HOspital Versus Primary Care Breath Test Environment (HOPE) Study

Through the HOPE study, the intention would be to determine whether exhaled breath volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles in Primary care differ from Secondary care. The intention would also be to assess intra-subject variability of participants. This would allow us to determine if the results of breath samples are reproducible regardless of whether they are performed in a Primary or Secondary care environment. This would support the clinical translation of breath research outcomes from studies performed in Secondary care, despite the breath test being intended for use in Primary care. The chief investigator of the HOPE study is Professor George Hanna (Head of Department of Surgery and Cancer, and Professor of Surgical Sciences at Imperial College London).