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I
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11
•^
HAYDN'S
UNIVERSAL
INDEX OF BIOGRAPHY;
CONTAINING THE
CHIEF EVENTS IN THE LIVES OF EMINENT PERSONS
OF ALL AGES AND NATIONS,
ARKAIYGED CHRONOLOGICALLY, AND CAREFULLY DATED; PRECEDED BY THE BIOGRAPHIES AND GENEALOGIES OF THE
CHIEF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ROYAL HOUSES
OF THE WORLD.
HAYDN'S
UNIVERSAL
Index of Biography
FKOM
THE CREATION TO THE PRESENT TIME,
roK Tus USB op
THE STATESMAN, THE HISTORIAN, AND THE JOURNALIST.
EDITED BY
J. BERTRAND PAYNE,
M.R.I., F.K.S.L., F. Gmoc Soc. (Loitooh amd Pam»), licabcr of ihc Soaetr ot Aaiiqiaiia ol Ntnnandjt MAnachuaeui, and Mew JciMT.
LONDON:
E. MOXON, SON, AND CO, DOVER STREET.
187a
THE NEW YO'^K
' 'BLIC i;..RARY
890413A
ASTOR. : FNOX AND TlLDtiN ."•^. U.nDATIONS
■DDTBtTBGH: PSntTXD BT SANSON ANB COMPANT.
• • •
• « *
• . •
• *
• • • • • •
» • • • • •
• *•••• •
• • « • • •
• ■«•••••
PREFACE.
The Publishers of Haydn's Dictionaby of Dates, (a work which, under their careful sui)ervision, has been completely remodelled,) had long formed a plan for a Dictionary of Biography, which, in my opinion, is an indis- pensable companion to the older work. Long prior to the communication of this design to me, I had formed a strong desire to compile such a book, because, during some years' experience as a journalist, I had keenly felt its need. A well-read man of average memory recollects, in the main, the ^ent features in the history of a nation and of a man ; but his retention must indeed be prodigious if he can carry about with him those dates which are absolutely necessary for the purposes of writing or of compari- son. It is to give to the public a copious, if not an exhaustive. Date-book of Biography, which, while portable, shall be somewhat wider in conception than most manuals of a Kke order, that the labour necessary for its care- fal construction has been undertaken ; and to render it wprthy of the repu- tation gained by the Dictionary of Dates no care and reading have been spared. The day of the month, where possible to be obtained, has been added to the year of each event recorded ; and to save trouble in refer- ence, the tabular form has been made use of wherever a number of occur- rences come under one common head. In the labour of compilation, I have been assisted by Mr Benjamin Vincent, the Editor of the Dictionary OF Dates ; and to the organization of record which he has established in connection with that work I attribute much of what is meritoriously exact in the following pages. It is my great ambition that the Index OF Biography shall be ^und no unworthy confrhre of the Dictionary of Dates, and that these two works shall be deemed standard authorities m the thousand^and-one instances in daily life which render a reference Jo such ad/utares memories necessary or convenient.
'^ J. BERTRAND PAYNE.
I—. r.j
r ' f '
AUSTRIA.
Ix Soc^ Ghariemagne, who had added to his hereditaiy doaaioians the greater part o£ Germany lod Italy, and a pcxtion of Spain, reoeived, from pope Leo m., the imperial crown with the Rrired titlee of Caeaar and Emperor of Borne. He waa snooeeded by eight emperors of hia family, the last of whom, Loma IV., died in 912. Conrad, dnke of Eranoonia^ waa then elected emperor, and the imperial crown remained electiTe mitil the diasolution of tL«, Greiman empire in 1S06. Although the emperors were elected, they snooeeded each other, with few exoeptionsy by dynaatiee. Thus, after the death of Conrad, Henry, sumamed the Fowler, duke of Saxony, was elected, whose saocessars, Othol., Otho II., Otho III., and Henry U. were also his descen- dants. After Henry II. came Conrad of Franconia, said to have been descended from Otho I., who was followed by his son Henry III., his grandson Henry IV., and his great grandson Hemy Y. Coorad of Snabia was next elected in 1 125. He was the son of Agnes, daughter of Henzy lY., and of Frederick, count of Hohenstaofen, who was created dnke of Snabia. His family gave sx emperors, and reigned till 1269. Then sucoeeded the famous Rodolph of Haps- Ixng, whose descendant — ^through the female line of Maria Theresa^ who maixied Francis I., dnke ol Larraine— now reigns in Austria.
In 1S06, after Bavaria, Wurtembnig, Baden, Hesse Darmstadt, Nassau, and several other Stain were formed into the Confederation of the Bhine, the Emperor Francis resigned the title of Emperor of Grermany, and took that of Emperor of Austria.
The ConfederatioQ of the Bhine lasted tiU 1813. In 1815, the congress of Vienna established the Gennanic Confederation, composed of aU the independent States of Germany. At the Diet of this confederation, whidi held its sittings at Frankf ort-on-the-ldain, Austria presided and hdd a casting vote.
The Germanic Confederation was overthrown by Prussia in the war of 1866, and the North Gcnnan Confederation was afterwards f onned, under the lead of Prussia. The official name for the Austrian dominions, adopted since Nov. 14, 1868, is " Austro-Hungarian Monarchy."
f^AScra Joseph (Charles) I., emperor of Austria, king of Hungary, of Bohemia, &a, eldest Ma of the archduke Francis Charles Joseph, and of the archduchess Sophia Frederica Dorothy Wilhehnina, daughter of Maximilian I., king of Bavaria^ was bom August 18, 1830.
Hk education was carefully attended to, and he is said to be well acquainted with all the ^'iigDAgeB spoken in his dominions. In 1843, when the existence of the empire was threatened ^ the insurrection in Hungaiy, and the successive risings in Vienna^ it was thought that the *f!fxman. to the throne of a young prince, as yet unconnected with politics, would do much to *nay the discontent which existed throughout the States of Austria. His father accordingly R&oonoed his dalm to the throne, and the Emperor Ferdinand L, hia uncle, who was without <^dren, abdicated in his fovour, Dec. 2, 1848.
The commencement of his reign was beset with difficulties. The Italian provinces, supported by Sardinia^ were in open revolt, and Hungary had constituted itself a republic under Kossuth. The Italian insurrection was soon quelled by the decirive victoiy gained by general Radetski at x^ovan^ which compelled Sardinia to sue for peace and pay the expenses of the war. The ^'"^pc^rar was then enabled to concentrate his forces against Hungaiy, and being assisted by a Bnsrian army, sent by the emperor Nicholas, that kingdom was after a very short time brought to sohmiasion.
^ring regained aQ his dominionB by the a^itulation of Venice, the emperor sought to re- cover the various prerogatives which had been relinquished, in 1848, by his predecessor. He &\)Bndfid the national guard, abolished the liberty of the press, and annulled the constitution, which he himself had granted to his subjects, in March, 1849. In order, as much as possible, to oentrBliie his power, he abolished the costomB dues between the German provinces of his
n
AUSTRIA.
empire, and those of Hungary and Italy. In 1855, he ngned a concordat with the pope, by which the cleigy acquired many important privileges ; among others, the right of controlling the press and superintending public education. When hostilities broke out between Turkey and Russia he joined the Western Powers in the treaty of alliance of Dec. 2, 1854, but never took an active part in the war. In 1859, when Sardinia entered into alliance with France for tlie liberation of Lombardy and Venice, he sustained a series of reverses, ending in the loss of the battle of Solf erino, at which he was present, which compelled his army to abandon the whole of Lombardy and retire to Venetia. He then signed the treaty of Villafranca^ by which VenetiA was guaranteed to him. In the following year, troubles again arose in Hungaiy and the Venetian territories, which induced him to re-establish the ancient constitutions of Hungary, Croatia and Transylvania, and at the same time to concentrate a powerful force in Venice, to oppose the movement for Italian unity, which had triumphed in the greater part of the Peninsula. In 1864, he joined Prussia, in the expedition against Denmark to enforce the views of the German Confederation, with regard to the duchies of Sleswig and Holstein, and a dispute having arisen between Austria and Prussia, in consequence of the appropriation of Holstein by Prussia^ an offensive and defensive alliance was entered into between the last named country and Italy, by which it was arranged that in the event of Austria's not acceding to the demands of Prussia to disarm, each should attack her at the same moment. Austria, in the war of seven weeks which followed, being thus obliged to divide her forces, found herself at an immense disadvantage ; she, nevertheless, gained a signal victory over the Italians at Cnstozia^ and the Austrian fleet greatly distinguished itself at Lissa ; she was, however, unable to resist Prussia and her allies — whose strength, both materially and morally, was greatly increased by the needle gun, and, after several reverses, sustained a decisive defeat at Sadowa. It was then that the emperor gave up the Venetian temtoiy to the Emperor of the French, who at once entered into negotia- tions with Prussia^ which resulted in the treaty of peace concluded at Prague, Aug. 23, 1866, by which the emperor of Austria agreed to recognise a new formation of Germany, in which Austria should take no part ; and in that between Austria and Italy, by which Venetia was ceded to the latter country.
The emperor married, April 24, 1854, Elizabeth Amelia Eug^e, the daughter of Mayinnnta^ii Joseph, duke in Bavaria, and has issue : —
1. Gisella Louisa Mary, 6. July 12, 1856.
2. Rodolph Francis Charles Joseph, h, Aug. 21, 1858.
3. Maiy Matilda Valeria Amelia, b. April 22, 1868.
EMPERORS OF GERMANY.
Honsx or CHAKUOfAoirB.
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BADEN.
Hebmaw, count of Zahringen and Hochberg, a grandson of Berthold who was coont of Breiflgau in the i ith centoiy, having acquired, by marriage, the territory of Baden, combined his yarious possessions into one state, and assumed the title of Margrave of Baden. His descendants added considerably to their territory, which, however, was also, from time to time, divided amongst collateral branches of the family. At the death of Christopher in 1547 the Mar- graviate was divided between his two sons, Bernhard and Ernest ; the former inheriting Baden Baden, and the latter beconnng founder of the line of Baden Durlach. At the death of Augustus William George in 1771 the line of Baden Baden became extinct, and the territoiy reverted to Charles Frederick Margrave of Baden Durlach, who became an Elector of the Em- Pire in 1803, and Grand-Duke in 1806. At the congress of Vienna Baden would probably have been shared between Austria and Bavaria, had not the Emperor Alexander, the son- in-law of the Grand-Duke, insisted that it should remain " one and indivisible."
Charles Frederick died in 181 1, and was succeeded by his grandson Charles Louis Frederick, his eldest son, Charles Louis, having died before him. The third Grand-Duke was Louis William Augustus, the second son of Charles Frederick, who was succeeded by his half-brother, Charles Leopold Frederick.
The present Grand-Duke, Fbedebick William Louis, is the second son of Charles Leopold Frederick, and was bom, September 9, 1826. At the death of his father, April 24, 1852, he assumed the government as regent — ^his elder brother, Louis, being unfit to rule in consequence of physical and mental infirmities — and took the title of Grand-Duke, September 5, 1856. On the 7th December 1853 he narrowly escaped assassioation. During his reign great contentions have occurred between the government, the religion of which is evangelical, and the Eoman Catholic clergy. By a proclamation of April 7, i860, the Grand-Duke established the inde- pendence of the Boman Catholic Church in his dominions, and the rights of both churches are now equally respected.
He married, on the 20U1 September 1856, Louisa Mary Elizabeth, the daughter of William L, king of Prussia, by whom he has issue : —
1. Frederick William Louis Leopold Augustus, bom July 9, 1857.
2. Sophia Mary Victoria^ bom August 7, 1862.
3. Louis William Charles Frederick Berthold, bom June 12, 1865.
DESCENT OF THE GRAND-DUKES OF BADEN.
icr«.
llABOEATn or Badxs.
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h.lBa4,
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born 1887.
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BAVARIA.
The dukedom of BavaiiA was conferred upon Otho the Great, Count of Wittelsbach, anceBtor of the present dynasty, bv the emperor Frederick Barbarossa in i i8o, and to this was added, in 1215, tke palatinate of the Hhine. The duchy was in 1623 raised into an electorate by the emperor Ferdinand IL ; but the territories acquired by the dukes of Bavaria were at various times divided between rival claimants. The Upper Palatinate was again united to Bavaria in 1648, and the palatinate of the Rhine in 1777, when, upon the failure of the direct male line by the death of Maximilian Joseph I., without issue, the electorate of Bavaria devolved upon the elector palatine Charles Theodore, in accordance with the terms of the treaty of Pavia made in 1329, and confirmed by the late elector in 1774. The elector, Charles Theodore, died also with- out issue in 1799; and the branch of Sulsbach becoming thereby extinct, he was succeeded by Maximilian Joseph, duke of Deux-Ponts, the first sovereign of the reigning branch of the house of Wittelsbach. Bavaria was raised to the rank of a kingdom by the treaty of Pressbui^g in 1S05.
Louis II. (Louis Otho Frederick William), king of Bavaria and ootrnt palatine of the Bhine, was bom at the palace of Nymphenburg, near Munich, August 25, 1S45. He is the elder of the two sons of the late king, Maximilian II., by the princess Frederica Frances Augusta Afary Hedwiga (who was bom 15 Oct. 1825, and is still Uving), second daughter of the late prince Frederick WUUam Charles of Prussia. The revolutionary events that agitated so many of the states of Europe in the early part of 1848 having forced upon king Louis I. the necessity for political and administrative reforms that he could not have effected to the satisfaction of his people, owing mainly to the influence acquired over him by the notorious Lola Montes, whom he had created coimtess of Landsf eld, he had the wisdom to save the crown for his dynasty by abdicating, March 21, in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian Joseph, who occupied the Bavarian throne until his death on March 10, 1864. He was succeeded by the reigning sovereign, who had only attained his majority in the preceding year, and had hitherto taken no part in staie affairs. Highly endowed by nature, both in mind and body, his education was superintended at first with the greatest care by his mother, and subsequently by count La Bos^ and lieutenant von Wi&lffen, his dassical studies being directed by professor Steininger. He ascended the throne at a time when the questions of the Zollverein and of Schleswig- Holstein were still pending, and Bavaria was endeavouring to constitute herself a mediator, and to rally round her the secondary states of Germany in opposition to the pretensions of Austria and of Prussia. At first the young king evinced an inclination to take the reins of government into his own hands, and showed more decision and capacity for business than had characterised his father. This tendency combined with his affability to render him very popular, and this impression was strengthened by his speech at the opening of the chambers at the commencement of 1865, which was pacific and full of good intentions towards Germany, and in reply to which an address was voted expressive of devotion to his dynasty, and grateful remembrance of the late sovereign. The adnunistration of public affairs stUl remained in the hands of Herr Von Schrenk, who was replaced b^ore the end of 1864 by Herr Von der Pfordten, without causing any change in the policy of Bavaria. The first independent act of the new sovereign was to invite to Munich the eminent composer, Richard Wagner, as well known by his visionary and revolutionaiy opinions as by his musical failures. This event is said to have been caused by the king, having once been much impressed hy the performance of Wagner's '* Lohengrin," a romantic opera founded on the legend of the Knight of the Swan, which is connected with the old castle of Hohenschwangau, where king Louis had passed his childhood. This intimacy gave rise to a rumour that the composer, under pretence of instructing the king in music, bad introduced to his notice the philosophical works of Bttchner and Feuerbach. AJl parties united to oppose this sinister influence, and an urgent remonstrazAe having been addressed to the king by Uie people of Munich, Herr Wagner was dismissed early in 1866. No party has, however, been able to obtain any ascendency over the king, who has since maintained an almost complete isolation. The vacillation of Bavaria in 1866, in the great conflict for supremacy in Germany between Prussia and Austria, the ultimate alliance of her forces with those of the latter power, and the unfavourable terms of the Bavaro-Prussian treaty of peace, are events of which the responsibility must be considered to rest with his chief minister at that period, Herr Von der Pfordten, rather than with the sovereign. Herr Von der Pfordten was replaced at the dose of 1866 by the prince of Hohenlohe-SchillingsfUrst, who still remains at the head of affairs.
Louis II. is as yet unmarried, and rumours have been often circulated that he has a strong inclination to abdicate in favour of his younger brother, the prince Otho William Leopold Adal- bert Waldemar, bom April 27, 1848. The ex-king, Louis I., died at Nice, 29 Feb. 1868, in the eighty-second year of his age.
DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF BAVARIA.
I
afB«Mph.D«toir
OlhoZL.OMataf
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BELGIUM.
Thb history of the royal family of Belgium is that of the houae of Saxony to the fairth of Leo- pold the first king of the Belgians. Ernest, the eklest son of Frands auke of Saxe Gobui^g^ Saalfeld, succeeded to his father's dukedom in 1806 ; and, having married the dftughter of the duke of Saxe Gotha, who died without heirs male, succeeded also to the dominions of tha^ prince in 1825. His brother Leopold was bom on the i6th of December 1790. At the agis o€ fifteen he was well acquainted witii the classical and also with the principal modem laogoageBp and had studied the sciences and public law. The marriage of his sister with the grand Duke Constantine, induced him to enter the service of Russia, which he was, however, obliged to leave in 18 10 to attend to the affairs of Saxe Coburg, after which he travelled till 181 3. He tiien re- entered the Russian army, and served with much distinction in the campaigns which tenninated bv the entiy of the allies into Paris and the final overthrow of Napoleon. At the visit of tha allied sovereigns to this country, he had accompanied the Emperor Alexander, and it was then that he had become acquainted with the Princess Charlotte, whom he married, May 2d, 1816, when a pension was granted to him of ;f 50,cx» a year. After the death of the princess in 1S17, he lived in retirement at Claremont till the beginning of 1830, when he was offered the crown of Greece. Having refused this ofibr, he was soon afterwards requested to accept that of Belgium, which he did on the 12th July 183 1. He made his entry into Brussels on the 2i8t, from which date he gave up jf 35,000 of we pension he had derived from England, stipulating only that the Cliuemont estate should be kept up. In 1830, he married the Princess Louisa of Orleans, daughter of Louis Philippe, and in the same year hostilities were conmtienced against Belgium by Holland, when a French army came to the assistance of the Belgians, and took the citadel of Antwerp. It was not till the loth April 1839, however, that the d^erenoes between Belgium and Holland were finally settled by treaty. In 1833 was promulgated the constitution of Belgium, which is one of the most liberal in Europe. It insures dvil and poli- tical equality, the right of meeting, the equality of all religions, and the liberty of the press. The executive power is placed in the hsjids of the Mng, the legislative power is confided to two cham* bers elected by what amounts almost to universal suffrage. It was always the greatest desire of Eling Leopold I. to rule according to the provisions of this constitution and to satisfy public opinion, which he had great tact in ascertaining. The most serious difficulties of his reign were ooca- sloned by the antagonism of the two great parties (the catholic and the liberal) which have divided Belgium. Each of these, by turn, has had the ascendency, and they still continue to exist. Belgium passed through the critical period of 1848 without any serious commotion, although some feeble republican manifestations were made. In i860 vague rumours of annexation to France produced a number of loyal addresses to the king, and gave rise to the volunteer move- ment throughout the country. The Belgian government has entered into treaties of commeroe with France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Sweden and Norway. Conventions have also been entered into with France and other countries for the protection of literary and artistic pro- perty, by which Belgian piracy has been virtually abolished. Leopold I. died December 10, 1865, and was succeeded by his son Leopold (Louis Philip Maria Victor) II., who was bom April 9, 1835. In the speech which he made to both chambers of the l^;i8lature on the day of his inau- guration, Dec. 17, 1866, he said, " I shall religiously follow the example and precepts of my father, I will be a Belgian, from my heart and souL I love those great institutions which guarantee order and liberty, and which are the most solid bases of the throne.** The respect and admiration which the kmg has always evinced for parliamentaiy liberty, have nobly redeemed these words. In Oct. 1866 he and his subjects gained great popularity among Englishmen, by the magnificent manner in which they received and entertained a large body of English volun- teers who had gone over to celebrate uie anniversary of Belgian national independence. In the return visit, the following year, the Belgian volimteers were greeted in London with equal cordiality and enthusiasm. Before his accession to the throne. King Leopold II. travelled through Egypt, Lower Nubia, and Sinai, and is the only reigning sovereign who has ever visited India and China. In 1866 he was created a knight of the garter. On the 22d January 1869, he experienced deep affliction at the loss of lus only son, the prince royal, Leopold, ]3uke of Brabant, who died after a lingering illness in his t&aih year. In Nov. 1869, the king visited London, was entertained by the Queen, and by the Corporation of London, and received an immense deputation from the Officers of the Anny, Navy, and Volunteers, accompanied by the Mayors of most of the cities of Great Britain. Leopold II. married (Aug. 22, 1853) Maria Henrietta Anne, archduchess of Austria, by whom he has surviving issue, i. Louisa Maria Amelia, bom Feb. 18, 1858 ; 2. Stephanie Clotilda Louisa Herminia Maria Charlotte, bom May 21, 1864. The heir presumptive is Philip, count of Flanders, brother to the king.
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BRAZIL.
Brazil, from its discoTery almost simaltaneoiuily by Vicente YaHez Pinzon and Pedro Alvarez Cabnl in 1500, until recent times has been the most important possession of PortugaJ beyond the seas. Many attempts were made from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century by the French and Dutch to gain a settlement on its coasts, but each alike eventually failed. The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 having compelled the royal house of Braganza to leave that country, they retired to Brazil, and landed there in 1808. In 1815 Brazil was raised by John VI. to the rank of a kingdom, and his eldest son. Bom Pedro, was left by him as regent upon his return to Portugal in 1821. The speedy recall of the regent by the Cortes at Lisbon brou^t to a dimaz the growing discontent of the Brazilians with the IPortuguese government, and Dom Pedro was urged to refuse compliance with the orders that he had received. The independence of Brazil was declared in 1822, and Dom Pedro crowned emperor, but these acts were not recognised by Portugal until 1825. Upon the death of king John VI. in 1826, the crown of Portugal devolved upon the emperor Dom Pedro, the two countries thus beings again united under tiie same sovereign. The emperor, however, resigned the Portuguese throne to his daughter. Dona Maria da Gloria, in order that the old- discontent with the mother country might not be revived. Nevertheless, disputes that arose between the emperor and the Chamber of Deputies, and the disordered state of the national finances, increased the universal dissatisfaction to such an extent that Dom Pedro resolved to abdicate, April 7, 1 831, in favour of his infant son, the present emperor. Dom Pedro L died at Lisbon, S^tember 24, 1834, at the age of thirty-six.
Dom Pedro II. d' Alcantara (John Charles Leopold Salvador Bibiano Francis Xavier de Paul Leocadio Michael Gabriel Baphael Gronzaga), Emperor of Brazil, only son of the emperor Dom Pedro I., and his first wife, the empress Maria Leopoldina Caroline Josephine, second daughter of Francis I., Emperor of Austria, was bom at Kio Janeiro, December 2, 1825. He ascended the throne in accordance with the act of abdication of his father, signed at Boavista, April 7, 1 83 1, under the guardianship of the celebrated Jos^ Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. The affairs of the empire were directed by a council of regency of three persons until October 1835, when Diogo Antonio Feijo became sole regent. He was replaced in September 1837 by Pe£o de Araujo Lima, afterwairds marquess of Olinda, who held the office until the majority of the young emperor, which was fixed for the completion of his eighteenth year. His aptitude for business and his popularity were, however, so great that he was declared of age by the Chambers, July 23, 1840. He accordingly assumed the reins of government, and his coronation took place July 18, 1841. His highly cultivated abilities and varied attainments bear ample testimony to the care with which Ms education was directed by the eminent statesman who was his guaroian. The chief measures of his reign have been directed with much success to the increase of the commercial and agricultural prosperity of Brazil, and to the extinction of slavery throughout the empire. He is also a warm patron of science, literature, and of all industrial enter- prises. The wreck and plunder of the British ship "Prince of Wales" in 1 861, at Albardflo, on the coast of Brazil, and the murder of some of the crew, led to reprisals on the part of the British, and eventually, in 1863, to a suspension of diplomatic intercourse between the two countries, which was not resumed until more than two years after. The decision of the late king of the Belgians in favour of Brazil, in further disputes that arose with Great Britain out of this affair, tended greatly to establish the Braziliim prestige in Europe. The war with Bosas, the dictator of Buenos Ayres, in 1851-^2, and that which broke out with Paraguay at the close of 1864, in which Brazil has been amed with Uruguay and the Argentine Confederation, and which has lasted with progressive fortune to the present time, have still further extended the influ- ence of the Empire, the Emperor himself leading the army against the forces of Lopez, but latterly it has belen imder the command of the count of Eu. The actual President of the ministiy is the Viscount de Itaborahy.
Dom Pedro II. married in poison, September 4, 1843, the princess Theresa Christina Maria^ fourth daughter of the late fVands I., king of the Two SiciHes. The empress was bom March 14, 1822, and has had issue, besides two sons who died in infancy, two daughters : —
1. The Princess Imperial Dona Isahdla Christina Leopoldina Augusta Michaella Gabriella
Raphaella Gonzaga, bom July 29, 1846, and married at Bio Janeiro, October 15, 1864, to Louis Philip Maria Ferdinand Gaston of Orleans, count of Eu, (bom April 28, 1842,) eldest son of Louis, duke of Nemours, and grandson of Louis Philippe, late king of the French. She is the heiress presumptive to the throne.
2. Princess Dona Leopoldina Theresa Frances Caroline Michaella Gabriella Baphaella
Gronzaga, bom July 13, 1847, <^<^ married December 15, 1864, to prince Louis Auguttut Maria Eudes of Saxe-Coburg-Cohaiy, (bom August 9, 1845,) second son of prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Coharv, and grandson of Louis Philippe, late king of the French, by whom she has issue three sons, Pedro, bom March 19, 1866, Augustutj bom December 6, 1867, and Joti, bom May 21, 1869.
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BRUNSWICK.
The founder of the family of Bmnswick is generally considered to be Albert Azzo, margrave of Este, who, towards the end of the eleventh oentozy, married Cunigunda^ a daughter of Gaelpli of the family of the ooimts of Altdorf. Hia son, Guelph I., acquired the dukedom of Bavaria, and inherited all the possessions of the Guelph family. His successors continued to add to their territory, principally by their alliances, until their dominions reached from Italy to the Baltic The great grandson of Guelph L, Henry the Lion, however was deprived of Bavaria, Saxony, Austria, and other possessions by ban of the empire, in 1 1 79, for having seized Holstein and Mecklenburg, and was allowed to retain only Luneburg, Ealenberg, Gottingen, Grubenhagen, and Brunswick WolfenbutteL Otto, the grandson of Henry the Lion, was the first to receive the title of Ihike of Brunswick. At his death, his possessions were divided between his two sons Albert and John, but became united again, xmder Magnus IL, in consequence of the ex- tinction of the line founded by John. Magnus left four sons, of whom Frederick, his immediate successor, became Emperor of Germany ; Bernard continued the main line, and Henry founded the intermediate line of Brunswick, which became extinct in 1634. Ernest, a descendant of Bernard, inherited Brunswick and Luneburg. His eldest son Henxy, duke of Luneburg Dannebuig, founded the line of Brunswick Wolf enbuttel, and William, his younger son, that of Brunswick Luneburg. The great grandson of the latter, George Louis^ became king of England in 17 14.
At the death of Augustus, the son of Henry, the line of Brunswick Wolf enbuttel, was divided into two branches. Ferdinand Albert, the son of Augustus, inherited the duchy of Bevem, and founded the line of that name, and his nephews, Augustus William and Louis Bodolphusy dying without male issue, he succeeded to their title and reunited the teiritoiy. During the reign of his great grandson Charles William Ferdinand, who was killed at the battle of Auerstadt, Brunswick was occupied by the French, and taken to form the kingdom of Westphalia^ Frederick William, son of the last mentioned, a general in the English service, distinguished himself greatly in the war agaiost France, at the head of 7,000 of his own troops, including his celebrated regiment of Hussars, the Black Brunswickers. In 181 3, he was enabled to assume the government of his dominions, but at the return of Napoleon from Elba, again took the field, and was killed at Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815, leaving two sons to the guardianship of their uncle, the Prince Begent of England, afterwards Gteorge IV.
Charles (Frederick Augustus William) the elder, was bom October 30^ 1804, and Augustus Louis William lyfaTimilian Frederick, April 25, 1806. Their infancy was passed in exile ; first, in Sweden, with their mother, afterwards at Baden and Vienna^ and ultimately in Eng- land. At the death of their father, Charles succeeded to the duchy, which was governed during his minority, by Count Mdnster, the regent's minister at Hanover. He was declared of age, in October, 1823, and, two years afterwards, ruled in person. During his seven years' reign he was constantly at variance with his uncle, George IV. of England, as to the disposal of his private fortune. Finally, by what Prince Mettemich termed a ''revolution de famille," he was forced to quit his duchy, and further declared incapable of reigning by the Germanic Diet. His brother, who was then at Berlin, immediately assumed the government, and was le* cognised by the Diet and by his fanuly, as the legal successor, April 25, 183 1. His role, at first, did not give entire satisfation, but, in 1848 and 1849, he established trial by jury, the equality of all religions before the law, liberty of the press, and various other liberal measures, which had probably the effect of preventing a revolution in his dominions, during that critical period.
Neither the reigning duke nor his brother has issue, and at their death the duchy would have reverted to the house of Hanover, had not that family been deprived of its territories. Brunswick now forms part of the North German Confederation,
DESCENT OF THE DUKES OF BRUNSWICK.
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DENMARK.
Tbb ancient kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, were nnited by the treaty or Qnian of Calmar in 1397 under queen Margaret, who has been styled the Semiramis of the North, and this union continued until Sweden, led by Gustavus Vasa in 1 521, enforced its separation from the two other kingdoms. In 1448 the late royal house of Oldenburg ascended the thztme in the person of Christian, count of Oldenburg, who was also elected coimt of Holstein and duke of Schleswig in 1459. His descendants were elected kings without intermission until 1665, when Frederick III. chimged the elective into an hereditary and absolute monarchy vested in his own family. Norway remained annexed to Denmark until 1814, when it was ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel in exchange for Pomerauia and Biigen, which were again ex- changed in 1 8 15 with Prussia for the duchy of Lauenburg. The Oldenburg dynasty was ter- minated by the death without issue of king Frederick VII., November 15, 1863, when the crown devolved upon the reigning sovereign by virtue of the Protocol of Warsaw, May 24 — June 5, 1 85 1, and of the conference-protocol concluded in London, May 8, 1852, by the great European powers, and following the law of the Danish succession passed July 31, 1853, by which the throne was settled in the line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg.
Chbistian IX., King of Denmark, of the Vandals and of the Goths, duke of Slesviff, Holstein, Stormarsken, Ditmarsken, Lauenborg, and Oldenborg, is the fourth son of the late duke Frede- rick WilUam Paul Leopold of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlUcksburg, by the duchess LouUa Caroline, daughter of the landgrave Charles of Hesse-CasseL He was bom at the castle of Luisenlund near Schleswig, April 8, 18 18, and for some time occupied the post of inspector- general and commander-in-chief of the Danish cavalry. When the insurrection broke out in thd duchies in 1848, he was the only prince of the house of Schlefwig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glttoks- burg who remained in the military service of Denmu'k during the war of i848-5a He ascended the throne in accordance with the above-m^itioned acts upon the decease of king Frederick VII., November 15, 1863, at a time when the relations between Denmark and the Duchies had assumed a most critical aspect. His first act was to give his assent to the new constitution that had been passed by the rigsraad. Duke Frederick of Schle8wig-HolBtein-S<mderbaig- Augustenburg immediately asserted his claims to the sovereignty of the duchies, althou^^h his father ddke Christian had renoimced in favour of Denmark, December 30, 1852, all his rights to them for a compensation of 3,5oo,cxx> dollars. The aspect of affairs was thus cosn- pletely changed, and the diet of the Germanic Confederation resolved to support the preten- sions of duke Frederick. Federal execution was decreed at Frankfort, December 21, 1863, and the Saxon and Hanoverian troops entered Altona. The Danes thereupon retired from Holstein in order to avoid a collision with the federal army. Dissensions, however, arose be- tween Austria and Prussia and the rest of the Germanic Confederation, and resulted in an alliance of the former powers to secure to themselves the entire direction of the war in oppo- sition to the wishes of the Diet. The Austrian and Prussian troops occupied Holstein, uid invaded Schleswig after overcoming by mere force of numbers the heroic defence of the Danes. An eventful campaign ensued for the possession of the duchies, and after many desperate con- tests the decisive assault by the allies of the f orti6cations of Dttppel, the bombardment of Alsen, and the occupation of Jutland, led to the termination of hostilities by a treaty of peace signed at Vienna, October 30, 1864. By this treaty the king of Denmark renounced all his rights to the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenbuig, and placed them at the disposal of the allies. He also consented to a rectification of the Danish frontier, and to the indemnification by the duchies of the allies for the expenses incurred by them during the war. The inhabitants of the duchies were accordingly released from their allegiance, November 16, 1864.
The only subsequent events of importanoe have been the new constitution, sanctioned by the king in July 1866, and the treaty for sale of the Danish West Indian islandB of St. Thomas and St. John to the United States in October 1867 for j^i,5oo^ooo, which, however, has not been as yet ratified by the latter power. The now presideait of the mii^stry is the count Christian Emil E[rag>Tuel-Vind-FriJ8 de Frijsenborg.
King Christian married. May 26, 1842, Louise Wilhelmine Frederikke Caroline Auguste Julie, princess of Fressen-Cassel, daughter of the late landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel, and of the princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark, sister of king Christian VIIL The queen was bom September 7, 1817, and has issue : —
1. The Crown Prince Christian Frtdmk William Carl, general, heir-apparent to the throne.
bom June 3, 1843. He married, July 28, 1869, the princess Louisa, only child of Charles XV., king of Sweden and Norway, who was bom October 31, 1851.
2. Princess Alesumd^ra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julie, bom December I, 1844, and
married March la 1863, to Albert Edwcvrd^ prince of Wales.
3. Prince Christian Wilhdm Ferdinand Adolph Georg, bom December 24, i845i ^'^^ S^hug
Georg I. of the Hellenes.
4. Princess Maria Sophia Frederikke Dagmar, bom November 26, 1847, now mnddudiess
Maria Feodorovna. Married, November 9, 1866, Alexander Alexandrovit^ csarevitch of Russia.
5. Princess Thyra Amalia Caroline Charlotte Azma, bom September 29, 1853. o. Prince Valdemar, bom October 27, 1858.
DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF DENMARK.
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EGYPT.
EoTFT, wiileh had been under the lOTerelgntj of the Borgeeh or droaolin Mftmeltikes dnoe 1389, was talcen by Selim I., Stdtaa of the Turks, In 1517. It then became tilbatery to Turkey, and was governed bjr Mmm^ Inke beya under a pacha, appointed by the saltan, till the French inyadon of 1799. The French having bean dlspoeiessed In x8ox by the Engluh, the TnrklBh government was restored. Mehemet Alt a man of humble origin, who had been raised to Mgh command in the Turkish army, was at that time with his cx>zps of Albanians at Cairo, and became popular on account of the strict discipline and order which he mainteined among his own troops, whose behaviour contrasted favourably with that of the Mamelukes, who had rondered themselves odious by numerous acts of violence. Having been proclaimed pacha in 1804, Mehemet All refused the dignity, which was then confeired on Ehuished. The latter, however. In a short period* became detested on account of his exactions, and then Mehemet All declared against him, and, with the sapport of the sheiks and backed by the Interest of France, was aiqwlnted to the Pashallo of Egypt by the Sultan in 1806. The first few years of his reign were passed in contentions with the Mamelukes, whose power, however, be effectually subdued by the massacre of their chiefs in x8xx. Having overcome opposition in Egypt, the efforts of Mehemet AH were directed to the accomplishment of a scheme for emancipating himself from the yoke of Turkey ; and in jBjo a circumstance occurred which served him, as a pretext, for setting the authority of bis sovereign at defiance. Several thousand fellahs had quitted Egypt, and settled at Acre. On the refusal of AbdiJlah, the Pasha of that dty, to give them up, Mehemet All sent an expedition, under the command of bis reputed son, Ibrahim, to enforce his demands. This expedition, on account of a serious outbreak of cholera, did not start till the following year, when Syria was invaded, and the towns of Gaia, Jaffa, and GaKffk soon surrendered. Acre resisted longer and made a heroic defence, but was, at length, taken by assault after a six months' siege. The invasion of Syria being a clear act of rebellion, the Sultan decreed the deposition of tbe viceroy and his son, and sent an army against them. The Turks were defeated at Homs (EmesaX z9tb July, X839, and again at Eonldi, December ao, 1832, when the forces of the Sultan were so completeljr shattered that the empire Itself was, for a moment, at the merpy of the conqueror. The principal European powers then Intwened and matters were arranged, for a time, ^ the treaty of Entahleh, May X4, X833, Syria remaining in the possession of Ibrahim. The systematic evadon, on the part of the Padia, of all obligations entered into between the Porte and other countries, especially England and Austria, oomi>elled the Sultan, In order to maintain good relations abroad, to enforce his authority by arms. He was again unsuccessfol in the field (June 94, 1839), and had the further mortification of seeing the Turkish admiral pass over, with bis fleet, to the enemy, (July 14, 1639). The triumph of the Pacha then seemed complete. Negotiations were attempted by the prlndpal powers, but Fnmce, whose influence had always been paiamount with the Pacha, oould not be brought to countenance any measures of co^rdon against him. England, Austria, Prussia, aikd Bussla, therefore, signed the treaty of London, wltiiont Franoe, and began operations immediately. Sidon, Beyrout, and Acre were captured, and the Egyptians were driven out of Syria. On tiie other hand, the Sultan was prevailed upon by the powers to make the Pachalic of Egypt hereditary in the family of Mehemet AIL
Mehemet All abdicated in favour of his adopted son Ibrahim in Sept. 1848, and died Aug. a, X849. Ibrahlza reigned only a few months, dying Nov. 10, X848. The successors of Ibrahim were Abbas, the son of Tuasnn Bey, Mehemet's eldest son, who died, July 14, 1854 ; Said, the fourth son of Mehemet^ iriio died, Jan. z8, 1863.
Ismail Paoha, the present Yloeroy, who has assumed the titte of Khedive, Is the second son of Ibrahim, and was bom at Cairo in the year of the Heglra X348, (X833X He was educated with his ddest brother, Ahmed Bifaat, at the Staff OoUege at Paris. On his return to Egypt In X849, he Joined the party then opposed to the Yioeroy Abbas. In X855, he was sent by his unde, Mohammed Said, on a confldential misdon to the oonrt of Fnnce, and on his return, through Italy, vldted the Pope, to whom he was the bearer of an auto- graph letter of the Yiceroy, accompenied by magnificent presents. In the absence of SaXd from Egypt in x86i, he carried on the government, and at the end of the same year took command of an army uesni to subdue some revolted tribes on the frontiers.
He succeeded to the pachalic at the death of his unde Said, on the x8th January, X863. One of his first cares was to promote the cultivation of cotton, the supply of which had become very much diminished In conse- quence of the American dvfl war. In Nov. x866, he establidied an Assembly of Deputies, which, however, has the power of discussing such subjects only as the Ticeroy chooses to lay before it. The poli^ of the Yiceroy, which, in accordance with that of his family, seems to be directed to the ultimate emancipation of Egypt from the sovereignty of the Porte, lately threatened to cause a rupture between him and his suseraln. He has, however, thought proper to accept the conditions set forth in a late firman of tiie Sultan, requirini^ that all taxes should be levied in the Sultan's name, that no new taxes should be Impoeed without necesdtj, and that no new foreign loan should be contracted without the Sultan's authorisation. He has also intimated his willingness to surrender to the Porte tbe breech-loaders and iron-clads which had been ordered by him.
The rdgn of Ismail Pacha will be remembered in connection with the completion, in 1869, of the canal through the Isthmus of Sues ; a work commenced In X859, during the pachaUc of Said, and carried through, with indomitable energy and perseverance, by its projector, M. Ferdinand de Lessepe, now I>uke of Sue^ in spite of condderable oppodtion from various quarters, as wdl as from the present Yloeroy himself, at the beginning of his rdgn. Should the canal be able to retain a snflldent depth of water, it will greatly facilitate txalBe between the shores of the Mediterranean and countries on the Indian ooean.
SUCCESSION OF THE VICEROYS OF EGYPT.
1. MBBBar AXZ. UOMI. MlHiia I «•! IM.
4IJJ0b
& ABiAfl^lflH.
&18HAn.tamUn.
FRANCE LEGITIMIST.
HXHBT IV., the fint prince of the hoiwe of Bourbon, who rdgned in Franoe, came to the throne in August 15S9, when the family of Yalois became extinct at the death of Hemy HI. The Bonrbons zeigned without interraption nntil 1 791, when Lonia XVI., the fifth BOTefreign of the line, was deposed during the rerolntion, Jan. 20^ 1793, and snbseqnently executed.
In 1814 the dynasty was restored for a short period in the person of Louis XVIIL, who was, however, obliged to leave France on the return of Napoleon from Elba, but was brought back again by the allies after the battle of Waterloo in 1815. At his death, in 1824, he was suc- ceeded by his brother, Charles X., who reigned till July 1830^ when, in consequence of the ordinances which he issued, suppressing the liberty of the press, and reconstituting the Chamber of Deputies, a reyolution took place in Paris, which ended in the expulsion of the elder branch of the Bourbon family from the country.
Henry Charles Ferdinand Maria Dieudonn^ d'Artois, duke of Bordeaux, and count of Chambord, (Henry V. of France), the representatiYe of the elder branch of the house of Bour- bon, was bom at Paris on the 29th of September 1820. He is the son of Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, duke of Berry, who was assassinated, Feb. 13, 1820^ and of Caroline Ferdinanda Louisa, daughter of Francis I., king of Nicies, now the widow ci the Marquis Lucchesi Palli Campo PignatellL
After the revolution of July 1830, his uncle, the Duke of Angouldme, having renounced his rights to the throne as eldest son of Charles X., the latter abdicated in his favour, and he was proclaimed King of France^ under the name of Henry the Fifth, in the presence of the troops assembled at Bambouillet. Wa reign, however, never had any practical existence, and he accompanied his family into exile.
For the next six years he resided by turns at Holyrood House, Prague, and Goritz, after which he spent a few years in visiting the military establishments of the principal countries of Europe, in most of which he was treated with honours which are usually only paid to de fado sovereigns. At the end of 1843 he settled for a time in London at a house in Belgrave Square, where he established his court, and received the homage of the principal members of the legiti- mist party.
Not having thought proper to take any active measures to advance his cause, when the revolu- tion of February 1848 drove Louis Philippe from the throne, the political acts of the Duke of Bordeaux have been limited principally to declarations in favour of the temporal power of the Pope, to keeping together the members of the legitimate party, and to endeavouring to effect a union with the Orleans branch of his family, in order that his prospects may be the better should drcumstances ever arise in his favour.
On the 1 6th November 1846, he married Maria Theresa Beatrix Gaetana, the eldest daughter of the Duke of Modena^ and up to the present time (Nov. 1869) has no children.
FRANCE-LEGITIMIST.
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FRANCE IMPERIAL.
The vast empire of Charlemagney indudizig not only the ancient Franoom% bat likewise Saxony, Upper Italy, Spain, and Borgundy, became dismembered during the feeble reign of his son and BuooeaBor, Louis le Debonnaire^ and the Carlovingian dynasty came to an end with the death of Lonis the Indolent in 987. Hugaes Capet was thereapon elected king by the nobles, and the crown remained in his family until the decease of Charles IV. in 1328, when it pansod to the house of Yalois in the person of Philip VL, and continued in that line until the amasmTifttion. of Henry HI. in 1589. Henry, king of Navarre, then ascended the throne and established the dynasty of the Bourbons, who reigned until overthrown by the Bevolution of 1792. The Be- publio was then constituted, but was virtually terminated by the appointment of Ni^leom Boni^)arte as first consul in 1799. The empire was proclaimed May 18, 1804, and finally ended -with the abdication of Napoleon I., June 22, 181 5. The restoration of the Bourbon dynasty followed, but was of short duration, for on the 30th of July, 1830, Charles X. was deposed, and the succession transferred to the younger branch of the Bourbons, the house of Orleans. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, was raised to the throne, August 9, 1830^ and occupied it until February 24, 1848, when he was compelled to abdicate. France was then declared a Bepubiic, and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president, which office he held until December 2, 1852, when he was proclaimed emperor.
Nafolxon m. , (Charles Louis Napoleon), Emperor of the French, is the third son of Louis Bona- parte, sometime king of Holland, brother of the emperor Ni^leon I., by his wife Eug^e Hor- tense de Beauhamais, daughter of the empress Josephine by her first marriage. He was bom at the palace of his mother, rue Cerute (now Lafitte), April 20, 1808, and was baptized by cardinal Fesch at the palace of Fontainebleau, November 10, 1810, the emperor Napoleon and the empress Maria Louisa being sponsors. At the age of seven commenced his trainingin the school of adver- sity, when he left France as an exile. His education was most carefully conducted by his mother, and he went through the usual curriculum at the gymnasium of Augsburg. In 1824 they fixed their residence at Arenenbergon the lake of Constance, and he becamean officer in the federal anny. After having been engaged, in 1830, in the vain effort of the Italians to regain their independ- ence, he resolved on making at Strasbourg, October 30^ 1836, the rash attempt to gain possession of the throne of France. The affair proved a miserable failure, and he was arrested and exiled to America. He however soon returned to England, and on the 6th of August, 1840, made a second descent upon the French coast near Boulogne, but was again captured and sentenced to imprisonment for life. Sent to the fortress of Ham, he remained there until May 25, 1846, when he succeeded in effecting his escape to England in the disguise of a carpenter. Here he resided until the revolution of 1848 broke out, when he was elected a member of the National Assembly. This honour he at first declined; but upon being afterwards re-elected, he accepted the position, and took lus seat on the 26th of September. The choice of a president of the Bepubiic ensued on the loth of December, and Louis Ni^leon Bonaparte was elected by an overwhelming majority. On the 2d of December, 185 1, by a coup-d^ittU he dissolved the National Assembly and decreed imiversal suffrage, and on the 22d of the same month was elected presi- dent for ten years. Hie re-establishment of the empire in the person and family of the prince- president was voted by the senate, November 7, 1852, and this beuig fully ratified by the voice of the nation, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed emperor, December 2, 1852, by the title of Napoleon ITT. The marriage of the emperor with Mademoiselle de Montijo^ countess of
FRANCE IMPERIAL.
Tetm, took place JsmiAiy 39, 1855, in NoYember of iHuch year an attempt waa made to ainate the empercv. The Crimeaa war, in whieh Franoe and ftigiand were allied with Tuxkej against BiuBia, commenoed in March 1854, and after many gloriona yictorieB waa ended by the treaty of Faria in Mardi 1856. In April 1855, the emperor and empreM Tinted London, and later in the aaane year two attempts were made npon the life of the emperor. Besides tbeae, his ■winsniimthBi was attempted by Oraini and his aooomplioes in Jannaiy 1858^ as he waa going to the opera. The Italian war arose in May 1859, and Franoe entered into an anianoe with Sardinia against Austria. The emperor himself took the command of the French anny tfaroog^boiit the '^"'p^'g"^ and defeated the Anatriana at the battle of Magenta^ June 4^ and again at Solfarino^ Jane 24. Feaoe waa agreed to at Villa Franca, July la, and the onperor retomed to Faria, the empress having been left regent during hia abaenoe. The anneza- taon of Savoy and mce, March 24, i86o^formeda8equeltothewar, andinFebroaiythegreateat part of the principality of Monaco waa porchaaed for four million francs. War was declared against Mexico, April 16, 1862, of which the only result was the placing of the unfortunate jvdidiike MaximiUan upon the throne of that country. The conyention with Italy for the evacuation of Borne was concluded September 15, 1864, in accordance with which the French troops left the Holy City in December 1865, but were at a later period compelled by unforeseen eiwnta to return. I>oring these eventful years the emperor has been aided by many trusted Mends, among whom may be named the count Walewald, the duke de Momy, the duke de Pendgny, and M. Bouher, who was minister of state from October 1863 until July 1869, when he rad^ied in consequence of the adoption by the emperor of reforms demanded by the liberal majority of the legislative assembly. M. Bouher however still remained the chief adviser of the cmpefor xmtil December 1869, when a liberal cabinet was formed under the presidency of M. Sbiile OUivier.
During the long years of his exQe, as well as since his accearion, the emperor Ni^Ieon has been vaoth. devoted to the study of history, and of military and engineering science. His " Reveries politiques," published m 1832, '* Idte Ni^ml^oniennes," 1839, '' Fragments his- toriqaes^ ou Comparaison des Revolutions de 1688 et 1830," 1841, and ** Etudes sur le Pass^ et I'Avenir de 1' Artillerie," 1846-63, his *' Melanges," collected and republiahed in hia *' CEuvree," 1856, and lastly, his " Histoire de Jules Ctor," 1865-66, the two volumes of which already Issoed have been translated into several European languages — all bear indubitable testimony to his great ability and profound knowledge of historical events.
The emperor married, January 29, 1853, Marie EuG&EriE de Montijo de Guzman y Porto- Carvero, countess of Teba^ second daughter of Manoel, count of Montijo and of Teba, and duke of Peneranda. She was bom at Granada^ May 5, 1826, and has one son, the Prince Imperial Ne^poUon Eugene Louis John Joseph, who was bom at the palace of the Tuileriea, March 16, 1856.
FRANCE-IMPERIAL.
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FRANCE ORLEANIST.
Thb Orleana dynasty in Fnmoe Luted from the oyerthzow of Charles X. in July 1830^ to that of Louis Phillippe on the 24th of Febniaiy 1848.
Louis Philippe Alhert d'Orleans, oomit of Paris, representatiye of the (Means hzamch o€ the house of Bourbon, is the eldest son of Ferdinand Philip Lotus Charles Henry Joseph, duka of Orleans, eldest son of King Louis Philip, and of Helena Louisa Elizabeth, daughter of Frede- rick Louis, Prince of Mecklenburg Schweiin, and was bom August 24, 1838. His father had always been a favourite with the l^nch people. He had been educated at tiie College of Louis le Grand, like the son of a private gentleman, and had carried off prizes without a suspicioii having ever arisen of his having gained them except by merit. He had afterwards distingniahed himseubE in two campaigns hi AMca^ and also at tibe siege of Antwerp, and had endeared him^ self to the poor by many an act of charity. Had his life been spared, it is not unreasonable to suppose that his influence would have become powerful in the councils of his father, and that the events of the last qiiarter of a century would have been considerably modified, not only in France, but in Eunipe. The duke died in consequence of a fall &om his carriage in July 1842. The Count de Paris was then but four years old. Five and a half years later the revolution of February drove his grandfather from power, and then took place the most momentous occurrence of the young prince's life, an oocurrCTioe which nearly had the effect of placing him on the throne. On the 24th of February the Chamber of Deputies was summoned to meet at three o'dook. Most of the members had abeady arrived at half-past twelve, and were scattered in the various offices adjoining the great chamber, discussing the momentooa events then taking place in Paris. Before one o'clock the President, at the request of the members present, declared the sitting to be opened, and ordered business to begin. At that moment M. Dupin entered the chamber, accompanied by the Duchess of Orleans, and the Duke de Nemours, the Duchess leading her two Utue sons, the Count de Paris and the Duke de Chartres. M. Dupin announced that, *^ In consequence of the events which had taken place, the King had abdicatMl in favour of H.B.H. the Count de Paris, and had constituted the Dudiees of Orleans regent." Here arose cries of "Vive le Boi ! Yive le Prince ! Yive la B^gente I *'
''Grentlemen," continued M. Dupin, ''these cheers, so gratifying to the new long and to the regent, are not the first which have greeted them. They have just traversed the Tuileriea and the Place de la Concorde on foot, with no other escort than ibe people and the national guard. Gentlemen, it is the most earnest desire of the regent to govern in accordance with the wishes of the people for the public good, and for the glory and prosperity of France." These words were received with renewed cries of ^ Yive le Boi ! and M. Dupin urged the president to record that the new king and the regent had been accepted by aodsunation by the Chamber. The president was about to comply, when he was intorrupted by M. Lamartme, who moved that the sitting should be suspended. A number of strangers, consisting of mechanics, students, national guar^ and others, some armed witib muskets and swords, had, by this time, made their way into the Chamber. The Duke de Nemoun and several deputies urged the duchess to retire. She, however, kept her place. General Oudinot said, "H the duchess wishes to leave, we will accompany her ; if she chooses to remain, let her do so, and she will do well, for she will be protected by our devotion." The pressure of strangers kept increasing, the deputies were being driven into the centre of the room. The duchess then retired towards the steps leading to the door under the dock, and took up her position on the last row of seats. The presidekit called in vain on the strangers to retire. M. Marie, after many endeavours to get a hearing, said, ** That a law aheady existed, fixing the regency on the Duke of Nemours, and that the Chamber had no power to create a regen^ ; their immediate duty was to form a pro- visional government." MM. Crdmieux, Odillon, Bairot, Ledru BoUin, and Larochejaquelin, followed to the same purpose ; the multitude all the time continued waving flags, hrsjidishing weapons, and shouting, " Down with the king." M. Chevalier, who was not a member, here rose and said, ** Beware of proclaiming the Count of Paris without authority, but only let the duchess and the count have the courage to show themselves on the boulevi^ds in the midst of the people, and the national guard and I will answer for their safety ; and, if the people do not raise him to power — " .... All eyes were now turned towards the seats lately occupied by the duchess and her family, but the royal party had left. The remainder of the speaker^i words were drowned in cries of ''Yive la Bi^publique." The prince's chance was lost.
Since 1848 the prince has resided principally in England, with the exception of a short period during the American war, when he and his brother served in the Federal army on the staff of General MacClellan. The count is said to be the author of an article in the Sevue des Deux Mondety entitied "L'Allemagne et ses Tendences Nonvelles."
The Count of Paris marri^ on the 30th May, 1864, Mary Isabella^ the daughter of the Duke of Montpensier, and has issue —
I. "Mirj Amelia Louisa Helen, bom Sept. 28, 1865. , 2. Louis Philip Bobert^ bom Feb. 6, i&$.
FRANCE-ORLEANIST.
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GREAT BRITAIN.
The StoAit dynasty having been terminated in 1714 by the death of Qneen Amie, and the ezilo of Prince James, nsnally called the Ptetender, the only survi'ving child of Ejng James IL, the crown of Gieat Britain and Ireland was transferred to the House of Hanover, in acoordanoe with the provisions of the Act of Settlement of 170a Geoige Louis, Elector of Hanoyer, sou of the EleotresB Sophia, and grandson of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, the eldest daughter of James I., thereupon ascended the British throne as George L, and after an unpopular reign of nearly thirteen years, was succeeded in 1727 by his son, Geoige IL, at whose decease, in 1760, the, crown devolved upon his grandson, Geoige III., the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and father of George lY., William IV., and Edward, Duke of Kent, the father of oar present most gracious sovereign.
ALXZANDBiirA YiCTOBiA, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, is the only daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George IIL, and of the Princess Victoria Mazy Louisa of SazeOobuig-Saalfeld, fourth and youngest daughter of fVands, Duke of Saze-Cobui^- Saalf eld, and widow of Enuch Charles, Prince of Leiningen. She was bom at Kensington Palace on the 24th of May 1819, her parents having hastened their return from Lein- ingen in order that their child might be "bom a Briton," and baptized there on the 24th of June, the sponsors being the Prince Begent, the Emperor Alexander of Russia, the Queen- Dowager of Wurtemberg, and the Duchess-Dowager of Saze-Coburg-Saalfeld. Upon the sadden death of the Duke of Kent, January 23, 1820^ the care and education of the young Princess devolved upon her mother, who was greatly aided in her arduous task by her brother licopold, the late King of the Belgians, bj whose advice the superintendence of her studies was at first intrusted to the Baroness Lehzen, who was replaced at a later period by the talented Duchess of Northumberland.
The Princess Victoria ascended the throne at the decease of her unde^ William IV., on the 20th of June 1837, when she had just completed her eighteenth year, and was crowned in Westminster Abbey, June 28, 1838, amidst the most enthusiastic demonstrations of loyal affec- tion. Two years subsequently she married, February 10, 1840, her oousin. Prince Frauds Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel of Saxe-Cobnig^Gotha, who was bom August 26, 1819, and styled "Prince Consort" by royal wanant, dated June 25, 1857. The administration of public affairs was retained from the date of the late king^s death until August 1841 by Lord
GREAT BRITAIN.
MeEbaaney isho htA insfamcted ber Majesty in the prindpleB of the ootutitntlon prerioiuly to lier aooe^on. The diief events of this period were the adoption of Sir Rowland HiU's scheme of the penny postage^ and the outbreak of the war with China in March 1839^ which did not tenmnate mttil Angnst 1842, when the Mettxrame cabinet had given way to the T0K7 goverament of Sir Robert PeeL About this time two infamoos attempts were made to urns will n(< I her Majesty, by firing at lier whilst driving in the parks ; the first hy Edward Oxford, Jmie 10, i8i4C^ tbe second by John Frands, May 30^ 1842 ; both happily were alike TmsoooeeBfnl. In the autumn of 1843, ^® Queen went to France on a visit to Louis Philippe at the Chfitean d*Eu, and two yean later paid her first visit to Germany. The railway mania and tiie anti-oom^w agitation engroBBed publio attention during the year 1845, <^<^ ^^ June 261, 1S46, tiie act for ike repeal of the com laws received the royal assent. This was followed in the next month by the resignation of the Peel ministiy, and the formation of an admin* istration by Lord John RusselL At the dose of 1845, the Sikh war broke out, and after aseries of brilHant victories, was terminated by the annexation of the Punjab to the British dominions, March 29, 1849^, The next salient feature of the present reign was the Great Exhibition of 1851, which was opened by her Majesty on May i, and owed its complete success to the ex- ortioos of the Prince Consort. In February 1852, the Russell ministry yielded up the reins of government to Lord Derby, who was, however, unable to retain them longer than December foikwing, when Lord Aberdeen came into office at the head of a coalition ministry. The eastern question soon after assumed a serious aspect, and in March 1854 led to the allianoe of Gnat Britain with F^rance and Turkey, and the declaration of war against Russia. The Crimean war ensued, marked by the glorious achievements of the Alm% Balaklava^ and Inker- mami, and broo^t to an end by the storming of Sevastopol in September 1855, and the treaty of Pads, March 30^ 1856. Meantime, an adverse vote in the House of Commons, respecting the CQodnct of the war, caused the resignation of Lord Aberdeen in February 1855, and the reoon- stroctioa of the ministry by Lord Palmerston, and in the same year a visit of the Emperor and EDfnesB of the Frendi to London was returned by the Queen and Prince Consort visiting Psia. War again arose with China in October I856, and after the capture of Canton, was oondnded by tiie treaty of Tien-tsin, June 26, 1858. The mutiny of the Indian army was, however, by far the most serious event that has occurred since the Crimean war, threatening ss it did the very existence of our Indian empire. The outbreak began in March 1857, accom- panied by fearful atrocities, and spread rapidly throughout BengaL Delhi and Cawnpore were retaken and Lucknow relieved by the exertions of Sir H. Havelock and Lord Clyde, but the padfication of the country was not accomplished before May 1859. Previously to this, the aoverdgnty of the East India Company had ceased, September I, 1858, and her Majesty had been proclaimed Empress throughout India. The return to office of Lord Derby in February 18581, was followed by the formation of the Palmerston cabinet in June 1859. The Chinese war recommenced in August 1860^ but was finally terminated two months later by the surrender of Pekin.
Early in the year 1861 the decease of the Duchess of Kent oast a gloom over the royal hooaehold, whidi was ere long deepened a hundred-fold by the sudden death of the Prince Consort^ December 14, and which has never yet been entirely dispelled. The International Sxhifaition of 1862 shed some radiance upon that year, but this was destined soon to be obscured by the great distress caused by the cotton famine that ensued upon the outbreak of the dvil war in the United States. The decease of Lord Palmerston, October 18, 1865, caused a rearrangement of the government under the premiership of Lord Russell, who resigned in June 1866^ on account of being defeated upon his Reform BilL The control of State affaira
GREAT BRITAIN.
for a third time devolvBd npcvQ Lord Derby, who was saooesafal in repressizig the Fenian dls- torbaaoes, and in paadng the Befonn Act of 1867, to which the Befonn Acts for Scotland and Ireland of 1868 foimed the sequel In Febroaiy 1868, Lord Derby was compelled ty ill- health to resign the lead of the Conservative party to Mr DisraeU, who held office until the ensuing December. The helm of State has since that time been directed by Mr Gladstone who has already signalised his administration by the act for the disestablishment of the Irish Church.
Her Majesty has always devoted much time to literature and art, and contributed largely to the « Early Yean of H.B.H. the Prince Consort," published in 1867, since which she has published ** Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands," 1868.
The Queen has issue : —
1. Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess Royal, h, 21 Nov. 1840^ m. 25 Jan. 1S58, to
Frederick William, Crown Prince of Prussia.
2. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Duke of Cornwall, h. 9 Nov. 184.I, m, 10 March,
1863, to the Princess Alexandra Caroline Mary Charlotte Louisa Julia, (b. i Dec 1844,) eldest daughter of Christian IX., reigning King of Denmark, by whom he has lasae : — (i.) Albert Victor Christian Edward, b, 8. Jan. 1864 ; (2.) George Frederick ISmest Albert, b, 3 June, 1865 ; (3.) Louisa Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, b, 20 Feb. 1867 ; (4.) Victoria Alexandra Olga Majy, b, 6 July, 1868; (5.) Maud Charlotte Maiy Vio- toiia^ b, 26 Nov. 1869.
3. Alice Maud Maiy, b, 25 April, 1843, ^ I ^"^9 '^^ ^ Prince Frederick WiUiain IjohIb
Charles of Hesse.
4. Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, Captain B.N., &. 6 August, 1844.
5. Helena Augusta Victoria^ b. 25 May, 1846, m. 5 July, 1866, to Prince Frederick Chris-
tian Charles Augustus of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenbuig.
6. Louisa Carolina Alberta, b, 18 March, 1848.
7. Arthur William Patrick Albert, Lieutenant RE., K i May, 1850.
8. Leopold George Duncan Albert, b, 7 April, 1853.
9. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, b» 14 April, 1857.
DESCENT OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF GREAT BRITAIN.
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GREECR
Thx daflBic land of Greece, after having been subject to the Turkish yoke for three oentories, regained her independence by the treaty of Adrianople in 1829, at the doee of an heroic stnigglB that lasted for upwards of eight years. The sovereignty of the newly-constitated kingdom -warn offered in 1830 to the late king of the Belgians, then Prince Leopold of Saxe-Gobourg-Saalfeld, bat he thought it prudent to decline the honour. The choice of the three protecting powera, Great Britain, France, and Bussia^ by a treaty concluded at London, May 7, 1832, then fell upon Prince Otho, second son of Louis L, king of Bavaria, who ascended the throne of Greece as Otho I. The government was carried on by a regency under the presidency of Gount Ludwig von Armanspeig until June I, 1835, when it was assumed by the young king upon the comple- tion of his twentieth year. His rule, although well-intentioned towsurds his adopted oountry» utterly failed to enlist the sympathies of his people, and a long and troubled reign was at length dosed by his flight and derosition, October, 22, 1862. He died in exile at Bamberg in Bavaria^ July 26, 1867, aged 52. The throne having thus become vacant, it was by universal suffirage conferred upon Prince Alfred of Great Britain bv 230,016 out of 241,202 vetes, the young Dnke of Leuchtenberg, nephew of the Emperor Alexander IX. of Russia, being also a candidate. He was declared king by the National Assembly, February 3, 1863, but the profeired crown was not ac- cepted by the British Grovemment. It was then proposed to the Duke of Saxe-Goburg-Gotha tiiat he should become a candidate for the vacant throne, but he declined after some negotiations as to the conditions upon which he would consent, one of which was that he should govern Greece only until his nephew, the Prince of Goburg-Gohary, should be old enough to assume the government. The Duke d'Aumale and King Ferdinand of Portugal having also declined to be nominated for the sovereign^, it was resolved by the National Assembly, March 18, 1863, to offer it to Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gllicksburg, the reigning sovereign.
GsosaE I. (Ghiistian William Ferdinand Adolphus Geoige), king of the Hellenes, was bom December 24, 1845. He is the second son of Ghristian IX., the present king of Denmark, by his queen, Louisa, third daughter of the late Landgrave William of Hesse-Gassel, and is brother of me Princess of Wales and of the Czarevna of Russia^ the Princess Dagmar. Prince William entered the Danish naval service, in which he holds the rank of admiraL He was proclaimed by the National Assembly afc Athens as King Greorge I., March 30, 1863, and the veners^hle admiral Kanaris proceeded to Gopenhagen to make a formal offer of the crown, with the con- sent of Great Britain, France, and Russia, the three protecting powera, on condition of the annexation of the Ionian Islands to Greece. This was accepted on Prince William's behalf by the late King Frederick YIL of Denmark, June 6, 1863. ^e newly-elected king was declared of age June 27 ; he arrived at Athens, October 30, and took the oath to the constitution on the following day. On September 12, 1863, he signed an act giving precedence over himself to bis younger brother, Prince Waldemar, and his issue, in the line of succession to the throne of Denmark. The stipulated annexation to Greece of the Ionian Islands took place May 28, 1864, and a visit was paid to them bv the king a few days afterwards. In November 1864 a new constitution was passed by the National Assembly and accepted by the sovereign. The succeed- ing years of his reign have been chiefly marked by endeavours to improve the financial position of the state, by frequent changes of ministiy, and by the popular sympathy manifested towards the Cretan insurrectionists, wlUch almost involved the countiy in war with tiie Ottoman empire. The principal statesman at the head of affairs have been Balbis, Kanaris, Koumoundouroe, Boulgaris, and Zaimis, who is the actual president of the counciL
K^ (George married, October 27, 1867, in the chapel of the Winter Palace at St. Petersburg, the Grand-DiicheBS Olga. Constantinovna, eldest daughter of the Grand-Duke Constantino Nicdaievitch of Russia, and niece of the Emperor Alexander II. His uncle. Prince John of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg^GlfLcksburg was appointed regent during the king's absence from Greece. The Queen of the Hellenes was bom, September 3, 185 1, and has two sons, CofutanUne, Dake of Sparta^ bom at Athens, August 2, 1868, who is the heir apparent to the Hellenic throne, and George, count of Corfu, bom June 24, 1869.
GREECE.
Houn or Bavabia*
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HANOVER.
The founder of the present honBe of Hanover was William, the second son of Ernest, duke of Brunswick Lunebiurg, of the illustrious family of Guelph, who acquired the duchy of Luneburg in I549> to which, in 1 585, he added the county of Diepholz. He was succeeded, successively, by his sons, Ernest, Christian, Augustus, who obtained the principality of Calenberg, and the county of Hoya, and Frederick. The successors of Frederick were Christian Louis and G«orge William, first and second sons of the above mentioned William. George William died in 1705 without male issue, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Ernest Augustus, who married Sophia, grand-daughter of James I., and received, in 1692, the title of Elector of Hanover. His son, George Louis, (George I. of England), united the territories of Luneburg into one state, which was further augmented, during the northern war in 1 716, by the duchies of Bremen and Verden; in 1803 by Oanaburgh ; and in 1814 and 181 5 by Hilderheim, East Friesland, and other places. In 1803 Hanover was occupied by the French. In 1806 it was given by Napoleon I. to the king of Prussia, and in the following year the greater part of it was combined with the newly-created kingdom of Westphalia. In 1 81 3 it reverted to its former sovereign, and in 18 14 was erected into a kingdom. Hanover continued a part of the British empire imtil the death of William IV. in 1837, when it came into the possession of Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumberland, fifth son of George III., by virtue of the law regulating the succession in the Guelphic German dominions, which gives preference to the male branch.
George V., the son of Ernest Augustus, by the Princess Frederica Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz, was bom, May 27, 1 8 19. At an early age he lost his sight, and it was doubtful whether it would be possible for him, on account of his infirmity, to rule the kingdom. His father, however, took the precaution to have the question settled at an early period by a decree, ordering that all documents presented to the future sovereign, for signature, should be read to him in the presence of a committee of twelve witnesses, and countersigned by their secretary. He succeeded his father, Nov. 18, 185 1. During the fifteen years of his reign the prosperity of his country was greatly promoted by the establishment of docks and harbours at Harburg, Geestemunde, Emden, Leer, and Papenburg, and by the construction of numerous roads and railways ; while international commerce was benefited by the abolition of the Staden dues. During the war in the Crimea he remained neutral, and would not permit recruiting to take place in his dominions for the service of England. In the war which Prussia waged against Austria and the Germanic Confederation, he defended the confederation, and, accom- panied by his son, the crown-prince Ernest Augustus, led his army to the field and was present at the battle of Langensalza, which he won over a body of Prussians and Coburgers. On the following day, however, being siurounded by an army three times superior to his own in num- bers, he was obliged to capitulate. At the termination of the war, the kingdom of Hanover was annexed to Prussia by decree of Sept. 20, 1866, against which Bang Greorge protested before all the courts of Europe. Since the loss of his dominions King George has resided at EUetzing near Vienna. He is passionately fond of music,*and has composed several pieces.
He married, Feb. 18, 1843, Alexandra Maria^, the daughter of Joseph, duke of Saze-Alten- burg, and has issue : —
1. Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederick, bom Sept. 21, 1845.
2. Frederica Sophia Mary Henrietta Amelia Theresa, bom Jan. 9, 1848.
3. Mary Ernestine Josephine Adolphine Henrietta Theresa Elizabeth AJexandra, bora Dec. 3, 1849.
DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF HANOVER-
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HAYTI AND SAINT DOMINGO.
Thk island of St. Domingo, the second in extent of the West Indies, was disooTered by ColumbuB, in December, 1492. It remained a Spanish colony nntil 1630, when its western portion was captured by French bnccaneers. This portion becune a colony of France in 1677* and remained so till 1 79 1, when the black population revolted, and two years later massacred nearly aU the whites. Toussaant L'Ouverture, the chief of the insurgents, was recognised by the French Directory as general in chief of the troops in 1794. In 1795, the eastern part of the island was ceded to France by Spain. Toussaint L*Ouverture, however, attempted to establish an independent republic in 180 1, but, in the following year, was taken prisoner by the French who sent him to France, where he died shortly after. In consequence of a fresh insurrection raised by general Dessalines, a negro, the French evacuated the island in 1803. Dessalines was raised to power, October 8, 1804, under the title of Emperor, and styled James the First, and was assassinated, Oct. 17, 1806.
In 1808, the empire was divided into two parts; the blacks forming a monarchy under Chiistophe, a man of colour, who styled himself Henry I., king of Hajrti ; and the Mulattos constituting themselves a republic, under the presidency of Pethion. The latter was succeeded in 1818 by Boyer, who, at the death of Chiistophe, who committed suicide in 1820, was elected regent for life, over both States, and recognised by France in 1825. He was, however, deposed in 1843, "^hen St. Domingo declared itself a republic, and chose for its president Pedro Santana, who was recognised by France in 1848, and by Great Britain in 185a In March, 1861, during the presidency of Jos^ Valdevende, St. Domingo declared for annexation to Spain, and the offer was accepted by the Queen, on the 20th May. In 1863, it revolted against the Spanish authority, and after a war of two years, Spain renounced her sovereignty over the state by a royal decree, dated May 5, 1865, and the Spanish troops finally evacuated the countiy in September following. General Buenaventura Baez was then elected President of the Eepublic, but was driven away in consequence of a revolution organised by Pimentel in June, 1866 ; he returned, however, but the whole coimtiy revolted against him, and dvil war continued until March, 1869, when general Cabral, the ex-President, promised submission and fidelity to President Baez. The project formed by the latter of giving up the Bay of Samana to the United States aroused much discontent. By the latest intelligence from New York, dated January 10, 1870, it appears that Commissioner Perry is in treaty with President Baez for the annexation of St. Domingo to the United States.
Hayti, after the successive short reigns of several presidents, elected Greneral Soulouque who took the title of emperor, August 26, 1849, and styled himself Faustin I. His government having proved very tyrannical, an insurrection took place at Gronalves in December, 1858, when General Gre£&ard was proclaimed president of the republic of Hayti by the French provinces of Artibonite and the '^Nord." Greneral Greffrard appears to have governed with wisdom and moderation. In 1862 a conspiracy, at the head of which was General Legros, occasioned the condemnation to death of twelve persons whose sentence, however, was commuted by President Grcffrard into that of imprisonment. Another revolt occurred in 1865, under Salnave, which was suppressed, partly by the assistance of a British squadron, which, in consequence of an insult to the British consul by Salnave, bombarded the forts of Cape Hayti, after which the government troops took the place by assault, and Salnave made his escape to St. Domingo. Revolts occurred again in July, 1866, and in March, 1867, when President Greffraid abdicated and sailed for Jamaica. On the 1 6th June following, Greneral Salnave was elected president for four years. Another revolution began in July, 1868, since which time civil war has been chronic in the state. By the latest advices received from Hayti, we learn that President Salnave was captured, by the revolutionary party, and having been tried by court-martial, was shot, Jan. 10, 187a
HAYTI AND SAINT DOMINGO.
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HOLLAND,
The House of Naasan, although its early history may be open to some doabt, is certainly one of tiie most ancient and illustrious of Europe. Its genealogy can be 1a*aced to Otho, coun't o£ Nassau, a general in the army of Henry the Fowler, emperor of Germany^ Henry II., liis descendant, left two sons, Walram, from whom are descended the branches of Nassau, W'iee- baden, Weilberg, and Idstein ; and Otho the founder of the branch of Dillenfburg,' Orange, cuidl Siegen. William, called the elder, a descendant of the latter, shared the patrimony with liis brother Henry, obtaining for his portion the coimties of Nassau, DiUemburg, Beilstein, an<l Diest. It was he who introduced the protestant religion into his dominions. William, prince of Orange, one of his sons, became chief of the united provinces of the Netherlands in their struggle against Spain for independence, and was assassinated by Balthasar Grerard in 1 5S4.. At his death, the principality of Orange devolved successively upon his sons Philip Williaxn, who was a catholic and favoured the pretensions of Spain ; Maurice, stadholder of the Netherlands, and Frederick Henry, also stadholder. William II., the son of the last named, was the father of William III., who, by his marriage with Mary, the daughter of James IX., became king of England. Henrica Emilia, daughter of Frederick Henry, married Frederick William, count of Nassau Dietz, whose father, Ernest Casimir, count of Bietz, was the gAndson, and whose grandfather, John, count of Dillemburg, was the son of William the elder. From Frederick Henzy and Henrica Emilia followed, in the direct line, Henry Casimir, John. William, William IV., who became hereditary stadholder, and William V., who retired on the invasion of the French in 1 795. The House of Orange was restored in 1 81 3, when William, the son of the last mentioned, assumed the title of king of the Netherlands. He w^as succeeded in the direct line by William II. and the present king.
WiLLiAU (Alexander Paul Frederick Louis) III., the eldest son of William II. and Anne Paulo vna, the sister of the emperor Nicholas, was bom February 19, 181 7, and came to the throne, at the death of his father, March 17, 1849. During his reign the provisions of the ne^r constitution, which came into force shortly before his accession, have been carried out in a moet liberal spirit. Many important reforms have also been effected in the administration of the law, in the working of the post office, &c. A treaty has been concluded with Belgium for the abolition of the Scheldt dues, and many privileges, formerly exclusively enjoyed by the Dutch shipping interest, have been extended to traders of other countries. The finances, also, have reached so healthy a condition that the receipts have, for many years past, exceeded the expenses, the king, himself, having given an early example of economy, by considerably reducing the civil list, which in the budget of 1869 is put down at only 750,000 florins. Keligious equality is established in the Netherlands, and the king has allowed the court of Home to establish ecclesiastical dignities. The prosperity of the country has also been much enhanced by the construction of railways and canals, the draining of the lake of Haarlem, and various other important works.
In 1866 occurred a difficulty which threatened to kindle a war in Europe. Prussia having acquired a great accession of territory by her war against Austria, France, among other demands, insisted that no political union should continue to exist between Grermany and any territory belonging to the Netherlands, and, consequently, that the Prussian garrison should be withdrawn from the fortress of Luxemburg. Prussia, unwilling to accede to this demand, pretended, in a dispatch addressed to the Netherlands' government, that her troops occupied the town not only as a federal garrison, but by virtue of the treaties of 1816 and 1856 between Holland and Prussia. The Dutch government in its reply, however, declined to admit a solu- tion of the question which endeavoured to reconcile the dissolution of the German confederation with the presence of Prussian troops in Luxemburg, especially as Luxemburg had been declared a federal fortress as far back as 18 14 and 181 5. After much angry feeling had been excited, the matter was settled at a conference held at London, under the presidency of Lord Stanley, by the representatives of the powers who had signed the treaty of 1839, and it was agreed that Luxemburg should remain under the sovereignty of the house of Orange Nassau, that it should be neutral, and that its fortress should be demolished.
In September, 1868, the Koman catholic bishops published a declaration against the law of 1857, on public education, which law, however, the Chamber of Deputies refused to modify.
With regard to the late acts of the Dutch legislature it may be mentioned that, in December, 1868, a large majority in the Chamber of Deputies (53 to 8), voted against the abolition of capital punishment, and that the two chambers have since abolished stamps on newspapers.
King William III. married, on the i8th June, 1839, Sophia Frederica Matilda, daughter of William I. , king of Wxutemberg, and has issue : —
1. William Nicholas Alexander Frederick Charles Henry, prince of Orange, bom September
4, 1840.
2. William Alexander Charles Henry Frederick, bom Aug. 25, 185 1.
DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF HOLLAND,
CorirxB OF Nasbav,
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Conat of D«ll«abBrt
Brn^it Culmlr, Gwatfff iHoU.
SL PHILIP VILUAM, Pliaee of Oi«>|e, 183&.
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Frederick William, CkuBtofMuMtt-DMs.
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1810.
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AoMlte Mfttte d» Olotift AogwtB, Of Suo-Wobui-BiooMah, bm IMk
Vllhtlailiia Mmt 1884.
CInriM Alnmndor,
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ITALY.
HuHBiCBT L, viceroy of Aries and count of Maurienne/ the son of Berthold of Saxony, who lived in the eleventh oentnzy, is generally considered by genealogists to be the founder of the royal family of Savoy. Having obtained Chablais and the Vahus as a recompence for services ren- dered to Gennany in the field, he left the lordships of Savoy, Manrienne and the Valais to his son Amadeus, at whose death they came into the possession of his brother Otho, who, by his marriage with the daughter of the Marquess Manfred, had already acquired the marqueaaate of Susa with Turin, Pignerol, the valley of Aosta, and other places. Peter, the eldest son of Otho, dying without male heirs, the whole of the territory came into the possession of Amadeus XL, his second son. Amadeus II. was succeeded in the direct line by Humbert II.y Amadeus III., Humbert III., Thomas I., Amadeus lY., and Boniface. The last dying without male issue, his undo Peter took possession of the crown. Peter was succeeded by his next brother, Philip, archbishop of Lyons, at whose death, without issue, the crown descended to his nephew, Amadeus V., the second son of Thomas, an elder brother of Peter and Philip, who had died during the roign of Boniface. Amadeus Y., called the Great, added considerably to his dominions, and defended Bhodes against the Turks. After Amadeus Y. the succession fol- lowed in the direct line in the persons of Aymon, Amadeus YI., Amadeus YII., and Amadefos YIIL In the roign of the last mentioned. Savoy was erocted into a duchy by the Emperor Sigismund. Amadeus YIIL abdicated in 1434 in favour of his son Louis, and was afterwards elected pope under the name o£ Felix Y. In 1449 he renounced the tiara, and died in 145 1. Louis, his son, added parts of Kovara and other places to his territories. Amadeus IX., and Philibert I., followed in direct succession. The latter, who died at the age of seventeen, waa succeeded by his brother, Charles, then 14 years old. Charles conquered Saluzzo and Carma- gnola, and acquired the title of king of Cyprus by the will of Charlotte, widow of Louis of Savoy, his unde. He was succeeded by his son, Charles II., at whose death, in 1496, the line of Ama- deus IX. becoming extinct, Philip, the son of Louis, came to the throne, who was followed by Philibert IL and Charles III., his first and second sons, after whom followed in direct succeesiozi Emmanuel Philibert, Charles Eomianuel the Great, Yiotor Amadeus L, and Francis Hyacinth I. The last dying at the age of six, after a reign of one year, was succeeded by his brother, Charles Emmanuel II., in whose reign some of the most magnificent structures of Turin wero erected, and the passage was cut through Monteviso. Yictor Amadeus II. , the son of Charles Emmanuel II., followed, who, after the war of the Spanish succession, was made king of Sicily by the treaty of Utrecht in 1 7 13, but exchanged that title for that of king of Sardinia. In 1730 he abdicated in favour of his son, Charles Emmanuel III., by whom he was afterwards imprisoned, and died in 1 732. YictOT Amadeus IIL and Charles Enmianuel I Y. followed in direct succession. The former having joined with other powers of Europe to put down the French rovolution, lost Savoy, and the latter, after having been deprived of all his possessions with the exception of the island of Sardinia^ abdicated in 1802. Yictor Emmanuel I., his brother, succeeded, but Sardinia was incorporated into the kingdom of Italy in 1805, and romained part of the French empiro till the faU of Napoleon in 18 14, when Yictor Emmanuel was restored. The congress of Yienna re- estabUshed the limits of the kingdom of Sardinia as they had been in 1792. Yictor Emmanuel was succeeded in 1821 by his brother, Charles Felix, at whose death, without issue, in 1831, the crown devolved upon Charles Albert, the father of the present king of Italy, a descendant of Thomas Francis^ prince of Carignano, a younger son of Charles Emmanuel L
ITALY.
TicTOB Emmahuzl (Man* Albert Eugene Ferdimmd ThooiM) II. Is the boq of ChArles Albert Ung of SjtwiiTiia, and Queen Theresa^ the dftughter of Ferdinand, grand-duke of Tuscany, and vw bom March 14, 182a In 1849 he accompanied his father in the war against Austria, ami waa woonded at the battle of Goito. After the defeat of the Sardinian army at Novara. Maich 23, 1849, he succeeded to the crown by the abdication of his father. Allowing the idea of Italian unity to remain in abeyance for a time, he inaugurated his reign, under the able ndnistry of the Marquess d'Azeglio, and afterwards of Count Cavour, by accomplishing various importait internal reforms, such as establishing order in the finances, reorganising the anny, Ac. At Uie pR^xMal of Count Cavour, the privileges of the clergy were very much curtailed, and public education was taken out of the hands of the religious corporations, by whom it had hitherto Xxeai monopolised. On the loth April, 1855, he entered into a convention with Eng- land and France to assist in the war against Russia, and sent 15,000 men to the Crimea, under the command of General La Mannora, who greatly distinguished themselves at the battle cf the Tchemaya.
AboQt this time, the king lost within a short period, his mother, his wife, his brother, and his youngest diild, and he himself suffered a serious illness. The organs of the ultramontane paity both in Italy and France did not fail to attribute this to the wrath of heaven. The king, however, continued resolutely in his course. In 1857, Austria remonstrated against the attacks ol tiie free Sardinian press, but obtaining no satisfaction from Coxmt Cavour, diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken off, and it was felt that peace would not be of long duration.
In the autumn of 1858, Count Cavour paid a memorable visit to the Emperor Ki^leoa at Fknnbi^rea, at which the futare course of the French and Sardinian governments is considered to have been arranged. On the new year's day following, the emperor, at his reception, declared to the Austrian ambassador that the " relations between France and Austria were not so good as formerly." On the 30th January, 1859, the alliance between Sardinia and France was cemented by the marriage of the Princess Clotilda, the dau^ter of the king, with Prince Ni^leoD, the emperor's cousin. The king, in his speech at the opening of parliament this year, said that ** cries of woe had reached him from all parts of- Italy." Both Austria and Sardinia had, in the meantime, been increasing their forces and strengthening their positions to the utmost. Austria, however, began hostilities, on the 26th April, by crosBing the Ticino, and, on the following day, Victor Emmanuel took the field. The emperor of the French declared war against Austria, on the 3d of May, and he also joined his army. The allies were successful at Montebello, Palestro (where the king displayed great personal valour) Magenta, Malegnano, and finally at Solf erino, at which last battie the emperors of France and Austria^ and the king of Italy were present. Lombardy was then in the possession of the allies, and the war was brought to a dose, without any attempt being made on Venetian where the Austrians were exceedingly strong, by the emperor of the Vranch. and the emperor of Austria signing preliminaries of peace at ViUafranca, to Sardinia, The revolted states of Tuscany, Parma, Modena^ and Bomagna were soon after, at their request, annexed to Sardinia. The expedition of Garibaldi to Sicily and Naples, at first diplomatically disavowed by Count Cavour, afterwards received support from the Sardinian government, who sent an expedition through the territories of Umbria snd the Marches, lately taken from the Pope, and completed the conquest of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the capture of Gaeta. In the case of all these annexations the wishes of the people were ascertained by universal suffrage, and in a year and a half from the com- mencement of the Austrian war, Victor Emmanuel was in possession of the whole of Italy, with the exception of Home and the Venetian provinces, and took the titie of king of Italy, by virtue of a law passed 17th March, 1 861. The difficulty of the Italian government, after this, was to restrain the premature action of Garibaldi and his party, impatient for the annexation of the rest of the peninsula. Prior to the breaking out of hostilities between Austria and Prussia in 1866, the king of Italy had concluded a treaty of alliance with the latter country, and on the i8th June declared war against Austria, on the pretext that Austria had notified her inteatioii of defending the German confederation against Prussia. The king joined the army
ITALY.
on the 2l8t, leaving the govemment in the hands of the prince of Carignano. In the war which followed, the king's two sons, Humbert and Amadetus, displayed great braveiy, and the lat£er received a wound in the chest. The Italians took Borgoforte, and weie successful in some minor engagements, but were repulsed, with heavy loss, at Custozza, and were defeated at the naval battle of Lissa. Austria, however, being unsuccessful against the Prussians, ceded Venetia to France. In October following, France gave up Venice to a communal council of that city, and on the 4th November the king of Italy received a deputation from Venetia, transmitting to him the result of a popular vote, by which all the Venetian provinces declared their desire for annexa- tion to Italy. After this, the only portion of Italy not in the possession of the king was Borne, with its surrounding territory. There were, however, serious difficulties in the way of its acquisition. On the 15th September, 1864, the king had signed with the French govern* ment a treaty for the departure, within two years, of the French troops from Rome, in which he had guaranteed that the papal territory should not be attacked from without, and that Florence should be made the capital of his kingdom. The French troops, in consequence, had quitted Home in Dec. 1S66. The aspirations of the Italian people for the possession of Home had been put into form by a resolution which had been passed almost unanimously by the soiate and the chamber of deputies as far back as 186 1, to the effect that Rome ought to be the capital of Italy, but that it ought to be acquired by moral means. When, therefore, in Oct. 1867, Garibaldi published a proclamation in Florence, inviting the nation to join in an expedition against Rome, the Italian govemment, not wishing to lose popularity, took no measures to pre- vent him from carrying his scheme into execution. But matters did not turn out as they had done in Sicily and Naples. France immediately sent troops to assist the pope, and uphold the treaty of September, and Garibaldi was defeated at Mentana. The Roman question has since remained in abeyance, and the Italian govemment has, during the last two years, directed its chief attention to matters of finance.
King Victor Emmanuel, who from his personal uprightness, has acquired the well-deserved appellation of Rd Galantuomo^ married, on the 12th of April, 1842, Maiy Adelaide Frances Rainera Elizabelh Clotilda, the daughter of Rainer, archduke of Austria, by whom (who died Jan. 20, 1S55), he has surviving issue : —
1. Clotilda Maria Theresa Louisa, bom March 2, 1 843 ; married, January 30, 1859, to Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte.
2. Humbert Rainer Charles Emmanuel John Maria Ferdinand Eugene, prince of Piedmont, bom March 14, 1844 ; married, April 22, 1S68, to Maria Margaret Theresa Jane, princess of Savoy, who has issue : —
Victor Emmanuel Ferdinand Maria Januarius, prince of Naples, bom Nov. ii, 1869.
3. Amadeus Ferdinand Maria, duke of Aosta, born May 30, 1845 » niarried May 30, 1867, to Maria Victoria Charlotte Henrietta Jane, the daughter of prince Charles Emmanuel dal Pozzo della Cistema, and has issue : —
Emmanuel Philibert Victor Eugene Albert Genoa Joseph Maria^ duke of Apulia, bom Jan. 13, 1869.
4. Maria Pia, bom November 16, 1847 ; married, Oct. 6, 1862, to Louis, king of Portugal.
DESCENT OF THE KING OF ITALY.
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LUCCA.
LuocA, a small territory in the north of Italy, on the shores of the Mediterranean, at one time a Boman colony, passed under successive rulers imtil 1370, when it purchased its freedom of the emperor Charles IV. for 200,000 florins. After this it retained its independence until the invasion of the French, and was styled the most serene republic of Lucca, (La serenistrima Be- pubblica di Lucca). In 1805, it was united to Piombino, and formed into a principality by Napoleon I., who assigned it to his sister Eliza, the wife of colonel Bacdocchi. After the fall of Napoleon, the congress of Vienna created Lucca a duchy, and conferred it on Maria Louisai the daughter of Charles IV., of Spain, and widow of Louis, king of Etruria, and her children ; the conditions being that, should the duchess or her children come into possession of the duchy of Parma, or should the family become extinct, the duchy of Lucca should be united to the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany. Maria Louisa assumed the reios of government in 1818, and died March 13, 1824.
Chables Louis, her son and successor was bom 23rd December, 1 799. Being assured of one day obtaining the duchy of Parma, he does not appear to have taken a great personal interest in the affiiirs of the lesser state, the government of which he left to his ministers. After the death of the Marquess di Mansi, the finances of the duchy fell into apparently hopeless con- fusion, through the mismanagement of his successor, and the duke experienced much anxiety in consequence. He was extricated from his difficulty, however, by the administrative skiU of a young native of Yorkshire, who had entered his service as groom, and on whom he subsequently conf ered the title of baron. Baron Ward had a genius for diplomacy, and was, above all, an honest man. When the duke had discovered his merits, he left the management of affairs entirely to him. *' He consulted him (says Sir Bernard Burke in his Vicissitudes of Families) in many perplexed and difficult cases, and he invariably found such benefit from the advice of his new counsellor that hej)egan to regard him as almost infallible."
In 1838, the duke attended the coronation of the Emperor of Austria, at Milan, as king of Lombardy, and then proceeded to England to be present at that of Her Majesty Queen Vic- toria. In 1847, when it was dear, from the state of health of the archduchess Maria Louisa, that the sovereignty of Parma would soon devolve upon him, he ceded Lucca to Leopold, grand-duke of Tuscany, October 5, 1847 ; but his escape from the cares of state was not of long duration. Maria Louisa died on the i8th of the following month, when he was required to assume the sovereignty of Parma. Here again he was relieved from much trouble by baron Ward, who, according to the above-named authority, governed the Italian principality, although generaUy residing at Vienna^ where he was accredited Minister Plenipotentiary. When troubles arose in 1848, the duke established a regency, which was replaced by a provisional government a few days afterwards. He quitted the duchy on the 19th of April, renouncing the sovereignty in favour of his son, Ferdinand Charles, March 14, 1849.
Chables Louis, since his abdication, has resided principally on his Tuscan estate near Viaieggio. He married, September 5, 1820, Maria Theresa Ferdinanda Felicia Graetana Pia^ daughter of- Victor Emmanuel L, Idng of Sardinia, and had issue, one daughter, who died in infancy, and the above-named son Ferdinand Charles, who was bom Jan. 14, 1823, and assassinated, March 27, 1854.
Ferdinand Charles married Louisa Maria Theresa of Bourbon, the daughter of the duke of Berry, and had issue, Bobert Charles Louis Maria, heir to the families of Plantagenet, Stuart, Tudor and Bourbon, bom 19th July, 1848, and married (April 5, 1869) to Maria Pia» the daughter of Gfaetan^ count of Girgenti, Infant of Spain*
DESCENT OF THE DUKE OF LUCCA.
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MEXICO.
Bentto Juarez, the present president of Mexico, is descended from the Indian race of Tapatecos, and was bom in 1802. Although without the advantage of fortune, he was enikbl by his own efforts, to acquire a regular education. He graduated in the college of Oaxaca, studii law, and, in 1830, became a member of the Institute of Arts and Sciences of Mexico. Xn 18 he was elected member of the Chamber of Deputies, and successively held the important poets Professor of Canon Law at the Institute of Oaxaca, secretary to the Supreme Tribunal of Justi substitute judge of the same, civil judge of the first instance, and attorney-general of O In 1846 he became a member of Congress, where he advocated the secularization of ch: property. In 1851 he became president of the Supreme Court of Justice.
When President Comonfort was compelled to make way for President Zuloaga, in Janu 1858, Juarez, who was then chief of the constitutional party, refused to recognise the ne president, and established a government of his own at Vera Cruz. Civil war ensued, b without any important result during the presidency of Zuloaga. When Zuloaga was de in December, 1858, and General Miramon placed in power, the latter laid siege to Ve Cruz, but was obliged to retire to defend Mexico, which was threatened by the constitutio party. In April, 1 859, the government of the United States, which had previously reco; General Miramon, being imable to obtain the ratification of a treaty for placing the provin of Chihuahua and Sonora, situated on the highway to the Gulf of California, under the pro tion of the United States, transferred its confidence to Juarez, who made the concessions required. This was a triumph to the latter, who turned his advantage to account by at onco confiscating the property of the clergy, establishing civil marriage, carrying on the railwray from Vera Cruz to Mexico, and performing and promising many other important acts. In the meantime the civil war continued, but Juarez had the immense advantage of being well supplied with funds from the custom-house of Vera Cruz, while money was scarce in the treasury of his rivaL On the 2 2d of December, i860, General Miramon was finally defeated at the battle of San Miguelito, and Juarez entered Mexico on January 11, 1861. He immediately dismissed the officials of the previous government, expelled the representatives of foreign powers who had shown sympathy with General Miramon, and, after having been recognised by England and France, caused himself to be re-elected to the presidency, June II, 1 86 1. His difficulties, however, were not over. Depending for funds on forced loans, confiscations, and extortions of all kinds, and being, consequently, unable to meet his engagements, he passed a decree, on June lyth, 1 86 1, suspending for two years payments to creditors of the state. This violation of good faith. induced England, France, and Spain to combine in an armed expedition to enforce their claims. England and S])ain, having declared themselves satisfied with concessions promised to them, withdrew from the expedition, and France was left to carry on the war alone. Juarez made preparations for a stout resistance, and obtained a loan of 25,000,000 dollars from the United States, pledging as security several proWnces of Mexico. The French received a check at Puebla, but, after receiving reinforcements under General Forey, succeeded in occupying the country from the coast to the city of Mexico. Juarez, in the meantime, though obliged to fall back, never ceased to keep a semblance of government in some part or other of the Mexican territory. An assembly of notables having met at Mexico, July 8, 1863, to deliberate on the future form of government, decided — I. That Mexico should adopt a limited hereditary monarchy under a Catholic prince. 2. That the sovereign should bear the title of emperor. 3. That the imperial crown should be offered to the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria. 4. That, should the Archduke Maximilian be prevented from accepting the offer, the Emperor Napoleon III. should be requested to designate some other Catholic prince. A deputation was sent to the archduke at his seat at Miramar, who accepted the crown on the conditions that the whole Mexican nation should confirm the wishes of the capital, and that the integrity of the new empire should be sufficiently guaranteed. These conditions being obtained, he gave up his claims to the Austrian succession, and departed for Mexico. He arrived at Vera Cruz, May 28, 1864, where he was well received by the native population, and made his entry into the city of Mexico on the 12th of June following. The emperor initiated several reforms, and his reign, had it been permitted to continue, would doubtless have been a boon to the country. He was, however, engaged in a constant struggle not only with the supporters of Juarez, but with those of General Ortega, who claimed the presidency for himself. There were also other opponents to his rule, supported by bands of filibusters organised in the United States. After the departure of the French army, which was withdrawn at the beginning of 1867, he left Mexico at the head of all his available troops, and marched on Queretaro, which he reached on February 19. After a brave defence, this city was taken (May 15) by General Escobedo. The emperor was made prisoner of war, and on the 19th of June following condemned to death by a council of war, and shot, together with Grenerals Miramon and Mejia, notwith- standing the protests of the European powers.
Since the overthrow of the empire, President Juarez has had to contend against several serious insurrections raised by Martinez, Ortega, and Negrete, candidates for the presidency. In June, 1869, General Vega endeavoured to oigauise an independent confederation in the northern part of the republic.
SUCCESSION OF THE RULERS OF MEXICO.
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MONACO.
Situated npon the confines of Franoe and of Italy, the little state of Monaco Is bounded on the south by the golf of Grenoa^ on the north and east by Savoy, and on the west by the department of Yar. The sovereignty of this territory has been vested in the noble Genoese family of Grimaldi ever since the year 96S, when the Emperor Otho I. bestowed upon Grimaldi L the fortress and lordship of Monaco, from which he had expelled the Saracens. One of his descen* dants, Charles the Great, led the renowned Grenoese archers and perished in their discomfitoro at the battle of Cr^ in 1346. After having been since 1450 under the protection of Spain, Honorius II., in 1553, invoked the protection of Francis I. of France, but soon returned to his allegiance to the long of Spain, and fought valiantly at the battle of Lepanto ; Honorius XL, his grandson, in 1641, drove the Spaniards from his dominions, and by the treaty of P^ronne again placed them under the protectorate of France. For this act his Milanese and Neapolitan pooooo sions were confiscated by Spain, and he received from Louis XIV., as compensation for these losses, the duchy of Valentinois and other estates. The direct male line of the Grimaldi princes of Monaco became extinct upon the death of Prince Anthony, February 26, 1731, when the principality was carried into the house of Matignon by the marriage of his eldest daughter, Louisa Hippolyta, with Jacques Fran9ois de L^nor Goyon-Matignon, count of Torigny, who assumed the surname and arms of Grimaldi, and received the duchy of ValentinoiB upon his marriage in 1715.
United to France in 1793, by decree of the national convention, Monaco regained its inde- pendence in 18 14 under Honorius V., and by the treaty of Paris, November 20, 1815, was placed under the military protectorate of Sardinia. In 1848 the communes of Mentone and Boquebrune revolted against the authority of his brother and successor Florestan I., and demanded to be annexed to Piedmont. This was decreed by Charles Albert, king of Sar- dinia, September 18, 1848, and Mentone and Koquebrune were occupied by his troops, but upon appeal to France their annexation was suspended, and the Sardinian troops withdrawn. Florestan I., who in his younger days had been an actor at the theatre of the Ambigu-Comique, died at Paris on the 20th of June, 1856.
Charles III., Honorius, prince of Monaco, and duke of Valentinois, is the only son of Flore- stan I., prince of Monaco, by his wife the Princess Maria Louisa Caroline Gabriella Gibert de Lametz, who was bom, July 18, 1793, and is still living. He was bom on the 8th of December 1 81 8, and in 1853 endeavoured to excite at Mentone a public demonstration in his favour against his father. No sooner, however, was he recognised, than the people rose against him^ and he owed his safe escape to the national guard and Sardinian carabineers, who escorted him to prison and thence to Grenoa, where he was at once released.
He succeeded his father, June 20, 1856, and on the 2d of February 186 1 he ceded to France his sovereign rights over the communes of Mentone and Boquebrune, receiving as indemnity the sum of four million francs. These communes now form part of the department of the Alpes Maritimes. Monaco, with its beautiful ch&teau, and its casino, was alone reserved by Prince Charles, who resides for six months alternately there and at Paris.
Prince Charles married, September 28, 1846, Antoinette Ghislaine, countess of M^rode, who was bom September* 28, 1828, and died February 10, 1864, leaving issue an only son, Albert Honorius Charles, duke of Valentinois, a lieutenant in the French navy, bom November 13, 1848, and married September 21, 1869, to the Lady Mary Victoria Hamilton-Douglas, (6. 11 Dec. 1850), only daughter of William, late duke of Hamilton, Brandon, and Ch&telheraulty and the Princess Marie of Baden.
DESCENT OF THE PRINCES OF MONACO.
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PARMA.
PabmjL and Plaoentia. were erected into a duohj in 1545, in wliich year they were given by pope Paul III. to his natural son, Peter Louis Fameae, in whose family they remained until tho death of duke Antonio in 1731, when the male line of the Pamese dynasty became eztinot^ and their dominions passed to the house of Bourbon by reason of the marriage of Elizabeth Famese with Philip V. of Spain. Don Carlos, their son, succeeded duke Antonio, and in 1735 became king of the Two Sidlies, whereupon he ceded his duchy to the house of Austria^ in whose possession it remained until it was transferred by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, October 18, 1748, to Philip, brother of Don Carlos. In 1801, Louis, duke of Parma, was made king of Etruria, and the duchy united to France until April 18 14, when Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla-were conferred by the treaty of Paris on the archduchess Maria Louisa of Austria, wife of the emperor Napoleon I. The ex-empress Maria Louisa died December 17, 1847, and the dachy of Guastalla became annexed to Modena, whilst Parma and Placentia devolved upon Charles Louis, duke of Lucca, who resigned Lucca to the grand-duke of Tuscany, in accord- ance with the arrangements of previous treaties. Charles Louis was the son of Louis I., king of Etruria, whom he succeeded as Louis IL, May 27, 1803, but was deprived of his kingdom by Napoleon in 1807, whilst yet a child. Bom December 22, 1799, he succeeded to the duchy of Lucca upon the decease of his mother, the Infanta Maria Louisa, March 13, 1824. Ha assumed the dukedom of Parma as Charles IL, and after a short reign abdicated, March 14, 1849, in favour of his son, Ferdinand Charles, and has since resided at Yiareggio in Tuscany. Charles IIL reigned five years, during which his dominions were ruled from Vienna with remarkable intolligence and dexterity by baron Ward, who was at the same time prime miniHter and minister-plenipotentiaiy to Austria. Ward, although originally but a Yorkshire groom, had by his integrity and aptitude for business won for himself the confidence and esteem of Charles Louis, duke of Lucca, who made him a minister of state, and intrusted him with the absolute direction of state affairs. His talent for diplomacy was so great as to lead prince Mettemich to style him a " heaven-bom diplomatist." Grovemment by a foreigner, and with the moral support of Austria, caused, however, great public discontent, until at last the duke was stabbed in the streets of Paima^ March 26, 1854, and died from his wound on the following day.
BoBEBT (Charles Louis Maria of Bourbon), Duke of Parma and Plaoentiay the elder son of the late duke Charles IIL and Louisa Maria Theresa, daughter of Ferdinand, duke of Beny, was bom July 9, 1848. Being a minor at the death of his father, March 27, 1854, he succeeded to the dukedom under the regency of his mother, who immediately dismissed baron Ward, and governed the duchy until the outbreak of .the war in Italy, when the Parmesans established a provisional government, and compelled the duchess-regent and her son to retire into Switzerland, May I, 1859. The revolutionaiy movement proved successful, and Farina was made dictator until the annexation of Parma and Placentia to Sardinia was voted, September 12, 1859, and they were incorporated with that kingdom by the royal decree of March 18, 1 86a
The duchess Louisa, who was sister of the Coxmt de Chambord, died at Venice, Februaiy i, 1864. Duke Bobert, who now resides at Frohsdorf in Lower Austria, is presumptive heir to the most ancient dynasties of Europe. He will succeed the duke of Bordeaux as undoubted lineal heir of the royal house of Bourbon, and will be also heir of the ancient Celtic kings of Scotland, through the elder line of BalioL He is moreover co-heir of the Stuart, Tudor, and Plantagenet kings of Great Britain. He has one brother, Henry, count of Bardi, bom 12 Feb- ruary, 185 1, and two sisters, Margaret, bom I January, 1847, and married 4 February, 1867, to the Infant Don Carlos of Spain, and Alice, bom 27 December, 1849, and married January 1 1, 1868, to Ferdinand IV., grand duke of Tuscany.
DESCENT OF THE GRAND-DUKES OF PARMA.
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PERSIA.
The founder of the reigning dynasty of Perma was Agha Muhammad Khan Eajar who, after Persia had for many years been torn by civil war, acquired the sovereignty by his victory over Luft Ali Khan Zend in 1795. Agha Muhammad was assassinated in 1797, and succeeded by his nephew, Shah Fatah Ali, who, in his wars with Russia, lost most of his provinces on the Caspian, together with Erivan and the countiy of the Arazee. His successor was Muhammad, a grandson of Fatah Ali and father of Nasr Eddin, the present shah.
Nasb Eddin was bom in 1820^ and succeeded to the throne, October 13, 1848. From the geographical position of the Persian dominions it is ahnost impossible for a ruler of that country to avoid being swayed either by English or by Russian influence, and the present shah has doubtless, at different times, submitted to each. At the b^iinning of the war between Russia and Turkey he declared his neutrality, but, shortly before its dose, entered into a treaty with Russia. In the following year, in consequence of the occupation of Herat by Persian troops, the government of India declared war against him (Nov. i, 1856). After a few months' of hostilities, during which General Outram captured Karrack, Bushir, and other places!, a treaty of peace was signed, at Paris, by Lord Cowley and the Persian ambassador, in which ample satisfaction was given to England. The shah has had wars with several neighbouring states, and has lately been successful in an expedition against the Turcomans.
Shah Nasr Eddin has always shown a disposition to advance the welfare of his subjects by adopting, whenever possible, the civilisation of Europe. His army is drilled after the European method, a navy is in process of formation, and the electric telegraph has been intro- duced into his dominions.
The children of the Shah are—
1. Muzaffer-Eddin, heir apparent, bom in z85a
2. Djilal-Eddauleh, bom in 1853.
SUCCESSION OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA,
OF THE DYNASTY OF THE KAJARS.
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POPE PIUS IX.
OiovAinn Mabtai Fkbktti, Pofb Pius IX., was bom at Sinigsfflia in 1792, and educated at the College of Voltena. At the age of eighteen, beinf compelled, in consequence of bad health, to abstain as mudi as possible from mental labour, he left College, and, after a short period, entered the corps of noble guards in the service of the Pope. His health, howeyer, still oonttnu- ing bad, hh left the annj, and, having entered the Church, was made Archbishop of Spoleto in 1827, l^op of Imola in 183^ Gardmal in 1840^ and became Pope, at the death of Gregaarj XYL, in 1846.
]ffis first acts as Pontiff, while they filled most of the higher clergy and officials with dismay, greatly excited the enthusiasm of the populace, and, for a time, Pius IX. was the most popular man in Italy. He dismissed his Swiss Guard ; granted an unconditional amnesty to all peraoms suffering punishment for political offences ; named a commission to reform the law ; diminished the expenses of the court ; and ffranted a constitution, which was promulgated on the 14th March, 184JS. The liberal party, however, excited by the insuirectionazy movements in other states of Italy, and by the French revolution of February 1848, clamoured for conoessiaDS which the Government had never intended to make. One of the most earnest wishes of the people was that the Papal States should take an active part in assisting Lombardy and Yenioe to gain their independence. The Pope, on the other hand, unwilling to offend Austria, delayed giving way to the popular cry as long as possible, but at length sent an army of obsez^ation of 17,000 men under General Durando. Darando, disobeying his instructions, actively assisted the insurgents, in consequence of which his conduct was immediately disavowed by the Pope. Great agitation followed. Several ministers succeeded each other without allaving the discon- tent, the last of whom, Rosri, was assassinated on the steps of the Chamber of Deputies. An insurrection arose the day afterwards, and the Pope left his dominions for G^ta, m the teni- tory of the king of Naples.
A constituent assembly was elected at Rome by universal suffrage, which decreed the over- throw of the Pope as temporal sovereign, and proclaimed a democratic republic, Manrini, Armellini, and Saffi, being named triumvirs. The Pope, in the meantime, sought the asmst- ance of France, Austria, Spam,tmd Naples, and France hastened to respond to the call in order to be in the field before Austria ; the principal conditions being that a general amnesty should be proclaimed ; that the Grovemment should be secularised ; and that the law should be carried out according to the Code Napoleon. Rome was besieged and taken by the French, under General Oudinot. The Pope, however, did not return immediately, but sent three Cardi- nals, of known conservative principles, as conmiissionecs to rule in his name ; and it was not till the 4th of April that he re-entered his dominions.
When Sardinia, supported by France, declared war against Austria^ the integrity of the Roman States was guaranteed. The Emperor Napoleon even formed a scheme for establishing a confederation of Italian States, over which the Pope was to preside. A rising, however, took place in the legations, whidi ended in their being annexed to Sardinia ; and, notwithstanding the gallant efforts of the Papal army, chiefly raised for the protection of the Roman territory, and placed under the command of General Lamorici^re, little of that territory now reniAins in the possession of the Pope, besides Rome and Civita Yecchia.
By the convention of September 15, 1864, between the Emperor Napoleon and the King of Italy, the integrity of the Papal territory was again guaranteed. Florence was to be made the capital of Italy, and the French troops were to be withdrawn from Rome in two years. The troops were withdrawn by France, but the Italian government allowed General Garibaldi, in October, 1867, to concentrate his followers at Montana, with the view of creating a general rising for the purpose of effecting the annexation of the remainder of the Roman territory to Italy. The Graribaldini were encountered by the Papal troops, assisted by a French detach« ment sent by the Emperor to cause the convention of Septembcor to be respected, and completely routed.
Having mentioned the principal acts of Hub IX. as prince, it remains to state that, as pon- tiff, he established the Roman hierarchy in England in 1850^ signed a concordat with Austria in 1855 ; published the celebrated Encyclical letter in 1864 ; and is now occupied with the CEcumenical Council, which began its deliberations in December last.
In the arts and sciences Pius IX. is a most distinguished proficient ; his attainmenta in the chief European languages, and his memory with regiird to men and things, is far beyond the average ; while his beo^gnity and purity of life are admitted by the professors of all creeds.
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PORTUGAL.
Ih the win which Alfonio. Ung of Caatlle, waged agatmt the Moon, he was venr much UBbted by Heniy of BnignndT, a deioendant ox Hugh Capet, to whom, ai a reward for his senricet, he gare his natural daughter Theresa in marriage, with the government of the northern part of what now constitates the kingdom of PortogaL The son of Heniy, Alfonso Henriqnes, extended his territory bv conquest as far as the Tagua, and gained the memorable battle of Ourlqoe, in which he is said to hare defeated 300,000 men commanded bf^ flre Moorish kings. After the victory, which took place Jnlj 95, 1x39, he was hailed king by his troops, and from that date is reckoned the foundation of the Portuguese monarchy. Alfonso Henriques was succeeded by his son and his grandson, Sancho I. and Alfonso II., who both gained important victories over the Moon. Sancho II., the son of the latter, was deposed by Pope Innocent IV. owing to priestly intrigues, and to the influence exerted over him by his queen. He was succeeded by hii brother, Alfonso III., who added to his kingdom the province of Algarve. The sucoesson of Alfonso III., in the direct male line, were Denys— who founded the univenity of Cioimbra, formerly seated at Lisbon— Alfonso IV., Peter the Cruel, and Ferdinand I. On the death of the last, without male heln, the crown was claimed bj the husband of Beatrix, his daughter, John I., king of Castila By the Portuguese law of sueoea- sion, a daughter might succeed to the crown in default of sons, provided she were not murried to a foreigner. Beatrix, by her marriage having forfeited her right, the next in succession was Don John, King Pedro's legi- timate son, by Ines de Castro. As he, however, was in the captivity of the king of Castile, the cortee elected John, a natural son of Pedro, who promised to deliver up his authority to his brother if ever he should regain his freedom. John I., whose reign was distinguished by the maritime expedition, and geographical discoveries of his third son, Ftince Heniy, was succeeded in the direct male line by Edward, Alfonso v., and John II. The last dying without issue, the crown devolved on Emanuel, the grandson of Edward, in whoso reign took place the memorable expedition of Vasco da Oama to India, round the Cape of Good Hope. Emanuel was followed by his son, John III., who was succeeded bv Sebastian, his grandson. This prince, who had taken an army to Africa to asaiBt Mulev Mahomet to gain toe throne of Morocco was defeated, ana probably killed at the battle of Alcacarquivir, although his fate was involved in an uncertainty which enabled two or three pseudo-Sebastians to claim the crown. The only male of the royal family then surviving was Henry, a son of King Emanuel, and a cardinal, at whose death, after a reign of two yeara, the sovereignty was claimed by seven diiferent candidates. Philip II. of Spain, who claimed, in right of his mother Isabel, the eldest daughter of King Emanuel, succeeded, though not without the assistance of an army under the duke of Alva, which defeated the forces of Antony, prior of Crato— an illegitimate son of Louis, Emanuel's third son— who had been proclsimed king. Portugal remained in the possession of the kings of Spain, of the house of Austria, Philip II., Philip III., and Philip IV. for sixty yean, when the prindpial nobles succeeded in throwing off the yoke, and placing on the throne John, duke of Bngann» wno was descended from KJnfl^ Emanuel, and also from John I.
Portugal has been governed by the house of Braganxa to the present time, with the exception of a short period during which it was occupied by the French. The sovereigns of this family have succeeded in the following order :—
Alfonso VI , son of John IV., was dethroned and Imprisoned in 1667, and died 1683.
Pedro II. died in 1706.
John v., son of Pedro II., died 1750.
Joseph I., son of the preceding, in whose reign Portugal attained a high degree of prosperity, under the administrallon of his eminent minister the liarquis of PombaL died i777>
Mary I., the daughter of Joseph, married her uncle, I>on Pedro, (Pedro III.,} and governed jointly with him until she became Insane, in 1790, when her son,
John YL, became r^:ent, and at her death, in 1816, king. It was during his regency that Portugal was invaded by the French, and, being unable to offer any effective resistance, the royal familv took nfnge to Brazil. In 18x5 John vl. raised that possession into a kingdom, but the cortee insisting that ne should reside in Europe, he returned to Lisbon in i Sax, leaving Don Pedro the prince royal at Sio. The latter, in 1822, assumed the sovereignty of Brazil, and his title was recognised in 1825 bv the king of Portugal. At the death of John VI., March 10, 1820, the Emperor Pedro of Brazil was proclaimed king of Portugal, as Pedro lY., but immediately abdicated in favour of his eldest daughter, Maria da Gloria, who, it was agreed, should marry her undcL Don Miguel, who claimed the crown. Don Mlfuel, however, afterwaids refused to fulfil the agreement, and pro- claimed himself klnc of Portugal. This led to the civil war which resulted in the overthrow of Don Miguel, and the securo establishment of Donna Maria on the throne in 1834. Her immediate successor was Pedro v., who was followed by
Dom Luis I., (Louis Philip Maria Ferdinand Peter d' Alcantara Anthony Michael Baphael Gabriel Goniaga Xavler Fnncis a'AssIs John Julius Augustus Wolfaudus de Braganza Bdurbon), king of Portugal and of the Algarves, second son of the late Queen Donna Maria II. da Gloria, by her second marriage with the Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Cobuig-Coharv, was born on the 31st of October 1838. The troubled reign of Queen Donna Maria having ended with her death on the xsth of November 1853, the crown devolved upon her eldest son, who ascended the throne as Dom Pedro V., under the regen<rr of his father. King Ferdinand, he being then a minor. He visited England, Fnnce, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland, in company with his brother the duke of Oporto, the present sovereign, and mairied, in X857, the Princess Stepname of Hohenzollero Sigmaringen. Her untime^ death from diphtheria took place Jmj x6, 1859, and in Uttle more than two yean she was followed to the gnve by the king, who was carried off by gastric fever on the xxth of November 1861. He was succeeded on the throne by his brother, the duke of Oporto, as Dom Luis I., who was at that time a captain in the Portuguese navy. Like the late king he takes much interest in public affain, and has continued the government of his kingdom upon liberal constitutional principles.
Dom Luis married, on the 6th of October 1862, the Princess Maria Pia'(bom z6th October 1847), younger daughter of Victor Emanuel, king of Italy, by whom he has issue two sons :—
I. Charles Ferdinand, prince rovsl, bom September 28, 1863.
9. Alphonso Henry Ivapoleon, duke of Oporto, born July 31, 1865.
King Ferdinand, the father of the sovereign, was bom October 29, x8z6. He has recently declined to accept the crown of Spain, having previously nfused that of Gnece, which was offered to him upon the dethronement of King Otho.
DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF PORTUGAL.
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PRUSSIA.
The house of Hohenzollem, from which the present royal famfly of ProBsIa is desoended, is known to have existed, as far back as the year 800. Frederick Vfn. of Hohenzollem, having purchased the margravate of Brandenburg, was made Elector of Brandenburg by the Emperoi Sigiamund in 141 5.
In 1608, John Siglsmund, the ninth elector, by his marriage with Anne of Prussia, added to his dominions the duchies of Prussia, of Gleves, and of Juliers. The electorate suffered greatly during the thirty years' war which began 161S in the reign of George William, but recovered its prosperity by the prudent government of his successor, Frederidc William, called the Great Elector. Frederick William was succeeded by his son Frederick, who declared himself king of Prussia, and was, in return for great services rendered by him against Fhmoe, in the war of the Spanish succession, recognised as such by the Emperor Leopold in 1701. He was soo- ceeded by Frederick William I. in 1 713, by Frederick IL (the Great) in 1740, in whose reign were annexed Silesia and the provinces dismembered from Poland ; by Frederick William H., in 1787 ; by Frederick William III., in 1797; by Frederick William IV., in 1840; and by William L, the present king, in 1861.
William I. (IVederick William Lewis) king of Prussia, the second son of Frederick WHliam m., was bom on the 22d March, 1797. He entered the amy at an early age, and served in the campaigns of 1813 <^<^ 181 5. While presumptive heir to the crown he took an active part in politics, and sat in the fint Prussian Diet. During the troubles of 1848, being unpopulsf on account of his absolutist principles, he retired for a £ort time to England. On Ids return he was elected a member of the Prussian National Assembly ; soon afterwards he took the command of the troops sent by Prussia to quell the insurrection in Baden. During the Crimean war, the Prince of Prussia was veiy much opposed to the neutral policy adopted by his country. His accession to the throne took place at the death of his brotiier on the 2d A January, 1861, and he was crowned with great pomp at Kcenigsburg on the i8th of October following, when he declared that he held his crown from God alone. It had always been the ardent desire of King William — ^as it had been that of several of his ancestors — ^to raise the forces of Prussia to the highest possible pitch of power and efficiency ; and he had not been long on the throne before he began to cany his views into effect by vety considerably increasing the army and navy, and adding to the strength of the frontier defences. This policy, however, did not find favour with the representatives of the nation, and sucoessife Chambers of Deputies were dissolved for refusing to pass the budget for military expenses. At length the ministry, imder Coxmt Bismark — ^who had been recced from Pans on the emergency — Shaving induced the Chamber of Peers to lianction the expenditure, the king dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, declaring himself obliged to act without their consent. Great dissatisfaction arose, in *con- sequence, which was not allayed by the prosecution of several liberal journals, and the pub- lication of a decree suspending the liberty of the press. Public attention, however, was soon drawn from home matters to the troubles which were arising in Denmark, with regard to the succession to the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, and the relation of the latter to the Crerman Confederation. Those difficulties were solved by Austria and Prussia sending an anny to cany out their views, which, after a short campaign, brought Denmark to submission. A dispute, between Austria and Prussia, on the subject of the lUtimate disposal of Holstein, led eventually to the seven weeks' war of 1866, in which Prussia, assisted by Italy and seventeen of the states of Germany, obtained a complete triumph over her rival, and acquired the kingdom of Hanover, the electorate of Hesse, the duchy of Nassau, the principality of Hesse Homburg, the republic of Frankfort, the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenbui^, with portions of Bavaria and Hesse Darmstadt, besides her ascendency as chief of the N(»ih German Con- federation.
William I. was maxried on the i ith June, 1829, to Maiy Louisa Augusta Catherine, daughter of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe Weimar, and has issue : —
1. Frederick William Nicholas Charles, bom October 18, 1831, married to Victoria Adelaide Maiy Louisa, Princess Boyal of England ; and
2. Louisa Maiy Elizabeth, bom December 3, 1838, and married to Frederick William Louis^ the present Grand Duke of Baden.
PRUSSIA.
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RUSSIA.
Michael Fbodobovitz, the first czar of Baaaia of the house of Bonumof , from whom the preBent imperial is descended, was elected in 1 613. At his death the sucoeBsion proceeded, not always in regular order, as follows: — ^Alexis, his son ; Feodor, Ivan, and Peter the Ghreat, three sons of Alexis; Catherine I., the widow of Peter; Peter IL, his grandson; Anne, a daughter of Ivan, elected to the prejudice of Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great, to whom the crown should have devolved aocordinff to the will of her father; John of Brunswick, a great grandson of Ivan, and Elizabeth the above>mentioned, daughter of Peter the Great. The &rone of Russia then came into the possession of the present reigning family by the accession of Peter III., the son of Anne, daughter of Peter the Great and Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein €k>ttorp. Peter was murdered, and succeeded by his wife Catherine II., after whom followed his son Paul and his grandsons Alexander and Nicholas, the late emperor.
Alexander II., the son of the Emperor Nicholas and the Empress Alexandra Feodorowna^ the daughter of Frederick William III. of Prussia, was bom on the 29th April, 1S18. His education was superintended first by General Moerder, a Protestant, and afterwards by the poet Zhukovsky, his military training being, at the same time, attended to with the greatest care by his father himself. At the age of sixteen he attained his majority, but was subject for some vears afterwards to such severe discipline that his health suffered in consequence, and he was obliged to travel to recruit it. He visited Germany and made a long stay at the court of Hesse Dannstadt, where, in 1S41, he married the Princess Mary, daughter of the Grand Duke Louis.
Soon after his marriage, he endeavoured to gain popularity among the inhabitants of Finland by patronising the' Finnish Academy and establishing a professorship of Finnish language and literature. He also received the thanks of his father for tiiie care with which, as director of the military schools of the empire, he had caused the youth to be trained in the "true Russian feeling."
In 1850 he visited Southern Russia, and obtained the order of St. Greoige by his behaviour in a skirmish with the Circassians of the Caucasus.
Although he is said to have disapproved of the policy which led to the war with Turkey, he nevertheless continued the contest with vigour after his accession in March 1855, and swore "to persevere in the policy which his father had pursued." He, however, accepted peace as soon as the taking of Kais enabled him to do so without loss of digmty.
After the Crimean war he turned his attention to public education, and, by a decree of October 1855, abolished the restriction which limited the number of graduates in tne universities of Russia, anil also founded a chair of Eastern languages in the University of St. Petersbuxgh.
Notwithstanding several concessions made to Poland, a formidable insurrection broke out in that country, in 1861, which was not quelled till 1864.
In March 1861, the emperor performed one of the most important acts of his reign, by eman- cipating the Serfs to the number of about 23,000. This measure, which met with great opposi- tion from his principal counsellors, is due almost entirely to himself. The same boon was granted, after uie insurrection, to the Serfs of Poland.
In 1856, an attempt was made on the life of the emperor ; Earakasoff, the would-be murderer, was executed, and thirty other persons, said to have been his accomplices, wero imprisoned.
A war, of some montiis* standing, with the Emir of Bokara^ was settled in Nov. 1866^ and in May 1867 Russian America was sold to the United States for 7,200,000 dollars.
The Emperor Alexander, Inr his marriage with Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Mary, daughter of Louis II., Grand Duke of Hesse, has surviving issue —
1. Alexaxider, heir-presumptive, bom Maroh 10, 1845.
2. Vladimir, bom April 22, 1847.
3. Alexis, bom January 14, 1850.
4. Mary, bom October 17, 1853.
5. Sergius, bom May 1 1, 1857.
6. PaiU, bom October 3, i860.
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Ebhbst n. ( Augnrtufl Ernest GhtfleB John Leopold Alexander Edwaxd) Doke of Saxe-Coborg Goilia^ the elder son of the late Dnke Ernest I., by the Princess Loiuse, only daughter of Angostiis, last reigning doke bat one of Saxe-Qotha Altenboig, was bom at the docal palace at Ooboig, on the 2i8t of Jnne, 1818. His childhood yna passed in the constant oompanionBhip o€ his younger brother Albert, the late Prince Consort. The marriage of their parents not having been a happy one, a separation took plaoe in 1824; and the duchess never saw her children again, bnt their youth was watched over with the most devoted love and care by their grands mothers, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Cobuig^Saalf eld, and the Dowager Duchess of Saze- Gotha-Altenburg. When Prinoe Ernest was five years old, they were entrusted to the care of a tutor, Herr Florschllts of Coburg, who fulfilled his task with much suooees. He completed his education at the University of Bonni where he made a special study of political economy. In 1836 he travelled in Belgium, France, and England, in company with his brother, who 00 this occasion first met the Queen, then Princess 'Viotoriar He afterwards visited Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Africa.
He succeeded his father, January 29th, 1844 ; and In 1846 anticipated the wants of his peopio by granting a liberal constitution to the two duchies, owing to which the critical period of 184S and 1849 passed over without disturbance in his dominions. In 1849 he had command of a division of the federal army in. the war against Denmark, and to him was due the victory at Eckemfoerde. After the dissolution of the Qermanic ooof ederation^ the duchies of Saxe- Goboig and Gotha became incoiporated in the North Cierman Confederation, the ducal szmy being placed under the command of the King of Prussia.
Duke Ernest has always had a great fondness for the arts and sciences ; music, especially, has been with him a favourite study from his childhood, and he has attained considerable success tm a composer. Several of his operas have been well received, not only at Grotha, but in other towns of Germany. One of them, CoiOdOf translated into French, has been performed at Brussels, and another, Santa ChiarOf appeared in 1855, at the grand opera at Paris. Among his other musical compositionj^ one of the most important, is a cantata for soprano and baritone with choruses and orchestral accompaniments, entitled Immer Liebe, the words by Amot.
The duke married, on the 3d May, 1842, Alexandrina Louisa Amelia Frederica Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of Leopold, late Grand Duke of Baden.
The Prince of Wales, having resigned hia rights on the 19^1 April, 1863, Prince Alfred of England is heir presumptive to the ducal throne.
DESCENT OF THE DUKES OF SAXE^OBURG^OTHA.
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SAXONY.
Whkv fhe familj of Albert fhe Bear, Marqneis of Salzwedel, to which the dnchj of Saxonj had belonged, became extinct by the death of Albert III. in 1439, the dochy with the title of elector was conferred by the Emperor Slgismund on Frederick the Warlike, margrave of Munia (Meisien), supposed to have been descended from Wittikind, the leader of the Saxons In their wan against Charlemagne. IMerick was succeeded by his son Frederick the Good, at whose death, In X464, the territory was divided between his two sons, Ernest and Albert. From the former are descended the families of Saxe-Altenbuxg, Saxe-Cobnrg-Gotha, Saxe-Mein> nigen, and Saxe-Welmar, and from the latter the present royal house of Saxony. Ernest succeeded to the electoral dignity, which after him devolved succesuvely on his two sons Frederick the Wise and John the CJonstant The latter was succeeded by John Frederick, his son, who, havinc headed the Protestant league of Bmalkald, was placed under the ban of the Empire and deprived of the electorate, which was transferred to Maurice, margrave of Mlanla, grandson of Albert Maurice was a great supporter of the Protestant cause, uid concluded with the Emperor Charles V. the convention of Passau, whlcn secured religions liberty to the Protestants of Germany. At his death, the electorate devolved on nls brother Augustus, in whose reign his cousin John George, at the tnstigaUon of an adventurer named Grumbach. lud claim to the electorate, and attempted to raise a revolt against the Emperor Maximilian II. On the refusal of John George to give up Grumbach, Augustus was ordered by the emperor to enforce the demand, which he did by taking Gotha, putting Grumbach and others to death, and sending John George captive to IHenna. Augustus was succeededf by his son Christian, whose two sons, Chriatlim and John George, followed in succession. After John George, the electoral crown descended, in the direct line, through John (reorge XL, John George UI., and John George IV., who was succeeded by his brother Frederick Augustus, who became king of Poland. The last was succeeded in the direct line by Frederick Augustus II. . who also obtained the crown of Poland, Frederick Qiristian and Frederick Augustus, on whom the Emperor Napoleon conferred the tiUe of king, with great accessions of territory, a large portion of which, however, was ceded to Pmnia by the congress of Vienna. Frederick Augustus was succeeded by his brother, Antony Clement, who, dying without male issue, was succeeded bv his nephew, the late king, Frederick Augustus n., the son of Duke Maximilian, who renounced his claim to the throne.
John (Nepomnoene Maria Joseph), the present king of Saxony, is the younger son of Duke 'M'«^'^m"*%Ti and CaroUne ICaria Theresa, daughter of FenUnand, Duke of Parma, and was bom December xath, z8ox. His education was superintended by General Forell, Baron Weisenberg, and General Watzdorf. In X821 he waa appointed a member of the College of Finance, of which he subsequently became vice-president. After the events of x8to, he became president of a commission to maintain public order, and commander of the dvie guard. Bv the new constitution of the kingdom, which he had assuted in drawing up, he acquired a seat in the first chamber as prince of the blood, where, besides taking an active part in the debates, he proposed several Important reforms in the penal and criminal codes whi<m were adopted by the Diet. Since his aceee- sion to the throne, August gth, 1854, he has Introduced several liberal measures and much improved the administration of justice by appointing justices of the peace throughout his dominions, notwithstanding tiie opposition of the nobility, jealous of their own prlvilegra. In the Ensslan war his sympathies were entirelj with the car. When Prussia and Austria, after the Danish war, submitted to the German diet the conven- tion of Gasteln, one clause of which secured Lauenburg to Prussia, in consideration of a sum of money to be pitid to Austria, the king of Saxony protested and asserted his own pretensions to that duchy. In November 1865, the king concluded a treaty of commerce with Italy, and formally recognised that kingdom. In June x866, when Austria declared against the legality of the Prussian occupation of Holsteln, and proposed the intervention of the Confederation and the mobilisation of the federal army, Saxony was one of the powers which supported the motion. After the conclusion of the German war, the king of Saxony did not Imme- diately accept the Invitation of Prussia (dated July x6th, 1866) to form a new confederation, but concluded a separate treaty with that power on the 21st October following, by which it was settieid that Saxony ■homd become a member of the North German Confederation and pay ten millions of thalers, and thAt her troops should be Incorporated with the confederate army imder the king of Prussia.
The king of Saxony has a great taste for literary and archssologlcal pursuits. In 1824 he became president of the Soclel^ of Antiquaries of Saxony, and in 1852 and 1853 presided at the German Society of History and Antiquities. He has published a translation, in blank verse, of Dante's Divina Commedia, under the peea- donvm of PhUalethes, and a history of Romagna fh)m 1274 to X304.
King JoELir married, on the axst November 1822, Amxlia. Augusta, the daughter of MitTtwinuw Ung of Bavaria, and has Issue—
X. Frederick Augustus Albert Antony Ferdinand Joseph Charles Maria Baptist Nepomueene WUllam Xavler George Fidelia, bom April 23, 1828. Married, June x8, 1853, to C^uroUne Frederlca Frances Stephanie Amelia CecUla, daughter of Prince Gustavus Vasa, born Aug. 5, 1833.
a. Mary Elizabeth Maximlliana Louisa Amelia Frances Sophia Leopoldina Anne Baptista Nepomucena, bora Feb. 4, 1830. Married, April 22, 2850, to Ferdinand Marui Albert Amadeus Phillbert Vincent prince of Sardinia.
3. Frederick Augustus George Louis William Maximlltan Charles Maria Nepomueene Baptist XAvier Cyriacus Bomanus, bom Aug. 8, 1832. Married, May iz, 1859, ^ Mary Anne, daughter of Ferdinand, king of Portugal, bora July 21, X843, '^^^ ^^** Issue—
z. Matilda Mary Augusta Victoria Leopoldina Caroline Louisa Frances Josephine, bom March 19, zSdj.
3. Frederick Augustus John Louis Charles Gustavus Gregory Philip, bom May 25, 1865.
3. Mary Josepha Louisa Philipplna Elizabeth Pia Angelica Margarita, born luiy 31, 1867.
4. John George Pius Chades Leopold Maxia Janoarius Anaoletua, bom July xz, 1869.
DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF SAXONY.
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SPAIN.
Spaiv, formed into one kingdom in 1512 by the union of Leon and Castile with Aragon, at the marriage of FeidLoand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, and by the subsequent conqnest of Granada and Navaixe, was rolod by Ferdinand the Catholic nntil his death in 15 16, when the crown devolyed npon the hoase of Austria in consequence of the marriage of Joanna of Castiley the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, with the archduke Philip of Austria. The archduke Charles, their son, ^succeeded FertUnand upon the throne of Spain, and in 1519 became the emperor Charles V. of Germany. He resigned the Spanish crown in 1556 to his son, Philip II., and it continued in the Austrian line until the decease, without issue, of Charles IL in 1700, who by his will nominated as his successor Philip, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of France, the first sovereisn of the Bourbon dYnasty, whose rule has lasted until the present time, excepting only the brief period from 1808 to 1813, during which time the throne was occupied by Joseph Bonaparte.
Isabella II., (Maria IsabdUa Louisa), Queen of Spain, is the elder daughter of the late king Ferdinand VII., by his fourth wife, the princess Maria Christina Ferdmanda, ^who was bom April 27, 1806, and is now the wife of Fernando Mufioz, duke of Rianzarte\ second daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. She was bom at Madrid, October 10, 1850, and when only three years of age, September 29, 1833, succeeded her father on the throne of Spain, the Salic law having hem. abolished by the late king in her favour by the pragmatic sanction of March 29, 1830, to the exclusion of her uncles, Don Carlos and Don Francisoo. During her minority the regency was assumed by queen Christina^ who immediately found herself involved in the war of succession with the adherents of Don Carlos. The civil war lasted for seven years, when Don Carlos took refuge in France, and in October 1840 queen Christina resigned her power into the hands of marshal Espartero, who was soon after declared by the Cortes regent during the queen's minority. Insurrections in favour of the queen-mother broke out in various towns, but were quelled, imtil at length a successful revolution drove Espartero fnmi office in July 1843. Isabella, although only thirteen years old, was declared by the Cortes to be of age, November 8, 1843, and mMshal Narvaez appointed president of the ministry. This was followed by the return of queen Christina, and the marriages of the queen to her cousin, Don Frandsco d'Assisi, and of her sister the Infanta Maria Louisa to Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, fifth son of Loms PhiUppe, king of the French, on the loth of October 1846, — events that caused a serious disturbance of the friendly relations of this countiy with France and Spain. In May 1848 the British envoy, Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer, was ordered to leave Madrid, and diplomatic intercourse was not resumed until April 1850. In January 1851 marnhal Narvaez resigned, and ministerial changes followed in quick succession. An attempt was made, February 2, 1852, by a Franciscan monk, named Merino, to assaaBinate the Queen, as she was going to the church of Atocha at Madrid, but she escaped with only a slight stab. This led to reactionary measures, and in July 1854 a military insurrection again placed Espartero in power. He retained office until July 1856, when a new cabinet was formed by Tn*"i>ift1 O'DonneU, by whom the war with Morocco that broke out in October 1859 was successfully ended in March, i860. O'Donnell resigned in February 1863, but, after frequent changes and conspiracies, returned to office in June 1865. January 1866 was marked by a military insurrection at Aranjuez led by general Prim, which was the prologue to the more serious outbreak that occurred at Madrid on the 22d of June, and which was not sup- pressed without much bloodshed. This caused the resignation of O'Donnell and the recall of Narvaez, at whose death, April 23, 1868, a new ministry was formed by Sefior Gonzalez Bravo. The severe and repressive measures adopted against the reactionists, &e abolition of the free- dom of the press, and other causes, lighted the fires of revolution. On the 1 8th of September 1868, admiral Topete hoisted the insurgent flag in Cadiz Bay, and was immediately jdned by mjffshal Serrano and general Prim, who had been, in former days, loaded by favours from the queen. In eleven days the revolution triumphed, and on the 30th of September, queen Isabella left San Sebastian to seek an asfylum in France. The throne was the same day declared vacant^ and a provisional government established, which at once reversed the policy of the late govern- ment. A new constitution was promulgated, June 6, 1869, and the monarchical form of government thereby continued. Meanwhile, until the succession to the throne may be decided, the government of the country is carried on by marshal Serrano, duke de la Torre, as regent, who was sworn into office June 18, 1869, and is aided by a ministry of which general PrLn is president.
Queen Isabella, who has since taken up her residence in the Avenue du Roi de Rome at Paris, was married, October 10, 1846, to her cousin Don Francisco d'Assisi Maria Fernando, duke of Cadiz, eldest son of the Infant Don Francisco de Paula^ who was bom May 13, 1822, and by whom she has surviving issue : —
1. Maria Isabella, bom 20 December, 1 851, and married I4 May, 1868, to prince Gaetano
Maria Federico, count of Girgenti, brother of the ex-kin^ Francis II. of the Two Sidliea.
2. Alfonso Francisco Pelayo Fernando Pio Juan de Maria de la Concepcion Gregorio, prince
of Asturias, bom 27 November, 1857.
3. Maria del Pilar, bom 4 June, 1861.
4. Maria de la Paz, bom 23 June, 1862.
5. Maria EulaUa, bom 12 February, 1864.
DESCENT OF THE QUEEN OF SPAIN.
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SWEDEN AND NORWAY.
Chablbb XV. (Cliarles Louis Eugene), King of Sweden and Norway, of the Goths, and of the Yandals, was bom on the 3d of May 1826. He is the eldest son of the Ute king Oscar L, hy his queen, the ptinoess Josephine MaTimiliaTia Eugenie, (who was bom Maich I4ih, 1807, and is still living), eldest daughter of Eugene de Beauhamai% viceroy of Italy, and afterwards duke of Leuohtenberg. He is grandson of the celebrated marshal Bemadotte, who reigned over these kingdoms as Charles XTV. John. The kingdoms of Sweden and Norway were muted in 1 814, in which year Norway, which had belonged to Denmark since 1397, was ceded to Sweden by the treaty of £ieL Marshal Bemadotte^ prince of Ponte Corvo^ was the first sovereSgn of the reigning dynasty, having been in 1810 elected crown-prince and presumptive heir to king Charles XHI., who had no children. The aged king at once transferred to him the cares of government, and he succeeded to the throne upon the death of Charles XIII. on the 5tli of February 1818. He was succeeded, 8th March 1844, by his son Oscar, who governed until September 25th, 1857, when illness compelled him to transfer the reins of government to his son, the present soTereign, who was appointed regent. He ascended the throne upon the decease of his father, on the 8th of July 1859, and was crowned at Stockholm, May 3rd, and at Trondhjem August 5th, x86o. His reign has been hitherto peaceful, notwithstanding the dose pxozimitj to his kingdoms of the seat of war in Schleswig and Holstein in 1864, and the sympathies of bis subjects with the Banes in their desperate struggle with Austria and Prussia to retain pos- session of those duchies. Some of the most important events, since 1809, in the history of the kingdom have taken place during the sway of king Charles XY. These are, a fundamental change in the constitution by the establishment of a parliament composed of two elective cham- bers, the estabHshment of free-trade, the de fcbcto abolition of capital punishment, and the greatly extended liberty of consdence. His Majesty is an artist and poet of considerable abQity and in 1868 published " Id^ et B^flezions sur les mouTcments de la Taotique modeme."
He married, June 19th, 1850, the princess Wilhelmina Prederica Alexandra Anna Louin of Orange, bom 5th August 1828, elder daughter of prince William Frederick Charles of the Netherlands, by whom he has an only daughter, Louita Josephine Eugenie, who was bom on the 31st of October 185 1, and married the crown-prince of Denmark, July 28th, 1869. The heir presumptiye to the Swedish and Norwegian crowns is his next surviving brother, the prinoe OKar Frederic, duke of Ostrogothia, who was bom January 21st, 1829, and married June, 6th, 1857, the princess Sophia Wilhelmina Mananna Henrietta, (bom 9th July 1836), youngest daughter of William, late duke of Nassau, by whom he has issue, —
1. Oscar QutUxmu Adolphus, duke of Wermland, bom i6th June 1858.
2. Oiear Charles Augustus, duke of Gothia, bom I5ih Nor. 1859.
3. Oscar Chaviiu William, duke of Westrogothia^ bom 27th Feb. 1861.
4. Eughhc Napoleon Nicholas, duke of Nericia^ bom ist Aug. 1865.
DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF SWEDEN.
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TURKEY.
Thb Turks are desoended from a tribe of Tartan which, in the middle of the eighth century, settled in Armenia, and afterwards spread over a great part of Asia Minor. Li 1298, their dominions were united into a single state by Othinan, one of their chiefs, who assumed the sovereignty under the title of sultan, and whose family rules in Turkey at the present day. The Turks rapidly increased their dominions at the expense of the declining empire of the East, which was finally overthrown by the taking of Constantinople in 1453, by the seventh sultan Mahomet II. After this the Turkish empire continued to extend itself, and by the middle of the sixteenth century included Greece, a part of Italy, Egypt, Syria, the islands of the Archi- pelago, Bhodes, and Cyprus. In 1571, Turkish conquest received a check at the battle of Lepanto, where the navy of Selim was destroyed by the combined fleets of Spain, Venice, GenoA^ Malta^ and the Pope, under the command of iDon Juan of Austziik In the course of the follow- ing hundred and fifty years the Turks took Candia and retook the Morea, but also sustained serious reverses, and before the middle of the eighteenth century their power began to decline. Their fleet was defeated by England and Russia in 1770. The Russians took the Crimea in 1784, and Turkey suffered greatly in a war with Austria and Russia in 1787-91. In 1807, she was again engaged in hostilities with England and Russia^ which ended in the treaty conduded with Russia at Bucharest in 1812, by which it was stipulated that the river Pruth should be the boundary of the two empires. In 1821 b^^an the movement in Greece to throw off the Turkish yoke, which resulted in the independence of the Greek nation in 1829. The years 1828-29 were occupied by another war with Russia. In 1831, the Pacha of Egypt revolted against the sultan, took Acre, and advanced to within eighty leagues of Constantinople. The sultan then invoked the assistance of Russia. The differences between the sultan and his vassal were settled by the interference of the western powers, who induced the sultan to make the pashalic of Egypt here- ditary in the family of Mehemet-AIL In 1853 arose the dispute between the Greek and Latin churches as to tbe possession of the holy places in Palestine, which led to the last war with Russia^ in which Turkey was assisted by England, France, and Sardinia. I>uring the war with Russia, an insurtectaon arose in Epirus and Albaida, whidi was fomented by the Greek govern- ment. Hostilities took place, in consequence, between Greece and Turkey, to stop which England sent troops to the Pineus, upon which the long of Greece promised to observe strict neutrality. In i860, in consequence of a great massacre of Christians at Damascus, principally by the Druses, France sent an army whidi, toge^er with Turkish troops under Fuad Pacha, attacked them and compelled them to deliver up their chiefs, several of whom were condemned to die. In the following year (June 25), the late sultan Abdul Medjid died, and was succeeded by his brother.
Abdul Azis, the present sultan, is the second son of Sultan Mahmud, and was bom on the 9th February 1 830. He is well acquainted with the English and French languages, and with the politics of the day. He began his reign by many important reforms. He reduceid the dvil list from 70,000,000 to 12,000^000 piastres ; recognised the equality of all his subjects, of what- ever religion ; and declared his intention of having but one wife. His general, Omer Pasha, completely put down a serious insurrection in Montenegro, and a more formidable rebellion in Candia was also quelled, notwithstanding the assistance continually afforded to the Cretans by bands of volunteers organised in Greece.
Abdul Azis appears fully to possess the ci^Munty of iwMTifauntng unaided his sovereignty in his own dominions, and has shown his determination to resist any undue assumption of inde- pendence on the part of his powerful vassal, the pasha of Egypt.
His children are —
1. Yussuf Izzeddin, bom Oct. 9, 1857.
2. Sultana Salih^, bom Aug. 10^ 1862.
3. Mahmud Djemil Eddin, bom Nov. 20, 1862.
4. Mechmed Selim, bom Oct. 8, 1866.
5. Abdul Medjid, bom June 27, 1868.
DESCENT OF THE SULTAN OF TURKEY
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TUSCANY.
Thb powerfnl medisBTal republic of Florence, wliich anciently formed part of the Lombard kingdom, and rose in the fifteenth century under the government of the Medici to be the fore- most of the Italian republics, was made a duchy in 1 531, and Alessandro de' Medici became its first duke. He was succeeded m 1537 by Cosmo de' Medici, ^umamed the Great, who was invested by pope Pius V. with the title of grand-duk^ of Tuscany, August 24, 1569. The Medici dynasty became extinct upon the death of G-iovanni Gastone, the seventh grand-duke, July 9, 1737, and Tuscany was given by the treaty of Vienna to Frands^ doke of Lorraine, the husband of the empress Maria Theresa, who became in 1745 emperor of Germany. Upon hia decease in 1765 Tuscany was inherited by his second son, Leopold, who also became emperor of Germany in 1790, and thereupon transferred the grand-duchy to his son Ferdinand, who was expelled by the French in 1801, and his states merged in the new kingdom of Etruria. Etruria was in turn engulphed by France in 1807, and Eliza Bonaparte, eldest sister of the emperor Napoleon, and wife of prince Baociocchi, made Grand-Duchess of Tuscany in 1809. Upon the abdication of Kapoleon in 1814, Ferdinand IIL was restored to his dominions, and effected many judicious reforms. He died June 18, 1824, and was succeeded by his son, Leopold II., who was bom October 3, 1797, and continued the conciliatory measures of his father. The duchy of Lucca was ceded to Tuscany in 1847. In February 1849 an insurrection at Florence drove Leopold from his capital, but he was restored by the aid of Austrian troope, and thenceforward adopted a retrograde policy, which eventually resulted in his departure from Florence, April 27, 1859, and the formation of a provisional govenmient. On the 21st of July 1859, he abdicated in favour of his son, prince Ferdinand, and died at Borne, January 28, 1870. He was distinguiahed by great love for literature and art, and Florence owes to him much that has rendered her so fascinating to the artist, connoisseur, and man of letters.
FsBDiNAiTD rV. (Salvator Maria Joseph John Baptist Frauds Louis Gonzaga Eaphael Bainer Januarius), Grand-Duke of Tuscany and Archduke of Austria, is the eldest son of the grand-duke Leopold II., and of his second wife, the princess Maria Antoinette Anne, ((. 19 December, 1 8 14,) daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. He was bom June 10, 1835, and succeeded his father by virtue of his act of abdication, July 21, 1859, but the con- stituent assembly of Tuscany dedared against the house of Hapsburg-Lorraine, and voted for annexation to Sardinia. The grand-duchy of Tuscany was united to the dominions of the king of Sardinia by the royal decree of March 22, i86<5, against which act the grand-duke in vain protested, and Florence was made the capital of the newly-created kingdom of Italy, December II, 1864.
The grand-duke Ferdinand IV. has been twice married; first, November 24, 1S56, to the princess Anne, daughter of John, king of Saxony, who was bom January 4, 1836, and died February 10, 1859, leaving issue a daughter, Marie Antoinette, b. 10 January, 1858 ; secondly, January 12, 1868, to Alice, yoimger daughter of Charles IIL, late duke of PanDa, who was bom December 27, 1849, and is sister of Bobert, duke of Panna and Placentia.
DESCENT OF THE GRAND-DUKES OF TUSCANY.
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TWO SICILIES.
Thb kixigdomfl of Naples and Sicily, first united In 1085 under count Boger L, continued, under one Bovereign until the deposition in Sidly of Charles of Anjou in 1282, by the revolutioBi well known as the ** Sicilian Vespere." Sicily then fell under the dominion of Spain, and to this power the kingdom of Naples also became subject in 1503, under Ferdinand the Catholic. They remained in this condition until 1707, when Naples, and in 17 18 Sicily, came into the possession of the archduke Charles of Austria^ afterwards the emperor Charles VL of Grer- many. He did not however retain them long, bat surrendered them to Spain in 1754, when. Charles, son of Philip V., king of Spain, was made king of the Two Sidlies, and they became Tested in the Bourbon dynasty. The Two Sicilies were again separated in 1806^ when the emperor Napoleon placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne of Naples, and Ferdinand IV. retired to Sidly. In 1808 Joseph Bonaparte was transfened to Spain, and the Neapolitan crown was conferred by Napoleon on his brother-in-law, Joachim Murat. The Bourbon dynasty was restored in 1815, when Ferdinand IV. re^isoended the throne as Ferdinand I., king of the Two Sicilies. He died January 4, 1825, and his descendants reigned over tliese kingdoms until they were meiged into the kingdom of Italy in 1861.
Fbakcis IL (d'Assifll Maria Leopold), King of the Two Sicilies and of Jerusaleniy is the eldest son of the late king Ferdinand II., by his first marriage with the princess Maria Ckria- Una Caroline Josephine Gaetana Eliza, daughter of Victor Emmanuel I., king of Sardinia. He was bom January 16, 1S36, and succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father, May 22, 1S59* Si'^i^ hopes that he would rule his kingdom with greater regard for the wishes ol his subjects than had been the policy of his predecessor. These expectations were howeyer not fulfilled, and on the 26th of March i860 the foreign ambassadors were constrained to address a collective note to the king, urging upon him the necessity for reform. This remaining unheeded, an insurrection broke out in Sicily in April i860. Garibaldi landed with a body of yolunteers at Marsala, May 11, proclaimed himself dictator, took Palermo by storm, and totally defeated the royal anny at Melazzo, July 20. Prior to this the king had announced a liberal change in his goTemment, but the revolution rapidly spread to Naples, and the king and queen wex>6 forced to abandon the capital, and take refuge in the castle of Gaeta^ September 6, i860. which smrendered to the Sardinian troops under general Cialdini on the 13th of February 1 86 1, after a gallant defence of six months' duration, forming one of the most stirring military episodes of modem times. For his intrepidity, the king received from the principal European powers their highest decorations, and the queen was presented with the military cross of St. Gieorge of Bussia^ and is the only lady thus distinguished. Garibaldi assumed the dictatorship until the arrival of king Victor Emmanuel, and on the 21st of October i860 the annexation of Naples to Sardinia was voted for almost imanimously. After the fall of Gaeta the king retired to his palace in Home, and has been unceasing in his efforts to regain his throne.
The king married by pmxj at Munich, January 8, and in person at Bari, February 3, 1859, the duchess Mabia Sophia Amelia, third daughter of Marimilian Joseph, duke of Bavaria, and. younger sister of the empress of Austria. She was bom at Possenhofen, October 4, 1841, and won the admiration of Europe by the undaunted courage and trae heroism she displayed durin^^ the protracted siege of Graeta. Her Majesty has one daughter, Christina Pia Maria Giuaeppa Elizabetta Ferdinanda Natalina Ephesia^ bom at Borne, December 24, 1869.
TWO SICILIES.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Ultssbb Simpson Gbant, prerident of the United Stotea of America, is of Sooteh deeoent, and was bom at Point Pleasant^ Clermont Gonnty, in the state of Ohio, on the 27th of April, 1822. At the age of seventeen he entered the military college of Weet Point, which he left, in 1843, with the rank of brevet second lieutenant in the 4th regiment of infantry. In 1846 he served in the Mexican war, and was promoted for his bravery to the rank of brevet captain. In 1854 he quitted the service, entered into the leather trade, and mazried Miss Julia Dent. He after- wards settled at Qalena in niinois.
At the breaking out of the dvil war he took service in the United States army, and passed rapidly through the ranks of colonel, brigadiez^neral of the volunteers of Iliinois, commander-in- chief of the army of West Tennessee, and major-general, and distinguished himself greatly at various battles and skirmishes, especially at PaducsSi, Fort Donelson, Pittsburg-Landing, and at the siege of Corinth, where he was at first second in command under General Halleck, and after- wards commander-in-chief. The failure of General Sherman before Vicksburg induced the Federal Government to appoint Greneral Grant in his stead, (Dec. 27, 1862). After a sucoessioii of obstinate engagements, the outworks of that town were carried one by one, and Greneral Pemberton with over 30,000 men surrendered unconditionally on July 14. In October 1863 he was selected to replace General Bosencranz, and, on the 2d March 1864, was appointed by President Lincoln oommander-iu'chief of the forces of the union. His plan appears to have been to surround the confederates, and to advance on Bichmond by however slow degrees, and at whatever cost in men and money. Making the Potomac his base of operations, he directed three divisions against the confederates, he himself, with one of them, threatening the army of Lee. He at firrt made little progress, and his army received some checks in front of Peters- burg. The battle of the Wilderness, one of the many actions in this campaign, lasted five days, and terminated in Grant's favour, but with a fearful loss. Other engagements, dia- astrous for both armies, but especially discouraging to the federal troops, obliged G^eral Grant to retire from his position in Pottsylvania. In June, however, after having secored the James Biver, he was enabled to lay siege to Petersburg, one of the keys to Richmond. Several obsti- nately contested oonilicts took place before that city, in one of which, on the 18th June, the federals lost more than 8000 men. At this period, although, on the whole, Grant himself was gaining ground, his generals suffered frequent defeat, and Lee was enabled several times to crosB the Bappahanoc and the Potomac, and threaten Washington. Grant nevertheless pursued, with inflexible determination, his operations against Petersburg, which, after eight months' siege, and much bloodshed, surrendered, April 18, 1865. The surrender of Bichmond immediately followed. After this, the cause of the confederates was .hopeless. Their resources were exhausted, and no means existed to renew them. Besistanoe being no longer possible, Lee and the other confederate generals laid down their aims, and the union was restored.
After the war, in the summer of 1865, General Grant visited New England and Canada, and, later in the year, made a tour of inspection through the Southern States. In 1867 he became secretary cuL interim in the place of Mr Stanton, suspended by President Johnson, but gave up the keys of offioe when the senate passed a resolution disapproving the President's act.
On the 2iBt of May 1868, at the National Bepublican Convention assembled at Chicago, he was nominated as candidate for the presidency of the republic by General Logan, chairman of the delegation from Illinois. In a letter which he addressed to the president of the Convention, accepting the nomination, he said, ** It is impossible ... to lay down a policy to be adhered to, right or wrong, through an administration of four yeaars. ... A purely administrative officer should always be left free to execute the will of the people. . . . Peace and imiversal prosperity will lighten the burden of taxation, while it constantly reduces the national debt. Let us have peace."
General Grant was elected President on the 3d of November 1868, and succeeded President Johnson, March 4, 1869. In his inaugural proclamation he promised to govern according to law ; and, among other things, said, " Let it be understood that there must be no repudiation of a single farthing of the public debt." From his last message to Congress, Dec 6, 1869, we gather uiat he is in favour of a gradual return to specie payment. That the people and govern- ment of the United States warmly sympathise witn Cuba in its impending straggle, but that the insurgents have not yet established a de facto government entitling them to recognition as belligerents. That he approves the rejection of Mr B. Johnson's Alabama treaty, and declares that its provisioui were inadequate for the lettlemeint of the grave wrong sostained by the United States.
SUCCESSION OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA,
FROM THE ACCEPTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.
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WURTEMBERG.
The histoiy of the royal family of Wnrtemberg is veiy mioertain before the time of Ulrich, who wa8 count of Wurtemberg from 1246 to 1265. He considerably enlarged his dominions and left two sons, Ulrich and Eberhard, who each ruled in soocession. The latter, who obtained the surname of Illustrious, made war on the imperial cities, entered into a confederacy against the emperors Kudolph and Albert, and, at the death of the latter, was a candidate for the imperial crown. When Heniy, count of Luxemburg, was elected emperor, Eberhard was put under the ban of the empire for his hostility to the cities and deprived of his dominions, but regained them by the assistance of his brother-in-law, the Margrave Rudolph of Baden, at the death of the emperor in 1313. He was succeeded in 1325 by his grandson Ulrich III., who left two sons, Eberhard IT. and Ulrich IV., who reined together, until the death of Ulrich, in 1366, when Eberhard reigned alone till 1392. Eberhard was succeeded by his grand- son and great grandson Eberhard III. and Eberard IV. The latter left two sons, Louis and Ulrich, who reigned together until the younger became of age, in 1433, when they divided their patrimony. In 1482, Eberhard, the son of Ulrich, gave up his tenitory to his cousin, Eberhard V., tiie son of Louis, for an annuity, and the country tilius became reunited. Eber- hard reigned wisely and with great advantage to his subjects, and received from the emperor Maximilian the titie of duke of Wurtemberg and Teck. His cousin who had previously resigned in his favour, succeeded at his death, as Eberhard VI., but was deposed by the emperor, who conferred the duchy on his cousin Ulrich VI., who reigned till 1550. Ulzioh was followed successively by his son and grandson, Christopher and Louis the Pius, and the last dying without issue, the duchy devolved on Frederick I., sumamed the Magnanimous^ the son of Greorge, duke of Mompelgard and brother of Ulrich VI. Frederick was succeeded in the direct line by John Frederick, Eberiiard VII., William Louis, and Eberhard Louis, the last being succeeded, in 1733, by his cousin, Charles Alexander, the son of Frederick Charles, William Louis's brother. Charles Alexander left three sons, Charles Eugene, Louis Eugene^ and Frederick Eugene, who reigned in succession after him. The French revolution began before the death of the last mentioned, and Wurtemberg suffered much in the wars which followed. Buke Frederick Eugene was succeeded in 1797 by his son, Frederick William Charles, who in the war between France and Austria in 1805 joined France, and in the following year received the title of king from the emperor Napoleon. Frederick I. was succeeded in 1816 by his son, William I., the late king. To him Wurtemberg is indebted for the constitution by which it is now governed and for numerous liberal measures, among others for a decree extending the liberty of the press. He was opposed to the German con- stitution established at Frankfort in 1849 ; refused to recognise the king of Prussia as Emperor of Germany in 1850; and greatly assisted in replacing the Germanic confederation on its ancient basis.
Having been bom in 1781, William I. was, before his death, on the 25th June, 1864, the
oldest reigning monarch of Europe. He was succeeded by his son, the present king —
Chables (Frederick Alexander) I., who was bom, 6th March, 1823, and married on the
13th July, 1846, Olga, the daughter of Nicholas, emperor of Bussia.
DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF WURTEMBERG.
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ofEiMlft, arirt
HAYDN'S
UNIVERSAL
INDEX OF BIOGRAPHY.
AAG
ABD
Aagaard, Christian, DaniBh Latin poet ; h, 27 Jan. 1616 ; wrote " Threni Hyperborsei" on the death <rf Christian IV., Ac; d.5Feb.i664.
Aagaasd, Niels, brother, Danish scholar ; h. 161 2 ; d. 23 Jan. 165 7.
Aaust, steAeUi,
Abailabd, see Ahflard,
Abako, Pietro d* (Petms de Apono), Italian phjrician and alchemist ; 5. about 1250 ; nar- rowly escaped burning by the Inquisition ; his ** Conciliator Differraitianun Philosophorum et Meditxaum ** printed 1472 ; d, about 1316.
Abascal, Jom^ Fernando, Spanish statesman ; 6. 1743 ; assisted to defend the Havannahs against the English, 1 796 ; for his able govern- ment of New Galicia made "Marques de la Canoordia Espafiola del Peru" by the Cortes, 30Biay, 1S12; d. 30 June, 182 1.
Abati, or Abbatb, Nicoolo dell', Italian fresco painter; 6. 1512 ; d. IS7I-
ASAUauT, Pirmin, French philosopher and sdkolar; friend of Newton; 5. il Nov. 1679; d. 20 March, 1767.
Abbiadie, d*, brothers, French travellers : An- toine, 6. 1810; AmouM Michel, &. 1815; ex- pkwed Ethiopia, 1837-45, 1853-54.
Abbadis, Jacques, French Protestant theolo- gian, dean of Ejllaloe ; h, 1658 ; friend of mar- shal Scbomberg ; present at his death at battle of the Boyne, 1 July, 1 690; d. 25 Sept 1 727.
Abbas I. — III., shahs of Persia. L tbe great; b. 2557 ; shah, 1587 . . d. Jan. 1628
IL b. 1629 : shah, 1649 d. 1666
111. b. 1JJ2 ; last of the Soph! djiusty . d. Z736
Abba»-Pacha, viceroy of Egypt; 6. 181 3; noceeded his uncle Ibrahim, 10 Nov. 1848; promoted railway from Alexandria to Cairo, 185 1 ; d. 14 July, 1854.
Abbot, Charles, b. 14 Oct 1757; speaker of house ci Gommons, 10 Feb. 1802-17; baron Colchester, 3 June, 181 7; c2. 8 May, 1829.
u
it
Abbot, G^oige, b. 29 Oct 1562; ardibishop of Canterbury, 1610 ; accidentally killed a park- keeper, 24 July, 1622 ; opposed the tyranny of the government, 1626-33; d. 4 Aug. 1633.
Abbot, George, nephew; b. 1600; published Paraphrase of the Book of Job,'* 1640;
Yindicise Sabbatae," 1641 ; d. 4 Feb. 1648.
Abbott, Charles, 6. 7 Oct. 1762 ; chief jiistice of the king's bench, 1818; created baron Ten- terden, 30 April, 1827 ; d, 4 Nov. 1832.
Abbott, Jacob, American writer (for the young); b. 1803.
Abdallah-ben-Abdelmottalib, father of Ma- homet ; b, about 545 ; d. 570.
Abd ALLATiF, Arab physician and philosopher ; b. 1 162; favourite of Saladin; d, i Nov. 1231.
Abd-el-Kader, Arab chief; b. 1807.
Preached a holy war to expel the French ; raised
10,000 men ; vigoroasly, but onsaoceufulj^,
besieged Oran 1832
Recognised by the French as emir of Mascara,
by treaty (soon broken) . . . a6 Feb. 1834 Carried on a gnerilla warfare 1835-36
Thoroughly defeated by Bngeaud ; recognised the
French supremacy, .... 30 May, 1837 War renewed; declared a rebel; Algiers annexed to
France Feb. 1842
The emir incited the Moors to attack the French ;
defeated bv Bngeaud at Isly 14 Aug. 1844
Surrendered to Lamorlcidre 93 Dea 1847
Taken to France and Imprisoned Feb. 1848
Released by Louis Napoleon z6 Oct. 1852
Resided at Broussa till ... . Feb. 1855 At Damascus, rescued many Christians from the
massacre July, i860
Visited Paris and London .... Aug. 1865
Abd-eltWahab, founder of the Wahabites, a fierce Arab sect ; b. 1692; d. 14 June, 1787.
Abderahman I. — v., Ommiade odiphs of Spain.
I. chosen ruler of the Saracens In Spain, 754 ; took Cordova, and became caliph, 755; Insti- tuted academies, Ac, 773-785 d.
II. caliph, 822 ; patronised learning, Ao. . d.
III. caUph, 912 : defeated the ChrUtlaas at Jun- quera, 921 ; victorious in Africa, 930 d.
A
787
852
961
ABD
ABU
»»
IV. caliph, XOT7 : killed in battle near Granada xosz
V. caliph, J032 ; assasBinated .... 1023
Abdul-Ahmbd, sultan of Turkey ; b. 20 May, 1725; sultan, 21 Jan. 1774; defeated by Bus- sia ; submitted to the treaty of Kutchuk Kain- furdji, 21 July, 1774; d. 7 April, 1789. Abdul- Aziz, sultan of Turkey; b. 9 Feb. 1830.
Succeeded his brother, Abdul-Medjid . 25 June, i86z Promoted economical reform . JUI7, Made Fuad Pacha vixier .23 Not. Promoted industrial exhibition at Constanti- nople March-July, 1863
Visited Egypt .... 7-17 April, „
Declined to surrender Gandia at the request of the western powers .... 31 March, Z867 Visited Paris, z-z3 July ; London, 12 July ; en- tertained by the queen at Windsor, Z3 July ; sailed from Doyer, 23 July ; at Vienna, 27 July;
at Constantinople 7 Aug. Z867
Abdul-Medjid, sultan of Turkey ; b, 23 April, 1823; d. 25 June, 1861.
Succeeded his father, Mahmud 11. . s July, Z839 Established his father's dyil reforms . 3 Noy. ,, Befused to surrender Hungarian fugitives Sept. Z849 Declared war with Russia ... 5 Oct. Z853 Peace signed at Paris ... 30 March, 1856
A'Beckett, Gilbert Abbot, comic writer; h, 1 81 1; one of the founders of ** Punch,*' 1 841 ; a London police magistrate, 1849; d, 30 Aug. 1856.
Abeille, Gaspard, French poet and dramatist ; b. 1648; wrote "Crispin bel Esprit," &c.; d. 21 May, 1 7 18.
Abel, king of Denmark, assassinated and suc- ceeded his brother Eric, 1250; defeated and slain by the rebelling FrisianB, 1252.
Abel, Carl Friedrich, German musician ; b. 1725 ; d. 22 June, 1 787.
Abel, Clarke, surgeon and naturalist ; 5. about 1780; published "Narrative of a Journey in China,'^ 1818; d, 26 Dec. 1826. »
Abel, Gaspafd, Grerman historian ; b. 14 July, 1676; d. 10 Jan. 1763.
Abel, Niels Henrik, Swedish mathematician ; b. 5 Aug. 1802 ; d. 6 April, 1829.
Abela, Giovanni Francesco, Maltese archaeo- logist; b. 1582; published " Malta Dlustrata," 1647 ; d 4 May, 1655.
Abi^laed, or Abailabd, Pierre, teacher of theology and philosophy ; b. 1079 ; seduced and married H^oise, 11 19-20; condemned for heresy, 1121 ; founded the Paraclete, 1 122; (H^oise first abbess, 11 36;) d. 21 April, 1 142.
Abelli, Louis, French theologian ; b. 1603 ; published " Medulla Theologica," 1 650; "Vie du Vincent de Paul,** 1664 ; d. 4 Oct. 1691.
Aben Ezba, "The Wise," Spanish rabbi; b. about 1 1 19 ; wrote commentaries on the Tal- mud; d. about 1 1 74.
Abercobn, James Hamilton, duke of ; b. 21 Jan. 1 811; lord-lieutenant of beland, July, 1866— Dec. 1868 ; created duke, 18 Aug. 1868.
Abercbombie, John ; b. 1726; published "Dic- tionary of Grardening'* (under name of Mawe), 1778; d, 1806.
Abercbombie, John, M.D. ; 6. 11 Not. 1781 ; published " Inquiry concerning the Litellectual Powers," 1830; d. 14 Nov. I&J4.
Abebcroitby, James, son of Sir Balph ; 6. 7 Nov. 1776; master of the mint, and cabinet minister, 1834; speaker of house of oommona, 19 Feb. 1835-39; created baron Dunfermline^ 7 June, 1839; d. 17 April, 1858.
Abebcroitby, Patrick, Scotch historian ; h, 1656 ; published " Martial Achiev^nents of the Scotch Nation," 171 1 ; d. about 17 16.
Abebcromby, Sir Ralph, general ; b. 1 738 ; de- feated the French, and mortally wounded at Alexandria, 21 March; d. 28 March, 1801.
Aberdeeit, Grordon, earls of. Gkoros GoanoM, Scottiah lawyer: b. about 1637 ; lord
of fleasion, 1680 ; lord president of the court of session,
x68x ; lord high chancellor of Scotland, x68a-84 ;
created earl, 30 Nor. 16S2 ; d. 1720. Georok Hamilton Gordon ; b. s8 Jan. 1784 ; d. 14
Dec. x86a
Ambassador extraordinary to Austria . 18x3
Foreign secretary in Wellington mlnistiy June, x8a8
— ^NoT. X830 Oolonial sea in Peel ministry Nov. 1834 — April, X835 Foreign secretary in same . Sept. X84X— Jnly, X846 Premier, 38 Dec 185a ; resigned . . 30 Jan. 1855
Aberli, Johann Ludwig, Swiss landscape painter; b. 1723; d. 1786.
Abernetht, John, surgeon and physiolc^ist ; b. 3 April, 1764; published "Aw booh" the " Constitutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases," 1804; d. 20 April, 1 831.
Abuah, king of Judah, B.C. 95^55.
Abildoaard, Niels Abraham, Danish his- torical painter; b, 1744 ; d. 4 June, 1809.
Abimelech, ruled Israel about B.G. 1209-6.
Abinoeb, lord, see ScarleU.
Abinoton, Mrs Frances, actress ; b, 1731 ; ddbut, 1759 ; d. 4 March, 1815.
About, Edmond Francois Valentin, French writer; b. 14 Feb. 1828; published " ToUa," 1855 ; " Question Romaine," 1859; " Borne contemporaine," i860.
Abrabakel, Isaac, Portuguese rabbi and statesman; b. 1437; d, 1508.
Abraham, the patriarch, b. b.c. 1993 ; called, 1921 ; d. 1822.
Abrant^, duke d*, see Junot.
Arrant^, Joseph, marquess de, Portuguese statesman and philosopher; b. 7 Feb. 1784; detained as hostage by Napoleon, 1807-14; ex- iled for conspiracy, 1824; d. in England, 1 827.
Abresch, Friedrich Ludwig, German scholar and editor; 6. 29 Dec. 1699; d. 1782.
Abu Abdallah, or Boabdil, son of Abu- Hassan, king of Granada ; surrendered Granada to Spain, and retired to Africa, 1492.
Abu-Bekr, first caliph ; b. about 573 ; son-in- law and successor of Mahomet, 632 ; d, 23 Aug.
634-
Abulfaraotxts, Gregorius, Arab Christian his- torian; 6. 1226; d. 1286.
Abdlfeda, Ismael, Arab warrior and histo- rian; b, 1273; d. 26 Oct. 1331.
ACC
8
ADA
Aocx>BSO, or AccuBSius, Franoesco, Italiaji j«irist ; anthor of the " Gloflsa Ordinaria^" the "Great Glees;" b. 1182; d. 1260.
Accux, Fiiedrich, German chemist ; h. 29 March, 1 769 ; taught chemistry in London, 1S03; published «* Treatise on Gas Lights,'* 1815; ""AdulterationofFood," (termed "Death in the Pot,") 1822 ; (L 28 June, 1838.
AcBAiCB, king of Scotland about 787 ; friend of Charlemagne; d. 819.
AcHABD, Fran9ob Chiurles, French chemist ; h. 28 April, 1753; strongly advocated the manu- facture of b^t-root sugar in France, 1800 ; d. 20 April, 1821.
AcBABroa, Erik, Swedish botanist ; &. 18 Oct. 1757 ; d. 14 Aug. 1819.
AcHBNBACH, Andreas, German landscape painter ; b, 29 Sept. 1815.
AcH^T, Jean Luc d*, French Benedictine antiquary ; b. 1609 ; published " Vetermn Scrip- tormn Benedictorom Spidlegium," 1655-77 ; d 29 April, 1685.
Achilles Tatius, Greek bishop, astronomer and noTelist; Jl. about 5th century.
AcHUXixi, Alessandro, Italian physician and j^uloflopher; all^fed first dissector of human bodies; 6. 29 Oct. 1463; d. 2 Aug. 1512.
AcHMET, see Ahmed.
AcKKBMAKir, Hudolph, bookseller ; h. 20 April, 1764 ; first pnbhahed his " Repository of Arts," 1809 ; introduced lithography into London, 1.8x7 ; published the first Engluh annual, "The Forget-me-not,*' 1823; d. 30 March, 1834.
AC09ZI0, or AcoNTiCB, Jaoopo, Italian philo- sopher; b. 7 Sept^ 1492 ; became a protestant ; came to Lcmdon ; protected by Elizabeth ; pub- lished **'De Stratagematibus Satanse in Beli- gionis Negotio,*' 1565 ; d, 15 May, 1566.
AcosTA, Gabriele, afterwards Uriel, Portu- gneee jurist; 6. about 1600; became a Jew, and a reformer of Judaism, 1624 ; persecuted, retracted, severely punish^ ; committed sui- cide, 1647.
AcosTA, Jos^ Jesuit missionary in Peru; b. about 1540 ; wrote " Natural History of the Indiea,** printed 1 591 ; J. 15 Feb. 1599.
AoQCATiVA, Andrea, duke of Atri, Italian patron of letters; 6. 1466; d about 1 528.
AcREL, Olof, Swedish surgeon; 6. 1717; d. 1807.
AcBON, physician of Agrigentum ; fumigated the Btreets of Athens during the plague, B.C.
430- AcBOFOLiTA, GeoTgius, Byzantine historian;
b. 1220; d, 1282.
AcTOB, Charles Januarius Edward, cardinal;
5. 6 March, 1803; cardinal, 1842; d. 23 Jan.
1847. AcTTOH, Joseph, of Irish extraction ; b. at
Besangon, 1737 ; entered the service of the
king of Naples, and eventually became prime
minister; dismissed, 1803; d, x8o8.
AcuSa, Cristoval de, Spanish Jesuit and geo- grapher; 6. 1597 ; accompanied Teizeira in his exploration of the river Amazons, 1639; pub- lished a report, 1641 ; d. about 1675.
AcuJ^A, Pedro Bravo de, Spani^ general ; governor of the Philippines, 1602; conquered the Moluccas, April, 1606; d. July, 1606.
AOAIB, James Makittrick, Scotch physician ; b. 1728; wrote on the Bath waters, 1786; d, 1802.
AoAiB, Sir Robert, diplomatist; b. 24 May, 1763 ; minister at Vienna, April, 1806 ; at Con- stantinople, 1808; d. 3 Oct. 1855.
AoALBBiiT I., duke of Tuscany, 890917.
Adalbert II., king of Italy, 950-961.
AoALBKBT, St., bishop of Prague, apostle of Prussia ; 6. about 939 ; martyred, 23 April, 997.
Adalbebt, archbishop of Bremen, 1043 ; able and ambitious, regent of Germany; deposed; d. 16 March, 1072.
Adalbebt, archbishop of Mentz, 1 1 1 1 ; a vigorous opponent of tiie emperor Henry V. ; d. 14 July, 1 137.
Adalbert, prince of Prussia, traveller ; 5.. 29 Oct. 181 1 ; commander-in-chief of the Prussian navy, 1851.
Adam, created, B.C. 4004 ; d. 3074 (Usher).
Adam, Adolphe Charles, French opera com« poser; b. 24 July, 1803; opened a third lyric theatre in Paris, Nov. 1847, unsuccessful through revolution of Feb. 1848; d. 3 May, 1856.
Adam, Albrecht, Grerman artist ; b, about 1 786 ; d. 29 Aug. 1862.
Adam, Alexander, Latin scholar; b, June, 1 741; published "Eoman Antiquities," kc; d, 18 Dec. 1809.
Adam de la Halle, French trouv^re, founder of the musical drama; composed "Li jeu de Eobin et de Marion,*' at Naples^ about 1282; d. 1286.
Adam, French sculptors, brothers : Lambert Sigisbert, b. 1700 ; d. 1759 ; Nicolas S^bastien, ("Prometheus chained,'*) b. 1705; d. 1778; Fran9ois Gaspard, b. 17 10; d. 1759.
Adam, Johann Ludwig, German musical com- poser; b. about 1 760 ; appointed professor at the Conservatoire, Paris, 1797 ; d. 8 April, 1848.
Adam, Nicolas, Frencji philologist; b. 1 7 16; translated Horace, Phsedrus, Johnson*8 Kas- selas, &c. ; d. 1792.
Adam of Bremen, German chronicler and missionary ; Jl. 1067.
Adam of Mirimuth, chronicler of the four- teenth century ; wrote "Chronicon" about 1302 ;
d. 1343-
Adam of Orleton, bishop of Winchester ; b. about 1285 ; a turbulent prelate ; d. 1375.
Adam, Robert, architect; b. 1728; built the Adelphi, Portland place, &c. in London ; d. 3 March, 1 792. James, his brother and colleague, d. 1794.
ADA
ADR
AOAK, Mattre, (or BiUaut,) "the joiner of
Nevers/' popular French poet ;d. ig May, 1662. Adav, William, Scotch lawyer; h. 2 Aug.
1 75 1; wounded by Charles James Fox in a
duel, 30 Nov. 1779; d. 17 Feb. 1839. Adam Scotus, ike Prsemonstratenaian, sent to
preach in Scotland by St Norbert ; d. 1 180. Adami, Leonardo, Italian philologist; 5. 12
Aug. 1690; wrote a history of Arcadia in
Latin, printed 1716; d. Jan. 1719. Adamnan, St., b. 625; abbot of lona, 664;
wrote on the "Holy PUces; " d, 23 Sept. 705. Adams, American statesmen :
JoRjr, b. 19 Oct Z735 ; activelf opposed the stamp act, 1765; one of the Boston convention, 1770; a chief promoter of the declaration of independence on 4 Jnlf, 1776 ; received bf George III. as first am- bassador from United Stateis, x June, 1785 ; succeeded Washington as president, 1797 ; d. 4 July, 1826.
John Qitimcy, son of preoeding; 6. 11 June, 1767; minister at Berlin, Ac., z8ox-3 ; at London, 1815; elected president, 1825 ; d. 17 Feb. 18^8.
Chaklbs Pbancis, son of preceding ; 0. 1807 ; edited "Life and Works of John Adams." 1850-56 ; Ameri- can minister in London, 1861 ; resigned, Feb. 1868.
Bakusl, " The American Cato," a prominent actor in the revolution ; b. 1722 ; d. 2 March, 1803.
Adams, George, natural philosopher ; b. 1 750 ; d. 14 Aug. 1795.
Adams, John, one of the mutineers of the Bounty, April, 1789 ; they founded a colony at Pitcaim's island ; Adams became the patriar- chal governor, 1798; d. 5 May, 1829.
Adams, John Couch, astronomer ; 6. 5 June, 1819 ; investigated the perturbations of Uranus, 1841-44 ; suggested that they were due to an unknown planet, afterwards discovered to be Neptune, Oct. 1845 ; Lowndean professor of as- tronomy at Cambridge, 1858.
Adams, Sir Thomas, lord mayor of London ; b. 1586; mayor, 1646; gave ^ 11,000 to help Charles L ; knighted, 1661 ; d. 24. Feb. 1667.
Adamson, Patrick, Scottish theologian; b. 1536; made archbishop of St. Andrews, 1576; d. 19 Feb. 1592.
Adanson, Michel, French naturalist; b. 7 April, 1727 ; travelled in Africa, and vigorously opposed the slave trade ; d. 3 Aug. 1806.
Addinoton, Henry; b. 30 May, 1757 ; speaker of the house of commons, 8 June, 1789; premier, Feb. 1 801 to May 1804; baron Sid- mouth, 12 Jan. 1805; home secretaty, under lord Liverpool, 1812-22; d 15 Feb. 1844.
Addison, Joseph, essayist and poet; b. 1 May, 1672; secretary for Ireland, 1708; secre- taiyof state, 171 7-1 8; his "Tatler" appeared 12 April (o.s.), 1709; "Spectator," i March, 1711; d. 17 June, 1719.
Addison, Lancelot, theologian ; b. 1632 ; chap- lain of the garrison at Tangiers, 1663; pub- lished "Description of Barbary," 1671; dean of Lichfield, 1683 ; d. 20 April, 1703.
Adelaide, Madame, sister of Louis XVT. ; b. 3 May, 1732; fled from France, 1791 ; d. iS Feb. 1800.
Adelaide, princess of Orleans, sister of king Louis Philippe; 5. 25 Aug. 1777; fled from France, 1792; d. 31 Dec. 1847.
Adelaide, of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort of William IV. ; 6. 13 Aug. 1792 ; married, II July, 1818; became queen, 26 June, 1830; widow, 20 June, 1837; d. 2 Dec. 1849.
Adelais, of Louvain, second queen of Henry I.; married II21 ; d. I151.
Adelhard, abbot of Corbie, cousin of Charle- magne, and employed by him diplomatically ; b. about 753 ; d, 826.
Adblung, Johann Christoph, German linguist ; b. 8 Aug. 1 732 ; published German and fVench dictionary, 1774-86; compiled " Mithridates," (the Lord's Prayer in nearly 500 languages,) 1806; d. 10 Sept. 1806.
Ademab, or Aymab, French chronicler of St. Martial; d, 1030.
Adeodatds, or Deusdedtt, I., pope, 615 ; first affixed leaden seals to his bulls ; d. 3 Dec. 61S.
Adeodatus II., pope, 672 ; d. June, 676.
Adhelm, Saint, see Aldkdm,
Adherbal, the Carthaginian, defeated the Roman fleet imder Claudixis, off Drepanuui, B.C. 249.
Adherbal, lung of Numidia) expelled by Jugurtha, B.c. 118; restored by the Romans, 117; killed by Jugurtha, 1 12.
Adimari, Luigi, Italian satiric poet; b. 3 Sept. 1644; d, 22 June, 1708.
Adler, Jacob Georg Christian, Danish orientalist ; b. 6 Dec 1755 ' p&tronised by car- dinal Boigia ; published " Museum Cuficuxn Borgianum," 1782-92; d. 1 805.
Adlerfeld, Gustaf, Swedish historian; h. 1671 ; killed at Pultowa, 8 July, 1709; his " MiUtary History of Charles XII." published 1740-41.
Adolphus, or AtaulphCs, king of the Visi- goths, 410; assassinated at Barcelona, 415.
Adolphus of Nassau ; b, 1252 ; elected em- peror of Germany, 1292 ; defeated and slain by Albert of Austria, 2 July, 1298.
Adolphus Frederick, duke of Holstein Got- torp; &. 14 May, 1710; king of Sweden, 25 March, 1 75 1 ; troubled by the " Hat " faction ; d. 12 Feb. 1 77 1.
Adolphus, John, historian ; &. 1 766 ; began to publish " Reign of George III.," 1802 ; ef. 16 July, 1845.
Adorni, Caterina Fieschi, Italian poetess and philanthropist ; b, 1447 ; d. 14 Dec. 1 5 10.
Adrets, Fran9ois de Beaumont, baron des, French warrior; b. 15 13; fought for Henry II. in Piedmont; joined the Huguenots and committed atrocious barbarities on the Catho- lics, 1562; again changed his religion, and returned to Charles IX., 1571 ; d. 2 Feb. 1587.
Adrian I.— VI., popes.
I. pope, 772 <f. 25 Dec 795
II. pope, 867 d. 87a
III. pope, 884 . . : . . d. May, 885
ADR
AGI
IV. (Kidiolu Bnakcpen) pcype, 1154; ezecnted Aroold of Brcada, 1155 ; humbled the Emperor FVedexick BaxtMUXMsa, 1155-59 • • ^ i Sept. 1x59
V. (Ottoboni Fleachl) pope, 11 July . d. 16 Aug. 1276
VI. (PkiTeBt) b. 1459 ; tutor of emperor Charles V. ; pope, z£3a ; A reformer . d. Sept 1523
Adbiaitt, Gioyazmi Battisto, Florentme liis- torian ; 6. 1513; wrote history of his own times (1536-74) in oontinnation of Guiociar- dini, pnbliahed 1583 ; d. 1579.
Adrt, Jean Fdiciarime, French biblio- grapher; b. 1749; d. 20 March, 1818.
^'Egidius, Bcnuftn general, choeen king of the Fnnki, 459 ; defeated the Yisigotha at Aries, 462 ; mnrdered, 464.
.£cn>ii7a de Colnmna, "most profound doc- tor," sehoofanan; d. 22 Sept 1316.
JEcTSWtA, Paohis, mediod writer ; Ji. about 63a
JEiBiKBASJD, see Effinkard.
^LFBic, archbishop of Canterbuiy, 994 : wrote Anglo-Saxon homilies ; d. 16 Nov. 1006.
i£LiAKU8, ClaodiuS) Roman naturalist and historian, wrote in Ghreek ; ^. about 140.
./Elius DonatuBi grammarian at Rome ;
/.3561
iEuus Spabtiahus, Roman historian ; wrote Aogustaa Mstoiy, about 297.
j£lla, king of Sussex, 490 ; first chosen Bret- walda, 506 ; king of Deira, 560588.
Aeust, Van, Dutch painters : Evert, h. 1602 ; d, 1658 ; Willem, nephew, h. 1620; d. 1679.
^'Emillawcs, Caius Julius, emperor of Rome ; h. about 208 ; killed, 253.
^-ExiLrcs Paulus, Roman consul, defeated «d slain byHanmbal at Cannie, 2 Aug. b.c. 216.
JExoAJS^ Paulus, his son, Roman consul, defeated Peraeus at Pydna, and conquered Macedonia, 22 June, B.c. 168; d. 160.
v£ysAS 6az£U9, Greek Christian, wrote ** Theophrastus,** a dialogue (m the immortalily of the soul, about 484.
Ms^A& TAcnccSy Greek military writer; /. ac. 362.
iEpiNUs, Pranz Ulrich Theodor, Grerman phyndst; h, 13 Dec. 1724; d. 10 Aug. 1802.
.^pnrua, Johann, GSennan reformer ; h, 1499 ; d, 13 May, 1553.
AlftRiua, Armenian heretic, denied the differ- ence between bishop and presbyter, rejected prayer for the dead, and refused to observe Easter and stated fasts ; jl. 360.
AxxnxSj Peter, called Pietro Longo, Dutch painter; h. 15 19; d. 2 June, 1573.
i£scHi9Ea, Greek orator, rivid of Demos- thenes ; h. B.C. 389 ; honoured for bravery at the battle of Tamynse, 358; overcome by Demosthenes' oration " on &e crown ;" quitted Athena, 330; d. 314.
JEecunusE, Greek tragic poet; h. b.c. 525; gained the prize, 484 ; d. in banishment for alleged impiety, 456.
^sopus, Greek fabulist ; Jl. about ac. 570.
ABTIU8, the "atheist," heretic; d, about 365.
AicTius, termed "the last of the Romans," consul, ftc ; entered service of Yalentinian III., 424 ; defeated Attila at Chalons, 450 ; assas- sinated, through jealousy, 454.
AzTius, Greek medical writer ; Jl, 5th cent.
Afeb, Domitius, of Nismes, Roman orator, prietor, 26 ; wrote " de Testibus."
Affbe, Denis Auguste, archbishop of Paris ; h. 27 Sept. 1793; consecrated, 1840 ; killed during the conflict at Paris, 27 June, 1848.
Affrt, Louis Auguste Pbdlippe, Swiss states- man ; h. 1745 ; made peace with Napoleon, 19 Feb. 1803; landammann of Switzerland, 1803 and 1809; d. 16 June, i8ia
Afbanius, Roman comic poet ; about B.C. 100.
Afbicanus, Sextus Julius, Greek Christian historian; wrote "Pentabiblouchronologioon;" d, about 232.
Afbicakis, see Scipio,
A0APBTU8 I., II., popes.
I. pope, 535 d. 3a April, 536
II. pope, 946 d. 956
AoARD, Arthur, theologian and antiquai^'; 6. 1540; d. 22 Aug. 1615.
Agasias, of EphesuB, sculptor of the Boighese gladiator ; /. about 4th century B.C.
AoASSiz, Louis, Swiss naturalist ; h, 28 May, 1807 ; professor at Cambridge, U. S., 1846 ; published "Poissons Foesiles," 1832-42 ; "Pisces," 1839; " Journey in BraziV' 1868.
Agathanoelur, Armenian historian ; wrote history of Tiridates, about 320.
Agathabchus, alleged inventor of perspec- tive ; /. about B.C. 480.
AoATHiAS, Byzantine historian (of the reign of Justinian), b. 536 ; d. 582.
Agathocles, ruler of Syracuse, B.C. 317; de- feated by the Carthaginians at Himera; sud- denly and successfully invaded Carthage, Aug. 310 ; returned to Syracuse, 307 ; poisoned, 289.
Agathon, Greek tragic writer ; fi. about B.c. 409.
Agathon, bishop of Rome, 679 ; endeavoured to reunite Greek and Latin Churches, 680 ; d, 10 Jan. 682.
Agesandeb, Rhodian sculptor ; partly exe- cuted the Laoooon ; Jl. about 70-80.
AoESiLAUS I., II., kings of Sparta.
I. king B.0. 997-880
II. b. B.C. 444 ; king, 398 ; commanded Greeks in Aaia, 396 ; rictorlouji near Sardia, 305 ; defeated the Athenians and allies at Coroneu^ 394 ; con- quered Acamanla, 391-90; invaded Arcadia,
370 d. 361
AGE8IP0L18 I.— III., kings of Sparta.
I. king B.o. 394-380
II. king B.c. 371-370
III. deposed by Lycnzgus, his colleague, b.o. 219 ; dain t^ pirates 183
Agilulph, king of the Lombards ; married by
Theudalinda, widow of Atharic, and made king
of the Lombards, 591 ; d. 616.
AGI
6
AKE
AoiNCOUR, see D'Agincour. Agis I. — rV., kings of Sparta.
I. king, About B.C. 1033
II. king, B.C. 427 ; defeated the Athenians and allies at Mantineia, 418 ; . . d. 398
III. king, 338 ; killed in battle near Megalopolis 330
IV. king, B.C. 244 ; attempted the restoration of the laws of Lyciu^us ; put to death . 240
AoLiONBY, John, theologian ; b, 1567 ; d, 6 Feb. 1 6 10.
AooBARD, Saint, archbishop of Lyons ; 6. 779; d. 6 June, 840.
Agostini, Leonardo, Italian antiquary; pub- lished "La Sicilia di FiHppo Paruta,'^ 1649 ; " Gemme antiche," 1657-70.
AoREDA, Maria de, Spanish abbess; 6. 1602 ; had visions; wrote life of the Virgin Maiy, published 1696 ; d, 24 May, 1665.
Agricola, Cnieus Julius, Roman general ; &. 13 June, 37; governed Britain ably, 7S-84; defeated the Caledonians, and built wall between the Forth and Clyde, 84 ; d. 23 Aug. 93.
Agricola, Greorg, Grennan mineralogist; h. 24 March, 1490 ; published " De Re Metallica,'* 1531; d. 21 Nov. 1555.
Agricola, Georg Andreas, German philo- sopher; b. 1672; described a new system of grafting, 1716; d, 1738.
Agricola, Johann, German reformer; b. 20 April, 1492 ; oensmned for propagating anti- nomianism; d. 22 Sept. 1566.
Agricola, Rudolf us, Dutch scholar; b. Aug. 1443 1' ^- 2^ Oct 1485.
Agrifpa, see If erodes.
Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius, German physi- cian and alchemist ; 6. 14 Sept. i486 ; visited England ; wrote " Occulta Philosophia," pub< lished 1533; d, 1535.
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, Roman consul and admiral, friend of Augustus; b. b.c. 63; defeated Sextus Pompeius at Mylse and Nau- lochus, 36 ; and Antony at Actium, 2 Sept. 31 ; built Pantheon at Rome, 27 ; c2. March, 12.
Agrippina I., daughter, wife of Germanicus ; b. (?) B.C. 12 ; persecuted by Tiberius ; d. by voluntary starvation, 18 Oct. 33.
Agrippina II., daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina I.; b. about 15; excessively disso- lute; married to her uncle, the emperor Claudius, 49; prevailed on him to adopt her Bon Nero; poisoned Claudixis, 54; killed by order of Nero, March, 60.
Aguesseau, Henri d', French lawyer and scholar ; b. 27 Nov. 1668 ; chancellor of France, 1717; d 9 Feb. 1751.
Aguilar, Grace; 6. 1 8 16; wrote "Home In- fluence," "Women of Israel;" d. July, 1847.
Aguillon, Fran9ois d\ Belgian Jesuit mathe- matician; b. 1567; in his " Traits d' Optique" first spoke of stereographic projection, 1013; d. 20 March, 161 7.
Ahab, king of Israel, B.C. 918-897.
Ahaz, king of Judah, B.c. 742-726.
Ahaziah, king of Israel, B.c. 898-896. Ahaziah, king of Judah, B.C. 885-^4. Ahmed I.— III., sultans of Turkey.
I. b. 1590; sultan, 1603 d. 1617
II. b. 1643; sultan, 1691 d. 1693
III. b. 1673; sultan, T703: received CSiarles XII. of Sweden, 1709 : deposed by Janissaries, 30 Sept Z730; d. In prison, .... April, 1739
AiDAN, Saint, bishop of Lindisfame ; d. 651.
AiGNAN, Etienne, French dramatist and politician ; 6. 1773 ; wrote ** La Mori de Louis XVL," 1793; d. 25 Nov. 1824.
AiKiN, Arthur, mineralogist ; 6. 19 May, 1 773 ; secrets^ to society of arts, 1817-40 ;c^ 15 April, 1854.
AiKiN, John, M.D., scientific writer; 5. 15 Jan. 1747 ; d. 7 Dec. 1822.
AiKiN, Lucy, daughter, historian and poet; 6. 6N0V. 1781 ; published "Court of Elizabeth," i8i8; "Court of James I.,'* 1822; d. 29 Jan. 1864 ; see also Barbauld.
AiKMAN, William, Scotch portrait painter; b. 1682; d. 1 731.
AiLLY, Pierre d', (de Alliaco,) French cardinal ; "The Hammer of Heretics," and "The Eagle of French Doctors;" 6. 1350; d. 1420 or 1425.
AiLKED, abbot of Bevesby; b, 1109; d, 1166.
AiNSWORTH, Henry, nonconformist divine ; translator of the pentateuch, psalms, and son*^ of Solomon ; d. 1623.
AiNSWOBTH, Robert, Latin scholar; b, Sept. 1660; published his Latin dictionary, 1736; d. 4 April, 1743.
AiNswoRTH, William Francis, surgeon and geographer ; b. 9 Nov. 1807 ; published " Tra- vels in Asia Minor," 1842.
AiNBWORTH, William Harrison, novelist ; 6. 4 Feb. 1805; published "Rookwood," 1834; Jack Sheppard," 1839; "GuyFawkes," 1841.
Airy, George Biddell, astronomer, 6. 27 July, 1801 ; electeid Lucasian professor at Cam- bridge, 1826 ; director of tiie new observatory there, 1828; astronomer-royal, 1835; his pen> dulum experiments to determine the density of the earth, 1826, 1828, 1854.
AiSLABiE, John, chancellor of the exchequer, March, 1 7 18; implicated in the South Sea bubble; resigned, 23 Jan. 1 721.
AiTON, WiUiam, botanist; b. 1 731; superin- tendent of Kew gardens, 1759 ; published "Hortus KewenaLs, ' 1789; d. i Feb. 1793.
AiTZEHA, Lieuwe van, Dutch historian ; 6. 19 Nov. 1600 ; published "History of the United Provinces," 1655-71 ; d. 23 Feb. 1669.
Ajala, Martin Perez de, Spanish bishop ; b. 1504; published "Traditiones Apostolicse," 1562 ; d. 1566.
Akbar, the Great, emperor of Hindostan; 6. 14 Oct. 1542; emperor, 1556; d, Sept. 1605.
Ak£N8IDE, Mark, M.D., poet ; b. 9 Nov. 1721 ; published "Pleasures of Imagination," 1744; d. 23 June, 1770.
ALA
ALB
AiABASTES, WilUam, theologian ; 5. about 1567; publiahed "Lexicon Pents^lotton,*' 1637 ; d. April, 164a
Alain de Lille ( Abmufl de IiisuUb) ; tlie ** uxii- Tenal doctor;** 6. 1114 ; d. about 1203.
ALAsm, Sir J(dm, aee ForUtcue,
Alabcok t MnroozA, Juan Kuiz de, Spanish American dramatist ; d. after 1634.
AuLBD, Lambert, German historian ; h. 27 Jan. 1602 ; d. 29 Maxth, 1672.
A1.ABIC I^ king of the Visigoths ; made aUianoe -with the emperor Theodosius, 395; sacked Rome, 24 Aug. 410, and died soon after.
Alabic U., king of the Visigoths, 4S4 ; de- feated and shkin by CloTis at Vougl^ near Poi- tien, 5^*
Aijiaoo, or k Labco, John, Polish bishop ; b. 1499 ; abjured Catholicism, and came to Eng- land about 1545; returned to Poland; d. 13 Jan. 1560.
AulvJl, Eaquirel Di^o de, Spanish bishop of Cndova ; wrote ** De Condliis Universalibus," pubUahed 1582 ; d. 16 Feb. 1562.
Ai^vJl, Miguel Bicardo de, Spanish states- man; h. 1771 ; abandoned king Joseph and joined Wellington, 181 1 ; retired to England,
1823 ; returned to Spain, 1833 ; ambassador in
FTiglAnd, 1834; France, 1835; d, in France,
1843.
Albax, Saint, British protomartyr, about 285.
Albahi, Fianoesoo, Bolognese painter; 6. 17 March, 1578 ; d. 4 Oct. 1660.
Albani, Giovanni Francesco, Italian cardinal and statesman; 6. 1720 ; cardinal, 1747 ; pro- moted the election of Pius VIL, 1800 ; d. 1809.
Albani, Giovanni Girolamo, Italian cardinal ; h. 3 Jan. 1504 ; d. 23 April, 1591.
Albakt, dukes of, r^;ents of Scotland. S0B8BT SfTKWAxr, 6. z 3^0 ; regent, 1 389-9S ; caused his
oeiibew DaTid, diike of Bothetty, to be murdered,
1405 ; regent, 1406 ; d, 3 Sept 1420. liuaoocB, son, regent, 1420 ; resigned to James I.,
who returned from his captivity in England, 1424 ;
he and his family tried and executed. May, 1434. JoBH, made regent, 1514 ; retired to France in disgust
at disaffection, 1524 ; killed at Pavia, 1525.
Albast, Louisa, countess of, daughter of count von Stolberg ; b. 1753 ; married prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1772 ; left him for a convent, 1780 ; lived with Alfieri, 1788 ; d, 29 Jan. 1824.
ALBEiL&kLE, see Keppd and Monk.
Albkbcati Cafacklli, Francesco, marquess d', Italian actor; 6. 29 April, 1728; named the ''Garrick of Italy;" d. 16 March, 1804.
Albebootti, Francesco, Italian jurist, called "Doctor soHde Veritatis ;" b. 1304 ; d. 1376.
Albebo2!T, Giulio, Italian cardinal; b. 31 >Ia7, 1664 ; prime minister of Spain, 1714 ; dismissed, Dec. 1719; d. 26 June, 1752.
Albert Azzo, lord of Este, married Cone- gfrndsk, heiress of the Gnelphs, 1047 ; (issue, Guelph, duke of Bavaria^ founder of the house (^Bnniswick;) d, 1097.
Albebt, archduke of Austria ; 6. 1559 ; a car- dinal and archbishop of Toledo ; resigned, and married Isabella of Spain, becoming governor of the low countries, 1598 ; defeated by the Dutch at Nieuport, 2 July, 1600; cL 1621.
Albert, archduke of Austria, commander-in- chief of the Austrian army ; &. 3 Aug. 1817 ; govemor^nenJ of Hungary, 1 85 1-60 ; defeated the Italian army at Custozza, 24 June, 1866.
Albebt I. — III., margraves of Brandenburg.
I. the Bear, b. zio6 ; made marsrare, 11 34; duke of Saxony, 11 38; lost his states in war; reoovered them, and made an imperial prince, 1142; rislted the Holy Land, Z158 ; d. z8 Nor. 1x70.
II. margrave, 1206; d. 23 Feb. 1221.
III. (named Achilles and UlyssesX b. 24 Kor. 1414 : margrave, 1470: d. 11 March, i486.
Albebt of Brandenburg, grand master of the Teutonic order, 15 12; d. 20 March, 1568. Made an imperial e«dssiastio prince . • 1525
Turned protestant; expelled the knights, and
became flnt dttke of Prussia .... 1525 Put to the ban of the empire .... 1532
Albebt, duke of Brunswick, the Great ; divided his states at his death, 15 Aug. 1278. Albebt I., II., emperors of Gennany.
I. 6. 1248 : duke of Austria, 1282 ; defeated Adolpbos of Ksssan, and became emperor. 1298 . revolt of the Swiss, 1307 ; assassinated by his nephew John, x May,.i3o8.
II. 6. 10 Aug. 1397 : duke of Austria, 1404 ; emperor, 1438 ; an able rmer ; d. 27 Oct. 1439.
Albebt I. — III., dukes and electors of Saxony.
I. duke, I2Z2 d. 1260
II. duke, Z260 d. 25 Aug. 1298
III. duke, 1418 d, 1422
Albebt of Mecklenburg, elected king of Swe- den, 1 364 ; defeated by Margaret, 1 388 ; deposed, 1389; released, 1395; d. 141 2. Albebt, prince consort of queen Victoria, duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ; b. at the Bosenau, near Coburg, 26 Aug. 1 81 9; d. at Windsor castle, 14 Dec. 1 861.
At the university of Bonn . May 1837— Sept 1838 Visited England, 1818-39 ; naturalised, 24 Jan. 1840 Married to queen Victoria, his cousin . 10 Feb. 1840 Elected chancellor of the universi^ of Cam- bridge 28 Feb. 1847
Advocated the great exhibition of 1851, and be- came leader of the movement . S9< June, 1849
Visited Paris Aug. 1855
Styled, by royal warrant, "prince consort,"
25 June, 1857 Gave an address, as president, at the Aberdeen meeting of the British association . 14 Sept 1859 Buried at Windsor, .33 Dec. 2861
Albebt Edward, prince of Wales, see Wales,
Albebt, the name assumed by Alexandre
Martin, French mechanic and jouinaliBt ;
b. about 1 81 5.
Implicated in the insurrection at Lyons . Nov. 1831
Estoblished the popular journal, '^1' A teller," at
Paris 1840
Fought at Paris 23 Feb. 1848
A secretary to the provisional government
24 Feb.— May, 1848 He and Louis Blanc presidents of the government
commission (of the Luxembourg) for workmen
28 Feb. 1848 Condemned for the attack on the oonstitnent
assembly 15 May, 1848
ALB
8
ALD
AiiBERTi, Leone Battista, Italian poet, painter, and architect ; &. i8 Feb. 1404 ; d. 1488.
Albebti, Salomon, German anatomist and physiological discoverer ; h. 1540; d, 1600.
Albbbtbandt, Jan Chrzcidel, Polish his- torian; 6. 1 731; the "Polish Polyhistor;" published "Annals of the Roman Kepublic," " Annals of Poland,*' 1 768; d. 10 Aug. 1808.
Albertus Magnus, of Bollstadt, German philosopher and scholar; h. about 1 193; lec- tured at Cologne, 1248; c^. 15 Nov. 1280.
Albi, Henri, French Jesuit; h. 1590; pub- lished " Histoire des Cardinaux illustres," 1653 ; d. 6 Oct. 1659.
Albini, Alessandro, Italian painter ; h. about 1568 ; d, 1 646.
Albini, Franz Joseph von, baron, German diplomatist ; 6. 1 748 ; employed by the emperors of Germany and Austria, 1792; d. 9 Jan. 1816.
Albinus (Weiss), Bemhard Siegfried, Ger- man anatomist; h, 24 Feb. 1696; published "DeOssibus Corporis Humani," 1726; "His- toria Musculorum,'* anatomical plates, 1734; d. 9 Sept. 1770.
Albinus, Clodius, Roman general, governor of Britain, 192 ; emperor in Gaul, 193 ; defeated and slain by Sevems at Lyons, 19 Feb. 197.
Albinus (WeiBs), Petrus, Grerman poet and historian ; wrote chronicles of Misnia and Thuringia, and Latin poems ; d. 1 Aug. 1598.
Albitte, Antoine Louis, French jurist and revolutionist ; d, during the retreat from Mos- cow, 25 Dec. 1 81 2.
Albizzi, Bartolomeo, Pisan Cordelier; wrote the "Franciscan Koran," 1399; d. 10 Dec. 1401.
Albo, Jos^, Spanish rabbi ; wrote " Ikkarim *' (foundations of the faith), 1425 ; d. 1428.
Alboin, first king of the Lombards; mur- dered by his wife, Rosamond, for compelling her to drink out of her father's skull, 573.
Alboni, Marietta, Italian contralto singer ; h. 10 March, 1826; first appeared in London at Covent Garden in " Semiramide," 6 April, 1847; retired, 1 863.
Ajlboresi, Giacomo, Bolognese architectural painter, h. 1632 ; d, 1677.
Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carillo, Spanish car- dinal; conducted the siege of Algesiras, 1343; made cardinal, 1350; repressed Rienzi and the condottieri ; d, 24 Aug. 1367.
Albbecht, Wilhelm, German agriculturist ; h. 1786; d 1848.
Albrechtsbbroer, Johann Georg, Grerman musical composer; b. 3 Feb. 1746; published an " Introduction to Composition," 1 790 ; d. 7 March, 1809.
Albeet, Jeanne d', queen of Navarre; 6. 1528 ; mother of Henry IV. of France, 23 Dec. 1553 ; greatly favoured the reformation; poisoned, 10 June 1572.
Albucasis, or Abulcasib, Arab physidan; d. about 1106.
Albuhazab, or Abu-Mashar, Arab astro- nomer ; h. about 776 ; d, 885. Albuquerque, Affonso d', "the Portuguese Mars;" h. 1453 ; conquered Goa, and became governor, 25 Nov. 15 10; enlarged the Portu- guese dominion in India ; d. in unmerited dis- grace, 16 Dec. 1 5 15. ALCiEUS, Greek lyric poet ; fi, about b.c. 600. Algahenes, Greek sculptor, pupil of Phei- dias ; fi, about B.C. 444-400.
Alcazar, Luis de, Spanish Jesuit; h. 1554; wrote on Revelation ; d. 16 June, 161 3. Alciati, Andrea, Italian jurist; K 8 May, 1492; d. 12 June, 1550.
aIcibiades, Athenian general and statesman ; 6. about B.C. 452 ; assassinated, 404. Saved Socrates at the battle of Delium . 424 Banished : joined the Spartans, and caused the de- feat of the Athenians 41 3
Recalled to Athens ; frequently defeated her ene- mies 4ix» 410
Superseded ; retired to Thrace .... 407
Alcimous, Greek philosopher;/, ist century; wrote an introduction to Plato.
Alciphron, Greek sophist; fi. about 170.
Alcman, Greek lyric poet, fi. about B,c. 670.
Alcil£ON, Greek natural philosopher ; fi, b.c. 500.
Alcook, John, prelate and diplomatist ; ma.s- ter of the rolls, 1462 ; ambassador to Castile, 1470 ; bishop of Kochester, 1471 ; of Wor- cester, 1477 ; of Ely, i486 ; lord high chan- cellor, 1475, 1485-87 ; fomided Jesus College, Cambridge, 1496 ; wrote " Mens Perfectioziis ad Carthusianos," 1 501 ; d. I Oct 1500.
Alcock, John, musical composer ; 6. 11 April, 1715; published '*Hiurmonia Festi ;** d. 23 Feb. 1806.
Alcock, Sir Butherford, K.C.B., diplomatist ; h. 1809; envoy to Japan, 1859; to China^ 1865 ; published " Capital of the Tycoon," 1863.
Alcuin, the most learned man of his age, friend of Charlemagne ; 6. at York about 735 ; instituted monastic school; d. at Tours, 19 May, 804.
Aldeorever, Heinrich, German painter and engraver; h. 1502; pupil of Albrecht Diirer; d. about 1562.
Alder, Joshua, zoologist ; published " Mono- graph of the British Nudibranchiate MoUusca," 1845-55; d. Jan. 1867.
aIdbrson, Sir Edward Hall, judge ; 6. 1 1 Sept. 1787; justice of the common pleas, 12 Nov. 1830; baron of the exchequer, 29 April, 1834 ; d, 27 Jan. 1857.
Aldhelm, Saint, Saxon prelate; h. 656; bishop of Sherborne, 705 ; e^. 25 May, 709.
Aldini, Giovanni, Italian natural philoso- pher ; nephew of Galvani ; h. lo April, 1762 ; d. 17 Jan. 1834.
ALD
9
ALE
Aldsed, archbishop of York, diploniAtist ; seot to Genxumy by Sdward fiie Confeflsor ; supported Harold, bnt crowned William the CotDqneror ; bishop of Worcester, 1 046 ; arch- laUiop, 106 1 ; d, 10 Sept. 1069.
Aldkich, Henry, scholar, architect, and mnsiai composer ; b, 1647 ; dean of Christ Cfaurch, 1689; d. 14 Dec. 1710.
Aldbich, Bobert, bishop of Carlisle, 1537; vtote**£pigTammata;*' d. 5 March, 1555.
Aldrotaxdi, Ulisse, Italian naturalist ; h. 11 Sept. 1522; his "Opera omnia" pub- lished, 1599-1668; d. 10 Nov. 1607.
Aldus SfAjrcTins, see Manutiu»,
Alxaxdbq, Girolamo, Italian cardinal and Greek scholar; h. 13 Feb. 1480; published '^Lezioon Grsco-Latinom," 1 5 12; sent to op- pose Luther at Worms, 1520 ; taken prisoner with Francis I. at Pa via, 24 Feb. 1525 ; his palace destroyed at the capture of Rome, 20 Sept 1526; cardinal, 1 538; d. 31 Jan. 1542.
Aleasdbo, Girolamo, Italian poet and jurist ; 6. 29 July, 1574; d. 9 March, 1629.
AuGAMBE, Philippe, Belgian Jesuit historian ; h. 22 Jan. 1592 ; published enlarged edition of Kibadeneira's ** BibHotheoa Scriptorum Sode- tatis Jesu," 1643; d. 6 Sept. 1652.
Aleman, Louis, French cardinal, archbishop of Aries; h. 1390; set up Amadeus VIII., dnke of Savoy, as anti-}>ope Felix Y., 1439; advised him to abdicate, 1449 ; d. 1452.
Aleman, Mateo, Spanish novelist; published "Guzman de Alfarache,'* 1599; d, in Mexico.
Alkmakd, Louis Augustin, French advocate ; ^. 1653 ; wrote *' Histoire monastique d' Ir- lande," 1690; d. 1728.
ALUfAinn, Luigi, Italian poet; h. 1495; seUled in France nnder the patronage of Fraocis I. ; published *'La Coltivazione," 1546; "GirooeilCortese," 1548; d. 1556.
Alembebt, Jean-le-Bond d', French philo- "o|^er and mathematician; h. 16 Nov. 171 7; abandoned by his mother next day ; published "Tndt^ de Dynamique," 1743; b^an pub- lishing the ** Encydop^ie," 1751 ; elected per^ petual secretary of Uie academy of sdences,
1772; d, 29 Oct. 1783.
Auss^ or Olen, Jan van, Dutch painter; h. 1651 ; d, 1698.
ALBI901C, count and dukes of. Cbarlu ns Vaix>i8, count, brother of Philip VI. of
Fnace: killed at Crecy, 26 Aug. xy^t. Jkajt dk Yalois, duke : ft. 1385 ; kUled at Aglncourt,
25 Octu 1415. Jbaii, foQ, oondemned for treason with tiie English ;
ImpiiMned, 1456; released, 1461 ; again condemned,
'474; d. 1476. EsFB, son, imprisoned, 1483 : released, 1483 ; d. 1402.
FtAji90iB na Valoib, dnke, brother of rands II.,
Charles DL, and Henry in., kings of France ; b. x8
Mareh, 1554 ; opposed his brother, Henry III., 1574 ;
proposed msnlsge to Elisabeth, queen of England,
1581 ; d. 10 June, 1584.
ALtan, Giulio, Itidian Jesuit missionary in
China ; 6. 1 583 ; d. Aug. 1649.
Aleotti, Giovanni Battista, Italian archi- tect ; h. 1546; translated the "Pneumatics" of Hero of Alexandria; d. 1636.
Aler, Paulus, German Jesuit philologist ; h. 9 Nov. 1656; published '* Dictionarium Ger- manico-Latinum," 1724; d, 2 May, 1727.
Ales, Alexander, Scotch Protestant theo- logian ; 6. 23 April, 1500; fled into Germany ; d. there, 17 March, 1565.
Alessi, GaleazsM), Italian architect; &. 1500; designed many palaces at Genoa; d. 1572.
Alexander I., II., kings of Egypt.
I. king, B.C. 107: banished .... 89
II. son, king, b.g. 8x ; killed .... 80
Alexander I., II., kings of Epirus.
I. called into Italy by the Tsrentines, b.c. 332 ; slain at Pandoaia, 326.
II. king, B.C. 272 ; dispossessed by the Macedonians, bnt regained his kingdom.
Alexander I. — IV., kings of Macedon. L king B.C. 500-454
II. king B.C. 369-367
III. the Great; h. at Pella, autumn, . b.c. 356 Placed nnder Aristotle, about .... 34a Fought bravely at Cheroneia .... 338 Became king on the assassination of his father
PhiUpII 336
Subdued the Greeks, destroyed Thebes . 335
Made war with Perria ; crossed the Hellespont 334 Defeated the Persians near the Granicus
22 May, 334 Defeated them again at Issus . . Nov. 333
Took Tyre ; conquered Syria and Egypt :
foundea Alexandria 332
Defeated Darius at Gaugamefat (Arbela) z Oct 331 Conquered Parthia, Media, Bactrla, &c. . 330-328 Married Roxana, a Bactrian princess: Inradea India, and defeated Porus ; OTerran Asia ; re- turned to Persepolis 326-324
Quelled a mutiny in his armr at Opis ; returned to Babylon, projecting fresh conquests . 324
Died of ferer at Babylon . May or June, 323
His body embalmed and sent to Alexandria . 321
IV. MgOA ; posthumous son of preceding ; b. b.o. 323; murdered with his mother Roxana, by Cassander 311
Alexander I.— VIII., popes.
I. saint, about 108-1x7
II. (Anselmo da Ba^o) io6x d. ax April, 1073
III. ^lando Bandlnelli) T150; learned; canon- ised Thomas k Becket, 21 Feb. XZ73 ; excom- municated the emperor Frederick Barbarossa ; pardoned him, 1x77 . . d. 30 Aug. zi8x
iV. (Binaldo di ^vgtd) 1254 . d. 95 May, 1261
V. (Pietro Philazgo) 1409 ; excommunicated John Hubs d. 3 May, 14x0
YI. (Bodrigo LensoU Borgia) b. about 1430; elected, 1492 ; dissolute, treacherous, and cove- tous : d. by poison intended for another, 18 Aug. 1503
VII. (Fabio Chigi) 6. about 1598 ; elected, X655 ; fayoured learning . <f. aa May, 1667
VIII. (Pietro Ottoboni) b. 1610 ; elected, 1689 ; added to the Vatican library the collection of MSS. of queen Christina of Sweden . d. i Feb. 1691
Alexandeb I., II., grand-dukes of Kussia.
l.b Z219
Defeated the Swedes near the Neva, and hence called "Nevskl" .... 15 July, 1240 Defeated the knights of the sword, on the lake
of Peipus 5 April, X242
Succeeded his father, Yaroslay . .1245
Resisted the efforts of the popes to convert him,
died 1263
II. gmnd-duke, 1327 ; expelled by the Tartars . 1328
ALE
10
ALF
Alexander I., II., czars of Russia.
I. 6 aj "Dec. 1777
Suoceoded his father Paul . 24 March» x8ox Made peace with England • >7 June, z8ox Joined the coalition against France ix April, 1805 Present at the defeat at Austerliti a Dec. 1805 His army defeated at Eylaa, 8 Feb. ; at Fried- land X4 June, X807
Met Napoleon on a raftatTUslt, and Joined him in an alliance against England July, X807
Met Napoleon at Erfurt ... 27 Sept. 1808 Declared war against him ; fiussia invaded
25 June, 18x2 Moscow fired ; the French retreated with im- mense loss .... Sept— Dec. z8z2 Entered Paris, 30 March ; visited London, June, X814 Signed the "Holy AlUance" . . 20 Sept 18x5 Established the kingdom of Poland, Nov. 18x5
Died x Dec. 1825
II. 6 29 April, x8x8
Succeeded his father, Nicholas I. . a March, 1855 Visited the army in the Crimea Nov. 1855
Decreed emancipation of the serfs in two years
3 March, 1863 His assassination attempted by Berezowski at
Paris 6 June, 1867
Alexander I. — III., kings of Scotland.
I. king, 8 Jan. 1107 . . d, 37 April, 1x24
II. 6. 34 Aug. 1198; king. 4 Dec. 12x4: married princess Joan of Js^gland, 25 June, X221; d. 8 July, 1249
III. b. 4 Sept X241 ; king, 8 July, 1249 ; married Margaret of England, 25 Dec. X251 ; visited London, 1260; killed by riding over a preci- pice x6 March, 1286
Alexander, prince of Servia, (son of Kara
George, or George the Black,) founder of the independence of 8ervia; b. 1806.
Chosen princeat the expulsion of MiloschX 14 Sept X842 Compelled to abdicate 23 Dec. x8s8
Tried for complicity in the assassination of
Prince Michael Oct x86S
Alexander I., II., lungs of Syria.
I. Balas ; usurped the throne, b.c. 150 ; defeated
by Ptolemy ; slain 146
II. Zebinas; B.C. X28; slain 122
Alexander, Saint, patriarch of Alexandria,
312; condemned Arius for heresy; present at the council of Nice, 325 ; d. ly April, 326.
Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 1123 ; went to Rome, and made legate, 1 142 ; rebuilt Lin- coln cathedral; d. 20 July, 1147.
Alexander, the Paphla^g^onian, an impostor ; professed to have foimd a new god, Glycon, and obtained credence, about 166.
Alexander Jan^sus, king of the Jews, termed "The Thracian;" high priest and king, B.O. 104 ; suppressed with great cruelty an insurrection of the Pharisees, 95 ; d, 78.
Alexander Severds, see Severm.
Alexander Trallianus, Greek physician; Ji. 6th century.
Alexandra, princess of Wales, daughter of Christian IX., king of Denmark; &. I Dec. 1844; married, 10 March, 1863. See WaUs.
AiiEXANDRE, of Bemay, or of Paris, French poet ; fi. 12th century; author of the " Alex- andriade," the most ancient poem in French.
Alexandre, Jacques, French Benedictine; (.24 Jan. 1653; constructed an equational clock, 1698; published ** Traits des Horloges,*' 1734; d. 23 June, 1734.
Alexandre, Noel, French Dominican theo- logian; 6. 19 Jan. 1639; d. 21 Aug. 1724.
Alexis, or Alexius, I. — V., emperors of Constantinople.
I. Comnenus ; 6. 1048 ; deposed Nicephorus, and became emperor, io8x ; obtained fealtv from the crusaders, and gained Nicsea and other cities, X097 cf. 15 Aug. Txx8
II. Comnenus; h. ix6j; emperor, xx8o; mur- dered by Andronicus Comnenus . 11S3
III. Augelus ; dethroned and blinded his brother Isaac, 1 195 ; expelled by the crusaders, July, 1203 : returned to Greece, and blinded Alexis
v., X204 ; .... d. some years after z 3x0
IV. Ajigelus ; emperor, 29 July, X203 ; murdered,
38 Jan. xao4 y. Ducas, called "Murtzuphlus ;" emperor, 8 Feb. X204; killed by the crusaders after their capture of Constantinople on . . X2 April, 1904 Alexis I. — IV., Comnenus, emperors of Trebizond. L b. X182; founded the empire, April, X204 ; d. Feb. t333
II. 6. 1283 : emperor, 1297 . . . d. X330
III. emperor, Dec. 1349 . . . . d. 1390 IT. emperor, 14x2 ; murdered, about . X446
Alexis, czar of Russia; 6. 10 March, 1629; succeeded his father, Michael, 13 July, 1645 ; victorious over the Poles, i()54; over Swede*, 1658; over Cossacks, 1667; d, 29 Jan. 1676.
Alexis, son of Peter the Great, czar of Russia; h. 28 Feb. 1690; conspired against his father, tried and sentenced to death ; d. 7 July, 1718.
Aleyn, Charles, poet; wrote "Battles of Crescey and Poictiers,** 1631 ; d. about 1643.
Alfani, Italian painters : Domenico, h. about 1483; d. after 1553; Orazio, son, h. 1510; d. Dec. 1583.
Alfaraeius, Arab philosopher ; d. 950.
Alfieri, Yittorio, Italian poet; h. 17 Jan. 1749; his Cleopatra acted at Turin, 1775; devotedly attached to Louisa, countess of Al- bany; d. 8 Oct. 1803.
Alfonso I. — Y., kings of Aragon.
I. "The Battler:" king, 1104: married Urrsca, daughter of Alfonso VI., king of Leon and Cas- tile ; king of Castile, X109-X114 ; victorious over
the Moors ; killed in battle '7<lul7»xi34
II. king, XX62 d. 20 ApiU, XX96
III. king, annexed the Balearic isles, 1285 ;
d. x8 June, X29X
rv. king, X327 c(. 24 June, 1336
y. king, X4x6: conquered Naples, 1442; d, 27 June, 1458
Alfonso I. — XI., kings of Leon and CastUe.' I. of Asturias, the Catholic : b. 693 ; king, 739 ;
ntlj enlarged his kingdom by conquest . dL 757 F Asturias and Leon, the Chaste ; 6. 758 ; king, 79X «i. 843
III. the Great ; h. 848 ; king, 866 ; annexed Naraire as an hereditary fief, 873 ; victorious over the Mahometans, 907-910 ; compelled to abdicate, 910 d. 30 Dec. 9x0
IV. king, 92^ : became a monk, 6^0 ; attempted
to reclfdm his crown, but defeated d. 931
V. b. 994 ; king, 999 ; married his son to the heiress of Castile, X026 ; killed at the siege of VIseo • . 5Mur, X038
VI. of Leon; b. 1030: king, X065; I. of Castile on the assassination of Sancho L, X072 ; epoch
of the Cid Rodrigo ct. 30 June, 1x09
(VII. ) king of AragoUyWith his wife Urraca, daugh- ter of Alfonso TL, X109 ; marriage annulled xx]4
ALF
11
ALL
VIL KmiOBd, of Leon, IL of CtetUa, ctUed "The Emvemrfb, xio6 ; king, 1126 ; d. 21 Ang. 1157
Tin. of Leon. HI. of CMtUe; king. 1158: en-' ooozaged edncation d, s Ang. 1214
ISLofLeooonlj: king, 1x88 «t. 1330
X. or IX.) of Leon, IV. of Gestae, called the Wiae ; 6. 1233 : king, 7252 ; the Alphonsine Msaoaomial tables oomptl^. the tXTiptares tranalatod, and new laws promulgated under
his engajcce d. 4 April. 1284
XI. of Leon. V. of Castile; king. 1312 ; snooess-
fol against the Moon d. 26 March. 1350
Aijposso I^ IL, kings of Ni4>les. L (Y. of Aragoa) ; conquered Naples. 1442 ;
A 27 June, 1458 H. e. 1448 ; king, x.^4 . <2. 19 ISov. 1495
ALF05SO I. — ^VI., kings of Portugal.
I. cinuit, 1096 ; prodaimed king, after defeating the Moon at Ouxique, 1 137 ; took Usbon. 1x47 ;
d. 6 Dec. 1x85
II. kii^ X2I2 . . <f. 25 March. X323
III. b. X2IO ; king, X248 ; acquired Algarve ;
d. 16 Feb. 1279 rv. the Bnve : b. laoo ; king, 1325 ; defeated the Moon : commanded the death of his son's wife, Ijlex de Castro. 2334 . <2. 28 Ma7. 1357
V. b. 1432; king, 1438 <L 28 Aug. 1481
Vr. b, 1643; king, 1656; excessivelj profligate; deposed t^ conspiracy of his wife and brother, x668 ; (t 12 Sept. X683
Alfobd, Charles Richard, bishop of Victoria ; h. 1S16; consecrated, 1867. Alford, Heniy, dean of Oanterbniy ; h. 7 Oct. iSio; pablisfaed "Poema/* 1831; '* School of t^ Hearty" 1835; "Greek Teetament," I $41-61 ; dean, 1857.
AxFOBO, Michael, Jeeoit historian ; h. 1 587 ; his ** Annales ecclesiastici et civiles Brittanno- nan,** Ac pabliahed, 1663; d. 165 1. Alfbed, king of Northumbria, 686; d, 14 Dec 705.
Alfbed, the Great, king of England, b. 849; d 28 Oct 901.
Sent to Borne, and anointed hy the pope 854
iMieeeeded hie brother Ethelred 23 April. 871
After seven jeatiT conflict with the Danes, com- pelled to retire to Athelney .... 878 the Danes defeated ; Gnthrnm and others bap- tised, and given large territoxles . May. 878 The Danes acknowledged Alfred's sovereignty 880 Defeated the Danea at Boeheeter, and captured
part of their fleet 885
Scpaired I/mdon 886
Corameneed hia Anglo-Saxcm translations 888
Defeated the Banes at Famham and Bemfleet 894 CbBstmeied a powerful navy and stopped tiie Danish invaalaQS, 897
Alfred, or Alfbic, abbot of Malmesbury ; haahop of Crediton, 990 ; d. about 999.
Alfbed, or Aldbed, monk of Beverley ; wrote "Annales, siye Historia de gesUs regum Bri- tamds;'* d. 1 126 or 1136.
Alfbed, prince, youngest son of Greoige TIL ; 6, 22 Sept 1 780; d, 20 Ang. 1782.
Alfbed, duke of Edinbivgb, second son of Qneen Victoria; 6. 6 Aug. 1844. Eatned the *' Eoryalns " as naval cadet Kov. 1858 Elected king of Greece, but declined Dec. 1862
Elected master of the Trinity house 15 March, x866 CYeafced dnke of Edinburgh and earl of Kent
24 May, x866 Appointed captain of the " Galatea " . Jan. 2867
Arrived at Melbourne .... 23 Nov. 1867 Escaped assassination at Sydney, shot in the back bvCfFarrell. 12 March : sailed for England, 4 Ajnll ; arrived at Spithead. 26 June. x868
Aloabdi, Alessandro, Italian sculptor; 6. about 1 600; executed the **Fuega d'Attila," an enormous alto-relievo; d, 10 June, 1 654.
Algabotti, I^ncesco, count, Italian critic and philosopher; b. 11 Dec. 1712 ; wrote " New- tonianismo per le Dame," 1733; d. 3 March, 1764.
Algha2Zali, Arab philosopher; b. 1058; d. nil.
A L0HI8I, Francesco, Italian musical composer ; b. 2 June, 1666; d. 29 March, 1743.
Alghisi, Tommaso, Italian surgeon; 5. 17 Sept. 1669 ; d. 24 Sept 17 1 3.
Alhazen. Arab geometrician ; wrote " Opticie Thesaurus, published in Latin, 1572; d 1038.
Ali Bet, (Bobrowski,) Polish scholar ; chief dragoman of the Sultan Mahomet IV. ; trans- lated the Bible into Turkish; d. 1675.
Alt Bey, a Mameluke chief; 6. 1728; ob- tained supreme power, and sought to regene- rate Egypt, 1766; invaded Syria, but defeated, 1770; d. 1773.
Ali Bey, pseudonym of Domingo Bodla y Leblich, Spanish traveller; 6. 1766; travelled in the East and in North Africa as an Arab ; published "Voyages en Asie et en Afrique," 1814; d. 30 Aug. 1818.
Ali Pacha, Albanian chief; b. about 1 741; usurped the pachalic of Janina, 1 788 ; massacred the Suliotes, Dec. 1803 ; surrendered, and treacherously put to death, 5 Feb. 1822.
AuBAUD, Louis, fired at king Louis Philippe, 25 June; executed, ii July, 1836.
Alibbandi, Geronuno, Sicilian painter, called the Raphael of Messina; b, 1470; d. 1524.
Alicb Maud Maby, princess, second daughter of queen Victoria; 6. 25 April, 1843; married prince Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt, I July, 1862.
Alison, Archibald, Scotch essayist ; 6. 1 757 ; published " Essays on Taste," 1790; d, 1839.
Alison, Sir Archibald, bart., son, Scottish historian; b. 29 Dec. 1792; published "His- tory of Europe," 1839-42; d. 23 May, 1867.
Alkmaab, Hendrik van, Dutch poet ; first translated and published " Beyneke de Voss," (** Reynard the Fox,") 1498.
Allainval, lienor Jean Christine Soulas d', Fi'ench dramatist; b. about 1700; d. 2 May,
1753. Allah, Andrew, scholar; b. April, 1655;
d. 17 June, 1685.
Allan, David, painter, termed "the Scotch Hogarth;" b. 13 Feb. 1744; d. 6 Aug. 1796.
Allan, George, antiquary ; published Hegge's "Legend of St. Cuthbert,^' 1777; d, 18 May, 1800.
Allan, Thomas, Scotch mineralogist; 6. 17 July, 1777; d, 12 Sept. 1833.
ALL
12
ALM
Allan^ Sir William, Seotch hiBtorical painter; I. 1782; A.R;A., 1825; RA., 1835; P.^.S.A., 1838; knighted, 1842; d. 23 Feb. 1850.
Allabd, Guy, French genealogist; b. 1645; published "£iblioth^ue de Dauphin^" 1680; d. 1 716.
Allard, Jean Fran9ois, French general; b. 1 785 ; entered the service of Runjeet Singh, chief of the Sikhs, and organised his army, 1822; d. 23 Jan. 1839.
Allardice, Robert Barclay, captain, Scotch pedestrian; 6. 25 Aug. 1779; claimed the earldom of Airth, 1839; d. 8 May, 1854.
Allatids, or Allacci, Leo, Greek scholar, librarian of the Vatican; b, 1586; (/. 19 Jan. 1669.
Allectus, Roman general; murdered Cstr rausius, and became emperor in Britain, 293 ; defeated and slain by Asclepiodotus, general of Constantius, 296.
Allegrain, Christophe Gabriel, French sculptor; b. 1710; rf. 17 April, 1795.
Alleori, Alessondro, Italian poet; d. about 1596; his "Rime" published, 1605-13.
Allegri, Antonio, called Correggio, Italian painter ; b. 1494 ; his chefs-d'oeuvre are " St. Jerome" at Parma, and "Nativity" ("Notte") at Dresden ; d, 5 March, 1 534.
Ai^LEORi, Gregorio, Italian musical composer ; b. about 1580; d 18 Feb. 1652.
Allein, Joseph, nonconformist divine ; b. 1633; published "Alarm to unconverted Sinners," 1672; d. Nov. 1668.
Allein, Richi^d, nonconformist divine; 6. 161 1 ; published "Vindicise Pietatis," 1663; d. 22 Dec. 1681.
Allen, Alexander, philologist; b. 21 Sept. 1814; published "Eclogie Ciceronian«e," 1839; d. 6 Nov. 1842.
Allen, Ethan, American colonist, colonel of the " Green Mountain Boys ; " founded the state of Vermont during the war of independ- ence; prisoner in England, 1775-78; published "Narrative of his captivity," 1779; d. 13 Feb.
1789.
Allen, John, archbishop of Dublin ; b. about 1476; made by Wolsey chancellor of Ireland and archbishop, 1528; murdered, 28 July, 1534.
Allen, Joseph W., landscape painter ; b. 1 803 ; d. 26 Aug. 1852.
Allen, or Alleyn, Thomas, antiquary and mathematician; 6. 21 Dec. 1542; cL 30 Sept. 1632.
Allen, Thomas, antiquary and topographer ; b. 1803; published "History of Lambeth," 1827; "History of London," 1827-28; "His- tory of county of York," 1828-31 ; d. 20 July,
Allen, Alan, or Alleyn, William, cardinal ; b. 1532 ; left England at the accession of Eliza- 1>eth, 1558; made cardinal, 1587; incited Philip II. to invade England ; published " De-
fence of thQ doctrine of Catholics cofnceming Purgatory," 1 565; "Admonition to the no- bility and people of England," 1588; d. 6 Oct.
1594. Allen, William, chemist and phflanthropiat ;
b. 29 Aug. 1770; d. 30 Dec. 1843.
Allen, William, D.D., American author; b. 2 Jan. 1784; published "American bio- graphical and historical Dictionary," 1809, the first issued in the United States.
Allbstbee, or Allestry, Richard, D.D. ; b. March, 16 19; fought in the civil vrar; with a band of students defended Oxford for the king; d. 28 Jan. 1681.
Alletz, Pons Augustin, French miscellaneous writer; b. 1703; d. 7 March, 1785.
Alley, Williun, bishop of Exeter ; (. about 1500; consecrated, 1 560; published "Poor Man's Library," 1565 ; translated the Penta- teuch for the Bishop's Bible ; cf. 15 April, 157 1.
Alleyn, Edward, actor ; b, i Sept 1566 ; built Fortune theatre, Cripplegate, 1600 ; pur- chased manor of Dulwich, 1606 ; began to build Dulvdch college, 1613; endowed the college, 21 June, 1619; d. there, 25 Nov. 1626.
Allioni, Carlo, Italian botanist; b. 172S; wrote "Flora Pedemontana," 1785 ; d. 1804.
Alloisi, Baldassare, Bolognese painter ; b. 1578; d. 1638.
Allori, Alessandro, called Bronzino, Floren- tine painter; 6. 3 May, 1535 ; painted " Sacri- fice of Abraham;" d. 22 Sept. 1607.
Allori, Cristofano, son, Florentine painter; b. 17 Oct. 1577 ; d. 1621.
Allston, Washington, American historical painter and poet; 6. 1779; d. g June, 1 843.
Almagro, Diego de, Spanish navigator ; b, 1475 ; accompanied Pizarro in his conquest of Peru, 1532; revolted, and put to death by Pizarro, July, 1538.
Almagro, Diego de, son, governor of Peru ; b. about 1 520; killed Pizarro, and was exe- cuted, Sept. 1542.
Al-Mamoun, see Mamoun.
Al-Manbur, or Almansor, the Invincible, second Abbasside caliph, 754 ; favoured learn- ing ; built Bagdad, about 762 ; d. 18 Oct. 775.
Almeida, Apollinario, Portuguese mission- ary; 6. 1587; killed in Abyssinia, 1638.
Almeida, Brites de, the Portuguese Joan of Arc; supported John I., king of Portugal, in the deliverance of his country from Castile at the battle of Albajurrota, 14 Aug. 1385.
AlLMEIDa, Francisco de, first Portuguese viceroy in India, 1505 ; defeated Egyptian fleet, 1508 ; murdered at Saldanha bay, I March, 15 10.
Almeida, Louren90 de, son, Portuguese na- vigator; killed, 1508.
Almeida, Manoel de, Portuguese Jesuit mis- sionary in India and Abyssinia; 6. 1580; d. 1646.
ALM
13
AMA
Almkloyeex, TheodoroB jAzmonius van,
Dutch phjRician ; 6. 24 July, 1657 ; pub-
bihed ** OxMHnasticoii Berum invenUrum,"
16S4; d 29 Jniy, 1 712.
Ajjfoif, John, pnblicist ; b. 1 738 ; condemned
Cor telling ojpies of the ^* Letters of Junius ; "
estaUi^ed tiie " Parliaznentaiy Register,"
1774; d. 12 Dec 1805.
Alompra, founder of the reigning dynasty of Bonnah; b. about 171 1 ; d. 15 May, 1760.
Alpsegk, Saint, ajt:hbi8hop of Canterbury,
1006; seised and imprisoned by the Dan^
lOU ; killed, 19 April, 1012.
Alpixi, Proepero, Venetian physician and botanist ; b. 1553 ; published '' De Plantis *«gypti," 1592; d. 5 Feb. 1617.
Alsop, Anthony, B.D., Latm poet ; his ''Odes" publiahecL 1751 ; d. 16 June, 1727.
Albop, Vincent, nonconformist divine; at- tacked Sherlock in his ''Anti Sozzo," 1675; d. 28 May, 1703.
Alsted, Johami Heinrich, German theologian and hirtorian; b. 1 5 88; published *' Encyclo- pedia," 1610 ; d. 8 Nov. 1638.
Alston, Charles, Scotch botanist and phy- sidan; b. 16S3; d. 22 Nov. 1760.
AlstbOmer, Jonas, Swedish patriot ; b. 7 Jan. J 685 ; introduced cotton, silk, and woollen manufactures into Sweden; d. 2 June, 1761.
Altdorfer, Albrecht, German painter and engraver; b. 1488; d. 153S.
Altkn, Carl August, count, Hanoverian general and statesman ; b. 20 Oct. 1 764 ; d. 20 April, 184OL
Alter, Franz Carl, German Jesuit and scholar ; 6. 27 Jan. 1 749 ; edited " Novum Testa- mentum ad oodicem Vindobonensem Graece," 1786-87; d. 29 March, 1804.
Althaxsb, Andreas, German reformer ; b. 1498; d. 1564.
Althbk, Ehan, a Persian ; b. 171 1 ; first cul- tivated madder in France, 1763 ; d. 1774.
Althcseit, or Altuusius, Jan, Dutch jurist ; b. 1556; d. 1638.
Altilio, GalHiello, Italian Latin poet ; b. about 1440; d. about 1501.
Altikg, German Protestant theologians : HcEKKicH, 6. 17 Feb. 1583: published "HlBtoria
eodedastiea Palatiiia," 1644 ; d. 25 Aug. 1644. Jacob, ton, 6. 27 Sept. 1618 ; d. ao Aug. 1679.
Alttno, Menso, Dutch geographer; 6. 1636; pubhahed **Notitia Germanise Inferioris," 1697 ; " Descriptio Frisiae," 1701 ; d. 1 7 12.
Alcred, monk of Beverley, see A If red.
Alva, or Alba, FwTiando Alvarez, duke of, Spanish general and statesman ; b. 1508 ; d. 12 Jan. 1582.
lavaded the papal states by order of Philip 11. 1556 Sent to quell the rebellion in the Netherlands 1567 Goremed with great severitr ; treacherously exe- cuted counts Egmont and Horn . 5 June, 1568 Captured Alkmaar, but failed at Haarlem ; re- calied, after having put to death about 18,000
I>WJ. 1573
Alvanley, lord, see Anlen,
Alvarado, Pe(bx> de, companion of Cortes in his conquest of Mexico, 1519-20 ; conquered Guatemala, 1 523 ; killed in a conflict with the Indians, 1 54 1.
Alvarez, Francisco, Portuguese missionary in Abyssinia, 15 15-2 7; d. after 1540.
Alvarotto, Jacopo, Italian jurist; b. 1385 ; cL iS June, 1453.
Alvensleben, Philipp Carl ,von, count, Prus- sian statesman; b. 16 Dea 1745; d. 21 Oct. 1802.
Alviano, Bartolommeo, Venetian general; defeated the emperor Maximilian in Friuli, 1508; defeated at Agnadello, 14 May, 1509; d. 7 Oct. 1515. '
ALViifzi, Joseph, Austrian general; b. 1735 ; defeated by Bonaparte at Areola, 15-17 Nov. 1796; and at Rivoli, 14-16 Jan. 1797; d. 27 Nov. 1810.
Amadeus I. — IX., counts and dukes of Savoy.
I. count of Maurienne only, 1048 . </. about- 1072
II. first count of Savoy, 1108 d. i April, 1148
III. count, X237 ; supported the emperor Frede- ric II., greatly favoured by him, 124 1 ; d. 24 June, 1253
IV. or V. the Great, count .... 1285 IV. or V. the Great : b. 1249 ; count, 128^ ; helped
the knights to defend Rhodes againlt the Turks, tps d. 16 Oct 1323
VI. the Green ; b. 1334 ; count, 1343 ; acquired Piedmont, 139* . . . d. 2 March, 1383
VII. the Red; 6. 1360; count, 1383; acquired Nice and other places, 1388 . d. i Nov. 1391
VIII. the pacific: 6. 1383; count, 1391: made duke by the emperor Sigismund, 14x7 : resigned, and became a monk at Ripaglia, 1434 : elected pope as Felix V., April, 1440 ; resigned, and re- tired to Ripaglia, April, 1449 d. j Jan. 1451
IX. 6. 1435 : duke, 1465 . . c(. 28 March, 1472
Amalric, or Arnauld, chief of the crusade against the Albigenses, 1209 ; d. 29 Sept. 1225.
Amalteo, brothei^p, Italian writers : CoRNKLio, physician ; 6. i$v> i wrote " Proteus," a
poem predicting the battle of Lepanto, 1572; d. 1603. Geromimo, phUosopher and physician ; 6. 1506 ; d. 24
Oct. 1574. Giovanni Battista, secretary of pope Pius IV. ;
b. 1525 ; wrote Latin epigrams ; d. 1573.
A MAMA, Sixtmus, Dutch Protestant theolo- gian; 6. 13 Oct. 1593; published "Anti-Bar- barus Biblicua," 1628; d, 9 Nov. 1 629.
Amari, Michele, Italian historian, poet, and Arabic scholar; b. 7 July, 1806; minister of fiiiance in the Sicilian revolution, 1 848.
Amaseo, Romolo, Italian scholxu* ; b. 24 June, 1489; d. 1552.
Amasis, king of Egypt, rc. 569 ; d. $2$.
Amato, Giovanni Antonio d', Italian painters : the elder, b. 1475 ; d. 1555; the younger, nephew, 6. 1535; d. 1598.
Amaury I., count of Joppa, king of Jeru- salem, 1 165; d. II July, II 73.
Amaury II., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem, I194 ; d. I April, 1205.
Amaury, or Amalricus, of Chartres, French theologian and philosopher ; d. About 1204.
Amaziah, king of Judah, B.c. 839-810.
1
AMB
14
AMO
Ambebgeb, Christopli, German painter; h. about 1490; d. after 1568.
Amberlet, John KuBsell, viacount, eldest son of Earl Russell; b. 10 Dec. 1 842; M.P. for Nottingham, 1866-68.
Ahboibe, Francois d*, French writer; ft. 1550; published " Discoiirs touchant la vraie et par- faite," 1577; d. 1620.
Amboibe, George d*, cardinal; ft. 1460; the able minist&r of Louis XII. of France, 1494 ; d. 25 May, 15 10.
AiTBROGi, Domenico degli, called '^Menichino del Brizio/' Bolognese painter; d. about 1660,
Ambrooio, Teseo, Italian orientalist ; ft. 1469 ; published *^ Introductio in Chaldaicam lin- guam," 1539; d. 154a
Ambrose, Saint ; ft. 340 ; bishop of Milan, 374 ; zealously opposed paganism, 384; and Arian- ism, 385 ; enjoined penance on Theodosius for massacre at Thessalonica, 390 ; d. 4 April, 397.
Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, French antiquary; ft. 7 April, 1730; published "Histoire du com- merce des Egyptiens," 1766; d. 23 Nov. 1811.
Amelia, Princess, youngest and favourite daughter of George III.; ft. 7 Aug. 1783; d. 2 Nov. 1 8 10.
Amxlot de la H0U8SATE, Abraham Nicolas, French publicist ; ft. Feb. 1634 ; published " Histoire du Gouvemement de Venise," 1676 ; d. 8 Dec. 1706.
Amelotte, Denis, French oratorian; ft. 1606; published his translation of the New Testa- ment, 1666; d. 7 Oct 1678.
Amelunghi, Girolamo, called ^' II Gobbo da Pisa," Italian burlesque poet ; published " La Gigantea," 1547.
Am enophis, Idngs of Egypt.
I. about B.C. X778.
II. B.O. 1687.
III. B.C. 1493 ; the Pharaoh of Exodus, rv. B.O. 1322.
Ambrbach, Johann, German printer at Basle, 1481 ; termed by Erasmus *' the best of men ;" printed first edition of St. Augustin's works, 1506; d. 1528.
Amerbach, Veit, German writer; ft. 1487; published "De Philoeophia natural!," 1549;
d. 1557. Ames, Fisher, American jurist and orator ;
ft. 9 April, 1758 ; friend and supporter of
Washington ; wrote "Essays on Democracy;"
d. 4 July, 1808.
Ames, Joseph, secretary of the society of anti- quaries; ft. 23 Jan. 1689; published "Typo- graphical Antiquities," 1749; d. 7 Oct 1759.
Ames, William, D.D., Puritan divine ; ft* 1576 > published " Puritanismus Angli- canus," 1610; d. 14 Nov. 1633.
Amherst, Jeffrey Amherst, lord, K.B., field- marshal ; ft. 29 Jan. 1717 ; captured Louis- burg and Cape Breton, 26 July, 1758; also Montreal, 7 Sept. 1760; created baron Am- herst, 20 May, 1776; d. 3 Aug. 1797.
Amherst, William Pitt Amherst, earl; 6. 14 Jan. 1773; d. 13 March, 1857. Succeeded Mb uncle .... 3 Aug. 179^ Went to China as ambassador . 8 Ftb. z8f 6
Returned unsuccessful 30JUI7, mSmt
Governor-general of India, i Aug. 1823 — xo March. xSaS Created earl 19 Dec;. z8s6
Amhubst, Nicholas, political writer ; 6. about 1700 ; expelled St. John's college, Oxford, June, 1 719; published ** The Craftaman," at- tacking Sir Robert Walpole's administratioQ, 1727; d. 27 April, 1742.
Amici, Giovanni Battista, Italian physiciBt and astronomer ; ft. 25 March, 1 786 ; constructed his dioptric microscope, which has led to ixiBny discoveries, 1 827; d. 10 April, 1863.
Amiot, Joseph, French Jesuit missionaiy ; ft. 1718 ; went to China, 1750 ; arrived at Pekin, 22 Aug. 1751 ; published " Dictionnaire Tartare-Mantchou-Fran9ois,*' 1789-90; d. 1794.
Amman, Johann, German botanist; ft. 1707; published " Stirpium rariorum in Imperio Rutheno Icones," 1739; d. 1741.
Amman, Johann Conrad, German physician for the deaf and dumb; ft. 1669; published " Surdus loquens,'' 1692; d. about 1 730.
Amman, Jost, German painter and wood- engraver; ft. 1539; published " Panoplia," 1564;" " Charta lusoria," 1588; d. 1591.
Ammanati, Bartolommeo, Florentine archi- tect; ft. 151 1 ; built the Ponte della Trinitis a bridge over the Amo at Florence ; d, 1 592.
Ammianus Mabcellinub, Roman historian;
fi' 370-390.
Ammibato, Scipione, Italian publicist; 6. 27 Sept. 1531 ; patronized by the Medici; pub- lished '* Istorie Fiorentine," 1600-41 ; " Delle Famiglie nobili Napolitane,'* 1 580-1651 ; d. 50 Jan. 1601.
Ammon, Christoph Friedrich von, German protestant preacher ; ft. 16 Jan. 1 766 ; published in German, " Sketch of a pure Biblical Theo- logy," 1 80 1 -2; d. 21 May, 1820.
AMMONio,Andrea,Italianpoet; ft. 1477; became Latinsecretary toHeniy VIII., 1513; d. 1517.
Ammonius Saccas, founder of the Neo-PIa- tonists at Alexandria, 201 ; teacher of Oiigen and Plotinus ; d. 243.
Amon, king of Judah; reigned, B.C. 643-641.
Amontons, Guillaume, French mechanician ; ft. 31 Aug. 1663 ; invented a conical barometer, 1695; air thermometer, 1702; a telegraph sjrstem, about 1684 ; d. 11 Oct. 1705.
Amobt, Eusebius, German theologian; ft. 15 Nov. 1692 ; published ** Scutum Kempense, sou Yindicise IV. librorum de Imitatione Christi," 1728; d. 5 Feb. 1775.
Amoby, Thomas, presbyterian theologian ; ft. Jan. 1700; published " Dialogue on Devo- tion," 1733; d. 24 June, 1774.
Amobt, Thomas, humorist ; ft. about 1691 ; published "Life of John Buncle," 1756-66; d. 25 Nov. 1788.
AMO
15
AND
Amos, Helrew int>phet ; prophesied in Israel, about &c. 808-784.
Amp&be, Andr^ Marie, French niathematician and phyncirt ; 6. 22 Jan. 1775; publUhed his diaooTeries in electro-magnetiam, 1820 ; in efectro-dynamirH, 1822-26; d. 10 June, 1836.
Axp^BK, Jean Jacques Antoine, son, French bktorian; b. 12 Aug. 1800 ; published *'His- toire Utt^raiie de la France," 1840 ; d, 27 March, 1864.
Amphilochius, Saint, Greek father; d, about
395- Amsdosf, Nicolaas von, German theologian ;
h. 3 Dec. 14S3 ; friend and assistant of Luther ;
preached reform, 1524; bishop of Naumburg,
1542-47; <t 14 May, 1565.
AjruBJLTH, or Murao, I.— IV., Ottoman sul-
I. saltan 1360
Took Adrianople and made it his capital 1361
GrMSly enlarifed his empire bj conquest v 363-87
Killed after his vietonr at Kos^ra, bj a
vonnded enemj 1389
IL saltan 1431
Besieged CVnutantinople, compelled to retire tfj rebellion of Mustapha, who was defeated
aadbdieadad 1433
War with Yeniee ; Theesalonica taken . 1433
Victorious orer the Servians .... 1438 Defeated bj Honiades and Scanderbeg; trace of Segedia : abdication of Amurath 1443
Defeated J-mAMmm of Hnnganr and his allies at Yama, t.«j1UIm kUled and Honiades made
priaooer 10 Nov. 1444
His second abdication ; returned to power, and queUed tJke revolted Janiss»rie8 1445
Invaded Greece 1446
Defeated the invading Hungarians under Hunl- •desatKoswxa .... 17 Oct. 1448
Died 9 Feb. 1451
in. soltaD, murdered his five brothers 1574
Made a oommerdal treaty with queen Elixa-
betii 1579
lavaded Hungary 1593
Oooquered Raab 1594
Died 18 Jan. 1595
IV. termed, from his excessive cruelty, the Otto- man Nero : sultan 1633
Soppreand revolt of the Janissaries 1631
Invaded Penia 1634
Osptored Bagdad .... 34 Dec. 1638 Died of fever 9 Feb. 1640
AimiTAS L — Til., kings of Macedon.
I king, about b.c 507 d. 480
n. k^g. about B.C. 430
IIL joined the Spartans in the Oljnthian wars, a.a-383 d. 370
AifTOT, Jacqoes, French prelate and classic writer; b. 30 Oct. 1513 ; bishop of Auxerre, 1 570; great improver of French prose; d. 6 Feb. 1593.
Amtot, Thoraaa, antiquary; (. 7 Jan. 1775 ; d. 28 Sc^ 1850.
Amtkaut, Amtbaldus, or Amurault, Mo'ise, French Protestant theologian; b. Sept. 1596; endeavoured to reconcile the Protestant dnircfaes ; d. July, 1664.
Ahachabsib, Scjrthian traveller; arrived at Athena, about B.C. 592.
Anaclbtus, or Cletus, Saint, pope ; elected, 78; d. 91.
Anacletus, anti-pope; reigned 1 130- 1 138.
AjfACRXON, Greek lyric poet; b. about B.C. 563; resided with Polycrates at Samos, 532- 522 ; d. about 478.
Anafesto, Paoluccio, first doge of Venice ; elected, 697; d. 717.
Anahtasius I., II., emperors of the East.
I. emperor 491
Fortified Constantinople 507
Favoured toleration and remitted taxes 493-513
Died 9 July, 518
II. emperor 713
Compelled to abdicate 716
Attempted to regain his crown ; slain . 721
Anastasius I. — IV., popes.
I. Saint, pope, 398 . , . . d. 74 Dec. 401
II. Saint, pope, 496 . c/. 17 Nov. 498
III. pope, 911 c'- 913
IV. pope, 1153 (i. 3 Dec. 1154
Akaxagoras, Greek philosopher; b. about 499; taught at Athens, B.C. 480; accused of impiety, retired to Lampsacus, 432; d. 428.
Anaximander, Greek natural phUosopher, of Miletus ; b. B.c. 610 ; reputed inventor of maps ; d. about 547.
Ancelot, Jacques Ars^ne Francois Polycarpe, French dramatist ; b. 9 Feb. 1794; d. 1854.
Anchieta, Jos^, Portuguese Jesuit missionary in Brazil; b. 1533; d. 9 June, 1597.
Ancillon, Charles, French Protestant his- torian; 6. 29 July, 1659; d. 5 July, 1715.
Ancillon, David, French publicist; b. 17 March, 161 7 ; published " Apologie de Luther," 1666; d. 3 Sept. 1692.
Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich, Prussian statesman and historian; b. 30 April, 1766; published ''Tableau des B^volutions," 1806; d. 10 April, 1837.
Ancre, d', marshal, see Conctni.
Ancus Martius, fourth king of Rome ; reigned, B.C. 638-614.
AimERSEN, Hans Christian, Danish novelist ; b. 2 April, 1805.
Andersen, or Andres, Lars, Swedish priest and statesman; b. 1480; became chancellor to Gustavus Yasa ; caused the reformed doctrines to be adopted by the diet, 1527 ; published the first Swedish New Testament; d. 1552.
Anderson, Adam, Scotch writer ; 6. about 1692 ; published " History of Commerce," 1762 ; d. ID Jan. 1765.
Anderson, Alexander, M.D., naturalist ; wrote on the bituminous lake of Trinidad, 1789 ; d. 1813.
Anderson, David, D.D. ; 6. 1814 ; bishop of Rupert's Land, 1849-64.
Anderson, Sir Edmund, judge ; b. about 1531 ; chief justice of the common pleas. May, 1582; wrote "Reports," published 1664-65; d. I Aus:. 1605.
Anderson, Sir George William, K.C.B., governor of Ceylon ; b. 1791 ; d. 17 Jan. 1857.
1
AND
Anderson, James, Scotch historian ; 5. 5 Aug. 1662 ; published " Collections relating to Mary, queen of Scotland/' 1724-28 ; " Selectas Diplo- matum et Numismataxn SootisB Thesaurus/' 1739; d. 3 April, 1728.
Anderson, James, D.D., Scotch genealogist ; published "Royal Genealogies/' 1732; d. 28 May, 1739.
Anderson, James, Scotch agriculturist ; ^- 1739 > published "Recreations in Agricul- ture/' 1 799- 1 802 ; rf. 15 Oct. 1808.
Anderson, Johann, German jurist and geo- grapher; b. 14 March, 1674; employed diplo- matically by Frederick IV. of Denmark, 171 1 ; his "Natxiral History of Iceland and Green- land" published, 1746; d. 3 May, 1743.
Anderson, John, Scotch minister ; b. 1671 ; published "Defence of the Presbyterians/' 1 7 14 ; d. 1720.
Anderson, John, M.D., Scotch natural phi- losopher; b. 1726; founded the Andersoiiian Institution, Glasgow ; d 13 June, 1796.
Anderson, Robert, Scotch physician ; b. 7 Jan. 1750 ; edited " British Poets," 1 792-1 807 ; d. 20 Feb. 1830.
Anderson, Robert, poet; b. i Feb. 1770; published "Ballads in the Cumberland Dia- lect," 1805 ; d. 27 Sept. 1833.
Anderson, Walter, D.D., Scotch historian ; b. about 1 720 ; published " History of France," 1769 ; d. 31 Aug. 1800.
Andocides, Greek orator ; b. B.C. 467 ; com- manded the fleet at Corcyra, 432 ; exiled for advising peace ; (2. 391.
Andrada e Silva, Jo6^ Bonifacio, naturalist and principal founder of Brazilian independ- ence; 6. 13 June, 1765 ; d. 6 April, 1838.
Andral, Gabriel, French physician ; b. 6 Nov. 1797; published "Clinique m^dicale/' 1824.
Andrasst, Julius, count, Hungarian states- man; b. 28 May, 1823; nominated president of an independent Hungarian ministry, 17 Feb. 1867.
Andr£, Johann, German musical composer; b. 28 March, 1741 ; composed "Der Topfer," and other operas ; d 18 June, 1799.
Andr£, John, major ; b. 1751 ; executed as a spy in America (through perfidy of the Ameri- can general Arnold), 2 Oct. 1780.
Andr£, Yves Marie, French philosopher ; b. 22 May, 1675 ; published " Essai sur le Beau," 1741 ; d. 26 Feb. 1764.
Andrea del Saeto, see VannuccJti,
Andrea Pisano, Italian sculj^tor and archi- tect; b. 1270; d. 1345.
Andrews, Johann Valentin, German scholar, alleged founder of the Rosicrucians ; 6. 1 7 Aug. 1586; published "Rosa Florescens/' 161 7 ; "Mythologia Christiana/' 1619; d. 27 June, 1654.
Andrews, Lars, see Andersen,
16 AND
Andreje, Tobias, German philosopher; b. 19 Aug. 1604; published " Methodi Carteaianie Assertio/' 1653; d. 17 Oct 1676.
Andreje, Tobias, Grerman physician ; (. 1 1 Aug. 1633; d, 5 Jan. 1685.
Andreani, Andrea, of Mantua, Italian painter and engraver; b. 1 540; d. 1623.
Andreas, Magister, of Ratisbon, Gennaa chronicler; Jl. about 1425; wrote " Chroniooo generale a Christo nato usque ad annum 1422.**
Andreas, YaleriuR, (Desseliua, or Taxander), Belgian bibliographer ; b. 27 Nov. 1588; pub- lished "BibliothecaBelgica," 1623; d. 1656.
Andreini, Italian dramatists and actors :
Fkancbsoo, b. about 1548 ; d. ao Aug. 1634. IsABXLUk, his wife ; 6. 1562 ; published " Bime,"
1601-5 ; d, 1604. Giovanni BATrntTA, son ; 6. 1579 ; d. about 165a.
Andr^osst, Antoine Frangois, count d\ French general ; b. 6 March, 1761 ; publishetl "Histoire du Canal du Midi," 1800; went to Egypt; published "M^moires," 1804; goTemor of Vienna, 1809; d. 10 Sept. 1828.
Andr^osst, Fran9ois, French engineer ; h. 10 June, 1633 ; helped Riquet in the construction of the canal of Languedoc, completed, 1681 ; d. 3 June, 1688.
Andrew I. — III., kings of Hungary.
I. made king by the people, 1046; killed bj Bela, his brother 1061
II. king, Z204 ; quelled rebellion of his son Bela, 1220-22 . . d. 7 March, 1235
III. last of the race of Arpad ; king, 1290 ; de- feated Charles Martel, to whom the ix>pe had given Hungary, 1292 . a. 14 Jan. 1301
Andrew of Hungary; (. 1326; married to Joanna of Naples ; murdered at Aversa (through her agency), 18 Dec. 1345*
Andrew I. — III., grand-dukes of Russia.
I. prince of White Russia, 1157 ; killed by hi^ people ii7<S
II. grand-duke, 1249 ; expelled by the Tartars 125a
III. grand-duke, 1294 . d. 27 July, 1304
Andrewes, I^ancelot, a translator of the Bible, and favourite of James I. ; b. 1555 ; bishop of Chichester, 1605; of Ely, 1 609; of Winches- ter, 1618 ; d 25 Sept. 1626.
A^ndrews, James Pettit, historian ; b. 1 737 ; published "Anecdotes," 1789; "History of Great Britain," 1 794; d. 6 Aug. 1797.
Andrews, Miles Peter, M.P., dramatist ; wrote "The Election," 1774; d. 18 July, 1814.
Andrieux, Fran9ois Guillaume, French mis- cellaneous writer; b, 6 May, 1759; d. 10 Alay,
1833. Andronicus, emperors of the East.
I. Comnenus; 6. xzio ; emperor, 1x83; strangled x2Sept. ii8>
II. Piuseologus, the elder; b. 1260; emperor, X283 ; caused separation of the Greek and Latin churches, 1307 ; dethroned by his grandson, Andronicus III., 1328; d. a monk 13 Feb. 1332
III. the younger; o. 1296; emperor, 1328; de- feated by the Turks, 1^29: made peace, 1330; conquered Albania and Epims, 1337 : d. 15 June, 1341
AND
17
ANN
IV. coosiured against his father, John defeated and blinded, 1375 ; overcame his father, and rained vith him, i^8x ; yielded the throne to his brother Manoel 11. .... 1391
AjTDBOincus I. — III., emperors of Trebizond. I. Ghidoe ; emperor, xasa . . . . d. 1335
TI. emperor, 1363 d. 1366
I£L emperor, 1330 .... d. Jan. 1332
A2n>BOKicuB, Livius, earliest Latin poet ; Greek slave at Borne; d. about B.C. 221.
AxDSOCTET-DucEBCEAU, Jacques, French archi- tect; published ** De Architectural' 1559; d. after 1596.
Andrt, l^icolasiy Prench physician; h, 1658 ; d. 13 May, 1742.
Axel, Dominique, French surgeon ; 5. about 1679 : published a mode of healing lachrymal fisti^aa, 1 7 13- 14; d. about 1730.
AjTEuanr, Welsh poet and diief ; wrote " Odes of the Month;" d. about 570.
A5GE DK St. Joseph, P^, { Jcweph Labrosse), French Carmelite missionary; b. 1636; pub- lished '' Gazophylacium Linguss Persarum/' 16S4; d. 29 Dec. 1697.
Akgb de St. Bosalib, Pbre, (Franfois Baf- fard), French Augustinian monk ; b. 1655 ; edited Anselme's "Histoire de la Maison royide de France," 1726-33; d, 1726.
AkgelaMebici,<^ Brescia; b. 151 1 ; founded the order of Ursidinenuns, 1537; d. 21 March, 154a
Akgeli; Bonayentura, Italian historian ; h. 1525 ; jTViblished '* Istoria di Parma," 159 1 ; d. soon after.
Akgeli, Filippo, Italian painter ; b, about 1600 ; first to employ rigid perspective in land- scapes ; d. 1660.
Angelico, Fra, see FiesoU.
AsGELio, or Degli Angeli, (Bargaeus), Pietro, Italian scholar; b. 1517; travelled in the east, 1543; d. 29 Feb. 1596.
AnTGELia, Domenico di, Italian scholar ; h. 1675; d. 7 Aug. 1718.
AK6ELI3, Pierre, French painter; b. 1 685;
d' 1734-
Angeloxi, Francesco^ Itxdian scholar; pub- lished ^'Histoire M4diallique des Empereurs Bomains," 1641 ; d. 29 Xov. 1 65 2.
Angeloni, Luigi, Italian publicist ; b. 1758 ; published at Paris a work on Guido d' Aretino, the musician, 1 8 1 1 ; expelled from France, 1 823 ; d, in London, 1842.
Angelus, Christophorus, Greek scholar; set- tled at Oxford, 1610 ; published " Enchiridion de Institutis Gnecorum," 1619 ; "Encomiimi of Great Britain," 1619 ; d. i Feb. 1638.
Angersteis, John Julius, Bussian merchant ; 5. 1735 ; his collection of paintings was pur- chased for;^57,C)00, to form the nucleus of the National Gallery, 1S24 ; d. 22 Jan. 1823.
Angilbebt, or Ekgilbert, Saint, secretary and minister of Charlemagne ; wrote poems, ele- gies, &C. ; d. 18 Feb. 814.
Angiolotto, see OioUo,
Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, earl of, 6. 10 July, 16 14; created earl, 22 April, 1661 ; lord privy seal, 1673-82; wrote "History of the Troubles of Ireland," 1641-50; (2. 6 April, i686.
Anglesey, Henry William Paget, marquess of, field-ma»hal ; 6. 1 7 May, 1 768 ; served in the Peninsulsf war ; led the brigade charge, and wounded at Waterloo, 18 June, 181 5 ; master- general of the ordnance, 1827 ; lord-Ueutenant of Ireland, 1828-29 ! b^[^ 1830-33 ; d, 29 April, 1854.
Anglus, Thomas, see White,
Angoul£me, Louis Antoine, due d', dauphin of France, son of Charles X. ; 6. 6 Aug. 1775 ; led Ml army into Spain, and quelled the con- stiti^onalists, 1823 ; d, 3 June, 1844.
Ahgoul^me, Marie Th^^se Charlotte, duchesse d' daughter of Louis XYI. ; b. 19 Dec. 1778 ; exchanged for French prisoners in Aus< tria^ 26 Dec. 1 795 ; married to her cousin, the due d'AngoulSme, 10 June, 1799; d. 19 Oct. 1851.
Angstrom, Anders Jonas, Swedish physicist ; b. 13 Aug. 1814 ; professor at Upsida, 1858 ; published researches on heat, magnetism, light, &c., 1842, et 9eq., map of the solar spectrum, 1869.
Anguieb, French sculptors, brothers:
Francois, &. 1604 : d. 8 Aug. 1669. Michel, 6. 1612 ; d. zi July, 1686.
Anguillara, Giovanni Andrea dell*, Italian poet ; b. about 1517 ; translated Ovid's Meta- morphoses, published 1561 ; d. after 1 564.
Anguillara, Luigi, or Aloysio, Italian botanist ; explored Italy and the East ; wrote "De Simplicibus," &c. ; d. Oct. 1570.
Anguisciola (Angussola), Sofonisba, Italian painter ; b. 1535 ; d. 1620.
Angus, see Douglas.
Anicei'US, Saint, pope ; elected, 157 ; mar- tyred, 17 April, 161.
Anich, Peter, Tyrolese peasant and mecha- nic; 6. 22 Feb. 1723; employed by the em- press Maria Theresa to construct maps ; d. I Sept. 1756.
Aniello, Tommaso, see Masanidio.
AnkarstrOm, Johan Jakob, Swedish noble ; ^- 1759 \ assassinated Gustavus III. of Swe- den, 16 March ; executed, 2 May, 1792.
Anlap, king of the Northumbrian Danes, 941 ; d. 942.
Anna, king of East Anglia, 635 ; killed in battle with Penda, king of Mercia, 654.
Anna Comnena, daughter of Alexis I., emperor of the East ; 6. 1083 ; wrote "Alexias," history of his reign, 1099 ; pardoned for con- spiring again.<9t her brother, 1 1 18 ; d. 1 148.
Annand, William, dean of Edinburgh ; 6. 1633; published "Fides CathoHca," 1661 ; " Panem Quotidianum" (defence of the com- mon prayer), 1661 ; d. 16 June, 1689.
B
ANN
18
AXS
Anne of Austria, queen of France ; b. 22
Sept. 1 601.
Harried Lonls XIII 25 Dea 16x5
Kegent for her son, Louis XIV., with cardinal
Maaauine as minister, 1643-51 . . d. 20 Jan. z666
Anns of Beaujeu, daughter of Louis XI. of France ; b. about 1422 ; regent for her brother, Charles YIIL, 1483 ; subdued Brittany, 14S8 ; d. 1522.
Anne of Bohemia, queen of Bichard II. of England ; married, 14 Jan. 1382 ; favoured the BeformatioD, 1386 ; d. 7 Jime, 1394.
Anne Boletn, queen of Henry VIII. ; b. about 1 5 10; married, 14 Nov. 1532; accused of adultery, 2 May ; beheaded, 19 May, 1536.
Anne of Brittany, daughter of the last duke ; b, 1476 ; compelled to marry Charles VIII. of France, when the duchy was annexed, 149 1 ; married Louis XII., 1498 ; d. 9 Jan. 15 14.
Anne of Cleves, queen of Henry VIII. ; married, 6 Jan. 1540; divorced, same year; d. at Chelsea, 17 July, 1557.
Anne of Denmark, queen of James I. ; b. 1574; married, 20 Aug. 1590; d, 3 March, 1019.
Anne Nbvill, queen of Bichard III. ; married to Edward, prince of Wales, 1470; to Bichard, duke of Gloucester, 1 473 ; queen, 1483 ; d. 16 March, 1485.
Anne, queen of Great Britain, younger daughter of James II. by his wife, Anne Hyde ; b. 6 Feb. 1665; d. 1 Aug. 17 14. Married prince Georgo of Denmark . 98 Jnly, 1683 Forsook ner father at the Revolution . Nov. z688 Her son William, doke of Gloucester, bom
24 Julj, 1689 ; died .... 30 July, 1700 Became queen at the death of William III.,
8 March ; crowned .... 33 April, 170a Queen Anne's Boun^ for the poorer clergy insti- tuted Feb. X704
Subjected to the influence of Mrs Masham (who
supplanted the duchess of Marlborough) 1706
Assented to the act for the union with Scotland
6 March, 1707 Her husband, prince George, died . . 28 Oct 1708 Dismissed the Whig government and the duke of
Marlborough Dec. 17x1
Anne of Hungaiy, daughter of Ladislaus VI., king of Hungary and Bohemia; b. 23 July, 1503 ,* married to Ferdinand of Austria, 1521 ; sustained his courage against the Turks ; d, 27 Jan. 1547.
Anne, empress of Bussia, daughter of Ivan Y.'yb.g Feb. 1694 ; married Frederick "William, duke of Courlaud, 1 7 10, who died 171 1 ; em- press, 29 Jan. 1 730; t3rrannical, cruel rule of her favourite Biren, 1732-40; made peace with the Turks at Belgrade, 1739; destroyed the powerful Dolgorouki family, 1739; d. 29 Oct. 1740.
Anne Amelia, princess of Prussia, musical composer; b. 9 Nov. 1723; d. 30 March, 1787.
Ankebaut, Claude d', Frendi marshal and admiral ; concluded peace between Francis I. and Henry VIII., about 1549; d. 2 Nov. 1552.
Annesley, see AngUaey.
Annett, Peter, deistical writer ; published "The Free Inquirer/' 1762; imprisoned and pilloried; d. 1778.
Annics de Viterbo, (Giovanni Nanni), Italian preaching friar; b. 1432 ; patronised at Borne ; published "Trsictatus de Imperio Turcarum," 147 1 ; uttered prophecies founded on Beve- lation in his "De futuris Christianorum Triumphis in Turcas," 1480 ; " Antiquitates Variae" (literary forgeries), 1498; d, 13 Nov. 1502.
Anquetil Buperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, French oriental scholar; b. 7 Dec 1731 ; pub- lished translation of " Zend-Avesta^" I77i; d.
1 7 Jan. 1805.
Anquetil Duperron, Louis Pierre, brother, French historian; 6. 21 Jan. 1723; d 6 Sept. 180S.
Ansaldi, Casto Innocente, Italian antiquary ; b. 7 May, 1 710; published '*De Martyribua sine Sanguine," 1739; d. 1779.
Anschaire, (Anscarius, or Ansgerius), the apostle of the North, French missionary to Scandinavia ; b. 8 Sept. 801 ; created first arch> bishop of Hamburg, 832 ; d, 3 Feb. 804.
AN8DELL, Bicharid, A.B.A., animal painter ; 6. 1815 ; A.B.A., 1861.
Anselm, Saint, bishop of Lucca; zealously opposed the emperor Henry IV. and supported the pope, 106 1 ; c£. 18 March, 1086.
Anselm, Saint, archbishop of Canterbury; b, at Aosta, 1034; d. 21 April, 1109.
Abbot of Bee X078
Archbishop ; expelled for resisting encroachments
ofWUliamll 1093
Reinstated by Uemy I x 100
Disputed with him respecting investitores X102
And retired to Bome X103
Beinstated xio6
Anselm, of Laon, " scholastic doctor,'* restorer of theological study in France ; d. 1 5 J uly, 1 1 1 7.
Anshlme, Antoine, French preache'r; b, 13 Jan. 1652; published "Sermons pour I'Avent," &c., 1731; d, 8 Aug. 1737.
Anselmi, Michel Angelo, Italian painter ; b. 1491 ; rf. 1554.
Anson, George Anson, lord, commodore; b. 23 April, 1697 ; circxmmavigated the globe,
18 Sept. 1740 — 15 June, 1744; defeated the French fleet off Finisterre, 3 May, 1747; d, 6 June, 1762.
Anspach, Elizabeth Berkeley, margravine of ; b. Dec. 1750; married, first, William liord Craven, 10 May, 1767; secondly, margrave of Anspach, Nov. 1791 ; pubUshedher *' Memoirs,"
1825 ; d. 13 Jan. 1828.
Ansted, David Thomas, geologist; b. 1814.
Anstey, Christopher, satiric poet; 6. 31 Oct. 1724; published "New Bath Guide," 1766; d. 1805.
Anstis, John, garter king-at-arms ; b, 2S Sept. 1669; publiJahed the ''Begister of the Order," 1724; d. 4 March, 1744,
Anstis, John, son, garter king-at-arms ; b, about 1708; d. 5 Dec. 1754.
ANT
19
ANT
AjrTALCTDAS, a Lacedaemonuui ; relieved tiie fleet of NicolochiiSy B.C. 388; mAde "peace of Antalcidas '* with Artaxerxes of Persia, giving the Laoedsmonians the rule in Greece, 387.
AjTTARAn, Arab warrior and poet ; Jl. 6tli oen- tarj.
AsTJSUOy Joseph, French ecclesiastical his- torian; 6. 25 July, 164S; published "De ^tate S. Martini," 1 693; d. 21 June, 1697.
ASTEBOS, Saint, pope ; elected, 21 Nov. 235 ; d. 3 Jan. 236.
AirrHEMirs, emperor of the West, 467 ; hired the Bretons to defend Gaul, 470; killed at the siege ol Bome, 1 1 July, 472.
AirrHEXius, architect of the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, 532.
AsTHON, Charles, American classical scholar ; ^* 1797; published ** Horace," with an ezoel- knt commentary, 1830 ; d. 29 July, 1867.
Ajtfhokie, Francis, quack and idchemist; h. 1550 ; announced as medicine, potable gold, ^ Aurum potabile," 1610; d. 26 May, 1 623.
AsmcoNUS, Greek general nnder Alexander, B.C. 323 ; wars with his colleagues, 320, 319 ; defeased by a coalition, and slain at Ipsus,
Asnaasts, made king of Judea by the ParthJaoa, B.C. 40; defeated by Herod; exe- cuted by Antony, 37.
AjiTigokus Dosox, king of Maoedon, B.O. 229 ; sapported Achaean league ; defeated ClecnneneB II. of Sparta at Sellasia, 222; d. 220.
AsTiGOXUs GoKATAS, king of Macedon, b.c. 277 ; expelled by Pyrrhus, 273 ; r^ained his throne, 272 ; patronised literature, 269 ; de* feated Alexandfir of Epirus, 266 ; d. 239.
AiTFiMACO, Marcantonio, Italian Hellenist; b. about 1473; taught Grreekat Ferrara, 1532; d. 1552.
Asrma, Maor Fran9ois d*, see DafUine.
AirriaroOs, favourite of the emperor Hadrian ; drowned in the Nile, 122.
AjfTiocHirB I. — ^X., kings of Syria. I. Soter, son of Sdencns Nicator; kiog, b.o. 280;
killed In battle vith the Gauls . . a6i
n. Thens ; king, aa a6i ; weakened Syria by war
vith ^gTpt : poisoned by his wife, Laodice . 246 IIL th« 6reat:kiiig, ac. 223; made war on Ptolemy,
Uag of Egypt, acquired Alestine, 218 ; defeated
at Kaphia, lost his conquests, 2x7; defeated
X98 ;receiTed Hannibal, afugitive, 195 ; defeated by the Bomans at Thermoi^be, 191 ; and by Sdpio and the Bomans near Magnesia, 190; made peace with Bome, snrrendering port of Asia Minor, &c., xft8 ; dismisaed Hauiibal, z88 ; killed I7 his subjects 187
IV. Epfphanes ; king, ro. 175 : nearly conquered Egypt, X71-X6S ; commanded by the Bomans to r^ire ; cruellT pezsecuted the Jews, and plun- dered Jenualem, 168 ; ■nccessfaUy resisted by
the Jews under the Maccabees, x66 . d. 164
V. Enpator ; king, with his father, b.o. x66; alone, under Lyvias, 164; much of his kingdom con- quered by the Parthlans ; murdered by Deme- tdttsSoter 162
VT. by some not recognised as king ; made no- minal king by Tryphon. b.o. 14a : killed by him 140
VI. (or VII.) Sidetes, or Energetes ; defeated, and killed Tryphon, b.c. X39 ; king on the captivity of his brother, Demetrius Nicator, 137; be- sieged and took Jerusalem ; made favourable peace with the Jews, 133; invaded Parthla, X20 ; defeated and slain 128
VIi. (or VIII.)Grypus; king, b.o. 125; resisted by his mother and Alexander Zebina, 125; killed Zebina, 123 ; poisoned his mother, t2i : expelled by his half-brother, Antiochus Cyd- oenus, 1x3; shared Syria with him, xxx ; assas- sinated 96
VIII. (or IX.) Cyrioenus ; defeated by Seleucus.
son of GrypuB, and killed .... b.c. 95
IX. (or X) Eusebes; king, ao. 05; overcame Philip and Antiochus X. ; deposed ... 83
X. (or XI.) Epiphanes: d^eated by Antiochus IX., and kiUed In battle.
Antcpateb, (father of Cassander), made regent of Macedon by Alexander, when entering on Persian war, b.o. 334 ; defeated confederates at Cranon, 322 ; sole ruler of Macedon, 331 ; c2- 3 19*
AirriFATEB, (son of Cassander), contended for throne of Maoedon, B.C. 296; murdered (said by Demetrius Polioroetes), 294.
Antiphon, oldest of the ten Attic orators, teacher of Thucydides ; b. about B.C. 479 ; con- demned and executed for treason, 411.
Antiquus, Johannes, Dutch portrait painter ; 6. II Oct. 1702; d. 1750.
Antisthenes, founder of the sect of the CSynics ; pupil of Socrates, and present at his death; fl. B.C. 426-371.
Antoine, Paul Crabriel, French Jesuit ; b. 21 Jan. 1679 ; published "Theologia Moralis universa^" 1726; d. 22 Jan. 1743.
Antohmarchi, Francesco, Corsican physician to Napoleon I.; published " Demiers Moments de Napoleon," 1823 ; d. 3 April, J 838.
Antonelli, Giaoomo, Italian cardinal; b. 2 April, 1806; cardinal, 1847; president of the cotmdl of ministers at Bome, 10 March ; re- signed, May, 1848 ; resumed office, April, 1850 ; his resignation not accepted by the pope, March, 1863.
Antoninus Pros, Koman emperor ; 5. 19 Sept. 86 ; succeeded Hadrian, July, 138 ; his wall in Britain btult by Lollius Urbicus, 140; forbade persecution of the Christians, 151 ; c2. 7 March, 161.
Antonio, of Padua, Portuguese saint; &. 15 Aug. II 95; said to have preached to the fishes; d. 13 June, 1231.
Antonio, Dom, prior of Crato, titular king of Portugal, grandjBon of Emmanuel; b. 1531 ; deprived of his rights by Philip II. of Spain, 1580; appealed to foreign powers for help, 1585 ; defeated; d. at Paris, 26 Aug. 1595.
Antonius, Marcus, Roman orator; b, B.C. 143 ; killed by Marius, 70.
Antonius, Marcus, Koman triumvir, nephew of Julius Caesar; b. b.o. 83; d. 30. Tribune of the people ; fled to Julius Ceesar in
Oanl 49
Consul ; present at (Jeesai's murder ... 44
ANT
20
AHA
Qtiarrelled with Oetayiui; decUtfed a public
«nem7 43
A triumvir with Octavius and Lepidus ; caused
death of Cicero 43
Gained battle of Philippi .... Oct. 4a Married Octavla, sister of Octavins ... 40 Triumvirate renewed for five years . 31 Dec. 38
Enslaved by Cleopatra 36
Invaded Armenia, and brought its king, Arta-
vasdes, to Alexandria ...... 34
Divorced Octavla 33
Prepared for war with Octavins, and wintered at
Patrsd wiUi Cleopatra . ... . •33
His fleet defeated at Actium . 9 Sept. 31
Committed suicide by poison .... 30
Antony, Saint, abbot; reputed founder of monachism in the East ; 6. 25 1 ; withdrew to the mountains of eastern Egypt, 285 ; preached in Egypt, 305 ; rf. 17 Jan. 356.
Antony of Bourbon, duke of Venddme, 6. 22 April, 1 5 18; married Jeanne d'AIbret, heiress of Lower Navarre, 20 Oct. 1548 ; became king and father of Henry IV. of France; lieut- tenant-general of France, 1560; d. of a woimd at the siege of Rouen, 17 Nov. 1562.
Anvari, Persian poet and astronomer ; d. about 1200.
Anvillr, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', French geographer; b. il July, 1697; pub- lished "G^graphie andenne," 1766; d, 28 Jan. 1782.
Apelles, Greek painter, patronised by Philip and Alexander of Macedon ; Jl. about B.c. 352- 308.
Apelles, Marcionite heretic, denied the resurrection of the body, &c. ; fl. about 188.
Aper Arrius, prsetorian prefect ; kept secret the death of his father-in-law, Numerian, and ruled in hih name ; killed by Diocletian, 284.
Apian, Peter, German astronomer and mathe- matician; b. 1495; favoured by Charles V. ; published "Astronomicum Csesareum," 1 540; S. 21 April, 1552.
Apicius, Marcus Gabius, Koman epicure; hanged himself at the prospect of poverty;
fi' 14-37. Apion, Greek grammanan at Alexandria;
Jl, about 38.
Apollinaris, (father and son), paraphrased the Scriptures into books of poetry, rhetoric, and phUosophy, for educational purposes, about 362.
Apollinarius, Claudius, bishop of Hierapolis, Greek father ; addressed an " Apology for the Faith " to Marcus Aurelius, about 1 70.
Apollinaris, Sidonius, see Stdonius,
APOLLODORtis, Greek grammarian ; Jl. about B.C. 140 ; also, Greek painter ; Jl. about B.C. 408.
Apollodorus of Damascus, architect; built Trajan's column, bridges, arches, &c., 105- 11 3.
Apollonio, Jacopo, Italian painter; b. about 1584; rf, 1654.
Apollonius of Tyana, mystic philosopher ; claimed to be a divine leglHlator; b. about B.c. 3 ; visited Persia and India, a.d. 45 ; Home, 66 ; d. about 98.
Apollonius Perg£US, mathematician ; wrote on " Conic Sections ; " ^. about B.C. 222.
Apollonius Rhodius, Greek poet and gram- marian, author of the "Argonautica;" jf. about B.C. 235-188.
Appel, Jacob, Dutch landscape painter ; 6. 29 Nov. 1680; d. 7 May, 1751.
Apperley, Charles James, (Nimrod), writer on sporting affairs; b. 1777; d. 19 May, 1843.
Appian, Greek historian of Rome;/, about 98- 161.
Appiani, Itah'an fresco painters : F1ULNCE8C0, 6. 1702; d. 179a. Andrka, b. 1754 ; patroniied bj Naix>leon I. ; d. x8i8.
Appius Claudius, see Claudius.
Appold, John George, inventor; ft. 14 April, 1800; exhibited his centrifugal pump at great exhibition, 185 1 ; d. ^i Aug. 1865.
Appoleius, or Apuleius, author of the " Golden Am ;" Jl. about 130-174.
Apries, (Pharaoh Hophra), king of Egypt, B.O. 596; defeated and dethroned by Amasis, 570.
Aprosto, Luigi, afterwards Angelico, called *' n Padre Vintimiglia," Italian monk ; h. 19 Oct. 1607 ; wrote *' Biblioteca Aprosiana^" 1673 J ^' 23 Feb. 1681.
Aqua PENDENTE, see Fahricius.
AqUAvrvA, Andrea, see Acquaviva.
Aquaviva, Claude, able general of the Jesuits; b. 1542; d. 31 Jan. 1615.
Aquila, translated the Old Testament into Greek for the Jews, about 130.
Aquila, Serafino dell', ItaUan poet ; (. 1466 ; patronised by Cesare Borgia; d. 10 Aug. 1500.
Aquin, Philippe d', French Hebndst; pub- lished " Dictionarium Hebneo-ChaldaBO-Tal- mudico-Rabbinicum,** 1629; "Dissertation du Tabernacle," 1623; d. 1650.
Aquinas, Thomas, Saint, the " Angelic Doc- tor ;" b. 1224 or 1227 ; taught at Naples, 1272 ; d. 7 March, 1274.
Araoo, Dominique Fran9oi8, French phynicist and astronomer; 6. 26 Feb. 1786; d. 2 Oct.
1853.
Measarod an arc of the meridian in Spain . 1806
Appointed perpetual iiccretaiy of the Academy
of Sciences at Paris 1830
Published researches in polarised light, tSxq : in magnetism and electricity, 1820-26 ; " Astro- nomie populaire," 1834 ; on chemical action of
light 184^, *c
Visited England z8x6 and 1834
Member of the provisional government . May, 1848
Arago, Etienne, brother, French dramatist and politician; b. 7 Feb. 1803; active republi- can; fought at the barricades, July, 1830 ; member of the constituent assembly, Dec. 1S48 ; banished, Dec. 1849.
Araldi, Alessandro, Italian painter; d. about 1528.
Aram, Eugene, schoolmaster; b. 1704; exe- cuted (for murder of Daniel Clarke in 1746), 6 Aug. 1759.
ABA
21
AKE
AsAKDA, Pedro AbarcA de Bolea, conde de ; h, 21 I>ec;. 171S; as prime minist^ of Spain, a refonner of abuses, and an enemy of England, 1766.73; d, 1799.
Abanzio, or Arantius, Gixdio Cesare, Italian phyacian; 6. about 1530; d. 1589.
Abatus, Greek genend ; b, B.C. 27 1 ; elected pnpfaH* of tbe Achaean leagoe ; endeavom^ to restore Grecian nnif^and freedom, 245 ; poison- ed by Philip V. of Macedon, 213.
A&ATUS, Greek poet ; author of " Phseno- mesna," an astronomical poem ; Jl. B.O. 270.
Arbacss, founder of the Median empire ; re^ed BwC. 876^48.
Ajlbogast, Louis Frangois Antoine, French mathemotidan; h. 1759; d, 8 April, 1803.
ARBOGAaTES, Gallic officer; intrusted with the d^enoe of the west, 391 ; killed Valentinian IL, and set up Eugenius, 392 ; defeated ; killed hiinaelf soon after, 6 Sept. 394.
Abboeio di Gattinara, Mercurino, Italian cardinal and diplomatist; b. 1465; employed in France by MaximiliaTi, 1508; cardinal, 1529; rf. 5 June, 153a
Arbusselles, Robert d', French monk; b.
1047 1 founded the order of Fontevrault, 1096 ; the order confirmed by the pope, 26 March,
1106; d, 25 Feb. 1 117.
ARBCTH2C0T, John, M.D. ; b, 1675 ; author of •* John Bull," "Martinus Scriblerus;" rf. 27 Feb. 1735.
Abc, Jeanne d', see Dare.
Abcadius, son of Theodosius I., emperor of
the East ; 6. 383 ; emperor, 395 ; d I May, 408. AitrfeRg, Louis Etienne, French historian and
a^culturist ; b. 1698 ; published " Histoire de
Bochelle," 17565-7; d 7 Feb. 1782.
Abcesilaus, Atiienian philosopher; founder
of the new academy, b.o. 278 ; d 241. Abcst, Jean d', French physicist ; b. 7 Sept.
1725 ; d. 12 Feb. 1801.
Archdall, Mervyn, Irish antiquary ; b. 1 723 ;
published ** Monasticon Hibemicum," 1786;
d 6 Aug. 1 791. Abchdekin, Richard, Irish Jesuit; b. about
1619; pnbliahed "Of Miracles," 1667; d, 3
Aug. 1693.
Archelaus, kmg of Macedon, B.C. 413; as-
saffsinated, 399. Archelaus, supporter of Mitbridates ; de- feated by Sylla near Qieroneia, b.o. 86. Archelaus, son, married Berenice, and reigned
with her in Egypt, b.c. 56 ; killed in battle
with the Romans, 55. Archelaus, son of Herod ; made ethnarch of
Judea by Augustus, b.o. 3 ; banished by him,
A.D. 7. Abchestholz, Johann Wilhelm von, Grerman
historian; b. 3 Sept. 1745; published in Ger- man, "England and Italy," 1785 ; " History
of the Seven Years' War," 1793; d, 28 Feb.
1812.
Archer, Frederick Scott, inventor of " iodised collodion," invaluable in photography, 185 1 ; d. 2 May, 1857.
Arches, John Wykeham, painter and anti- quary; b. 2 Aug. 1806; published "Vestiges of Old London," 185 1 ; d 25 May, 1864.
Archiac, Etienne Jules Adolphe Desmier de Saint-Simon, vicomte d', French geologist ; b. 24 Sept. 1802 ; published " Histoire des progrte de la Gr^logie," 1847-60.
Archiab, founder of Syracuse, b.c. 734.
Archias, Greek poet, whose Roman citizen' ship was defended by Cicero, b.c. 61.
Archidamus I. — ^y., kings of Sparta.
I. king about B.C. 668
II. king, B.C. 469 ; tnvaded Attica, 431 . d. 437
III. gained the '^tearless victorjr" (without loclng a man) over the Peloponnesians, b.c. 367 ; king, 361 ; assisted the Phodans in the sacred war,
^56 : Joined the Tarentines ; killed In Italj . 338
I V. defeated by Demetrius Polioreetes b.c. 396 v. king, B.C. 340 ; murdered . . • .324
Archilochos, satiric Greek poet ; inventor of regular Iambics; fl. about B.O. 714-676.
Archimedes, geometer ; b. b.c. 287 ; assisted in defence of Syracuse, 214; killed there, 212.
Archttas of Tarentum, Greek philosopher; inventor of pulley, vice, &c. ; redeemed Platu when sold for a slave by Dionysius, b.c. 360.
Arco, Niccolo d', oonte, Italian Latin poet ; b. 3 Dec. 1479; d 1546.
Arcddi, Alessandro Tommaso, Italian satirist ; b. 1655; published ^^Anatomia degl' Ipocriti," 1699; d. 1718.
Ajeidbn, Edward; b, 1531; executed for high treason, 20 Dec. 1583.
Ardbn, Richard Pepper, lord Alvanley; &, 1745; solicitor-general, 1782; attorney-general, '17S4; master of the rolls, 4 June, 1788; chief- justice of the common pleas, and baron, 22 May, 1801 ; d. 19 March, 1804.
Ardern, John, surgeon ; Jl. about 1370.
Arditi, Luigi, Italian musical composer; 6. 16 July, 1825.
Ardouin, marchese d' Ivrea; deprived and declared a public enemy, 999; king of Italy, 1002 ; defeated by the emperor Henry II., 1004; regained Pavia, &c., 1008; d, 1015.
Ardshir, or Artaxrrxes; defeated Arta- banus, king of Parthia, last of the Arsacids, and founded the dynasty of the Sassanidae, kings of Persia, with the title of Shahinshah, " king of kings," 226 ; warred, without result, with Alexander Severus till his death, 237 ; and with Armenia till his own death, 240.
Arena, (or De la Sable), Antoine d', French jurist and macaronic poet ; wrote " De Arte Dansandi," " Meygra Entreprisa," &c. ; cf. 1544.
Arena, or Harena, Jacopo, Italian jurist ; wrote " Compendiiun Moralium," &c., about 1320.
Arendt, Martin Frederic, Danish antiquary ; b. 1769; travelled through Europe; d 1824.
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22
ARI
Arebi, Paolo, Italian theologian ; h. 1574; wrote commentaries on Aristotle, the Canticles, &c. ; <2. 13 Jime, 1644.
Aretjeus, Greek physician ; Jl. ist century.
ABETiNO,or AsEzzo, Giiido d', alleged inventor of the musical gamut ; b. about 995.
Abetino, Leonardo, see Brunt.
Abetino, Spinello, Italian fresco painter ; b. about 1 3 16; d. about 1408.
Aretius, Petro, Italian satirist, termed the *'Scourge of princes," but really their flatterer ; h. 20 April, 1492 ; patronised by Francis I. of France, the Medici, &c. ; d. 1557.
Arfvedson, Johan A., Swedish chemist; b. 12 Jan. 1792; discovered the metal lithium, 181 7; d. 23 Oct. 1841.
Argall, John, theologian; b. about 1540; published "De vera Poenitentia," 1604; d. Oct. 1 606.
Aroall, Richard, religious poet; published " The Song of Songs," and •' The Bride's Orna- ments," 1 62 1.
Aroakd, Aim^, Swiss chemist ; b. 1755; ^' ventor of the Argand lunp, first niade in London, 1782; d. 24 Oct 1 803.
Argelander, Fritidrich Wilhelm August, Grerman astronomer; b. 22 March, 1799; pub- lished " Uranometria nova," 1843.
Argellati, Filippo, Italian bibliographer ; b. 1685; assisted Muratori in his "Kerum Italicarum Scriptores," 1723-39 ; published " Bibliotheca Scriptorum Mediolanensium," 1745; d. 25 Jan. 1755.
Aroens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, marquis d,' French writer; b. 24 June, 1 704; served some years as a soldier; published ** Lettres Juives," 1754; "Lettres Chinoises," 1755; "Lettres Cabalistiques," (all published as ** Philosophie du bon Sens," 1768); d, li June, 1771.
Aroensola, brothers, Spanish poets and his- torians:
LuPBBoio Leonardo nx, dramatiBt ; b. 1563 ; d. 161 3. Baatholomb Leonardo de, 6. 1564; pubUshed
" Conqaesta de la Islas Molucas/' 1609 : "Aoales de
AragoD," 1630 ; d. 26 Feb. 1631.
Aroenson, Marc Pierre d', French statesman ; b. 1696 ; patronised literature, the " £ncy- clop^e," kc; disgraced and exiled, 1757; d, 1764.
Argenterio, Giovanni, Italian physician ; b. 1513; published ''De Consultandi Ratione,"
1551; d- 1572. ARGENTRift, Bertrand d\ French jurist;
^' 1 5 19; published "Histoire de Bretagne," 1582; rf. 13 Feb. 1590.
Argentr^, Charles du Plessis d', French pre- late; b. 16 May, 1673; bishop of Tulle, 1725; published ''Analyse de la Foi," 1698; d. 27 Oct. 1740.
AROEyviLLE, ' Antoine Joseph Dezallier d', French naturalist ; b. about 1680 ; a compiler of the great "Encyclop^e; d, 29 Nov. 1765.
Argoli, Italian writers : Andrea., mathematician ; 6. 1570: published "Ephe-
merides,*' for i6a8 to 1700; De Diebus criticis,"
1652 ; d. 27 Sept. 1657. Giovanni, bod, poet : b. about 1609: published ''En-
dimione," 1626; d. about 1660.
Argonnb, Noel, or Bonaventure d*, French Carthusian; b. 1 640; published "Trajt^de )a lecture des Pbres de I'Eglise," 1668; (under the name of Vigneul Marville) " Melanges d' Histoire et de Litt^rature," 1699; d, 28 Jan. 1704.
ArgiiXL, see Campbell,
Argyropoulos, Joannes, Greek scholar ; came from Constantinople into Italy ; taught Greek at Padua^ '434; translated Aristotle; d. after
1489. Ariarathes I. — VII., kings of Cappadoda.
L defeated and slain bj Perdlccas . b.c. 323
II. recovwed Cappadoda . b.c. 315
III d. B.C. 220
IV. Joined Antiochus HI. againBt Borne; sned
for peace, b.c. 188 d. 163
V. king, B.C. 163 ; expelled by Demetrius Soter,
Z58 : restored by the Romans, 1 57 : slain in battle 130 Vf. king, B.C. 130 ; slain by Mithridatee 96
VII. VIII. deposed by Mithridates. about b.c. 96 IX. king, B.C. 42 ; deposed, and slain by Antony 36
Arias Montako, Benito, Spanish biblical scholar; b. 1527; edited the Antwerp Poly- glott Bible, 1569-73; d. 1598.
Aridjeus, see Arrhidaua,
Ariobarzanes I.— III., kings of Cappadocio.
I. made king by the Romans, b.c 93: exp^ed
by Tigranes ; restored, 90 ; resigned to his son 63
II. king, b.o. 63 ; assassinated about . 51
III. king, about B.C. 51: slain by Cassiua 4a
Ariobarzanes I. — III., kings of Pontus.
I. uncertain, about b.c 400
II. king, B.C. 363 ; rebelled against Persia, 36a ; made a citizen of Athens, 352 . d. 337
III. king, B.C. a66 . . . . d. about 940
Ariobto, Lodovioo, Italian poet; b. 8 Sept. 1474; published *' Orlando Furioso," 1516 ; d, 6 June, 1533.
Ariovistus, Grerman chief ; contended with Julius CsBsar in Gaul; totally defeated, B.c. S8.
Arisi, Francesco, Italian jurist and poet; b, 3 Feb. 1657; published "Cremona Literata," 1702-41 ; "Tabacco masticate e fumato," 1725 ; d. 25 Jan. 1743.
Aristarchus, Greek grammarian and critic ; tutor to son of Ptolemy Philopator, B.O. 156.
Aristarchus, Greek astronomer; Jl. b.c. 280 264.
Aristides, the Just, Athenian archon, B.C. 489 ; banished, 483 ; recalled, and commanded at Platsea, 479 ; d. 468.
Aristides, Greek Christian philosopher ; wrote "Apology for Christians," about 125.
Aristides, Publius ^lius, Greek rhetorician ; 6. 129; lectured at Rome, 176; d. about 18a
Aristippus, of Cyrene, Greek philosopher; founder of the luxurious Cyrenaic school of philosophy ; fi, about B.C. 366.
AEI
23
ARN
Aristobulus L, high priest and king of
Jode% B.C. 107; d. 106. Abistobulus IL; usurper, B.C. 70; depoaed by
Pompey, 63 ; poisoned, 49. A&iSTODEMUS, one of the Heracleidse, con- quered Sparta^ and founded the kingdom, about B.C. 1 105.
Abistugeiton, killed Hipparchus, tyrant of Athens, B.C. 514.
Akistonicus, claiined Pergamus, B.C. 1 33 ; defeated Crassus and the Romans, 131 ; de- feated by Perpenna; beheaded at Rome, 129.
Aristophanes, Greek comic poet ; b. at Athois, B.C. 444 ; denounced the Peloponnesian war, and the preTailing corruption at Athens ; exhibited his first play, 427 ; ridiculed Socrates in the "aouds," 423; the "Frogs" repre- sented, 405; d, about 380; his comedies first printed, 1498.
Abistopmaxes, Greek grammarian and critic ; founded a school at Alexandria ; first intro- duced accents into Greek ; fi. about b.c. 264.
Abistotle, Greek philosopher ; b. at Stageira, B.C. 3S4 ; resided at Athens, 367-347 ; pre- ceptor of Alexander the Great, 342 ; d. at Chalcis, Aug. 322.
Abius, Libyan hei^c ; began to deny the divinity of Christ at Alexandria, 318; excom- municated by the council there, 321 ; banished by the council of Nice, 325; re-admitted by the synod of Constantinople, 336 ; d. 336.
Abkwbight, Sir Richard, cotton manufac- ture ; b. 23 Dec. 1 732 ; at first a barber ; patented his "spinning jenny," 1769 ; built a spinning null with water-power at Cromford, ^^^if^J, 1771 ; regained his lost monopoly, 1785 ; kzughted, 1 786 ; d. 3 Aug. 1792.
Abkwbight, Richard, son, cotton manufac- turer ; 6. 19 Dec 1 755 ; d. 23 April, 1843.
AblaUD, Jacques Antoine, Swiss miniature painter; b. 1668 ; d. 25 May, 1743.
Ablikgtok^, Henry Bennett, earl of; 6. 161 8 ; one of the ** Cabal" ministry, 1670; created earl, 12 April, 1672 ; d. 28 July, 1685.
Ablotto Mainabdo, "D Piovano," Italian writer; 6. 25 Dec. 1395; wrote "Facetie piacerolexe,'* published 15CX} ; d. 26 Dec. 1483.
Abm A6NAC, counts of. ^RKARD Vn., oonnt. X39X ; head of the partj of
bis aon-in-law. the duke of Orleans ; opposed to the
court of France, 1410; made peace, and obtained
inpreme power as constable, 141^ ; ruled very tyran- nically ; massacred with 3500 of his party at Paris,
May, 1418. JoB3r Iv.. son, coimt, 14x8 ; revolted to the English,
1433 : selBed Commlnges, and assumed the style of a
mjfvenlgn ; defeated and imprisoned, 1443 ; pardoned,
1445 : d. X450. , , , ^ JoHw v., count (the last). 1450: married his sister;
condemned to banishihent, 1455 ; joined the " league
of the public good" against Louis XI., 1465 ; trea-
cheroosly c^>tured and slain, 5 March, 1473.
Abmengaud, Jean Germain D^sird, French art critic; b. 1797; published "Gal^ries pub- Uques de VEorope/' 1856-65; d March, 1869.
Abmikius, (Latin for Hermann), a German chief, who deluded and defeated Varus, the Roman general,. 9 ; himself defeated by Ger- manicus, 16 ; killed for his ambition, 19.
Abmimius (Harmensen), Jacobus, founder of the Arminian church; 6. 1560; divinity pro- fessor at Leyden ; appointed to defend Cal- vinism against its opponents, he took their side, 7 Feb. 1604; d. 19 Oct. 1609.
His followers were termed Remonstrants from their hav- ing presented a " Kemonstrance" to the States in 1610.
Abmstbong, Archibald, jester to James I. and Charles I. of England; d. 1672.
Abmstbono, John, M.D., poet ; b. about 1709; published "Art of preserving Health," 1744; d. 7 Sept. 1779.
Abmstbono, John, M.D. ; 6. 8 May, 1784; published "Practical Illustrations of Typhus Fever," 1816; d. 12 Dec. 1829.
Abmstbono, Sir Thomas, friend of the Duke of Monmouth ; executed for participation in the Ryehouse plot, 20 June, 1684.
Abmstbono, Sir William Greorge ; b. 26 Nov. 1 8 10; invented his rifled ordnance gun, 1854- 59 ; knighted, 5 Feb. ; appointed consulting engineer to the ordnance department for ten years, 22 Feb. 1859; resigned, 5 Feb. 1863.
Abnald, Richard, theologian; 6. 1696; pub- lished "CommentaTy on the Apocryphal Books," 1744-52; d. 4 Sept. 1756.
Abnall, William, pamphleteer; b. 1705; published the "British Journal" and "Free Briton," supporting Sir R Walpole; d. 1751.
Abnaud, Daniel, French troubadou; patron- ised by Richard I. ; d. about 1 189.
Abnaud, Fran9ois, abb^ de Grandchamp; 6.27 July, 1721; publish^ "Vari^t^s litt^ raires," 1768; d. 2 Dec. 1784-
Abnaud de Ronsil, George, French surgeon ; b. about 1698 ; published " Dissertation on Hernias," 1748; d. 27 Feb. 1774,
Abnauld de Villeneuve, termed *' de Bacha- one," alchemist and physician; b, about 1235; patronised by Pedro III. of Aragon, 1 285; d. about 1313.
Abnauld, Antoine, "the Great," of Port Royal, Jansenist theologian and philosopher; b. 8 Feb. 1612 ; vehemently opposed the Jesuits, and expelled from the Sorbonne, 1656; d. 9 Aug. 1694.
Abnauld, Henri, brother, bishop of Angers ; b. 1597; wrote " Negodations \ la cour de Rome," published 1748; d, 8 June, 1692.
Abnauld, Jacqueline Marie, called Marie Ang^que de Sainte Madeleine, abbess of Port Royal; b. 8 Sept. 1591; d. 6 Aug. 1661 ; her niece, Ang^que de Saint Jean, al«> abbess; b. 28 Nov. 1624; d. 29 Jan. 1684.
Abnault, Antoine Vincent, French poet and dramatist; 6. i Jan. 1766; wrote "V^nitiens" at Venice, 1797; " Germanicus," performed 1816; d 16 Sept. 1834.
AKN
24
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Abndt, Christioii Gottlieb von, German philo- logist; b. 2 Dec. 1743; published ^* Origin of
European dialects," 18 18; d. 2 Jan. 1829.
Abndt, Ernst Moritz, Grerman writer and
patriot ; b. 26 Dec. 1769 ; published " Greist der Zeit," (" Spirit of the Times ") and many songs against Napoleon, 1807 ; professor of history at Bonn, 1818 ; dismissed for liberal opinions ; restored, 1840 ; member of the national assem- bly at Frankfort, 1848-9; d. 29 Jan. i860.
Abndt, Johann, German mystic theologian; b. 27 Dec. 1555; published (in German) ''True Christianity," 1609; d. 11 May, 1621.
Arndt, Josua, German theologian ; 6. 9 Sept.
1626; d. 5 April, 1686.
Arne, Susannah Maria, see Cibber,
Arne, Thomas Augustine, Mus. D., musical composer; b. 1710 ; wrote "Comus," 1738; "Alfred," (containing "Rule Britannia"), 1 746 ; "Artaxerxes," 1762; d. 5 March, 1778.
Arnim, Ludwig Achim von, German poet and novelist; 6. 26 Jan. 1781 ; published " Winter- garten," (tales), 1809; d. 21 Jan. 1831.
ArnisjEus, Henningus, German physician; b. about 1580 ; established a laboratory and botanical garden at Helmstadt ; published "ObservationesAnatomicffi," 16 18; d.Noy. 1636.
Arnobius, Christian philosopher in Africa; wrote " Libri adversus Gentes," about 296.
Arnold, of Brescia, "patriarch of political heretics ;" pupil of Ab^rd ; attempted reform of the church and state at Bome, 1 139; banished, 1140; returned to Bome, 1145; seized and put to death by Adrian lY., 1 155.
Arnold of Melchthal, one of the three found- ers of the independenceof Switzerland, 1 308.
Arnold of Winkelried ; Swiss hero ; killed at Sempach, 9 July, 1386.
Arnold, Benedict, American general; 5. 3 Jan. 1740; censured by Washington for his exactions, 1779; revenged himself by deserting to the English ; connected with Andrd, who was hanged as a spy, 1780; d, at London, 1 801.
Arnold, Chnstoph, German philologist; b. 12 April, 1627; published " Testimoniimi Ela- vianum," 1661; d. 30 Jtme, 1685.
Arnold, Gottfried, German theologian ; b. 5 Sept. 1665; published " Sophia ; or, Mysteries of the Divine Wisdom," 1702; "History of the Church," 1699-1700; d, 30 May, 17 14.
Arnold, John, chronometer maker ; b. 1744; d. 25 Aug. 1799 ; his son, John Boger, also improved chronometers; d, 26 Feb. 1843.
Arnold, Matthew, poet, son of Dr Thomas Arnold; b. 24 Dec. 1822; published "Strayed Reveller," 1848; "On translating Homer," 1861 ; professor of poetry at Oxford, 1857-67.
Arnold, Richard, chronicler;/. 1451-1521; published hh "Chronicle," 1502.
Arnold, Samuel, Mus. D., musical composer ; b. 10 Aug. 1740; wrote "Maid of the Mill," "Inkle and Yarico," &c.; d. 22 Oct. 1802.
Arnold, Thomas, Scotch physician ; b. 1742 ; published "Observations on Insanity," 1782; d, 2 Sept. 1816.
Arnold, Thomas, D.D. ; 6. 13 June, 1795; head-master at Rugby school, 1827 ; published " Thucydides," 1830-35 ; " History of Bome," 1838-42; d. 12 June, 1842.
Arnold, Thomas Kerchever, critic and clani- cal scholar; b. 1 800; published "Henry's first Latin Book," 1839 ; and many other classicai school books; d. 9 March, 1853.
Arnoldi, Johannes von, German statesman and historian ; b. 30 Dec. 1751 ; entered the service of the house of Orange; opposed Na- poleon in Grermany, and endeavoured to raise Hesse, 1809 ; present at the oongress of Yienna, 181 5; d. 2 Dec. 1827.
Arnoldub de Yilla Nova^ see Arnaidd.
Arnolfo di Colle, often erroneously called "di Lapo," Italian architect and sculptor; b. 1232; d. 1300.
Arnot, Hugo, Scottish historian; b, 8 Dec. 1749 ; published " History of Edinburgh," 1779; d. 20 Nov. 1786.
Arnott, Neil, M.D. ; b. 1788 ; published "Elements of Physics," 1827; invented his water bed, 1830; wrote " Essay on Wanning and Yentilating," 1838.
Arnoul, or Arnulph, bishop of Lisieux, 1 14 1; sent as legate to England, 1 160; en-, deavoured to reconcile Henry IL and Thomas k Becket; d. 3 Aug. 1 183.
Arnould, Madeleine Sophie, French actress ; b. 1744; d. 14 Feb. 1803.
Arnoult, Jean Baptiste, French Jesuit; 6. 1689; published "Le Pr^cepteur," 1747;
d. 1753. Arntzen, Johann, German jurist; b. 1702;
d. 1759.
Arnu, Nicolas, French Dominican theologian; 6. II Sept. 1629; d, 1692.
Arnulf of Bavaria, emperor of Germany; elected king of Grermany, 887 ; defeated the Normans ; conquered northern Italy, 894 ; captured Rome, and crowned emperor; com- pelled to return to Bavaria, 896 ; d. 24 Nov.
§99. Arnulf I. — III., counts of Flanders.
I. count, 918 ....... <2. 965
IT. count, 965 d. 989
III. count, Z070 d. 107X
Arnulph, or Ernulph, bishop of Boches- ter; b. about 1040; consecrated, 1 1 14; com- piled " Textus Boffensis;" d, 15 March, 1124.
Aromatari, Giuseppe degli, Italian physi- cian; b. about 1586; d. 16 July, 1660.
Arouet dk Yoltaire, see VoUaire.
Arpad, Magyar chief ; b. 869 ; founded the kingdom of Hungary, 889 ; his dynasty ended with Andrew III., 1301 ; d, 907.
Arpino, Giuseppe Cesari d', see Cesari,
ARR
25
ASG
A.BMAS, J«me6 Hamilton, earl of, regent of
Scu«t]aiid at the death of James VI., 1542-58 ;
created dake of Chatelherault in France, 1 549 ;
d. 22 Jan. 1575. Akubok, Anders, Danish poet; b. 1587;
bialiop ci Droatheim, 1618 ; deposed, 13 Nov.
1621 ; d 1637.
Ajbbjedovdo, Isidore, Spanish historical punter; h. 1653 ; d. 1702.
AjtSHiDMC^ or ABiDiEUS, half -brother of Alexander the Great ; succeeded him as Philip III., king of Macedon, B.C. 323 ; mur- dered by Oljmpias, 317.
Arrian, Greek historian ; prefect of Cappa- doda, 136 ; made consul, 146 ; d. about 170.
AsBowsMiTH, Aaron, ge<^rapher and map- maker; h. 14 July, 1750; published ** Atlas," 1817 ; rf. 23 April, 1823.
ARBOwaifiTH, John, puritan divine ; h. 29 March, 1602 ; published " Tactica sacra," 1657 ; eL Feb. 1 659.
AmsACES, revolted against Antiochus Theus, king of SJri2^ B.C. 254 ; established the dynasty of the Arsacidse in Parthia, 250 ; d. 248.
Abses, king of Persia, B.C. 339 ; killed by Bagoas, 336.
Abtabakus, king of Persia ; murdered Xerxes I., reigned, and killed, B.C. 465.
Abtaph£H5ES, Persian general ; defeated by liiltiades at Marathon, B.c. 490.
Aetavasdes, king of Armenia, B.C. 56 ; de- feated Antony, 36 ; defeated by him, and taken prisoner, 34 ; killed by Cleopatra, 30.
Abtaxebxes I.— in., kings of Persia. L Lonsimanus ; killed ArUbanua, and became
king, B.r. 465 ; permitted the Jews to return,
45S ; his fleet defeated by the Greeks at SaLunlB,
449 <*• 4«5
IL Mnemon ; king, b.o. 405 ; defeated bis brother Cynu at Conaza, 401 : war with Greece, 399 ; de- feated by Agedlaoi near Sardis, 395 -, agreed to
peace of Antalcidaa, 387 d. 363
IIL Ochns : king, b.c. 363 ; poisoned by Bagoas 339 Aetaxebx£S, see Ardshir, AsTEDi (Arctedius), Peter, Swedish zoolo- gist ; 6. 22 Feb. 1 705 ; vrrote " Ichthyologia," published 173S ; d. 27 Dec. 1735. Abtemisia, queen of Halicamassus ; fought on the Persian side at Salamis, B.c. 480.
Abtemisia, queen of Caria ; erected to the memory of her husband and brother, Mausolus, the mAusoleum at Halicamassus, one of the seven wonders of the world, B.c. 352 ; d. 350.
Abtetelde, Jacob van, Flemish patriot ; brewer of Ghent ; expelled Louis, count of Flanders, 1 336 ; ruled till killed in a timiult, 19 July, 134S.
AsTEVSLDE, Philip van, son ; headed a fresh revolt ; defeated and killed at Koebecq, 27 Not. 1382.
Arthub, son of Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, and heir to the English crown ; h, 1 187 ; said to have been murdered by his uncle king John, April, I202,
Arthur, British chieftain ; fi. 500-530.
Arthur, prince of Wales, son of Henry VII. ; 6. 20 Sept. i486 ; married Catharine of Ara- gon, 14 Nov. 1501 ; d. 2 April, 1502.
Arthur William Patrick Albert, prince, third son of queen Victoria ; h. i May, 1850 ; entered Royal Militanr Academy, Woolwich, II Feb. 1867 ; visited Ireland, April, 1869 ; visited Canada, Aug. 1869.
Abtioas, Fernando Jos^, Montevidean gene- ral ; h. about 1760 ; at the end of the war, settled in Paraguay under Francia, 1820 ; d. 1826.
Artignt, Antoine Grachat d', French writer ; h. 8 Nov. 1706 ; published "Nouveaux M^- moires d' Histoire," 1749-56; d. 6 May, 1778.
Artois, counts of. Robert, regent of Naples, 1287 ; defeated and slain
by the Flemings at Coortiai, 11 Joly, 130a. BoBERT, repulsed by the Flemings at St Omer, 1340 ;
joined the English invaders ; kiUed at Vannes, 1342.
Artois, Jacques van, Belgian painter ; h. 1613 ; d, about 1665.
Arundel op Wardour, Blanche Arundel, lady ; h. 1583; defended Wardour Castle against the Parliiunent ; d. 28 Oct. 1649.
Arundel, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- bury ; 6. 1353; d. 20 Feb. 1414.
Appointed bishop of Ely . . . • . 1375
Made lord high chancellor 1386
Archbishop of York 1388
Archbishop of Canterbury 1396
Dreaded by Kichard II. ; tried for treason, and
banished Sept. 1397
Restored by Henry IV 1399
Opposed the Wicliffites 1408
Arundel, Thomas Howard, earl of ; 6. 7 July, 1592 ; collected the Arundelian marbles, given to Oxford university by his son, 1667 ; d. 4 Oct. 1646.
Arundel, see Howard.
Asa, king of Judah ; reigned B.c. 958-914.
As AN II., king of Bulgaria; defeated and blinded Theodore, emperor of Thessalonica, 1230; supported the Latin empire, 1237; d. June, 1 24 1.
AscHAM, Koger, Latin secretary to Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth ; 6. 1515 ; read Greek publicly at Cambridge, 1 5 36; published "Toxo- philus, the Scheie of Shootinge," 1 545 ; made preceptor to princess Elizabeth, 154^; wrote his ^' Schole-master," 1550 (published, 1 570); d. 30 Dec. 1568.
AsELLio, Caspare, Italian anatomist ; h. about 1581 ; discoverer of the lacteal vessels in a dog, 23 July, 1622; d. 1626.
AsFELD, Jacques Vincent Bidal de, French Jansenist abb^ ; h. 1664 ; published **La G^n^se, avec une explication," 1 732; d. 1745.
AsoiLL, John, M.P., political and religious enthusiast; h. about 1650; published "Possi- bility of avoiding Death," 1700 ; the book burnt ; imprison^ for nearly thirty years ; d in prison, Nov. 1738.
ASH
29
ATH
AflH, John, Baptist miniiiter ; b, 1724 ; published " English Dictionary," 1775 J ^'Sentiments on Education/' 1777; d. April, 1779.
Ash, John, M.D. ; published his experiments on foreign mineral waters, 1788; d 18 June,
1798. Abhbubnham, John, M.P., royalist; 0. 1604;
companion of Charles I. at Hampton court ;
aided his escape, and advised his surrender to
colonel Hammond, 1647 ; favoured by Charles
II., 1660; his ** Narrative '* published, 1830;
d. 1671.
AsHBURTON, see Baring and Bunniny.
AsHBY, Sir John, admiral ; d. 12 July, 1698.
Ashe, Andrew, Irish flautist ; b, 1759 ; d. March, 1838.
AsuE, Simeon, puritan minister; published sermons before the house of commons, 1642; before the house of lords, 1645; d. 1662. AsHLKY, see Shaftesbury,
AsHMULE, Elias, antiquary, astrologer, and alchemist; 6. 23 May, 161 7; published "Thea- trum Chemicum," 1652 ; ** History of the Order of the Garter," 1 672 ; founded the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, with the collections of the Tradescants, of whom he was executor, 1682; d. 18 May, 1692.
AsHPiTEL, Arthur, architect and antiquary ; b. 15 Dec. 1807; d, 18 Jan. 1869.
AsHTON, Charles, philologist; b, 25 May, 1665; published "TuUy and Hirtius recon- ciled," and other papers; d, March, 1752.
AsHWELL, George, theologian ; b. 8 Nov. 1612 ; published "Fides Apostolica," 1653; " Gestus Eucharisticus," 1663 ; rf. 8 Feb. 1693.
AsuwoRTH, Caleb, D.D., Baptist minister; b. 1722; d. 18 July, 1755.
Askew, Anne, martyr; b. 1521 ; married Mr Kyme; burnt for denying transubstantiation, 16 July, 1546.
Askew, Anthony, physician and book-col- lector; 6. 1722; d. 27 April, 1774; his library sold by auction, 1775.
AsPAR, Roman general ; took Ravenna from John Primioerius, and beheaded him, 425; helped to make Leo I. emperor of the East, 457 ; who killed him and his sons, 471.
AsPASiA, mistress of Pericles, ruler of Athens ; accused of impiety ; acquitted, b.c. 432.
AsPER, Hans, Swiss painter; b, 1499; d, 21 March, 157 1.
AsPERTiNi, Amioo, Italian painter; b. 1474; d. 1552.
AspiNWALL, William, American physician; b, 1743; d. 16 April, 1823.
AssELTN, Jan, Dutch landscape painter; b. 1610; d. 1660.
AssEMANi, Syrian scholars : OiusxppB 81M0KB, b. 1687 ; collected oriental HSS. for
the Vatican : compiled a catalogue, " Bibliotheca
Orientalls/' 1719-28; d. 13 Jan. 1768. Sxxi'AMo EvoDXo, 6. Z707; <i. 24 aor. 1782.
GiusKPPB Luioi, b. about 1710: pnblUhed "Godex
Liturgicns Ecclesise UniverBas/' 1749-63: <2. 9 Feb.
1782. SiMOKS, 6. ao Feb. 175a ; d. 7 April 1851.
AssER, bishop of Sherborne ; wrote life of his friend king Alfred; d. 910.
AssERETO, Giovacchino, Genoese painter ; b. 1600; d. 1649.
AssHETON, William, D.D. ; 5. 1641 ; published '* Toleration disapproved and condemned by authority," 1674-76; d. Sept. 171 1.
AssoucY, Charles Coypeau d', French baj> lesque poet; b. about 1604; d. about 1679.
AsT, Georg Anton Friedrich, GennaA philo- sopher and scholar; 6. 1778 ; edited Plato, 18 19- 32 ; published " Lexicon Platonicum," 1834-39 ; d. 30 Dec. 1841.
Ajbtburt, Samuel, potter ; b. about 1678 ; greatly improved the manufacture ; d. 1743.
AsTELL, Mary, scholar; b. 1668; published " Letters concerning the Love of God," 1695 ; " Reflections on Marriage," 17CX); d. 11 May,
Abtle, Thomas, antiquary; b. about 1734; published " Origin and Progress of Writing," 1784; d. I Dec. 1803; his valuable library bought by the Boyal Institution, Jjondon, 1804.
AsTLET, Jacob Astley, lord, royalist general ; created baron, 1 645; d. Feb. 1 651.
AsTLEY, John, portrait painter ; d. 14N0V. 1787.
Abtle Y, Philip, equestrian ; b, 1742 ; built his amphitheatre, 1780; burned, 16 Aug. 1794; rebuilt and opened, 6 April, 1795; published " Modem Kiding-master," 1775 ; rf. 20 Oct, 1814.
Aston, Sir Arthur, royalist commander ; governor of Drogheda ; rf. Aug. 1649.
Aston, Sir lliomas, bart., high sheriff of Cheshire ; rf. of wounds, 24 March, 1645.
Ajstor, John Jacob, a Grerman merchant; 6. 17 July, 1763; settled in America, 1784; greatly increased the fur trade, making an enormous fortune ; founded Astoria on the Columbia, 181 1 ; bequeathed fmids to establish the public Astor library (126,000 volumes) at New York; rf. 29 March, 1848.
AsTRUC, Jean, French physician ; &. 19 March, 1684 ; published " De Morbis Venereis," 1 736 ; "Doutes sur I'lnoculation," 1756; rf. 5 May, 1766.
AsTULPHUS, king of Lombardy, 749 ; rf. 756.
Astyaoes, last king of Media, grandfather of Cyrus, B.O. 595-560.
Atahualpa, last king of Peru; killed by Pizarro, 29 Aug. 1 533.
Ataulphus, see Adolpkus.
Athalaric, Gothic kmg of Italy, 526 ; rf. 534.
Athaliah, queen of Judah; usuiped the throne, B.O. 884; slain, 878.
Athanaric, Gothic chief ; warred with VaJens ; made peace, visited Theodosius at Constanti- nople, 1 1