Risk Factors for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) in Adults at the Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital

The goal of this observational study is to determine the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and identify its risk factors in adult patients recovering in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) after elective surgery at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, Indonesia. The main questions it aims to answer are: * What is the incidence of PONV among adult patients during their PACU stay? * Which patient-, anaesthesia-, and surgery-related factors are independently associated with the occurrence of PONV? Participants who undergo elective surgery under any anaesthetic technique (general anaesthesia, spinal, epidural, or sedation) will be observed for nausea and vomiting from PACU admission until discharge. Researchers will also record the following variables for each participant: * Patient factors: age, sex, smoking history, and history of motion sickness or prior PONV * Anaesthesia factors: type of anaesthesia, intraoperative opioid use, and PONV prophylaxis use * Surgical factors: type of surgery and surgical duration