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Neuroni e sentimenti
English Abstract Title: Neurons and Feelings: Toward a Physicalist-Emergentist Explanation of Subjective Experience The article examines the relationship between neural and physiological processes and subjective emotional experience (feelings), taking sadness as a paradigmatic case. The paper supports a physicalist-emergentist position, according to which feelings are not immaterial entities added to brain processes, but rather the way in which highly integrated neural activity manifests internally to itself (matter feeling itself). The first sections detail the physiological and neural chain of sadness, including the activation of specific brain networks, the release of neurotransmitters and hormones, effects on the autonomic nervous system, and bodily manifestations. It then discusses the role of interoception and the salience network in transforming these physical changes into conscious feelings. The article critically addresses David Chalmers' "hard problem of consciousness" and the zombie argument. It argues that the hard problem arises only from a dualistic presupposition that separates subjective experience from physical processes. From an emergentist perspective, experience is not something added to neural processes, but is the intrinsic, first-person mode of existence of a sufficiently integrated neural system. Furthermore, an evolutionary argument is put forward: consciousness could not have been selected for if it lacked causal efficacy, which demonstrates its physical nature. Subsequent sections address psychogenic pain, the bidirectional relationships between the psyche and the biological systems of the human body, and the adaptive function of physiological alterations. Particular attention is dedicated to the unconscious origin of many feelings, and to the contribution of brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies as empirical evidence in favor of the token-token identity theory. The article concludes that the so-called "hard problem" loses much of its force once the ontological separation between physical processes and subjective experience is abandoned, even though empirically addressable scientific problems remain. This position avoids dualism, epifenomenalism, and ontological leaps, offering a coherent and parsimonious framework for contemporary neuroscience and the philosophy of mind. ________________________________________ Abstract in italiano Titolo: Neuroni e sentimenti: Verso una spiegazione fisicalista-emergentista dell'esperienza soggettiva L'articolo esamina il rapporto tra processi neurali e fisiologici e l'esperienza emotiva soggettiva (sentimenti), prendendo come caso paradigmatico la tristezza. Lo scritto sostiene una posizione fisicalista-emergentista, secondo la quale i sentimenti non sono entità immateriali aggiunte ai processi cerebrali, bensì il modo in cui l'attività neurale altamente integrata si manifesta internamente a sé stessa (la materia che sperimenta se stessa). Le prime sezioni dettagliano la catena fisiologica e neurale della tristezza, includendo l'attivazione di reti cerebrali specifiche, il rilascio di neurotrasmettitori e ormoni, gli effetti sul sistema nervoso autonomo e le manifestazioni corporee. Viene quindi discusso il ruolo dell'interocezione e della a rete della salienza nel trasformare questi cambiamenti fisici in sentimenti coscienti. L'articolo si confronta criticamente con l'hard problem of consciousness di David Chalmers e con l'argomento degli zombie. Sostiene che l'hard problem sorge solo da una presupposizione dualistica che separa l'esperienza soggettiva dai processi fisici. Da una prospettiva emergentista, l'esperienza non è qualcosa di aggiunto ai processi neurali, ma è il modo intrinseco e in prima persona di esistere di un sistema neurale sufficientemente integrato. Viene inoltre avanzato l'argomento evoluzionistico: la coscienza non potrebbe es
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