Ringdown analysis of GW250114 with orthonormal modes

[2605.03576] Ringdown analysis of GW250114 with orthonormal modes Skip to main content Search Submit Donate Log in General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology arXiv:2605.03576 (gr-qc) [Submitted on 5 May 2026 ( v1 ), last revised 28 Aug 2026 (this version, v2)] Title: Ringdown analysis of GW250114 with orthonormal modes Authors: Motoki Suzuki , Kei-ichiro Kubota , Soichiro Morisaki , Hayato Motohashi , Daiki Watarai View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract: GW250114 is the loudest gravitational wave event to date observed by LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. Owing to its high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), previous analyses based on quasinormal mode (QNM) superpositions have suggested evidence of the fundamental and the first overtone of the $\ell=m=2$ mode in this event. However, QNMs are not orthogonal and the inclusion of multiple QNMs induces correlations among them, which can hinder the robust identification of subdominant QNMs. To address this challenge, we apply an analysis based on orthonormalized QNMs [S. Morisaki $\textit{et al.}$, Phys. Rev. D $\textbf{112}$, 124083 (2025)] to GW250114. We find that, in the model including three $\ell=m=2$ QNMs up to the second overtone, the first overtone of the $\ell=m=2$ mode is more strongly supported than in previous nonorthogonal analyses, with the inferred significance increasing from $82.5\%$ to $99.9\%$. Furthermore, we estimate deviations from the Kerr prediction using the orthonormal QNM framework and find no significant deviation, consistent with previous analyses. These results demonstrate that the orthonormal QNM framework provides a more robust way to identify subdominant modes in high-SNR ringdown signals, highlighting its potential for future gravitational wave observations. Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures, analysis code is available at this https URL . Version published in Physical Review D Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc) Report number: LIGO-P2600196-v3 Cite as: arXiv:2605.03576 [gr-qc] (or arXiv:2605.03576v2 [gr-qc] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.03576 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Journal reference: Phys. Rev. D 114, 044099 (2026) Related DOI : https://doi.org/10.1103/6x5z-q9ml Focus to learn more DOI(s) linking to related resources Submission history From: Motoki Suzuki [ view email ] [v1] Tue, 5 May 2026 09:45:08 UTC (2,474 KB) [v2] Fri, 28 Aug 2026 05:21:58 UTC (2,475 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: gr-qc < prev | next > new | recent | 2026-05 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer ( What is the Explorer? ) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers ( What is Connected Papers? ) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps ( What is Litmaps? ) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations ( What are Smart Citations? ) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv ( What is alphaXiv? ) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers ( What is CatalyzeX? ) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub ( What is DagsHub? ) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub ( What is GotitPub? ) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face ( What is Huggingface? ) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast ( What is ScienceCast? ) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate ( What is Replicate? ) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces ( What is Spaces? ) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI ( What is TXYZ.AI? ) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower ( What are Influence Flowers? ) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender ( What is CORE? ) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender ( What is IArxiv? ) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax ( What is MathJax? ) We gratefully acknowledge support from our major funders , member institutions , and all contributors. About · Help · Contact · Subscribe · Copyright · Privacy · Accessibility · Operational Status (opens in new tab) Major funding support from

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