Time as Expansion of Space (TES): A Unified Theoretical Framework Linking Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and Cosmology

The Time as Expansion of Space (TES) framework proposes that time emerges from the continuous expansion of space itself. The local rate of spatial expansion, β(t, x), defines the flow of time and unifies cosmology, relativity, thermodynamics, and information theory within a single dynamic field. TES provides a natural explanation for dark energy, inflation, and the Hubble tension without introducing new particles or forces. It preserves the mathematical structure of General Relativity while extending it through the dynamic field β, which governs both the cosmic and local flow of time. This preprint presents the theoretical foundation, mathematical formulation, and experimentally testable predictions of the TES model, including measurable optical-clock drifts, cosmological redshift-drift, entanglement-visibility decay, and gravitational flyby anomalies. Together, these results suggest that the flow of time itself may be the fundamental physical field underlying spacetime dynamics.