Dual constraints on agent decision-making: Expanding Rocchè's critique of Raz's exclusionary reasons

This article expands Giuseppe Rocchè’s critique of Raz’s model of exclusionary reasons by addressing its limitations in real-world decision-making. By drawing from theories of bounded rationality and social norms, this commentary highlights how the interplay of cognitive biases and social constraints complicates the exclusionary reasoning process. Bounded rationality reveals cognitive limitations that prevent people from fully filtering biases, even when they intend to follow authority. Whereas research on social norms illustrates how normative pressures lead individuals to align their behaviour with perceived social expectations rather than act purely on rational considerations. These dual constraints underscore a fundamental tension in Raz’s framework: the interplay between individual cognitive limitations and contextual social factors. By integrating empirical and theoretical insights, this article strengthens Rocchè’s critique, offering a more comprehensive perspective on the challenges of human reasoning under authoritative guidance.