary; pub- lished "La Sicilia di Filippo Paruta," 1 649 ; ** Gremme antiche," 1657-70.

Agreda, Maria de, Spanish abl)ess; h. 1602 ; had visions; wrote life of the Virgin Mary, published 1696 ; d. 24 May, 1665.

Agricola, Cnaeus Julius, Roman general ; &. 13 June, 37; governed Britain ably, 78-84; defeated the CJaledonians, and built wall between the Forth and Clyde, 84 ; d. 23 Aug. 93.

Agricola, Greorg, German mineralogist; h. 24 March, 1490 ; published *' De Ite Metallica," 1531; d. 21 Nov. 1555.

Agricola, (leorg Andreas, CJerman philo- sopher; b. 1672; described a new system of grafting, 1 7 16; d. 1 738.

Agricola, Johann, German reformer; 6. 20 April, 1492 ; censured for propagating anti- nomianism; d. 22 Sept. 1566.

Agric()LA, Rudolfus, Dutch scholar; h. Aug. 1443 ; d. 28 Oct. 1485.

Agrippa, see Ilcrodcs.

Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelias, German physi- cian and alchemist ; h. 14 Sept. i486 ; visited ICngland ; wn)te " Occulta Philosophia," pub- lished 1533; d. 1535,

Agripp^v, Marcus Vipsanius, Roman consid and admiral, friend of Augustus ; h, B.C. 63 ; defeated Scxtus Pompeius at Mylae and Nau- lochuH, 36 ; and Antony at Actium, 2 Sept. 3 1 ; built Panthecm at Rome, 27 ; «/. March, 12.

Agrippina I., daughter, wife of Germanicus ; h. (0 B.C. 12; i)er8ecuted by Tiberius ; d. by voluntary starvation, 18 Oct. 33.

Agrippina II., daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina I. ; b. about 1 5 ; excessively disso- lute ; married to her uncle, the emperor Clauilius, 49 ; prevailed on him to adopt her Hon Nero; jxnsoned Claudius, 54; killed by order of Nero, March, 60.

Aguesseau, Henri d', French lawyer and scholar ; 6. 27 Nov. 1668 ; chancellor of France, 1717; d. 9 Feb. 1751.

Aguilar, Grace; 6. 1816; wrote " Home In- fluence," "Women of Israel ;" rf. July, 1847.

Aguillon, Fran9ois d', Belgian Jesuit mathe- matician; b. 1567; in his " Traits d' Optique " first spoke of stereographic projection, 1013; d. 20 March, 161 7.

Ahab, king of Israel, b.c. 918-897.

AuAZ, king of Judah, B.C. 742-726.

Ahaziah, king of Israel, B.C. 898-896. Ahaziah, king of Judah, B.c. 885-884. Ahmbd I.— III., sultans of Turkey.

I. b. 1590; sultan, 1603 d. z6t7

II. 6. 1643; saltan, 1691 d, 1695

III. b. 1673; sultan, 1702: received Charles XII. of Sweden, 1709 : deposed hj Jaoisaariee, 30 Sent. 1730: d. in prison, .... Apm, 1739

AiDAN, Saint, bishop of Lindiafame ; d. 651.

Aignan, Etienne, French dramatist and politician ; b. 1773 ; wrote *' La Mori de Louis XVI.," 1793; d. 25 Nov. 1824.

AiKiN, Arthiu", mineralogist ; 6. 19 May, 1 773 ; secretary to society of arts, 1 8 1 7-40 ; cZ. 1 5 April, 1854.

AiKiN, John, M.D., scientific writer; 6. 15 Jan. 1747 ; d. 7 Dec. 1822.

AiKiN, Lucy, daughter, historian and poet; b. 6 Nov. 1 781 ; published ''Court of Elizabeth," 1 81 8; "Court of James I.," 1822; d. 29 Jan. 1864 ; see also Barbauld.

AiKMAN, William, Scotch portrait painter; b. 1682; d. 1 731.

AiLLY, Pierre d', (de Alliaco,) French cardinal ; "ITie Hammer of Heretics," and "ITie Eagle of French Doctors;" b. 1350; d. 1420 or 1425.

AiLRED, abbot of Revesby; b. 1 109; d. 1166.

AiNsvvoRTH, Henry, nonconformist divine ; translator of the pentateuch, psalms, and song of Solomon ; d, 1623.

AiNswoRTH, Robert, Latin scholar; h. Sei>t 1660; published his Latin dictionaiy, 1736; d. 4 April, 1743.

AiNSWORTH, Williiun Francis, surgeon and geographer ; b. 9 Nov. 1807 ; published " Tra- vels in Asia Minor," 1842.

AiNSWORTH, William Harrison, novelist; ft. 4 Feb. 1805; published "Ro<ikwood," 1S34; Jack Sheppard," 1839; "GuyFawkes," 1841.

Airy, George Biddell, astronomer, ft. 27 July, 1801 ; elected Lucasian professor at Cam- bridge, 1826; director of the new observatory there, 1828; astronomer-royal, 1835 ; his pen- dulimi experiments to determine the density vi the earth, 1826, 1828, 1854.

Alslabie, John, chancellor of the exchequer, March, 1 7 18; imph'cated in the South Sea bubble; resigned, 23 Jan. 1 72 1.

AiTON, William, botanist; ft. 1731 ; superin- tendent of Kew gardens, 1759; publishe<l " Hortus Kewensis," 1 789; d. i Feb. 1 793.

AiTZEM^v, Lieuwe van, Dutch historian : ft. 19 Nov. 1600 ; published "History of the United Provinces," 1655-71 ; d. 23 Feb. 1669.

Ajala, Martin Perez de, Spanish bishop ; ft. 1 504 ; published " Traditiones Apoetolicae," 1562 ; d. 1566.

Akbar, the Great, emperor of Hindostan; ft. 14 Oct. 1542; emperor, 1556; d, Sept. 1605.

Akexhide, Mark, M.D., poet ; ft. 9 Nov. 1721 ; published "Pleasures of Imagination,'* 1744; d 23 June, 1770.

ALA

ALB

Alabaateb, 'Willuun, theologian ; b. about '5^7; published ** Lexicon Pentaglotton,'* 1637 ; d. April, 164a

AjIjjk de Lille ( Alanns de Insulis) ; the ** uni- (•srsad doctor;'* 6. 1114 ; d. about 1203. ALJLNn, Sir John, aee Portetcut. Alabcox t Mendoza, Juan Ruiz de, Spanish AnMrricaA dramatist; d. after 1634. AiJLKL>, Lambert, German historian ; h. 27 Jan. 1602 ; d, 29 March, 1672.

Alaric I., king of the Yidgoths ; made alliance vith the emperor Theodosius, 395 ; sacked Rtfoie, 24 Aug. 4IQ, and died 8oon after. Ai-\BIC II., king of the Visigothfi, 484 ; dc- ftrated &nd slain by Clovis at Vougl^ near Poi- ti«*, 507. ALA9CO, or k LA.SCO, John, PoliBh bishop ; 6. 1499 ; abjured CathoUdsm, and came to £ng- laml abt'Ut 1 545; returned to Poland; (/. 13 Jan. 1560.

Alava, Esquivel Diego de, Spanish bixhop of

C'.irduva ; wrote '*De Conciliis UuiverualibuH,"

published 1582 \ d. \6 Feb. 1562.

AukVA, Miguel Ricardo de, Spanish states-

man; h. 1771 ; abandoned king JoM;ph and

jtiinvd Wellington, 181 1 ; retired to England,

1S23; retuined to Spain, 1833; ambaKsador in

England, 1 834; France, 1835; d, in France,

IS43- Alban, Saint, British protomartyr, about 285.

Albani, Francesco, Bolognese painter; 6. 17

^larch, 1578 ; d. 4 Oct. i&o. Albaxi, Giuvanni Franoef>Cf>, Italian cardinal

aaJ statesman ; 6. 1 720 ; cardinal, 1 747 ; {fro-

moCed the electitm of Pius VII., iSoo ; d. 1809.

Albaxi, Giovanni Girolamo, Italian cardinal;

h. 3 Jan. 1504 ; d. 23 April, 1 591.

Alba^tt, dukes of, regents of Scotland.

KuBEST Stswakt, fr. 133Q : regent, 1389-98 ; caiued hia

Mphew Darid, duke 01 Rothesay, to be murdered,

1405 ; refent. 1406 : d. 3 Sept. 1420. ICriLDOCH, aon, r^ent, 1420 ; resigned to James I.,

who returned from hu captiTity in England. 1424 ;

he and his family tried and executed, May, 1424. Jdhh, made regent, 1514 : retired to France in disgust

at diaalfeetion, 1524 ; killed at Pavia, 1525.

Albany, Louisa, countess of, daughter of count Ton Stolberg ; &. 1753 ; married prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1772 ; left him for a ciinvent, 1 780 ; lived with Alfieri, 1788 ; d. 29 Jan. 1824.

ALmnf ABLE, see Kfppel and Monk.

Albeboati Capacelli, Francesco, marqueffl d', Italian actor; 6. 29 April, 1728; named the '*Garrick of Italy;" d, 16 March, 1804.

Albkbcotti, Francesco, Italian jurist, called "Doctor solidce Veritatis ;'* 6. 1304 ; d. 1376.

Albeboki, Giulio, Italian cardinal; b. 31 yiAj, 1664 ; prime minister of Spain, 1714 ; dismined, Dec. 1719; d, 26 June, 1752.

Albebt Azzo, lord of Este, married Cune- gonda, heiress of the Guelphs, 1047 ; (issue, Guelph, duke of B»Taiia> foimder of the house of Bnmiwick;) d, 1097.

Albert, archduke of Austria ; b. 1559 : a car- dinal and archbiiihop of Tolc<lo ; resigned, and married Isabella of Spain, becoming governor of the low countries, 1598 ; defeated by the Dutch at Nieuport, 2 July, 1600; d. 1621.

Albert, archduke of Austria^ conmiander-in- chief of the Austrian army ; h. 3 Aug. 1817 ; governor-general of Hungary, 1 85 1-60 ; defeated the Italian army at Custozza, 24 June, 1866.

Albert I. — III., margraves of Brandenburg. I. the Bear, b. 1106: made margrave. 1114; duke

of Saxony, 1138; lost his states in war; fecovered

them, and made an imperial prince, 1142; visited

the Holy Land, 1158 : d. 18 Nov. 1170. IL margrave, 1206: d. 23 Feb. 1221. III. (named Achilles and Ulysses), 6. 24 Nov. 14x4 :

margrave, 1470; d. 11 March, i486.

Albert of Brandenburg, grand manter of the Teutonic onlor, 1 5 12; r/. 20 March, 1568. Made an imperial ecclesiastic prince . • 1525

Turned protestant : exi>elled the knights, and

became first duke of Prussia .... 1523 Put to the ban of the empire .... 1532

Albert, duke of Brunswick, the Great ;

di\'i<led hii* states at hia death, 15 Aug. 1278.

Albert I., II., emperon of Germany.

I. h. 1248 : duke of Austria, 1282 ; defeated Adolphus of Nassau, and became emperor, 1298 . revult of the Swiss, 1307: assassinated by his nephew John, i May,. 1 308.

II. 6. 10 Aug. 1-^7 : duke of Austria, 1404 ; emperor, 1438 ; an able ruler: d. 27 Oct. 1439.

Albert I. — III., dukes and electors of SaxDiiy.

I. duke, 1212 (/. 1260

II. duke, Z260 d. 25 Aug. iv/Z

III. duke, 1418 (/. 1422

Albert of Mecklenburg, elected king of Swe- den, 1 364 ; defeated by Margaret, 1 38S ; deposed, 1389; releawed, 1395; d. 1412. Albert, prince consort of tjueen Victoria, duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gutha ; b. at the Kow.*nau, near Coburg, 26 Aug. 1819; d. at Windsor cafftle, 14 Dec. 1861.

At the university of Bonn . May 1837— Sept 1838 Visited England, 1838-39: naturalised, 24 .Ian. 1840 Marriefl to queen Victoria, his cf>usln . 10 Feb. 1840 Elected chancellor of the university of Cam- bridge 28 Feb. 1847

Advocated the great exhibition of 1851, and be- came leader of the movement . 29 June, 1849

Visited Paris Aug. 1855

Styled, by royal warrant, "]>rince consort."

25 June, 1857 Gave an address, as president, at the Aberdeen meeting of the British association . 14 Sept 1859 Buried at Windsor, .23 Dec. 1861

Albert Edward, prince of Wales, nee WaUt.

Albert, the name asHunieil by Alexandre

Martin, French mechanic and joumaliHt ;

b. about 1 81 5.

Implicated in the insurrection at Lyons . Nov. 1831

EsUblished the popular journal, 'TAtelier," at

Paris i84'>

Fought at Paris 33 Feb. 1 848

A secretary to the provisional government

24 Feb.— May, 1848 He and Louis Blanc presidents of the government

conuniaidon (of the Luxembourg) for workmen

28 Feb. 1848 Condemned for the attack on the constituent

aaienibly 15 Hay, 1848

ALB

ALD

Alberti, Leone Battista, Italian poet, painter, and architect ; 6. i8 Feb. 1404 ; d. 1488.

Alberti, Salomon, German anatomist and physiological discoverer ; 6. 1540; d. 1600.

Albertrandy, Jan Chrzciciel, Polish his- torian; b. 1 731; the "Polish Polyhistor;" published "Annals of the Roman Republic," "Annals of Poland," 1768; d. 10 Aug. 1808.

Albertus Magnus, of Bollstadt, German philosopher and scholar ; b. alK>ut 1 193 ; lec- tured at Cologne, 1248; d. 1$ Nov. 1280.

Albi, Henri, French Jesiut; 6. 1590; pub- lished " Histoire des Cardinaux illustres," 1653 ; d. 6 Oct. 1659.

Albini, Alessandro, Italian painter ; b. alK)ut 1568; d. 1646.

Albini, Franz Joseph von, baron, German diplomatist ; b. 1 748 ; employed by the emperors of Germany and Austria, 1792; d. 9 Jan. 1816.

Albinus (Weiss), Bemhard Siegfried, Ger- man anatomist; b. 24 Feb. 1696; published " De Ossibus Corporis Humani," 1 726 ; " His- toria Musculorum," anatomical plates, 1734; d. 9 Sept. 1770.

Albinus, Clodius, Roman general, governor of Britain, 192; emperor in Gaul, 193; defeated and slain by Severus at Lyons, 19 Feb. 197.

Albinus (Weiss), Petrus, German poet and historian ; wrote chronicles of Misnia and ITiuringia, and Latin poems ; d. 1 Aug. 1598.

Albitte, Antoine Louis, French jurist and revolutionist ; d. during the retreat from Mos- cow, 25 Dec. 1 81 2.

Albizzi, Bartolomeo, Pisan Cordelier; wrote the "Franciscan Koran," 1399; d. 10 Dec. 1401.

Albo, Jos^, Spanish rabbi ; wrote " Ikkarim " (foundations of the faith), 1425 ; d. 1 428.

Alboin, first king of the Lombards; mur- dered by his wife, Rosamond, for compelling her to drink out of her father's skull, 573.

AiiBONi, Marietta, Italian contralto singer ; b. 10 March, 1826; first appeared in London at Covent Garden in " Semiramide," 6 April, 1847; retired, 1 863.

Alboresi, Giacomo, Bolognese architectural painter, b. 1632 ; d. 1677.

Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carillo, Spanish car- dinal; conducted the siege of Algesiras, 1343; made cardinal, 1350; repressed Rienzi and the condottieri ; d. 24 Aug. 1 367.

Albrecht, Wilhelm, German agriculturist ; b. 1786; d. 1848.

Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg, German musical composer ; b. 3 Feb. 1 746 ; published an "Introduction to Composition," 1790; d. 7 March, 1809.

Albret, Jeanne d', queen of Navarre; b. 1528 ; mother of Henry IV. of France, 23 Dec. 1553 ; greatly favoured the reformation; poisoned, 10 June 1572.

Albucasis, or Abulcasis, Arab phymdan; d, about 1 106.

Albumazar, or Abu-Mabhar, Arab astro- nomer ; b. about 776 ; d. 885. Albuquerque, Affonso d', "the PortngoeBe Mars;" b. 1453 ; conquered Goa^ and became governor, 25 Nov. 1510; enlarged the Portu- guese dominion in India ; d. in unmerited dis- grace, 16 Dec. 1515.

ALCJiUS, Greek lyric poet ; fl. about B.C. 60a Alcamenes, Greek sculptor, pupil of Phei- dias ; Jl. about B.C. 444-4CX). Alcazar, Luis de, Spanish Jesuit; b. 1554; wrote on Revelation ; d. 16 June, 161 3. Alciati, Andrea, Italian jurist; 6. 8 May, 1492; d. 12 June, 1550. Alciblvdes, Athenian general and statesman ; b. about B.C. 452 ; assassinated, 404. Saved Socrates at the battle of Deliam . . 424 Banished ; joined the Spartans, and caused the de- feat of the Athenians 413

Recalled to Athens ; frequently defeated her ene- mies 41Z, 4T0

Superseded ; retired to Thrace . . . .407

Alcinous, Greek philosopher;^, ist centur}'; wrote an introduction to Plato.

Alciphron, Greek sophist; Jl. about 17a

Alcman, Greek lyric poet,^. about B.C. 67a

ALCMiEON, Greek natural philosopher ; Jl. B.C. 500.

Alcock, John, prelate and diplomatist ; mas- ter of the rolls, 1462 ; ambassador to Castile, 1470; bishop of Rochester, 147 1 ; of Wor- cester, 1477 ; of Ely, i486 ; lord high chan- cellor, 1475, 1485-87 ; founded Jesua College, Cambridge, 1496; wrote "Mona Perfectionis ad Carthusianos," 1501 ; d. 1 Oct. 150a

Alcock, John, musical composer ; 6. ii April, 1715 ; published "Harmonia Festi;" d. 23 Feb. 1806.

Alcock, Sir Rutherfonl, K.C.B., diplomatist ; b. 1809; envoy to Japan, 1859; to China, 1865; published "Capital of the Tycoon," 1863.

Alcuin, the most learned man of his age, friend of Charlemagne ; 6. at York about 735 ; instituted monastic schools; d. at Tours, 19 May, 804.

Aldegrever, Heinrich, German painter a;id engraver; b. 1502; pupil of Albrecht Durer; d. about 1562.

Alder, Joshua, zoologist ; published " Mono- graph of the British Nudibranchiate MoUuBca^*' 1845-55 ; d. Jan. 1 867.

Ajlderson, Sir Edward HaU, judge ; 6. 1 1 Sept. 1787; justice of the common pleas, 12 Nov. 1830; baron of the exchequer, 29 April, 1834 ; d. 27 Jan. 1857.

Aldhelh, Saint, Saxon prelate; b. 656; bishop of Sherborne, 705 ; rf. 25 May, 709.

Aldini, Giovanni, Italian natural philoso- pher ; nephew of Galvani ; b. 10 April, 1762 ; d. 17 Jan. 1834.

ALD

ALE

AiDRsn, archbishop of York, diplomatiat ; not to Gemuuiy by Edward the (Ninfeosor ; pqnorted Harold, but crowned William the Ccqaeror ; buhop of Worcester, 1046 ; arch- kH&op, 106 1 ; d. 10 Sept. 1069. AlJ>miCH, Henry, scholar, architect, and ■VBcml crvmpoaer; h. 1647 ; dean of Christ "knrch, 16S9; d. 14 Dec. 1710. XUfKirEL, Kobert, bishop of Carlii»le, 1537; VTote "Kpigrainmata;" d. 5 March, 1555. Aldbi^vandi, Ulisse, Italian naturalist ; i, II Sept. 1522; his "Oj^jra omnia" pub- Is^tcd, 1599-1668; d. 10 Nov. 1607. -Vu>r» MAymi'.H, see Mnnutiut, Al£A51>ko, Girolamo, Italian cardinal and (rt«ek scholar; b. 13 Feb. I4S0; publinhetl " Lexicon Grseco-Latinum," 1 5 1 2 ; sent to op- f*J«^s Luther at Worms, 1 5 20; taken prisoner with Francis I. at Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525 ; his palace destroyed at the capture of Hume, 20 S;pL 1526; ^odinal, 1538; d, 31 Jan. 1542. Aleaxtibo, Girolamo, Italian poet and jurist ; h. 29 July, 1574; d. 9 March, 1629. Alecambe, Philippe, Belgian Jesuit historian ; h. 22 Jan. 1 592 : published enlarged edition of llihadeneira*ft "Bibliotheca S^rriptonim Socie- tat» Jesu," 1643; d. 6 Sept 1652. Alexak, Louis, French cardinal, archbishop nf Aries; ft. 1390; set up Amadeus VIII., <iuke of SaToy, as anti-pope Felix V., 1439; Advised him to abdicate, 1449 ; d. 1452. AlexaSi, Mateo, Spani/Li novelist; published *^Gu2maii de Alfaracfa? ' 1599; d. in Mexicf>. Alemaxd, Louis Augu^in, French atlvocate ; ^- 1653 ; wrote " Hitftoire monastique d' Ir- lAode," 1690; d, 1728.

AiEXANNi, Luigi, Italian poet ; ft. 1495 ; «ttied in France under the patronage of Fruds I. ; published ** La Coltivazione,'* 1546; ""Ginjoe il Cortese,'' 1548; d. 1556. Alexbebt, Jean-le-Kond d*, French philo- sopher and mathematician; ft. 16 Nov. 1717; khuidoned by his mother next day ; published Traits de Dynamique," 1743; began pub- ILihizig the " Encyclop^ie," 1 75 1 ; elected per- I«tiial secretary of the academy of sciences, 1772; d. ?9 0ct. 1783. Alex, or Olex, Jan van, Dutch painter; ft. 1651 ; d, 1698. Alex cox, ocnmt and dukes of. i'SAaLiii DB YAJLom^ count, brother of Philip VI. of France ; killed at Crecj, 36 Aug. 1146. JeA5 DK Vaju>X8, duke ; 6. 1385 ; killed at Aginconrt, 25 Oct. i4>5-

Jkax, ■on, oondenmed for treason with the English ; imprlsonad, 1456; released, 1461 : again condemned,

1474 ; d, J476.

Eni; son, linmlsoned, 1482 : released, 1481 ; d. 1493. Fkajk^vm db valois, duke, brother of (rands II.,

CSuurles IX.. and Hennr III., kings of France ; b. 18

March, 1554 ; opposed his brother, Henry III., 1574 ;

proposed marriage to Eliabeth, queen of England,

158s : d, 10 Jnae, 1584.

Alkvi, Giulio, Italian Jesuit imssionazy in Chin* ; ft. 1583 ; d. Aug. 1649.

Aleotti, Giovanni Battista, Italian archi- tect ; ft. 1546; trunslateil the "Pneumatics" of Hero of Alexandria ; d. 1636.

Alek, I'auluR, German Jesuit phili>lo^st : ft. 9 Nov. 1656; published " Dictionarium (ier- manico- Latin um," 1724; d. 2 May. 1727.

Ales, Alexander, Scotch J*r<»teHtiint tbe«>- logian ; ft. 23 April, 1500; fl<id into Germany ; d. there, 17 March, 1565.

Alessi, Galeazzo, Italian architect; ft. 1500; designed many {)alaceH at Genua ; d. 1572.

Alexander I., II., kings of Egyi)t.

I. king, B.C. 107: baniiihe«l . . . . ^f)

II. Hun. king, B.C. 81 : kille«l .... 80

Alexander I., II., kingH of Epinw.

I. called into Italy by the Tareutined. b.<-. 332 : slain at Pandosla, 326.

II. king, B.C. 272 ; dispossessed by the Macedonians, bat regained his kingdom.

Alexander I. — IV., kings of Mace<lon.

I. king «.«'. 5'*>-4S4

II. king B.r. 3'io-y 7

III. the Great: 6 at Pella. autumn, . b.c. 356 Placed under Aristotle, about .... :u2 Fought bravely at I. "heroneia .... 3.58 Became king on the assassination of his father

Philip II. . . . ' 3*6

Subdued the Greeks, destroyed Thebes -3^5

Made war with Persia ; crossed the Hellespont 334 Defeated the I'ersians near the Grauicus

22 May, 3>4 Defeated them again at Issus . . Nov. jjj

Took T}Te ; conquered Syria and Egypt :

founded Alexandria 3. -12

Defeated Darius at Gaugamela (Arbela) i Oct. 3 u Conquered Parthia, Media. Bactria. &c. . 330-J-^ Married Roxana, a Bactrian princess ; invaded India, and defeated Porus ; overran Asia ; re- turned to Persepolis ^^6-3?4

Quelled a mutiny in his army at Gpls ; retiuned to Babylon, projecting fresh conquests . 324

Died of fever at Babylon . May or Jime, 3^3

His body embalmed and sent to Alexandria . ^2t

IV. jEgus : posthumous son of prece*ling ; h. bo.

?23 ; murdered with his mother Itoxaiia, by 'assander 311

Alexander I.~ VIII., i^oihjh.

I. saint, about 108-117

II. (Anselmo da Baggio) 1061 ti. 2t April, 1073

III. (Rolando Bandinelli) 1150; learned ; canon- ised Thomas a Becket, 21 Feb. 1173: excom- municated the emperor Frederick Barbarossa ;

rdoned him, 1177 . . d. 3oAug. 1181

iRinaldodiSegnli 1254 . <2. 25 May, 1261 y. (Pietro Philargo; 1409 ; excommunicated John Hubs ^> 3 ^^7» 14x0

VI. (Rodrigo Lenxoll Borgia) b. about 1430; elected, 1492 ; dissolute, treacherous, and cove- tous ; d. by poison intended for another, 18 Aug. 1503

VII. (Fabio Chigi) 6. about 1598 ; elected, 1655 : favoured learning . . ci. 22 May, 1667

VIII. (Pietro (ntobfjni; h. 1610; elected, 1689: added to the Vatican library the collection of BCSS5. of queen Christina of Sweden . d. z Feb. 1691

Alexander I., II., grand-dukes of Ilufwia.

l.b 1219

Defeated the Swedes near the Neva, and hence

called " Nevski " .... 15 July, 1240 Defeated the knights of the sword, on the lake

of Peiiras 5 April, 1242

Suooeeded his father, Yaroslav .1245

Realated the efforts of the popes to convert him,

died "'^3

IL grand-duke, 1327 : expelled by the Tartars . i^d%

ALE

ALF

Alexander I., 11. , czars of Russia.

I. 6 23 Pec. 1777

Succeeded hia father Paul . 24 March, 1801 Made peace with England x7June, i8ox Joined the coalition against France zi April, 1805 Present at the defeat at Anaterlitz 2 Dec. 1805 His army defeated at Eylau, 8 Feb. ; at Fried- land 14 June, 1807

Met Napoleon on a raft at Tilsit, and joined him in an alliance against England . July, 1807

Met Napoleon at Erfurt ... 27 Sept z&o8 Declared war against him ; Russia invaded

25 June, 1 81 2 Moscow fired ; the French retreated with im- mense loss .... Sept. — Dec. 1812 Entered i^aris, 30 March ; visited London, June, 1814 Signed the " Holy Alliance " . . 20 Sept. 1815 Established the kingdom of Poland, Nov. 1815

Died X Dec. 1825

II. 6 29 April, 1818

Succeeded his father. Nicholas I. . 2 March, X855 Visited the army in the Crimea . . Nov. 1855 Decreed emancipation of the serfs in two years

3 March, X863 His assassination attempted by Cerczowski at

r*aris 6 June, 1867

Alk.x^vndeu I. — III., kings of Scotland.

I. king, 8 .Tan. 1107 . . <i. 27 April, 11 24

II. /'. i>4 Aug. Ti(y8; king. 4 Dec. X214 ; married princess Joan of England, 25 June, 1221; d. 8 July, 1249

in. 6. 4 Sept. 1241 ; king, 8 July, 1249 ; married Margaret of England, 25 Dec. 1.251 ; visited ]A)udon, 1260 ; kiliud by riding over a preci-

l)ice x6 March, 1286

Alexander, prince of Servia, (son of Kara George, or George the Black,) founder of the independence of Servia ; h. 1806. Chosen prince at the c3q)ulsion of Milosch I. i4Sept. 1842 Compelled to abdicate . 23 Dec. 1858

Trie<l for complicity in the assassination of

Prince Michael Oct. 1868

Alexander I., II., kings of Syria.

I. Balas; usurped the throne, B.C. 150; defeated

by Ptolemy ; slain 146

II. Zebinas;B.c. i28;sliiin 122

ALEX.VNDER, Saint, patriarch of Alexandria,

312; condemned Arius for heresy; present at the council of Nice, 325 ; d. 17 April, 326.

Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 11 23; went tt> Rome, and made legate, 1142 ; rebuilt Lin- coln cathedral ; (/. 20 July, 1 147.

A LEXANDER, the Paphlagoniau, an impostor ; ]^rofessed to have found a new god, Glycon, and oljtained credence, about 166.

Alexander Jan-EUs, king of the Jews, termed **The Thracian;" high prie-st and king, B.C. 104 ; suppressed with great cnielty an insurrection of the Pharisees, 95 ; d. 78.

.^Vlex.vnder Severus, see Sevcrus.

Alexander Trallla.nus, Greek physician; fl. 6th century.

Alexandra, princess of Wales, daughter of C'liristian IX., king of Denmark; 6. I Dec. 1844; married, 10 March, 1863. See Wahis.

Alexandre, of Bemay, or of Paris, French poet ; Jl. 1 2th century; author of the " Alex- andriade," the most ancient poem in French.

Alexandre, Jacques, French Benedictine ; h. 24 Jan. 1653; constructed an equational clock, 1698; published "Traits des Horloges,*' 1734; d 23 June, 1734.

Alexandre, Noel, French Domixucan theo- logian; b. 19 Jan. 1639; d. 21 Aug. 1724.

Alexis, or Alexius, L— V., emperors of Ck)nstantinople.

I. Comnenus ; b. X048 ; deposed Nicephonu, and became emperor, 1081 ; obtained feaitr from the crusaders, and gained JSicsea and other cities, rt)97 d. IS Aug. 11x8

II. Comnenus; 6. X167; emperor, xx8o; mur- dered by Andronicus Comnenus . 1163

III. Angelus ; dethroned and blinded his brother Isaac, 1 195; expelled by the cruaaden. July, 1203 ; returned to Greece, and blinded Alexis

v., 1204 ; .... ct. some years after X 210

IV. Angolus; emperor, 29 July, 1203; murdered,

28 Jan. 1204

V. Ducas, called "Murtzuphlus :** emperor, 8 Feb. 1 204 ; killed by the crusaders after their captiure oif Constantinople on . xa April, 1204 Alexis 1. — IV., Comnenus, emperors of

Trebizond.

I. 6. 1 182: founded the empire, April, 1204 ; c2. Feb. 12:2

II. 6. 1282 ; emperor, 1297 . . . cf. X330

III. emperor, Dec. 1349 . . . . d, 139^3

IV. emperor, 1412 ; murdered, about . . 1446

Alexis, czar of Russia; b. 10 March, 1629; succeeded his father, Michael, 13 July, 1645; victorious over the Poles, 1654; over Swedw, 1658; over Cossacks, 1667; d. 29 Jan. 1676.

Alexis, son of l*eter the Great, czar of KuHsia; b. 28 Fob. 1 690; conspired again.«ct his father, tried and sentenced to death; d. 7 July, 1 718.

Aleyn, Charles, poet; wrote "Battles of Crescey and Poictiers,*' 1631 ; d. about 1643.

Alfani, Italian painters : Domenico, (. about 1483; d. after 1553; Orazio, son, b. 1510; d. Dec. 1583.

Alfarabius, Arab philosopher ; d. 950.

Alfieri, Vittorio, Italian poet; b. 17 Jan. 1749; his Cleopatra acted at Turin, 1 775; devotedly attached to Louisa, countess of Al- bany; d. 8 Oct. 1803.

Alfonso I. — V., kings of Aragon.

I. "The Battler;" king, X104: married Urraca, daughter of Alfonso VI. , king of Leon and Cm- tile : king of Castile, 1x09-1x14 ; victorloui over

the Moors : killed in battle . 17 Jolj, 1134

II. king, XI 62 <i. 30 April, XI 96

II L king, annexed the Balearic iaies, 1285 ;

d. z8 June, X391

IV. king, X327 d. 34 June, 1336

V. king, X416; conquered Naples, 1443; d. 37 Jose, 1458

Alfon.so I. — XI., kings of Leon and Castile.

I. of Asturias. the Catholic ; 6. 693 ; king, 739 ; greatly enlarged his kingdom by conquest . d, 757

II. of Asturias and Leon, the Chaste ; b. 758 ; king, 79X rf. 842

III. the Great ; b. 848 ; king, 866 : annexed Navarre as an hereditary fief, 873 ; victorloui over the Mahometans, 907-9x0 ; compelled to abdicate, 910 d. so Dec. 910

IV. king, 925 ; became a monk, 6|o ; attempted

to reclidm his crown, but defeated <!• 931

V. 6. 994 : king, 999 ; married his son to the heiress of Castile, X026 ; killed at the siege of Viseo 5 Majf, 1028

VI. of Leon; b. 1030: king, 1065; I. of CastiM on the assassination of Sancho I., 1073 ; epoch

of the Cid Bodrigo a. 30 June, xioq

(VII .) king of Aragon, with his wife Urraca, daugh* I ter of Alfonso VI., 1109 ; marriage annulled Z114

ALF II

vn. Gnmoad, o( Leon, II. of CulUg, colled "Tb* aopaw^" b. iid6: kln^, naft-, d. at Aug. Tat of Lean. IlL of CuUle. king, 1158^ «n- tmmnd adiuadan cJ, ; Aug.

I?L of Lconnnty; klTiff,ii8B . . . iJ, X. lor IX.)atLioD, IV. of CutUe, csIIhI tbe Wit: «. itii; kia(, 19}]; ms AlphnnilnB It compUnl. tbfl J^riptutci fir Uvi promnl^tod under

xf^'^Mn! V. ot'Culili: klDg/ijij ;'incnH-' In] ((kliiit IhE llooti d. 36 llvch,

Altoxso I., II., kmg:9 of Knples. L ,V. of AngDB) ; conqoBIed Naplea. 1411 : ri, 6. 14,8: king, IJ91 . d.7q:>av'

.\un)xao I.— VI., Itingn ot rcrtugal.

I. count, 1096; procUinicd klDR, iftrTilBleALlDB (lit Uuan u Oiuiqua, 1137 : tookUabon, 1117;

II. king. 11. J . . . . rf. jsMiralil

III. d. hid; king, 194S ; uqnlnd Algtrve ;

TV. tbc Bnvs ; b. i>^ : Icinr. 1115 ; difeiud iba Moon ; eDnnnuiiled tbe deUb uf bii Bon'i 7>((. IfleideUutTO. ij;t . d. >S Maj,

vr. X.Vuj;

AlfobD, Charle* Biohiirrt, Mshop ot Victoria ; b. tSl6; cnaKcratdl, lti67.

XLrOKO, Heaiy, deiw of C&nterbiiry ; b. 7 Oct. fSio; publiklied "Poema," iSji ; "School of tbe Heart," 1835 ; " Gretk TtatamDnt," 1S41-61 : dettD, 1S57,

Alf-i&D. Michael, Jesuit hiatorian; b, 15S7 ; hiH " AmiBleK ecclesiutid ct civilus BrittamiD- r-im," &c. publiaheil, 1663; d. 1651.

ALmED, king of Korthniulirui, 6S6; iL 14

Altbcd, the Great, king of Engluod, li. S49; d. 2S Oct. 901.

r^nt to Rome, uid mnolnted bf the potia £54

!^iic««)cd hli brother >;itaelRd 13 Ajirll, S71

AIlD- aata jan' ounfltct with the Itenei, eom-

peUrd lo retln to Atkelner .... 878 Ths DuH df (e>U<1 : Cntbrnm ud olhen b>|v

luBd, aod fJven Un^ t«nI1oria . I^I^, 878

IV Ifuwa acknoirlGilged Alfnd'i Kienlmily 88a IWHted tha Ouu ■!, KodiHlsr, ind citijluiwl

put ol Uieti B»E 883

Btiwieil London SS4

<>tiBineaccdhli Anglo-Suon trvuUtlonii gS8

IMtu^ the Duu at Funbain uid UuiaDeet 8^^ L'lialnactEd a powerful naij and ■to]>ped the

iMDiih Inraiioiu 897

Alfked, or Alpkic, abbot of Miilnie»faury ; Uubnp of Ciwliton, 99O; d. about 999.

ALTBtU, or AimED, monk of Beverley; -Bnite ^Annale*, Hive Huttoria do geatifl regum Sri-

AlfBED, prince, youogest wn of Geoi^ lit. ; (. 11 Sept. 17S0; d. xo An^. 17S2.

AlTBED, duke of Edinburgh, Hccimd son of Queen Victorin; b, 6 Aug. 1844. Eatded the" EDiTala>''uniiTal cadet Kot. i8;S DccMd klDf of Graece. btil decUnnl IMc. tBG>

D«t«imut<roftheTrtiiltvhauM i;Uuvta, i8l« l:nt«l doka of £dliibuiib nad earl ot HtBi

>d captain of the " (iaUI«a " Jan. 1 £67

KKKped anufliiatlDa at Sydney, that In tbe backhTCTFanell, ijUarch^eaUiidloiEDglaid, 4 April : arrived at Spltbead, i6Jane, 1B6B

AlcaRDI, AluKSOiidro, Italiiui Bculptar; b. about iGoa; executed the " Fuegft d'Attila," an enonnoua altn-relieVo ; rf. 10 Juno, 1(154.

AluAHOTTI, Frsnceeco, count, Italinn critja and philosopher; b. 11 Dtc. 1712 ; WTOte "New- tonianiamo per le Dame," 1733; rf. 3 March, 1764. Alohazzali, Aral) philosopher; b. 1058; d.

A LGHisi, FranoeBco, Itoiiaa mimical composer ; b. s June, 16661 d. ag March, 1743.

AlgBISI, Tomraaao, Italian Burgeon; A. 17 Sept. l66g ; rf. Z4 Sept. 1713,

Alhazen, Arab ^ra>inetrician ; wrote " Oj'tica° Tbesaunu," published in Latin, 1571 ; d. 103S,

AuBet, (UobrowHki,) Polish scholar; chief liragoDiiui of tbe Sultan Alahomct IV. ; tnuiB- Int^l tbe Bible into l\irkiBh ; rf. 1675.

Ali Bet, a Mameluke chief; b. 172S; ob- tained BupremH power, and snught to regene- rate E^pt, 1766; inTitded tiyrio, but Uefsated, 1770; rf- 1773-

Aiii Bev, pneudonvm of Diimingo Bndiii y Ltbllch, Spimiah traveller; b, 1766; travelled in the Ea«t aod in North Africa aa an Arab : published "Vojogcs en Aaie nt en Afrique," 1814; rf- 3oAue 1S18-

Ali Pacha, Albanian chief; b. about 1741 ; usurped tbe pachidio of Janina, 1788; mauBncred tho Sulioteii, Dec. 1803 ; surrendured, and treachcrotiflljr put to death, 5 Feb. lS22.

Alibaud, Louiii, fired at Idng Louis Philippe, 15 June; eiecuteil, II July, 1836,

Alikhakdi, Geronimo, Sicilian painter, calltd the Kaphaol of Messina : b. 1470; rf. 15:4.

Alice MaiiD Mart, priacess, seconJ daughter of queen Victoria; b. 2$ AprU, 1S43: married prince Luuiii of Hef'se-Darmataclt, I July, 1862.

Alison, Archibald, Scotch enayiat ; b. 1757; published " Essays on Taste," 1790 ; d, 1839.

A1.I30S, Sir Archibald, bart., son, Scottish historian ; b, 29 Dec 1 792 ; published " Ui>- tory of Europe," 1839-41; rf. 23 May, 1867.

Alkhaao, Heudrik van, Dutch poet; first translated and published "Reyoeke do Voss," (" Keynard the Fox,") 149S.

A LLAISTAL, LAmor Jean Christina Soulas d', Fiench ilramatiat; b, about 1700; rf. 2 May, I753.

Allam, Andrew, echolar ; b. April, 1655 ; li. 17 June, 16S5.

Allak, David, painter, termed "the Scotch Hiignrth;" b. 13 Feb. 1744; d. 6 Aug. 1796.

AllaV, George, antiquorr; published Hedge's "Legendof St.Cuthbert,''' 1777; d. 18 May,

ALL

ALM

Allan, Sir William, Scotch hifitorical painter; b. 1782; A.RA., 1825; RA., 1835; l'.R.S.A., 1838; knighted, 1842; d. 23 Feb. 1850.

Allard, Guy, French genealogist; b. 1 645; published ** Bibliothe«iue de Dauphind," 1680; d. 1 7 16.

Allard, Jean Fran5oi8, French general; 6. 1785 ; entered the service of Uunjeet Singh, chief of the Sikhs, and organised his army, 1822; d. 23 Jan. 1839.

Allardice, Ilol)ert Barclay, captain, Scotch pedestrian; b. 25 Aug. 1779; claimed the earldom of Airth, 1839; d. 8 May, 1854.

Allatius, f»r Allacci, Leo, Greek scholar, librarian of the Vatican; b. 15 86; d. 19 Jau. 1669.

Allectus, Eoman general ; murdered Ca- rausius, and became emperor in Britain, 293 ; defeated and slain by Asclepiodotus, general of Constantius, 296.

Alle(JRAin, Christophe Gabriel, French sculptor; b. 1710; d. 17 April, 1795.

Allegri, Alessandro, Italian iK)et ; d. about 1596; his "Rime" published, 1605-13.

Allkqri, Antonio, called Correggio, Italian painter; b. 1494; his chefs-d'oeuvre are "St. Jerome" at Tarma, and "Nativity" ("Notte") at Dresden ; d. 5 March, 1 534.

Allegri, Gregorio, Italian musical composer ; b. about 1580; d. 18 Feb. 1652.

Allein, Joseph, nonconformist divine ; b. 1633; published *' Alarm to unconverted Sinners," 1672; d. Nov. 1668.

Allein, Richard, nonconformist divine; b. 161 1 ; published "Viudicise Pietatis," 1663; d. 22 Dec. 1 68 1.

Allen, Alexander, philologist; 6. 21 Sept. 1 8 14; published "Eclogae Ciceronianse," 1839; d. 6 Nov. 1842.

Allen, Ethan, American colonist, colonel of the " Green Mountain Boys ; " founded the state of Vermont during the war of independ- ence; prisoner in England, 1775-78; published "Narrative of his captivity," 1779; d. 13 Feb. 1789.

. Allen, John, archbishop of Dublin ; b. about 1476; made by Wolsey chancellor of Ireland and archbishop, 1528; murdered, 28 July, 1534.

Allen, Joseph W., landscape painter ; b. 1803 ; d. 26 Aug. 1852.

Allen, or Alleyn, Thomas, antiquary and mathematician; b. 21 Dec. 1542; d. 30 Sept. 1632.

Allen, Thomas, antiquary and topographer ; b. 1803: published "History of Lambeth," 1827; "History of Ix)ndon," 1827-28; "His- tory of county of York," 182S-31 ; d. 20 July, 1833.

Allen, Alan, or Alle^-n, William, cardinal; h. 1532 ; left England at the accession of Eliza- beth^ 1558; made cardinal, 1587; incited Philip II. to invade England; published "De-

fence of the doctrine - of Catholics concerning Purgatory," 1565; "Admonition to the no- bility and |)eople of England," 1588; d. 6 Oct.

1594. Allen, William, chemist and philanthropist ;

b. 29 Aug. 1770; d. 30 Dec. 1843.

Allen, William, D.D., American author; b. 2 Jan. 1784; published "ALmerican bio- graphical and historical Dictionary," 1809, the first issued in the United States.

Allestree, or Allestry, Richard, D.D. ; b. March, 1619; fought in the civil war; with a band of students defended Oxford for the king; d. 28 Jan. 1 681.

Alletz, Pons Augustin, French miscellaneous writer ; b. 1 703 ; d. 7 March, 1 785.

Alley, William, bishop of Exeter ; b. about 1500; consecrated, 1560; published "Poor Man's Library," 1565; translated the Penta- teuch for the Bishop's Bible ; d. 15 April, 1571.

Alleyn, Edward, actor; b. i Sept. 1566; built Fortune theatre, Cripplegate, 1600 ; pur- chased manor of Dulwich, 1606 ; b^;an to build Dulwich college, 161 3; endowed the college, 21 Jime, 1 61 9; d. there, 25 Nov. 1626.

Allioni, Carlo, Italian botanist ; 6. 172S; wrote "Flora Pedemontaua," 1785 ; d. 1804.

Alloisi, Baldassare, Bolognese painter; b. 1578; d. 1638.

Allori, Alessandro, called Bronzino, Floren- tine painter; 6. 3 May, 1535 ; painted "Sacri- fice of Abraham ; " d. 22 Sept. 1607.

Allori, Cristofano, son, Florentine painter; b. 17 Oct. 1577 ; d. 1 62 1.

Allston, Washington, American historical painter and poet; b. 1779; rf. 9 Jime, 1 843.

AlLMAGRO, Diego de, Spanish navigator; b. 1475 ; accompanied Pizarro in his conquest of Peru, 1532; revolted, and put to death by Pizarro, July, 1538.

Almagro, Diego de, son, governor of Peru ; b. about 1 520; killed Pizarro, and was exe- cuted, Sept. 1542.

Al-Mamoun, see Mamoun.

Al-Mansur, or Almansor, the Invincible, second Abbasside caliph, 754 ; favoured learn- ing ; built Bagdad, about 762; d. iS Oct 775.

Alsieida, Apollinario, Portuguese mission- ary ; b. 1587 ; killed in Abyssinia, 1 638.

Alheida, Brites de, the Portuguese Joan of Arc; supported John I., king of Portugal, in the deliverance of his country from Castile at the battle of Alliajurrota, 14 Aug. 1385.

Almeida, Francisco de, first Portuguese viceroy in India, 1505 ; defeated Egyptian fleet, 1 508 ; murdered at Saldanha bay, I March, 1510.

Almeida, Louren9o de, son, Portuguese na- vigator ; killed, 1 508.

Almeida, Manoel de, Portuguese Jesuit mis- sionary in India and Abyssinia; 6. 15S0; d. 1646.

ALM

AMA

Almkloveen, TheodoruB Janssonius van, Dutch physician ; 6. 24 July, 1657 ; pub- Udied '^ Onomasticon Renim inventarum/' 16S4; d. 29 July, 1712.

AufON, John, publicist ; b. 1 738 ; condemned for selling copies of the " Letters of Junius ; " ectaUiahed the " Parliamentary Kegister," 1774; d. 12 Dec. 1S05.

AiJoifPBA, founder of the reigning dynasty of Burmah; 6. about 171 1 ; d. 15 May, 1760.

Alphzge, Saint, axchbishop of Canterbury, ICX36; seized and imprisoned by the Danes, loii ; killed, 19 April, 1012.

ALPnn, Prospero, Venetian physician and

l^^'^Ai^i^ ; ^> 1553; published " De Plantis Jf^yp^iy"* 1592; d. 5 Feb. 161 7.

Alsop, Ajithony, B.D., Latin poet ; his "Odea" published, 1751 ; d. 16 June, 1727.

Alsop, Vincent, nonconformist divine; at- tacked Sherlock in his ''Anti Sozzo," 1675 ; d. 28 May, 1703.

Alsted, Johami Heinrich, (rerman theologian and historian; b. 1588; published *' Encyclo- pedia," 1610; d. 8 Nov. 1638.

Alstosi, Charles, Scotch botanist and phy- sician; b. 1683; d. 22 Nov. 1760.

AlstbOmeb, Jonas, Swedish patriot ; b. 7 Jan. 1685 ; introduced cotton, silk, and woollen manufactures into Sweden; d. 2 Jime, 1761.

Altdorfeb, Albrecht, Grerman painter and engraver; b. 1488; d. 1538.

AxTXN, Carl August, count, Hanoverian general and statesman ; b. 20 Oct. 1 764 ; d. 20 April, 1840.

Alter, Franz Carl, German Jesuit and idi<dar ; 6. 27 Jan. 1 749 ; edited *' Novum Testa- mentum ad codicem Vindobonensem Grsece," 17S6-87; d. 29 March, 1804.

Althameb, Andreas, German reformer; h. 1498; d. 1564.

Althek, Ehan, a Persian ; b. 1 7 1 1 ; first cul- tivated madder in France, 1763 ; (/. 1774

Althusen, or Altuusius, Jan, Dutch jurist ; 6. 1556; d. 1638.

Altxlio, Gabriello, Italian Latin poet ; 6. about 1440; d. about 1 501.

Alting, German Protestant theologians : BsniaicH, 6. 17 Feb. 1583; publiahed "Uistoria

eededssiica PaUtina,'* 1644 ; d. 25 Aug. 1644. JAoaa, son. b. 27 Sept. 1618 ; d. 20 Aug. 1679.

Altino, Menso, Dutch geographer; b. 1636; punished "Notitia Grermanise Inferioris," 1697 ; ""Descriptio Frisire," 1701 ; d. 1 712.

Alured, monk of Beverley, see A If red.

Alva, or Alba, Fernando Alvarez, duke of,

Spanish general and statesman; 6. 1508; d. 12

Jan. [582.

laTided the papal states bj order of Philip II. 1556 Sent to quell the rebellion in the Netherlands 1567 Governed with great MTerity; treacherously exe- cuted ooontfl Egmont and Horn . 5 June, 1568 C^itared Alkmaar, but failed at Haarlem ; re- e^led, after harin^ put to death about z 8,000

Dec 1573

Alvanley, lord, see Arden.

Alvarado, Pedro de, companion of Cortes in his conquest of Mexico, 1519-20 ; conquered Guatemala, 1523; killed in a conflict with the Indians, 1 541.

Alvarez, Francisco, Portuguese missionary in Abyssinia, 1515-27; d after 1540.

Alvarotto, Jacopo, Italian jurist; b. 1385 ; d. 18 June, 1453.

Alvensleben, Philipp Carl von, ctmnt, Prus- sian statesman; 6. 16 Dec. 1 745; d. 21 Oct. 1802.

Alviano, Bartolommeo, Venetian general; defeated the emperor Maximilian in Friuli, 1508; defeated at Agnadello, 14 May, 1509; d. 7 Oct. 15 15.

Alvinzi, Joseph, Austrian general; b. 1735 ; defeated by Bonaparte at Areola, 15-17 Nov. 1796; and at liivoli, 14-16 Jan. 1797; d. 27 Mov. 1810.

Amadeus I. — IX., counts and dukes of Savoy.

I. count of Maurienue only, 1048 . d. about 1072

II. first count of Savoy, 1 108 d. i April, j 148

III. count, 1233 ; supported the emperor Frede- ric II., greatly favoured by him, 1241 ; d. 24 June, 1253

IV. or V. the Oreat, count .... 1285 IV. or V. the Great ; 6. 1249 ; count, 1285 ; helped

the knights to defend Rhodes against the Turks, T31S d. 16 Oct. 1323

VI. the Green ; 6. 1334 ; count, 1343 : acquired Piedmont, 1382 . . t/. 2 March, 1383

VII. the Red; 6. 1360; count, 1383; acquired Nice and other places, 1388 . . d. 1 Nov. 1391

VIII. the pacific; 6. 1383; count, 1391; made duke by the emperor Sigismund, 1417 ; resigned, and became a monk at Ripaglia, 1434 ; elected pope as Felix V., April, 1440 ; resigned, and re- tired to Ripaglia, Ai)ril, 1449 . d. 7 Jan. 1451

IX. 6. X435 ; duke, 1465 . d. 28 March, 1472

Amalric, or Arnauld, chief of the crusade against the Albigenses, 1209; d. 29 Sept. 1225.

Amalteo, brothers, Italian writers : CoRNELio. physician; ft. 1530; wrote "Proteus," a

poem predicting the battle of Lepanto, 1572 ; d. 1603. Oeronimo, philosopher and physician ; ft. 1506 ; d. 24

Oct. 1574. Giovanni Battista, secretary of pope Pius IV. ;

ft. 1525 ; wrote Latin epigrams ; d. 1573.

AMAM.V, Sixtinus, Dutch Protestant theolo- gian; 6. 13 Oct. 1593; published "Anti-Bar- barus Biblicus," 1628; d. 9 Nov. 1629.

Amari, Michele, Italian historian, poet, and Arabic scholar; 6. 7 July, 1 806; minister of finance in the Sicilian revolution, 1848.

Amaseo, Komolo, Italian scholar ; 6. 24 June, 1489; d. 1552.

Amasis, king of Egypt, b.c. 569 ; d. 525.

Amato, Giovanni Antonio d', Italian painters : the elder, b. 1475; d. 1555; the younger, nephew, b. 1535; d. 1598.

Amaury I., count of Joppa, king of Jeru- salem, 1 165; d. II July, II 73.

Amaury II., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem, 1194 ; d. I April, 1205.

Amaurtt, or Amalricus, of Chartres, French theologian and philosopher ; d. about 1204.

Amaziab, king of Judah, b.c. 839-Sio.

AMB

AMO

Amberger, Christoph, German painter; 6. about 1490; d. after 1568.

Ambrrley, John liussell, viscount, eldest son of Earl llusaell; 6. 10 Dec. 1842; M.P. for Nottingham, 1866-68.

Amboime, Frau9f>i8 d*, French writer ; b. 1550 ; pul)liRhed '' Discours touchaut hk vraie et par- faite," 1577; d. 1620.

Amboibe, George d', cardinal; I. 1460; the able ministtrof Louis XII. of France, 1494; rf. 25 May, 1 5 10.

Ambrogi, Domenico degli, called "Menichino del Brizio," Bolognese painter; d. about 1660.

Ambrooio, Teseo, Italian orientalist ; b. 1469; published *' Introductio in Chaldaicam lin- guam," 1539; d. 1540.

Ambrose, Saint ; b. 340 ; bishop of Milan, 374 ; zealously opposed paganism, 384; and Arian- ism, 385 ; enjoined penance on Theodosius for massacre at Thessalonica, 390 ; d. 4 April, 397.

Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, French antiquary; h. 7 April, 1 730 ; published " Histoire du com- merce des Egyptiens," 1766; d. 23 Nov. 181 1.

Amelia, Princess, yoimgest and favourite daughter of George III. ; b. 7 Aug. 1 783 ; d. 2 Nov. 1 8 10.

Amelot de iJL Housa.VYE, Abraham Nicolas, French publicist ; b. Feb. 1634 ; published ** Histoire du Gouvemement de Venise," 1676 ; d. 8 Dec. 1706.

Amelotte, Denis, French oratorian; 6. 1606; published his translation of the New Testa- ment, 1666; d. 7 Oct. 1678.

Amelunghi, Girolamo, called " II Gobbo da Pisa," Italian burlesque poet ; published " La Gigantea," 1547.

Amenophis, kings of Eg^'pt.

I. about B.C. 1778.

II. B.a 1687.

III. B.C. 1493 ; the FHaraoh of Exodus.

IV. B.C. 1322.

Amerbach, Johann, German printer at Basle, 1481 ; termed by Erasmus " the best of men ;" printed first edition of St. Augustin's works, 1506; d. 1528.

Amerbach, Veit, German writer; 6. 1487; published " De Philosophia naturali,** 1549;

d. 1557. Ames, Fisher, American jurist and orator ;

h. 9 April, 1758; friend and supporter of

Washington ; wrote "Essays on Democracy;"

d. 4 July, 1 80S.

Ames, Joseph, secretair of the society of anti- quaries; b. 23 Jan. 1689; published "Typo- graphical Antiquities," 1749; d. 7 Oct. 1759.

Ames, William, D.D., Puritan divine ; ^* 1576' published " Puritaniamua Angli- canus," 1610; d. 14 Nov. 1633.

Amherst, Jeffrey Amherst, lonl, K.B., field- marshal ; 6. 29 Jan. 1717 ; captured Louis- bmrg and Cape Breton, 26 July, 1758; also Montreal, 7 Sept. 1760; created baron Am- herst, 20 May, 1776; rf. 3 Aug. 1797.

Amueest, William Pitt Amherst, earl ; 6. 14 Jan. 1773; d. 13 March, 1 85 7. Succeed^ bis uncle .... 3 Aug. 1797 Went to China as ambassador . . 8 Feb. 1816 Returned unsuccessful ... 30 July, 1817 (Governor-general of India, z Aug. 1823— 10 March. 1838 Created earl 19 Dec 1826

Amhurst, Nicholas, political writer; 6. about 1700 ; expelled St. John's college, Oxford, June, 1 7 19; published " The Craftsman," at- tacking Sir Robert Walpole's administration, 1727; (/. 27 April, 1742.

Amici, Giovanni Battista, Italian physicist and astronomer ; b. 25 March, 1786 ; constructed his dioptric microscope, which has led to many discoveries, 1827; d. 10 April, 1863.

Amiot, Joseph, French Jesuit missionaiy ; 6. 1718 ; went to China, 1750; arrived at Pekin, 22 Aug. 1 75 1 ; published " Dictionnaire Tartare-Mantchou- Francois," 1 789-90; d. 1794.

Amman, Johann, German l)otanist; b. 1707; published " Stirpium rariorum in Imperio Rutheno Icones," 1739; d. 1741.

Amman, Johaim Conrad, German physician for the deaf and dumb; (. 1 669; published " Surdus locjuens," 1692; d. about 173a

Amman, Jost, German painter and wood- engraver; b. 1539 ; published ^^Panoplia," 1564;" "Chartii lusoria," 1588; d. 1591.

Amman ATI, Bartolommeo, Florentine archi- tect; b. 151 1 ; built the Ponte della T^init2^ a bridge over the A mo at Florence; d. 1 592.

Ammianus Makcellinus, Roman historian;

fi' 370-390.

Ammirato, Scipione, Italian publicist ; h. 27 Sept. 1 531; patronized bv the Medici; pub- lished '-Istorie Fiorentine"," 160041 ; "Delle Famiglie nobili Napolitane," 1580-1651; d. 30 Jan. 1601.

Ammon, Christoph Friedrich von, German protestant preacher ; 6. 16 Jan. 1 766 ; published in German, *^ Sketch of a pure Biblical Theo- logy," 1801-2; d. 21 May, 1820.

Ammonio, Andrea Jtalian poet; b. 1477; became Latin secretary to Henry VIII., 151 3 ; d. 151 7.

Ammonius Saccas, founder of the Neo-Pla- tonists at Alexandria, 201 ; teacher of Origen and Plotinus ; d. 243.

Am ON, king of Judah; reigned, B.C. 643-641.

Amontons, Guillaume, French mechanician; b. 31 Aug. 1663 ; invented a conical barometer, 1695; air thermometer, 1 702; a telegraph system, al>out 1684; d. 11 Oct. 1705.

Amort, Eusebius, German theologian; 6. 15 Nov. 1692; published ** Scutum Kempenae, seu Vindiciss IV. librorum de Imitatione Christi," 1728; d. 5 Feb. 1 775.

Amory, Thomas, presbyterian theologian ; b. Jan. 1 700 ; published *' Dialogue on Devo- tion," 1733; d. 24 June, 1774.

Amory, Thomas, humorist; 6. about 1 691; published '' Life of John Buncle/' 1 756^ ; d. 25 Nov. 1788.

AMO

AND

AMoe, Hebrew prophet ; prophesied in Israel, about BLC. S0S-7S4.

Amfj^be, Andr^ Marie, French mathematician and phjrsicist ; b. 22 Jan. 1775; published his diKOTeries in electro-magnetism, 1820 ; in tfectro-dyiiamics, 1822-26; d, 10 June, 1836.

AxP&ftE, Jean Jacques Antoine, son, French historian; 6. 12 Aug. 1800; published '^His- toire litt^raire de hk France," 1840; d. 27 March, 1864.

Amphilochius, Saint, Greek father ; d. about

395- A]»DOBF, Nicolaus von, German theolojjian ;

h. 3 Dec. 1483 ; friend and assistant of Luther ;

preached reform, 1524: bishop of Naumburg,

1542-47; d. 14 May, 1565.

Amubath, or MuRAD, I.— IV., Ottoman sid-

L mltaa 1360

Took Adriaoople and made it hiit capital 1361

Greatlj enlarged his empire by conquest 1 363-87 KUled after hia rictory at Kossora, by a vofonded enemy 1 389

II. sultan 1421

Besieged Constantinople, compelled to retire

by rebellion of Mustapha, who was defeated

sad beheadad 1422

War with Yenice ; Theasalonica taken . 1433

VtetorionsoTer the Servians .... 1438 Defeated by Hnniades and Scanderbeg; trace ofSegedln; abdication of Amurath 1443

Defeated fadiiilas of Hunganr and his allies at Varna, t.«^i«i— killed and Huniades made

piiMner 10 Nov. 1444

His second abdication ; retarned to power, and quelled ^e rerolted Janlssttriea 1445

Invaded Greece 1446

Defeated the invading Hungarians under Hnni- ades at Koasora .... 17 Oct. 1448 Died 9 *■«*). 1451

III. soltan, murdered his five brothers 1574 Made a oommerdal treaty with queen Eliza- beth • . .. 1579

Invaded Hungary 1592

Conqncred Raab 1594

Died 18 Jan. 1595

TV. termed, from his excessive cruelty, the Otto- man Xero ; sultan 1623

t^oppresaed revolt of the Janissaries .1631

Invaded Persia 1634

Cap^ored Bagdad .... 24 Dec. 1638 DifSd of fever 9 Feb. 1640

AimsTAS I. — III., kings of Macedon.

I king, about b.c 507 d. 480

II. king, about b.c. 430

III. joined the Spartans in the Olynthian wars,

B.C. 38a d. 370

AmrOT, Jaoqaea, French prelate and classic srriter; b. 30 Oct. 15 13; bishop of Auxerre, 1570: great improver of French prose; d. 6 Feb. 1593-

AafTOT, Thomas, antiquary; b. 7 Jan. 1775; d. 28 Sept. 185a

AimurT, Amtbaldus, or Amurault, MoTse, Frendi Protestant theologian; 6. Sept. 1596; endeavoiiied to reconcile the Protestant dmrches ; d. July, 1664.

AxACHABSis, S^hian traveller; arrived at Atbeni» about B.C. 592.

Ax.vcLETUs, or Clktus, Saint, pope ; elected, 78; d. 91.

Ajiacletus, anti-pope; reigned ii 30-11 38.

Anacreon, Greek lyric poet; b. about B.C. 563; resided with Polycrates at Samos, 532- 522 ; d. about 47S.

Anapesto, Paoluccio, first doge of Venice ; elected, 697; d. 717.

Anahtasius I., II., emperors of the East.

I. emperor 491

Fortified Constantinople 507

Favoured toleration and remitted taxes 492-513

l>ied 9 July, 518

II. emperor 713

Compelled to abdicate 716

Attempted to regain his crown ; slain . .721

Anastasius I. — IV., popes.

I. Saint, pope, 398 ....<?. 14 Dec. 401

II. Saint, pope, 496 . . . d. 17 Nov. 498

III. pope, 911 d. 913

IV. pope, 1x53 d. a Dec. 1154

ANAXAGOR.VS, Greek philosopher; b. about 499; taught at Athens, B.C. 4S0; accused of impiety, retired to Lampsacus, 432; d. 428.

Anaximander, Greek natural philosopher, of Miletus ; 5. B.C. 610 ; reputed inventor of maps ; d. about 547.

Ancelot, Jacques Ars^ne Francois Polycarpe, French dramatist; b. 9 Feb. 1794; d. 1854.

Anchieta, Jos^, Portuguese Jesuit missionary in Brazil; b. 1533; d. g Jime, 1 597.

Ancillon, Charles, French Protestant his- torian; b. 29 July, 1659; d. 5 July, 17 15.

Ancillon, David, French publicist; b. 17 March, 161 7 ; published " Apologie de Luther," 1666; d. 3 Sept. 1692.

Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich, Prusrian statesman and historian; b. 30 April, 1766; published "Tableau des Revolutions," 1806 ; d. 10 April, 1837.

Ancre, d', marshal, see Conctni.

Ancu8 Martius, fourth king of Home ; reigned, B.c. 638-614.

Andersen, Hans Christian, Danish novelist ; b. 2 April, 1805.

Andersen, or Andrej?, Lars, Swedish priest and statesman ; 6. 1480 ; became chancellor to Gustavus Vasa ; caused the reformed doctrines to be adopted by the diet, 1527 ; published the first Swedish New Testament; d. 1552.

Anderson, Adam, Scotch writer ; b. about 1692 ; published " History of Commerce," 1762 ; d. 10 Jan. 1765.

Anderson, Alexander, M.D., naturalist ; wrote on the bituminous lake of Trinidad, 1789 ; d. 1813.

Anderson, David, D.D. ; 6. 1814; bishop of Rupert's Land, i849-64«

Anderson, Sir Edmund, judge ; b. about 1531 ; chief justice of the common pleas. May, 1582; wrote "Reports," published 1664-65; d. I Aufif. 1605.

Anderson, Sir George "William, K.C.B., governor of Ceylon ; b. 1791 ; d, 17 Jan. 1857.

AND

Anderson, James, Scotch historian ; 6. 5 Aug. 1662 ; published " Collections relating to Mary, queen of Scotland," 1 724-28 ; " Selectus Diplo- matum et Numismatum Scotise Thesaurus," 1739; d- 3 April, 1728.

Anderson, James, D.D., Scotch genealogist ; published " lloyal Genealogies," 1732; d. 28 May, 1739.

Anderson, James, Scotch agriculturist ; ^' 1739; published "Recreations in Agricul- ture," 1 799-1 802 ; rf. 15 Oct. 1808.

Anderson, Johann, German jurist and geo- grapher; h. 14 March, 1674; employed diplo- matically by Frwlerick IV. of Denmark, 171 1 ; his " Natural History of Iceland and Green- land" published, 1746; d. 3 May, 1743.

Anderson, John, Scotch minister ; b. 1671 ; published *'Defence of the Presbyterians," 1 7 14 ; d. 1720.

Anderson, John, M.D., Scotch natural phi- losopher ; b. 1 726 ; founded the Andersoiiian Institution, Glasgow ; rf. 1 3 June, 1 796.

Anderson, Robert, Scotch physician ; 6. 7 Jjm. 1750 ; edited " British Poets," 1 792-1807 ; d. 20 Feb. 1830.

Anderson, Robert, poet; 6. i Feb. 1770; published " Ballads in the Cumberland Dia- lect," 1805 ; d. 27 Sept. 1833.

Anderson, Walter, D.D., Scotch historian ; b. about 1720 ; published " History of France," 1769 ; d. 31 Aug. 1800.

Andocides, Greek orator; b. B.C. 467; com- manded the fleet at Corcyra, 432 ; exiled f(jr a«l vising peace ; ci. 391.

Andrada k Silva, Jos^ Bonifacio, naturalist and principal founder of Brazilian independ- ence; b. 13 June, 1765 ; d. 6 April, 1838.

Andral, Gabriel, French physician ; b. 6 Nov. 1 797 ; published " Clinique mddicale," 1824.

Andrasst, Julius, count, Hungarian states- man; b. 28 May, 1823; nominated president of an independent Hungarian ministry, 17 Feb. 1867.

Andre, Johann, Grcrman musical composer ; b. 28 March, 1 741 ; composed "Der Tiipfer," and other operas ; rf. 18 June, 1799.

Andre, John, major ; b. 1751 ; executed as a spy in America (through perfidy of the Ameri- can general Arnold), 2 Oct. 1780.

Andr6, Yves Marie, French philo80})her ; b. 22 ^lay, 1675 ; published ** Essai sur le Beau," 1741 ; d. 26 Feb. 1764.

Andrea i>el Sarto, see Vavnucrht.

Andrea Pisano, Italian sculptor and archi- tect; b. 1270; d. 1345.

Andrew., Johann Valentin, G^^rman scholar, alleged founder of the Rosicrucians ; 6. 1 7 Aug. 1586; published "Rosa Florescens," 1617; "Mythologia Christiana," 161 9; d, 27 June, 1654,

Andkile, Lars, see Andersen,

Andrews, Tobias, German philoMipher; h. 19 Aug. .1604; published "Method! CartesiaiUB Assertio," 1653; d. 17 Oct. 1676.

ANDREiE, Tobias, Grerman phyaidan ; b, it Aug. 1633; d. 5 Jan. 1685.

Andbeant, Andrea, of Mantua, Italian painter and engraver ; 6. 1540; d. 1 623.

Andreas, Magister, of Ratisbon, German chronicler; Jl. about 1425; wrote " Chronicoo generale a Christo nato usque ad annum 1422."

Andreas, Valerius, (Desselius, or Taxander), Belgian bibliographer ; 6. 27 Nov. 1588; pub- lished " Bibliotheca Belgica," 1623; rf. 1656.

Andbeini, Italian dramatists and actors :

Fkakcesoo. b. about 1548 ; d. 90 Aug. 1624. Isabella, hia wife ; b. 1562 ; published " mme,**

1601-5 • *^- 1604. Giovanni Battista, son ; b. 1579 ; d. about 1652.

ANDRifeossY, Antoine Franfois, count d\ French general ; b. 6 March, 1 761; published " Histoire du Canal du Midi," 1800; went to Egypt; published "Mdmoires," 1804; governor of Vienna, 1809; d. 10 Sept. 1 828.

Andr^ossy, Fran9ois, French engineer ; h, 10 June, 1633 ; helped Riquet in the construction of the canal of Languedoc, completed, 1 681; d. 3 June, 1688.

Andrew I. — III., kings of Hungary.

I. made kinf? by the people, X046: killed by Bela, his brother 1061

II. king, 1204 ; quelled rebellion of his son Bela, I230-22 d. 7 March, 1235

III. last of the race of Arpad ; king, 1290 ; de- feated Charles Martel, to whom the pope had given Hungary, t 292 . d. 24 Jan. xjoi I

Andrew of Hungary; 6. 1326; married to Joanna of Naples ; murdered at Aversa (through her agency), 18 Dec. 1345.

Andrew I. — III., grand-dukes of Russia.

I. prince of White Busaia, 1x57 ; killed bj his people X176

II. grand-duke, 1249 ; expelled by the Tartan 1252

III. grand-duke, 1:^94 . <! 97 July, 1904

Andre WES, liancelot, a translator of the Bible, and favourite of James I. ; 6. 1555 ; bishop of Chichester, 1605; of Ely, 1 609; ofWincheB- ter, 161 8 ; d. 25 Sept. 1626.

Andrews, James Pettit, historian; h. 1737; published "Anecdotes," 1789; "History d Great Britain," 1794; d. 6 Aug. 1 797.

Andrews, Miles Peter, M.P., dramatist ; wrote "The Election," 1774; rf. 18 July, 1814.

Andrieux, Fran9oi8 Guillaume, French mis- i cellaneous writer; 6. 6 May, 1759; d. lo May, I 1833. '

Andronicus, emperors of the East. ■

I. Comnenus; b. mo ; emperor, xxSj;

strangled xa Sept 1185

II. PalsBologus, the elder; 6. X260; emperor, 1283 ; caused separation of the Greek and Latbi churches, 1307 ; dethroned by his grandson, AndronlcusIII., i»8: (/. ainonk 13 Feb. 1331 J

III. the younger: 6. 1296; emperor, X338; de- i feated by the Turks, 1329; made peaoe, 13^: conquered Albania and £^nu, 1337 ; U. xs Jiant, 1341

AND

ANN

IV. eoii8|iired agmioBt his father, John defeated iod Minded, 1375 ; OTercame his father, and leiinied with him, 1381 : yielded the throne to his brother Manuel II. .... 1391

AiTDRONicus T. — III., emperors of Trebizond. L Ghidos; emperor, 1222 . . . . d. 1235

n. emperor, 1263 d. 1266

IIL emperor, 2330 ....</. Jan. 1332

AiTDBOKious, Liviiis, earliest Latin poet ; Greek slave at Rome ; cL about B.C. 221.

AxDBOCET-DucERCEAU, Jacques, French archi- tect; pabliahed " De Architectura," 1559; d. after 1596.

Akdrt, ^lioolas, French physician; b. 165S ; d. 13 :May, 1742.

Akkl, Dominique, French sui^eon ; b. about 1679; published, a mode of healing lachrymal fistulas, 1 713-14; d. about 1730.

ASTEU BIX, Welsh poet and chief; wrote "Odes of the Month ;" d. about 570.

Akge dk St. Joseph, Pbre, (Joseph Labrosse), Frezu:h Carmelite missionary; b. 1636; pub- lished " Gazophylacium Linguae Persarum," 16S4; d. 29 Dec. 1697.

Akgi de St. Rosalie, P^re, (Francois Raf- fard), French Augustinian monk ; b. 1655 ; edited Anselme's "Histoire de la Maison royale de France," 1726-33; d. 1726.

Angela Mebici, of Brescia ;b. 1 5 1 1 ; founded the order of Ursi^ine nuns, 1537; d. 21 March, 154a

AxGELl, Bonaventura, Italian historian ; b. 1525 ; published " Istoria di Parma," 1591 ; d. soon after.

Axgeli, Filippo, Italian painter ; b. about 1 600; first to employ rigid perspective in land- scapes ; d. 1660.

Angelico, Fra, see Fiesde.

AvGELio, or Degli Angeli, (Bargaeus), Pietro, Italian scholar; b. 151 7 ; travelled in the east, 1543; d. 29 Feb. 1596.

Ajtgelis, Domenico di, Italian scholar ; i. 1675; d. 7 Aug. 171S.

AsGELis, Pierre, French painter; b. 1685;

<«. 1734.

AjroELOXi, Francesco, Italian scholar ; pub- lished "Histoire M^dallique des Empereurs Remains," 1641 ; d. 29 Nov. 1652.

Anoeloni, Luigi, Italian publicist ; b. 175S ; paUished at Paris a work on Guide d' Aretino, the musician, 1 8 1 1 ; expelled from France, 1 823 ; d. in London, 1842.

A>'GELr9, Christophorus, Greek scholar; set- tled at Oxford, 1610 ; published " Enchiridion de Institutis Gnecorum," 1619; "Encomium of Great Britain," 1619 ; d. i Feb. 1638.

ASGEitSTEEN, John Julius, Russian merchant ; ^- *735 J ^i* collection of paintings was pur- chased for /[^5 7,000, to form the nucleus of the National GraUery, 1824 ; d. 22 Jan. 1823.

Anqilbekt, or Ei^gilbert, Saint, secretary and miniirter of Charlemagne ; wrote poems, ele- gies, &C. ; d 18 Feb. 814.

Angiolotto, see Giotto.

Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, earl of, b. 10 July, 1614; created earl, 22 April, 1661 ; lord privy seal, 1673-82; wrote "History of the Troubles of Ireland," 1 64 1-50; d. 6 April, 1686.

Anglesey, Henry William Paget, marquess of, field-marshal ; 6. 1 7 May, 1 768 ; served in the Peninsular war ; led the brigade charge, and wounded at Waterloo, 18 June, 181 5 ; master- general of the ordnance, 1827 ; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1828-29 ; again, 1830-33 ; d. 29 April, 1854.

Anglus, Thomas, see White.

Angoul^e, Louis Antoine, due d', dauphin of France, son of Charles X. ; 6. 6 Aug. 1775 ; led an army into Spain, and quelled the con- stituionalists, 1823 ; d. 3 June, 1844.

Angoul^me, Marie Th^r^e Charlotte, duchesse d* daughter of Louis XVI. ; b. 19 Dec. 1 778 ; exchanged for French prisoners in Aus- tria, 26 Dec. 1 795 ; married to her cousin, the due d'Angouleme, 10 June, 1799 ; d. 19 Oct. 1 85 1.

Angstrom, Anders Jonas, Swedish physicist ; 6. 13 Aug. 1814 ; professor at Upsala, 1858; pubUshed researches on heat, magnetism, light, &c., 1842, et aeq.y map of the solar spectrum, 1869.

Anglier, French sculptors, brothers:

Francois, 6. 1604 ; d. 8 Aug. 1669. Michel, b. 161 a ; d. n July, 1686.

Anguillara, Giovanni Andrea dell', Italian poet ; b. about 1517 ; translated Ovid's Meta- morphoses, published 1561 ; d. after 1564.

Anguillara, Luigi, or Aloysio, Italian botanist ; explored Italy and the East ; wrote "De Simplicibus," &c. ; d. Oct. 1570.

Anguisciola (Angussola), Sofonisba, Italian painter; b. 1535 ; ^- 1620.

Angus, see iJout/las.

Anicetus, Saint, pope ; elected, 157 ; mar- tyred, 17 April, 161.

Anich, Peter, Tyrolese peasant and mecha- nic ; 6. 22 Feb. 1 723 ; employed by the em- press Maria Theresa to construct maps ; d. 1 Sept. 1706.

Aniello, Tommaso, see MatanicUo.

AnkarstrOm, Johan Jakob, Swetlish noble ; b. 1759 ; assassinated Gustavus III. of Swe- den, 16 March ; executed, 2 May, 1792.

Anlap, king of the Northimibrian Danes, 941 ; d. 942.

Anna, king of East Anglia, 635 ; killed in battle with Penda, king of Mercia, 654.

Anna Comnena, daughter of Alexis I., emperor of the East ; b. 10183 ; wrote "Alexias," history of his reign, 1099 ; pardoned for con- spiring against her brother, ll 18 ; d. 1 148.

Annand, William, dean of Edinburgh ; b. 1633 ; published *' Fides Catholica," 1661 ; "Panem Quotidianum" (defence of the com- mon prayer), 1661 ; d. 16 June, 1689.

ANN

Amme of Aautria, queea ol Fcaiice ; b. 32 Sept. 1601.

UurieilLunliKni 15PCC161S

Segeiit for her inii, Lonis SIV„ with wnllnsl Mautibe u mlolflter^ 1643-51 . tl. 30 Jad. l666

Anke of Benujeu, il&ughter oE Louis XI. of France ; b. about 1432 ; regent for her brother, Charles VIII., 14S3 ; subdued Brittany, 1488 ;

Akne of Bohemia, queen of liicliard II. of EnglBDfl ; married, 14 Jan. 13S1 ; favoured the Kefonnation. 1386 ; d. 7 Juue, 1394.

Anne Bolevn, queen of Henry VIIT, ; ft. about 151a; married, 14 Nov, 1532: occuxed of adultery, 2 May ; beheaded, 19 May, 1 53^

AJJME of Brittany, daughter of the last duke ; J. 1476 ; compelled to many Charlea VIII. of France, vbna the dueby wu annexed, 1491 j (narried Louia XII., 1498 ; d. 9 Jiin. I5L4.

Anse of Clevea, queen of Henry VIII. ; manied, 6 Jan. 1 540 ; divorced, suae year ; d. at Chelsea, 17 July, 1557.

Anne of Denmark, queen of James I, ; h. 1574; married, 20 Aug. 1590; d. 3 March,

Anne Nevill, i^ueen of Riehard III. ; married to Edward, prince of \Vales, 147a; to Richard, duke of Gloucester, 1473 ; queen, 1483; d. 16 March, 1485.

Akne, queen of Great Britain, youn^r daughter of James II. by his wife, Anne Hyde ; 6. 6 Feb. 1665; d. 1 Aug. 1714. SUnigd prince Qeoixe of DenniBrk . iS July, i6Sj Her KID WllUaio. doke o[ Gloocciler, hgni

■. i«9;(

a death ol W I't Bounty for the poonr

a Il[.

■npplanted ihe ducheii of Marlborough} 1706

Aueoted to tba act Foe tho uoion with Scotland

6 Mirch, 1707 Hcrhuibaod.prlncsneoc^. ilied . .330ct.i;<>e DUmtniul the Whig govsrament md tb* duke ol

UatJborougb ...... I>ee. 1711

Anne of Hungary, daughter of Ladialaus VI., king of Hungary and Bohemia; b. 23 July, 1503; married to Ferdinand of Austria, 1521 ; nutained hia courage against the Turks ; d. aj Jan, 1547.

Anne, empress oE Russia, liaughter of Ivan V. ; J. 9 Feb. 1694; married Frederick WiUiam, duke of Cuuxland, 1710, who died 1711; em- presa, 39 Jan. 1730; tynuuiical, cmel rule of her favourite Biren, 1732-40: made peace vith the Turks at Belgrade, 1739: deHtroyed the powerful Dolgorouki family, 1739; d. 29 Oct 1740.

Anne Aueua, princess of Frusnia, musical composer; 6. 9 Nov. 1723; d. 30 March, 17S7.

Annkdaut, Claude d', French marfhal and admiral; concluded peace between fnincie I. and Henry VIII. ,ahout 1549; d. 2 Nov. 1552.

Ahmbulev, iKe iwjUtc;/.

18 AN3

Aknett, Peter, deisticat writer ; publiebeil "The Free Inquirer," 1762; imprisoned and pilloried; d. 177S.

Annics de Viterbo, (Giovanni Nanni), Italian preaching friar ; b. 1432; patronised at Rome ; published "Tmctatus de Imperio Turcarum," 1471; utterai pmpheciea founded on Ileve- Lation in his "De futuns Cbriatianonim Triumphis in Turcas," 1480; " Antiquitates Variie (literaiy forgeries), 1498; d. 13 Nov. 1502,

ANyUETli:. Ddperson, Abraham Hvaeintbe, French oriental scholar; b. 7 Dec. 1731 ; pub- lished translation of "Zend-Avesta," 1771; d. 17 Jan. 1805.

Ansitktil Dupebhox, Louis Pierre, brother, French historian ; b. 21 Jan. 1 723; iJ- 6,t!ept. 1 3o8.

AnxaldI, Casta Innricente, Italian antiquary; b. 7 May. 171D; published " De Martyribui sine Sant^ine," 1739; rf. 1779.

Ant<CBAiRl!. (Amjcanus. or Ansgenus). the apostlo of the North, iVench misiionary to Scandinavia; 6, 8 Sept, Soi ; createil first arch- bishop of Hamhunt, 832 ; rf, 3 Feb. S04.

AlistiELL, Richanl, A.R.A, animal painter ; b. 1815; A.R.A, 1861.

Anselv, Saint, hiidiop of Lucca ; zealously opposed the emperor Henry IV. and flU]iporttd the pope, lo6[ ; d. lE March, 1086.

Anhelu, Saint, archbishop of Canterbury ; 6. at Aoata, 1034; d. 21 Apnl, II09, Abbot of Bco ,078

otWUlilDl'll, ^ . ° . . '. '"■"193

lllniutrd wltbhiDi reipecting invHtiturei . ttoj

Amln'tlredtoKome iiui

Acnutltcd iiu£

Anselh, of Laon, "scholustia doctor," restorer of theolc^ical study in Franco; d. 15 July, 1 1 17.

AnsI'IJIE, Antoine, French preacher; b. 11 Jan, 1652; publinhed "Sermons pour I'Avent, 4c, 1731; d. 8Aug. 1737.

AnsEUUl, Michel Angelo, lUlJan painter ; S. 1491; rf. 1554.

Anbok, Georijie Anson, lord, commodore; b. 23 April, 1697; circumnavigated the globe, iS Sept. 1740— IS June, 1744; defeated the French fleet off Finiaterre, 3 May, 1747; d. 6 June, i;6z,

AsHPACH, Elizabeth Berkeley, margravine of ; b. Dec. 1750; married, first, WiUiam Tjord Craven, 10 May, 1767 ; Becondly, margtava of Anspach,Nov. 1791 ; published her "Memoirs,"

1825 ; d. 13 Jan, 1828.

Anhted, David Thomas, geologist ; b. 1814.

Akhtey, Christopher, satiric poet; b. 31 Oct. 1724; published ''New Bath Guide," 1766; if. 1S05.

Anstir, John, garter king-at-arms ; b. 28 Sept. 1669; published the "Kegister of the Order," 1724; d. 4 March. 1744.

Anht[b, John, son, garter k ing-at-arms ; b. about 170S) (f. 5 Dec 1754.

ANT

AiTTAlx;! DAS, B Laceilanioiiiau ; relieved the " rt of Nicolochns, B.O. 388 ; madB " peace of

■ with Artaienes of Pemia, (jiving

moDiaiu the rule id Greece, 387. AyriSLiB, Ar»b wurior and poet ; Ji. 6th o

AjiTCun, Josepb, French eccleBiastical hii!- tuiui: b. 25 Julv. 164S; published "De JltUe S. Martini," 1693: d. 21 June. 1697.

ASTEROB, Sunt, pop« ; elected, 21 Kuv, 235 ; d. 3 Jul Z36.

AitTHCicira, emperor of tba West, 467 ; hireii the Br«t«Da to dcfeml (jaul, 470; killed at the siege of Rome, li Julj, 47Z.

A:iTHEiiiua, architect of the church of i^t. Sophia at ConBtantinople, 53Z.

AicTHOS, Charles, American cloiwical atholur ; t. 1797; puUiihed "Uorace." with nn excel- lent conimentary, 1S30 ; d. 29 July, 1S67.

AuraoMiK, FiancU, '[uack and alchemist; b,

1550 ; annoanced a* medicine, potable guld, ''Aonmi potabile," 1610; d. z6 May, 1623.

ASTIGONua, Greek general under AJexander, Kc. 313 ; wan with hi* colleagues, 320, 319 ; liefealed by a coalition, and sLiin at lj>3U!<, J".

AsncoJTB, made king of Juden by the FaitUaiu, B.C. 40 ; defeated by Uerod ; exe- cirted by Antcmy, 37.

AmGoxcit Doso.\, king of Macedon, B.C. 1:9 ; mpported Adueuu lea^e : defeated CIsomeDea II. of Sparta at Selliuia, 222 ;

Alrnco.vuB GosATAS. king of Macedon, B.C. S77 : expelled by Fyrrhua. 273 ; regained hia tlirane, 272 ,- patronised literature, 269 ; de- feated Alexander of Ejiinis, 266 : d. 239, Attimico, Marcantonio, Italian Uellenutt ; I. about 1473; taught Gmek at Femuo, 1532; i- 1552.

A<ni!iE, Mour Fran^ia d', am Danliiu:. AxTlSoVi, favourite of the emperor Hadrian ; drowned in the Nile, 112, AimocBDs I. — X., kings of Svrio. L Sola, Hnot8daDeniNicatdr;kjiiK, b.o. iBo; UHhI In bUUe with the U>d1( .... 161 n Tbeu; king, B.C, i«i; wtakenBti Syria bywar ■ith Enpt ; polioned hj his wife. iXnilca 34^

HI IbeiJmit:klIi«.a.c.3>3^madeirarunl'tolem7, "u of K(Tpt. iMnlTed PaloUne. iiS ; itefBHUd

klBcof Ko

■sss

•nd UwGmkaUiMor Plolur ijB ; taeidTtil Hannibal, a logitlTc, ii_. br tba Ibiinani at ThannoprliB, i<jj : and bj Bdp*o ud lb* B " '- - -

A^tJE^r. lie. I

IV. Eplphaoa: Idng, ac. 17';: nearly o Xfjft. .7'-"M ; commanilixl by the R. Tvtlrc ] cniflUr penecuted tba Jews, a d«Te4 Jrnualcm. 16B ; mcceflfoUy m Uk Jtwsundirtbe Hacubeu. tfio

il king by Tryiibun. b.c. 141 ; killed by him 1 II Vll.) Hldelu. or EourgeUfl : dcfuaud, aad d TryphoB, a.c. 139 : king nn the tapUsUy

e with the Jcwi, 133 ;' Inyailed Parlbia,

klllod Zeblna, 1

'111. [or IX.} Criloenui: defeated bt Sdeaent. JOB of CiiypM, and killed .... B.C. 95 X. (or X.) Eujebel; king. B.C. jj: ovenauDB Philip sod Antlochnt X. : dcpa»d ... 83 I. tur XI ) Epiphansi ; deleaUid by Antlochni

A.S'TJi'ATEB, <fnther of Cossander), maile regent of Alacedun by Alexander, when entering on ''enrian war, B.O. 334 ; defeated confederatea at

.'rMinn. 322; solenilerof Macedon, 331; if. 319.

ANTlrATEB, (sun of Caxsandcr), contended for

brfiuc of Macedon, B.C. 296 { murdered (aaid by UeraetriuB PoliorcetesI, 294.

A!mPHi>N, oldest of the ten Attio orators, teacher of Thucydides ; b. about B.C. 479 ; con- demned and executed for treown, 411.

ANTlQDt'a, Johannes, Dutch portrait painter ;

. II Oct. 1702; rt 1750,

AxTiaTHENEti, founder of the sect of the Cynics ; pupil of Socratea, and present at bis death: J*. B.C. 426-371.

A.SToiNE, Paul Gabriel, French Jesuit ; b, 21

an. 1 579 ; published " Theologia Moinlis

iniverss," 1716; d. 32 Jan. 1743.

Antumhabcui, Fmncesco, Coreican physician

oNapoleonl.; pablished "Demiers MomentH de Nnpol&in," 1S23; d. 3 April, 1838.

Anton elli, Giacomo, Italian cardinal ; h, 3 April, lSo6i cardinal, 1S47; president of the council of ministers at Eome, lo March; r«- ligned, May, 1848; resumeil office, April, 18501 iU resignation not accepted by the pope, March, 1863.

AsTOSiNua Pica, Roman emperor; i. 19 Sept.

16; Kuccecded Hadrian, July, 138; his wall in Britain built by Lollius Urbicus, 140; forbade persecution of the Christiana, 151 ; d. 7 March,

AntOJTIO, of Padua, Portuguese BMnt; b. I5 Aug. 1195; said to have preached to the fishes : if. 1 3 June, 1 23 1 .

Aktonio, Dom, prior of Crato, titular Idng of Portugal, grandson of Emmanuel; 6. 1531; dejirived of his rights by I'bilip II. of Spain,

1580; appealed to foreign )Kiwera fur help,

.585; defeated; if. at Paris, 26 Aug. 1595.

143 ; killed by Marius, 70. AsroNlLH, Slorouii, K.jman triiimvir, nephew of Julius CasBor; h. B.C. 83; d. 30.

IS Dt the people : Bed 10 Jnllui Cteui in

Coniol ; pteseat at CiNai'i mnider . . . u

ANT

ARA

Qiuurrttlled with Octoyius; declared » public

enemy 43

A tiinmTir with Octoyiiu and Lepldni ; caused

death of Cicero 43

Gained battle of PhilippI .... Oct. 42 Harried Octaria, sister of Octayius ... 40 lYiumvirate renewed for fire yean . 31 Dee. 38

Enslaved by Cleopatra 36

Invaded Armenia, and brought its king, Arta-

vasdes, to Alexandria 34

Divorced Octavia 33

Prepared for war with Octavius, and wintered at

Patrae with Cleopatra 33

His fleet defeated at Actinm . a Sept. 31

Committed suicide by poison .... 30

Antony, Saint, abbot; reputed founder of monachiBm in the EaAt; b. 251 ; withdrew to the moimtains of eastern Egypt, 285 ; preached in Egypt, 305 ; d. 17 Jan. 356.

Antony of Bourbon, duke of Venddme, b. 22 April, 1 518; married Jeanne d'Albret, heiress of Lower Navarre, 20 Oct. 1548 ; became king and father of Henry IV. of Pranoe; lieut- ienant-general of France, 1560; d. of a wound at the siege of Kouen, 17 Nov. 1 562.

Anvari, Persian poet and astronomer ; d, about 1200.

Anvillb, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d*, French geographer; b. 11 July, 1697; pub- lished *' Gr^ographie ancienne," 1766; d, 28 Jan. 1782.

Apelles, Greek painter, patronised by Philip and Alexander of Macedon ; Jl, about B.c. 352- 308.

Apelles, Marcionite heretic, denied the resurrection of the body, &c. ; fl. about 18S.

Aper A&bivs, prastorian prefect ; kept secret the death of his father-in-law, Numerian, and ruled in his name ; killed by Diocletian, 284.

Apl^n, Peter, German astronomer and mathe- matician ; b. 1495 ; favoured by Charles Y. ; published "Astronomicum Cuisareum," 1540; d. 21 April, 1552.

Apicius, Marcus Gabius, Jtoman epicure; hanged himself at the prospect of poverty;

/• 14-37.

Apion, Greek grammarian at Alexandria; jf. about 38.

Apollinabis, (father and son), paraphrased the Scriptures into books of poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy, for educational purposes, about 362.

Apollinariub, Claudius, bishop of Hierapolis, Greek father ; addressed an *' Apology for the Faith" to Marcus Aurelius, about 17a

Apollinabib, Sidonius, see Sidoniut.

Apollodorus, Greek grammarian; fl, about B.C. 140 ; also, Greek painter ; fl. about B.C. 408.

Apollodobus of Damascus, architect; built Trajan's column, bridges, arches, &c., 105- 113.

Apollonio, Jacopo, Italian painter; b. about 1584; d. 1654.

Apollonius of Tyana, mystic philosopher ; claimed to be a divine legislator ; 0. about b.c. 3 ; visited Persia and I^dia^ a.d. 45 ; Bome, 66; d, about 98.

Apollonids Pebojeub, mathematician ; wrote on "Conic Sections; "^. about RC. 222.

Apollonius Ehodius, Greek poet and gram- marian, author of the "Argonautica;"^. about B.C. 235-188.

AppEii, Jacob, Dutch landscape painter ; b. 29 Nov. i68o; d. 7 May, 1751.

Appebley, Charles James, (Nimrod), writer on sporting affairs ; b. 1777; d. 19 May, 1843.

Appian, Greek historian of Home; fl. about 98- 161.

Applani, Italian fresco painters : Frakcemx), b. 170a ; d. 1792. Andrea, 6. 1754 ; patronuied bj Xapoleon I. ; d. z8i3.

Appius Claudius, see Claudius.

Appold, John George, inventor ; b. 14 April, 1800; exhibited his centrifugal pump at great exhibition, 1851 ; d 31 Aug. 1865.

Appuleius, or Apuleius, author of the " Golden Ass ;" fl. about 130-174.

Apbieh, (Pharaoh Hophra), king of Egj-pt, B.C. 596; defeated and dethroned by Amaais, 570.

Apbobio, Luigi, afterwards Angelico, called " II Padre Vintimiglia," Italian monk ; 6. 19 Oct. 1607 ; wrote " Biblioteca Aprosiana," 1673; d. 23 Feb. 1681.

Avtu A pendente, see Fahridus.

Aquaviva, Andrea, see Acquariva.

Aquaviva, Claude, able general of the Jesiuts; 6. 1542; d. 31 Jan. 1615.

Aquila, translated the Old Testament into Greek for the Jews, about 130.

Aquila, Serafino dell', Italian poet; b. 1466; patronised by Cesare Borgia; d. 10 Aug. 1500.

Aquin, Philippe d', French Hebraist; pub- lished " Dictionarium Hebrao-Chaldaeo-Tal- mudico-Eabbinicum," 1629; "Dissertation da Tabernacle," 1623; d. 1650.

Aquinas, Thomas, Saint, the " Angelic Doc- tor ;" b. 1224 or 1227 ; taught at Naples, 1272 ; d. 7 March, 1274.

Abago, Dominique Franfois, French physicist

and astronomer; b. 26 Feb. 1 786; d, 2 Oct.

1853.

Measorod an arc of the meridian in Spain . x8o6

Appointed perpetual secretary of the Academy

of Sciences at P&ria 1830

Published researches in polarised light, 1819 ; in magnetism and electricity, 1820-26 ; " Astro- nomic popolaire/' 1834 ; on chemical action of

light 1843, &C.

Visited England z8i6 and 18^4

Member of the provisional goremment . May, 184S

Abaoo, Etienne, brother, French dramatist and politician ; b. 7 Feb. 1803; active republi- can; fought at the barricades, July, 1830 ; member of the constituent assembly, Dec. 1848 ; banished, Dec. 1849.

Abaldi, Alessandro, Italian painter ; d. about 1528.

Abah, Eugene, schoolmaster: (. 1704; exe- cuted (for murder of Daniel Clarke in 1746), 6 Aug. 1759.

ARA

ARE

AxA2n>A, Pedro Abarca de Bolea, conde de ; k 21 Dec. 1718 ; as prime minister of Spain, a refonner of abuaes, and an enemy of England, 1766.73; d. 1799.

Araszio, or Arantius, Ginlio Cesare, Italian pbyocuoi; 6. about 1530 ; (L 1589.

A&kTUB, Greek general ; 6. B.C. 271 ; elected praptor of the Achaean league ; endeavoured to refltore Grecian unityand freedom, 245 ; poison- ed by Philip V. of Macedon, 213. AiUTua, Greek poet ; author of *' Fh^eno- mena^** an astronomical poem ; fl. B.c. 270.

AmsACBS, founder of the Median empire ; reigned B.C. 876^48.

A&BOGAST, Louis Francois Antoine, French mathematician; h. 1759; d. S April, 1803.

AmBOGASTES, Gallic officer; intrusted with the defence of the west, 391 ; killed Valentinian IL, and set up Eugenius, 392 ; defeated ; killed hima^ soon after, 6 Sept. 394.

AftBORio DI GATTiyARA, Slcrcurino, Italian cardinal and diplomatist; 6. 1465; employed in France by Maximilian, 1508; cardinal, 1529; d. 5 June, 1530.

A1LBBI8SKLLES, Robert d', French monk; b.

ICX47 J founded the order of Fontevrault, 1096 ; the order confirmed by the pope, 26 March,

1106; A 25 Feb. 1 1 17.

Abbcthxot, John, M.D. ; b. 1675; author of

**Juhn Bull," "Martinus Scriblerus;" d. 27

Feb. 1735.

Aac, Jeanne d', see Dare.

Arcadiuh, son of Theodosius I., emperor of

the East ; b. 383 ; emperor, 395 ; d. i May, 40S.

ABcikBE, Louis Etienne, French historian and agriculturist; b. 1698 ; published '' Histoire de RocheUe,'* 17565-7; d. 7 Feb. 1782.

Abcestlaus, Athenian philosopher; founder of the new academy, B.C. 278 ; d. 241.

Abcet, Jean d', French physicist ; b. 7 Sept. 1725; d. 12 Feb. 1 801.

Archdall, Mervyn, Irish antiquary ; b. 1723 ; published ^ Monasticon Hibemicum," 1786; d. 6 Aug. 1791.

Abchdkkin, Richard, Irish Jesuit; b. about 1619; published "Of Miracles," 1667; d. 3 Aug. 1693.

Abchklaus, king of Macedon, b.c. 413; as- idiminated, 399.

AacHELAUs, supporter of Mithridates ; de- feated by Sylla near Cheroneia, B.c. 86.

Abchelal H, son, married Berenice, and reigned with her in Egypt, B.C. 56 ; killed in battle with the Romans, 55.

Abchelaus, son of Herod ; made ethnorch of Judea l^ Augustus, B.C. 3 ; banished by him, A.n. 7.

Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von, Grerman hisUxiBn: b. 3 Sept. 1745; published in Ger- man, ''England and Italy," 1785 ; ** History «if the Seven Years' War,'* 1793; d. 28 Feb. 1812.

Abcheb, Frederick Scott, inventor of " iodised collodion," invaluable in photogn^hy, 1851 ; d, 2 May, 1857.

Archer, John Wykeham, painter and anti- quary; b. 2 Aug. 1806; published "Vestiges of Old London," 1851 ; d. 25 May, 1864.

Archiac, Etienne Jules Adolphe Desmier de Saint-Simon, vicomte d', French geologist ; b. 24 Sept. 1802 ; published " Histoire des progrfes de la Geologic," 1847-60.

Archias, founder of Syracuse, B.C. 734.

Archias, Greek poet, whose Roman citizen- ship was defended by Cicero, B.C. 61.

Arcuidamus I. — v., kings of Sparta.

I. king about b.c. 668

II. king, B.C. 469 : invaded Attica, 431 d. 437

III. gained the "tearless victoiy" (without losing a man) over the Peloponnesians, b.c. 367 ; king, 361 ; assisted the Phocians in the sacred war,

356 : joined the Taron tines ; killed in Italy . 338

IV. defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes . b.c. 396 Y. king, B.C. 240 ; miu^ered .... 234

Archilochxjs, satiric Greek poet ; inventor of regular Iambics; Jl. about B.C. 714-676.

Archimedes, geometer ; b. b.c. 287 ; assisted in defence of Syracuse, 214 ; killed there, 212.

Archyt.vs of Tarentum, Greek philosopher; inventor of pulley, vice, &c. ; redeemed Plato when Bold for a slave by Dionysius, b.c. 360.

Arco, Niccolo d', conte, Italian Latin poet ; b. 3 Dec. 1479; d. 1546.

Arcudt, Alessandro Tommaso, Italian satirist ; b. 1655; published " Anatomia degl* Ijjocriti," 1699; d. 1718.

Arden, Edward; b. 1531; executed for high treason, 20 Dec. 1 583.

Arden, Richard Pepper, lord Alvanley; b, 1745; solicitor-general, 1782; attomev-general, 1784; master of the rolls, 4 June, 1788; chief- jiistice of the common pleas, and baron, 22 May, 1801 ; d. 19 March, 1804.

Ardern, John, surgeon ; Jl. about 1 370.

Arditi, Luigi, Italian musical composer ; 6. 16 July, 1825.

Ardouin, marchese d' Ivrea; deprived and declared a public enemy, 999; king of Italy, 1002 ; defeated by the emperor Henry II., 1004; regained Pa via, &c., 1008; d. 1015.

Ardshir, or Artaxerxes; defeated Arta- banus, king of Parthia, last of the Arsacicte, and founded the dynasty of the Sassanidse, kings of Persia, with the title of Shahinshah, " king of kings," 226 ; warred, without result, with Alexander Severus till his death, 237 ; and with Armenia till his own death, 240.

Arena, (or De la Sable), Antoine d*, French jurist and macaronic poet ; wrote " De Arte Dansandi," " Meygra Entreprisa," &c. ; rf. 1544.

Arena, or Harena, Jacopo, Italian jurist ; wrote " Compendiimi Moralium," &c., about 1320.

Arendt, Martin Frederic, Danish antiquary; b. 1769; travelled through Europe ; d. 1824.

AEE

ARI

Abesi, Paolo, Italian theologian ; 6. 1 574 ; wrote commentaries on Aristotle, the Canticles, &c. ; d. 13 June, 1644.

Abet^us, Greek physician ; ^. ist centmy.

ABETiNO,or Arezzo, Guido d', alleged inventor of the musical gamut ; b. about 995.

Abetino, Leonardo, see Brum.

Abetino, ISpinellOy Italian fresco painter ; h. about 1316; d. about 1408.

Arktius, Petro, Italian satirist, termed the "Scourge of princes," but really their flatterer ; &. 20 April, 1492 ; patronised by Francis I. of France, the Medici, &c. ; d, 1557.

Abfvelson, Johan A., Swedish chemist; 5. 12 Jan. 1792 ; discovered the metal lithium, 181 7; d. 23 Oct. 1841.

Abgall, John, theologian; h. about 1540; published "De vera Poenitentia," 1604; d. Oct. 1 606.

Aroall, Kichard, religious poet; publishe<l " The Song of Songs," and ** The Bride's Orna- ments," 1 62 1.

Aroaio), Aim^, Swiss chemist ; h. 1755; ^^' ventor of the Argand lamp, first made in London, 1782; d. 24 Oct. 1803.

Argelandeb, Friedrich Wilhelm August, Grerman astronomer ; 6. 22 March, 1 799 ; pub- lished ** L^ranometria nova," 1843.

Aboellati, Filippo, Italian bibliographer ; h. 1685; assisted Muratori in his "Ilerum Italicarum Scriptoree," 1723-39 ; published ** Bibliotheca Scriptorom M^olanensium," 1745; <i. 25 Jan. 1755.

Abgens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, marquis d,' French writer; h. 24 June, 1704; served some years as a soldier ; published *' Lettres Juives," ,1754; "Lettres Chinoises," 1755; "Lettres Cabalistiques," (all published as "Philosophie du bon Sens," 1768); d. ii June, 1 771.

Aboensola, brothers, Spanish poets and his- torians:

LuPKBCTO Leonardo dk, dramatiBt ; h. 1563 ; d. 1613. Baktholomb Leonardo de, b. 1564: published

** Conqaesta de la Iilas Molucas/' 1609 ; " ABales de

Angon/' 1630 ; d. 26 Feb. 1631.

Abgenson, Marc Pierre d', French statesman ; h, 1696 ; patronised literature, the " Ency- clop^e/' &c. ; disgraced and exiled, 1757; d.

1764.

Aboenterio, Giovanni, Italian physician ; h, 1513; published "De Consultandi Batione," 1551; d. 1572.

Abgentb^, Bertrand d', French jurist; h. 1 5 19; published "Histoire de Bretagne," 1582; d. 13 Feb. 1590.

Abgentr^, Charles du Plessis d', French pre- late; 6. 16 May, 1673; bishop of Tulle, 1725; published "Analyse de la Foi/' 1698; d, 27 Oct. 1740.

Aroenville, Antoine Joseph Dezallier d', French naturalist ; h. about 1680 ; a compiler of the great "Encyclop^e; d, 29 Nov. 1765.

Arooli, Italian writers : Andrea, mathematician; h. 1570; published "Ephe-

merides/' for 1628 to 1700; "De Diebus criticis,"

1652 ; d. 27 Sept. 1657. Giovanni, son, poet ; h. about 1609 ; published " £n-

dimione," 1626; d. about 1660.

Argonne, Noel, or Bonaventure d*, French Carthusian; 6. 1640; published "Trait«5de la lecture des Pferes de I'Eglise," 1668; (under the name of Vigneul Marville) ** Melanges d* Histoire et de Litt^rature," 1699; d. 28 Jan.

1704.

Arg'V'LL, see Campbell.

Argyropoulos, Joannes, Greek scholar ; came from Constantinople into Italy ; taught Greek at Padua, 1434; translated Aristotle; d. after 1489.

Ariarathes I. — VII., kings of Cappadocia.

I. defeated and slain by Perdiccas . b.c. 322

II. recovered Cappadocia .... b.c. 315 III d. B.C. 220

IV. joined Antiochos III. against Rome ; sued

for peace, b.c. 188 d. 163

V. king, B.C. 163 : expelled by Demetrius Soter,

158 ; restored by the Ilomans, 157 ; slain in battle 130

VI. king, B.C. 130; slain by Mithridates 96

VII. VIII. deposed by Mithridates, about B.C. 96 IX. king, B.c. 42 : deposed, and slain by Antony 36

Arias Montano, Benito, Spanish biblical scholar; b. 1527; edited the Antwerp Poly- glott Bible, 1569-73; d. 1598.

Arid.«us, see A rrkidcnts.

Ariobarzanes I.— III., kings of Cappadocia.

I. made king by the Romans, B.c. 93 : expelled

by Tigranes ; restored, 90 : resigned to his son 63

II. king, B.o. 63 ; assassinated about 51

III. king, about B.c. 51 ; slain by Cassius 42

Ariobarzanes I. — III., kings of Pontus.

I. uncertain, about b.c 400

II. king, B.C. 363 ; rebelled against Persia, 362 ; made a citizen of Athens, 352 ... d. 337

III. king, B.C. 266 . . . . d. about 240

Ariosto, Lodovico, Italian poet; b. 8 Sept. 1474; published "Orlando Furioso," 1516; d. 6 June, 1533.

Ariovistus, German chief; contended with Julius Caesar in Gaul; totally defeated, B.C. S8.

Aribi, Francesco, Italian jurist and poet ; b. 3 Feb. 1657; published "Cremona Literata,** 1702-41 ; "Tabacco masticato e fumato," 1725; d. 25 Jan. 1743.

Aristarcuus, Greek granmiarian and critic ; tutor to son of Ptolemy Philopator, B.C. 156.

Aristarcuus, Greek astronomer ; fi. B.C. 280- 264.

Abistides, the Just, Athenian archon, b.c. 489 ; banished, 483 ; recalled, and conmianded at Plateea, 479 ; d. 468.

Aristides, Greek Christian philosopher ; wrote "Apology for Christians," about 125.

Aristides, l^blius ^lius, Greek rhetorician ; b. 129; lectured at Rome, 176; d. about 180.

Aristippus, of Cyrene, Greek philosopher; founder of the luxurious Cyrenaic school of philosophy; Jl, about B.C. 366.

ARI

AKN

Akisiobulus I., high priest and king of Jndea, B.C. 107 ; d. i^. Ajustobulus II.; usurper, B.C. 70; deposed by Pompey, 63 ; poisoned, 49. Akistodemus, one of the Heracleidae, con- quered Spartft, and founded the kingdom, about I.C. 1 103.

AEieTtiQKiTON, killed Hipparchus, tyrant of Athens, B.C. 514.

Ausrroyicus, claimed Pergamus, B.c. 133; defeated Crassus and the Romans, 131 ; de- feated by Perpenna; beheaded at Kome, 129. Aristophank, Greek comic poet ; b. at Athens, B.c. 444 ; denoimced the Peloponnesian war. and the prevailing corruption at Athens ; exhibited his first .play, 427 ; ridiculed Socrates in the "Clouds," 423; the *' Frogs" repre- Knted, 405; d. about 380; his comedies first (•Tinted, 149S.

ARinoPHANES, Greek grammarian and critic ; fijwidtd a school at Alexandria ; first intro- dooed accents into Greek ; Jl. about b.g. 264. Aristotle, Greek philosopher ; b. at Stageira, B.C. 384 ; resided at Athens, 367-347 ; pre- ceptor of Alexander the Great, 342 ; d. at Clialcu, Aug. 322.

Arius, Libyan heretic ; began to deny the divinity of Christ at Alexandria, 31S; excom- municated by the council there, 321 ; banished by the council of Nice, 325 ; re-a<lmitted by the synod of Constantinople, 336 ; d. 336. Abswright, Sir Richard, cotton manufac- tcKT ; b. 23 Dec. 1 732 ; at first a barber ; patented his "spinning jenny," 1769 ; built a spinning mill with water-power at Cromford, lierby, 1771 ; rejrained his lost monopoly, 1785'; knighted, 1786 ; d. 3 Aug. 1792. Arewright, Richard, son, cotton manufac- turer ; 6. 19 Dec. 1755 ; d. 23 April, 1843. Arlaud, Jacques Antoine, Swiss miniature painter; b. 1668 ; d. 25 May, 1743. Arlington, Henry Bennett, earl of; b. 161 8 ; one of the "Cabid" ministry, 1670; created earl 12 April, 1 672 ; d. 28 July, 1685. Arlotto Maivardo, " II Piovano," Italian writer; b, 25 Dec. 1395 ; wrote "Facetie piacevoleze," published 1 5CX) ; d. 26 Dec. 1483. Arvaonac, coimts of. BcK9(ARD VIL, coojit, 1391 : head of the party of hi» son-in-law. the duke of Orleans ; opposed to the conrt of Fr&Dce, 1410; made peace, and obtained lapreme power as constable, 141 3 : ruled very tyran- nically ; masrarred with 3500 of aia party at Paris, May, 1418.

JoBX IV.. son, count, 1418 ; revolted to the English, 1435 ; seLsed Comminges, and assumed the style of a S(iverei<{D ; defeated and imprisoned, 1443 ; pardoned, 1445; d. 1450. John V., count 'the last). 1450: married his sister; oondemned to banishment, 1455 ; joined the *' league of the public good" against Louis XI., 1465; trea- dieroouy captured and slain, 5 March, 1473.

Armekoaud, Jean Germain D^ird, French art critic; b. 1797; published "Galdries pub- liquea de rSurope/' 1856^5 ; d, March, 1869.

Arminius, (Latin for Hermann), a Grerman chief, who deluded and defeated Varus, the Roman general, 9 ; himself defeated by Grer- man icus, 16; killed for his ambition, 19.

Arminius (Harmensen), Jacobus, founder of the Arminian church; 6. 1560; divinity pro- fessor at Leyden ; appointed to defend Cal- vinism against its opponents, he took their side, 7 Feb. 1604; d. 19 Oct. 1609.

His followers were termed Remonstrants from their hav- ing presented a " Kemonstrance" to the States in 1610.

Armstrong, Archibald, jester to James I. and Charles I. of England; d. 1672.

Armstrong, John, M.D., i>oet ; b. about 1709; published "Art of preserving Health," 1744: d. 7 Sept. 1779.

Armstrong, John, M.D. ; b. 8 May, 1784; published "Practical Illustrations of Tyi>hu8 Fever," 1 81 6; d. 12 Dec. 1829.

Armstrong, Sir Thomas, friend of the Duke of Monmouth ; executed for participation in the Kyehouse plot, 20 June, 1684.

Armstrong, Sir William George ; b. 26 Nov. 1 8 10; invented his rifled onlnance gun, 1854- 59 ; knighted, 5 Feb. ; appointed consulting engineer to tho ordnance department for ten years, 22 Feb. 1859; resigned, 5 Feb. 1863.

Arnald, Richard, theologian; b. 1696; pub- lished " Commentary on the Apocryphal Books," 1744-52; rf. 4 Sept. 1756.

Arnall, William, pamphleteer; b. 170SJ published the "British Journal" and "Free Briton," supporting Sir R. Walpole; d. 17 S^'

Arnacd, Daniel, French troubadou; patron- ised by Richard I. ; d. about 1 1 89.

Arnaud, Fran9ois, abbd de Grandchamp; ft. 27 July, 1 72 1; published "Vari^t^s litt«$- raires," 1768; d. 2 Dec. 1784.

Arnaud de Ronsil, George, French surgeon ; b. about 1698 ; published " Dissertation on Hernias," 1748; rf. 27 Feb. 1774.

Arnauld de Villeneuve, termed "de Bachu- one," alchemist and physician; b. about 1 235; patronised by ^edro III. of Aragon, 1 285; d. about 131 3.

Arnauld, Antoine, "the Great," of Port Royal, Jansenist theologian and philosopher; b. 8 Feb. 161 2 ; vehemently opposed the Jesuits, and expelled from the Sorbonne, 1656; d. 9 Aug. 1694,

Arnauld, Henri, brother, bishop of Angers ; b. 1597; wrote " Negociations k la cour de Rome," published 1748; d. 8 Jime, 1692.

Arnauld, Jacqueline Marie, called Marie Ang^lique de Sainte Madeleine, abbess of Port Royal; b. 8 Sept. 1591 ; d. 6 Aug.

1661 ; her niece, Ang^que de Saint Jean, also abbess; b. 28 Nov. 1624; d. 29 Jan. 1684.

Arnault, Antoine Vincent, French poet and dramatist; b. i Jan. 1766; wrote "V^nitiens" at Venice, 1797; " Gennanictis," performed

1816; d. 16 Sept. 1834.

AJBfift. fTbrii/atXi fi'JSs&A/ tul. GtnuBi j&Q'^ kpirt: i. 2 Dwi. 1743: jwi^iiaiwa *'Or3i2m<tf £«rj|«iiB dttiwstft.^ ici»: ^. 2 Jkl ibz'l

Axsi/i. ULnoK, M.4RSZ. Gonna 'wrnuat md fMtuif^ : 6, 26 I>w. 1769 : ;M;UiiftM><3 ~ G«9ic dcr JStft.*^ < " i9f«ris '/ tiri; Txme* " • ftad auciT kszs *y*«*^ Xnffoftt^jiL I ^ : yrAvmfM of bSAory iis IS^jBC 1^14: <2iKuaMiKi I'jt fibtnl c^AXii-icu : f^9S{^ir*A^ 1^40: fusaypor <A tiae nKTytifcJ auMazh

Atcsfs/J. J^AiMiOL. i'j>*:rajMn mxAic tlie^jlo^iaa : 4. 27 /.i^w:. I «55 : i/ct/ii»lit^ 'in <^>«nuDf " Trot iXniAxuiiKyy i^jfy^: 4. II Mar. 162I-

AkMi/J, J'MKik. f}*TaAn xhtf^rpun ; I. 9 Se^ 162O : 4. $ ApriL i^y*.

AkMK^ h'jMUiijMi Miina, ikm; Ci'>!<r.

AtSftL, Thf muiM Ar^ewfiUik. Mu^. D.. nn^kau ^mi[p0ti^ ; h. 1710; wrr^* **C'yma«s." 173S: *' AJ/f»:d.'' ''y>r4tMiiUi;^ ~Kule Krhanziui" 1, 1746 : **ArUJMsnc*iL" 17O2: d. 5 Mardli. 1778.

Afijrf M, Lwlwi'/ Acbii/j v/a. ^^dnkan poet and f*'/v«rJii!t: 'a 2fj 4»Ji. ij^l ; j«blifth*rf ~Winter- j^rUrn," 'Ui^^fer. lVx>; «f. 21 Jan. 1831.

Aisvjt*JC'.*f. iiiiumniPiMf i'rHntiMi pbyirician: //, aUwt 1 3V> ; evtablUb*?'! a hAjtjnX/»ry and UiiMifkaJ in^'iUitk at ii'iUwuAt ; pnbii^bed W>fi««.'rvatkXi«»:« Anat//nii/:af;/' 1618: rf, Nov. 1636.

Afs90f;f«'H, ('hrUiijut \Ai\\fm^tgr in Africa; wr«^«s ** IJIiri itfivttnwt ^#<rntw," a^j^/ut 296.

Ansnutf I A Hr»*«;ia, "jiatriarch ^/f fi<illti€al it*^^ifM," j/Mpil '^ Alfj<;lar'i ; atteiuptbri reform 'if Ui«$ ';liur<:li aii'J MtaU; at IVrtuis, ityj; IaiiUIi^I, If4^>; nHum^i t^/ li/ziue, 1 145; M«;f/>9rJ Mid ptjt t/' 'I'ratk by Adrian JV., 1 1 55.

AHrroLO 'if M<:l/;bUiaJf one *A tb« thr<9e found* <:« *A \}t*t Uuiti[/t^itUitt*:htA Hwiizfirhiwl, 1308.

AtiHout *A wink<;lnVl ; Kwim h/er**; killed at H^ff|Mu;b, 9 J'jly, 1386.

Anttout, lUm*ttiiiitt Arn<;ri'.'an {j^^nend; &. 3 Jan. 174/^; t^tiiiMunti by WaMbinfft/in f'fr bia tt»M4:tUftM, 1779; r<!V<^«<9ri btnuielf by deserting Vt Utn Kn^littb ; tunttuvi^i witb Andr<^, wbo wwi fiarifftd a4 a Mi/y, 178^^; //, at l>indon, 1801.

AhHnutf < 'briJit'/pbf (j<rnnan pbilob^f^; h. 12 April, 1627; |mbli»b<!<l '"r<:Mtiniouium fla- vianum," f^//f; d. yiAnua, 1685,

AUNoi.fi, (j</ttfrii^i, (iifnnan tbf^ib>^ian; h. 5 H*;}/!, f^/^S! JHibliMbtxl **Ki>|ibia; or, MyHterieH «#f Uj« l>ivlm» WiMilinn," 1 702; "Hii»tory of tb« <.'biin:b," I (jtjtj-ty (JO ; d. 30 May, 1 7 14.

AiiNoMi, fioltfi, (:bnmoin«9t4;r maker ; b. 1744; r/. 2.S Aij((. Ijfft) ', bin Hfin, .fobn Kof^r, aiso improvi'^l cbroiionii;t<.'rM ; r/. 26 Feb. 1 843.

AuNoM), Mattbew, iKMft, mm of I>r Tbomas Ani'ild; ft. 24 1>«K}. 1822; piibliHhetl "Strayed JUvwlIur," 1K48; "On traiiHlating Homer," 1861 ; pnifoNwir of jKHitry at Oxford, 1857-67.

AuNoij), iCidiard, ebronielor ; ^. 145M521; jMiblMiiMl blM " ( )bnmicle," 1502.

Arnold, Hamtiel, Muh. 1)., muKical compofier; &. 10 Auk. 1740; wrote "Moid of the Mill," "iukle and Yarlco/' &c.; d, 22 Oct 1802.

: *- 1742;

cL 2 rxc€^ iMti.

Axy-iiizi. TbsnsL I* J>. : f.. 15 J«ms. 1795; hcfci-ttmiwr k E.ii£in- Kai>a. i!^: p'Hi^hnl

!*^3V42: d 1? Jt^** 'iXpy

A KTi-.cj\ TboBiv Keirr^ferrec cfssir aad HainTi enZ ae^:^: r. iSoc: pL*2ifSiei ~ Henry's fibret Laas Bckic." 1S5;:. : aai zucr odser Hinriml K:2^x j b>:^ : a. w ILaets.. i S55. A£51>ij:'L Jc£tJK2Mf T-m. GoBan f ^^^mf^al^ and Ltfi^RK : f.. » iHic. 1751 : entered the •enioe ci ike bcnaat rf Ct»aje: <^5kc«ied Xa- ' j^.Kittm in GesnjAT. aski eaSeavconed to raise HesK. iSoo : |e«iieB;x ax tbe congreaa of Vienna. 1S15: d. 2 I*ec. 1S27- Aty^-LL-rs <ifr ^ i^ X:t^ Me J rmaM. i Axji'-Uyt di C«:Cifc. c^ies: ez7«:4aeo<uly caUed |"di Lftpc<." Itaiiaa arciitec^ az»d icnlptor; b. 1232: <f. 130a

, Ajui:i.t. Hnja. Scvcsidi biss.cnaB: ft. S Dec. I 1749 : pablulied " Hxtuxy ci Edinburgh," I 1779: d. 20 Not. itSol Ae-wht. Nefl. ILD.: *. 17SS ; published "Elements <rf Physk*." 1S27: invented his water bed. XS50: wroce " Eataj on Warming and Ventilating.** 1S3S. Assoru or AsyrLra. buhop of lisieax, 1141; Knt as legate to England, 1160: en- deavoured to rKondle Henzr UL and Thomas a Becket: d. 3 Ang. 11S3. Arxoi'LX*. Madeleine S^^phie, French actress b. 1744; d. 14 Feb. 1S03. Abnoult. «Tean B^idste, Frendi Jesuit b. 16S9; published "Le Pr^oepteur," 1747

<'- 1753.

Abntze>', Johann, German jurist; 6. 1702 d. 1759. ^

Arnu, Nicolas, Frendi Dominican theologian b. II Sept. 1629: d. 1692.

Abnulf of Bavaria, emperor of Germany elected king of Germany, SS7 ; defeated the Normans ; conquered northern Italy, 894 captured Home, and crowned emperor; com pelled to return to Bavaria, S96 ; d. 24 Nov

Arnxlf I.— in., counts of Flanders.

I. count, 918 * 965

II. coniit. 965 d. 989

III. coant, 1070 d. 1071

Arkulph, or Ebnulph, bishop of Koches- ter; b. about 1040 ; consecrated, 1 114; com- piled "Textus RoflFenais;" d, 15 3^Iarch, 1124.

Arohatari, Giuseppe degli, Italian physi- cian; b. about 1586; d. 16 July, 1660.

Abou£T de Voltaire, see Voltairf.

Arpad, Magyar chief ; b. 869 ; founded the kingdom of Hungary, 889 ; his dynasty endeii with Andrew III., 1301 ; d. 907.

Abpino, Giuseppe Cesari d', see Cemri,

ARB

ASG

Abbax, James Hamilton, earl of, regent of

at the death of James VI., 1542-58 ;

dnke of Chatelherault in France, 1549 ;

d. 22 Jan. 1575.

AmsKBOE, Andera, Danish poet; h, 15S7 ;

Udiop of Drontheim, 1618 ; deposed, 13 Nov.

1621 ; ci. 1637.

Abxkdondo, Isidore, Spanish historical pamter : b. 1653 ; d. 1702. AsKHiDJEUS, or A&idjeus, half-brother of Alexander the Great ; sacceeded him as Plulip II I^ king of Macedon, b.o. 323 ; mur- dered by Olympias, 317. ASRIAK, Greek historian ; prefect of Cappa- docta, 136 ; made consul, 146 ; d. about 170. A&BOWSMITH, Aaron, geographer and map- maker; b. 14 July, 1750 ; published ''Atlas/' 1S17 ; d. 23 April, 1823. Akbowbmitb, John, puritan divine ; h. 29 March, 1602 ; published *' Tactica sacra," 1657 ; d. Feb. 1 659.

AjuulCES, revolted against Antiochus Thens, king of Syria, B.C. 254 ; established the dynasty of the Anacids in Parthia, 250 ; d. 248. A«i*ES, king of Persia, B.C. 339 ; killed by

Bagww, 336.

ABT.iBANUS, king of Persia ; murdered Xerxes L, reigned, and killed, B.C. 465.

Abtafherkes, Persian general ; defeated by /tiitiades at Marathon, B.c. 490.

xjcTAVASDER, king of Armenia, B.c. 56 ; de- feat 4 Antony, 36 ; defeated by him, and taken priiooar, 34 ; klQed by Cleopatra, 30.

AiCTAXERXES I.— III., kings of Persia. L Lon^numus ; killed ArtabanuA, and became

tin;. B.C. 4^5 ; permitted the Jews to rvtitm,

45^ ; hJji fleet defeated by the Greeks at Salamis,

_449 <*• 425

U. Mnemon ; king, b.c. 405 : defeated hla brother tynu at Canaxa, 401 ; war with Greece, 30.) ; de- feated by Agesilaus near Hardis, 395 ; agreed to

peaee of Antalcfdas, 387 d. 362

III. Ochoi : king, b.c. 362 ; poisoned by Bagoas 339 Abtaxebx£s, see Ardsfiir. Abtedi (Arctedius), Peter, Swedish zoolo-

pirt : 6. 22 Feb. 1705 ; wrote " Ichthyologia,"

{ynbiished 1738 ; d. 27 Dec. 1735. Abtemi.hia, queen of Halicamassus ; fought

on the Persian siile at Salamis, b.c. 480. AktemI8L\, queen of Caria ; erected to the

memi>iy of her husband and brother, Mausolus,

the mausoleum at Halicamassus, one of the

«:Vfcn wonders of the world, B.C. 352 ; d. 350. Abte^'ELOE, Jacob van, Flemish patriot ;

brewer of Ghent ; expelled Louis, coimt of

Ilaoder*, 1 336; ruled till killed in a tumult,

19 July, 1348. Artevelde, Philip van, son ; headed a fresh

revolt ; defeated and killed at Rosbecq, 27

Xov. 1382. ^Vbthi'B, son of Geoffrey, duke of Brittany,

and heir to

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