Conceptio › Archive › Google Patents

Google Patentsopen access

Battery module lithium plating reduction — Cps Technology Holdings Llc (US12286030B2)

Cps Technology Holdings Llc · Google Patents

Google Patents · Patents · License: Open Access

Open Source ↗

cpstechnologyholdingsllc

patent, google patents, intellectual property, US12286030B2, Cps Technology Holdings Llc, Zhihong Jin, en, 2025

ABSTRACT

Abstract

A battery system includes a lithium ion battery that couples to an electrical system. The battery system also includes a battery management system that electrically couples to the lithium ion battery and controls one or more recharge parameters of the lithium ion battery. Additionally, the battery management system monitors one or more parameters of the lithium ion battery. Further, the battery management system controls the recharge parameters of the lithium ion battery based on at least one lithium plating model and the monitored parameters. Furthermore, the at least one lithium plating model indicates a relationship between the one or more parameters of the lithium ion battery and a likelihood of lithium plating occurring in the lithium ion battery.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/983,620, entitled âBATTERY MODULE LITHIUM PLATING REDUCTION,â filed Aug. 3, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,584,255: which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/252,967, entitled âBATTERY MODULE LITHIUM PLATING REDUCTION,â filed Jan. 21, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,730,401; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/989,578, entitled âBATTERY MODULE LITHIUM PLATING REDUCTION,â filed Jan. 6, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,183,588, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of batteries and battery modules. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to controlling charging operations of lithium ion batteries to reduce a likelihood of lithium plating on anodes of the lithium ion batteries.

This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present disclosure, which are described below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.

A vehicle that uses one or more battery systems for providing all or a portion of the motive power for the vehicle can be referred to as an xEV, where the term âxEVâ is defined herein to include all of the following vehicles, or any variations or combinations thereof, that use electric power for all or a portion of their vehicular motive force. For example, xEVs include electric vehicles (EVs) that utilize electric power for all motive force. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), also considered xEVs, combine an internal combustion engine propulsion system and a battery-powered electric propulsion system, such as 48 Volt (V) or 130V systems. The term HEV may include any variation of a hybrid electric vehicle. For example, full hybrid systems (FHEVs) may provide motive and other electrical power to the vehicle using one or more electric motors, using only an internal combustion engine, or using both. In contrast, mild hybrid systems (MHEVs) disable the internal combustion engine when the vehicle is idling and utilize a battery system to continue powering the air conditioning unit, radio, or other electronics, as well as to restart the engine when propulsion is desired. The mild hybrid system may also apply some level of power assist, during acceleration for example, to supplement the internal combustion engine. Mild hybrids are typically 96V to 130V and recover braking energy through a belt or crank integrated starter generator. Further, a micro-hybrid electric vehicle (mHEV) also uses a âStop-Startâ system similar to the mild hybrids, but the micro-hybrid systems of a mHEV may or may not supply power assist to the internal combustion engine and operates at a voltage below 60V. For the purposes of the present discussion, it should be noted that mHEVs typically do not technically use electric power provided directly to the crankshaft or transmission for any portion of the motive force of the vehicle, but an mHEV may still be considered as an xEV since it does use electric power to supplement a vehicle's power needs when the vehicle is idling with internal combustion engine disabled and recovers braking energy through an integrated starter generator. In addition, a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any vehicle that can be charged from an external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the energy stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels. PEVs are a subcategory of EVs that include all-electric or battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.

xEVs as described above may provide a number of advantages as compared to more traditional gas-powered vehicles using only internal combustion engines and traditional electrical systems, which are typically 12V systems powered by a lead acid battery. For example, xEVs may produce fewer undesirable emission products and may exhibit greater fuel efficiency as compared to traditional internal combustion vehicles and, in some cases, such xEVs may eliminate the use of gasoline entirely, as is the case of certain types of EVs or PEVs.

As technology continues to evolve, there is a need to provide improved power sources, particularly battery modules, for such vehicles. For example, the electric power used by the xEVs may be stored in lithium ion batteries. In some cases, active lithium ions within the lithium ion batteries of xEVs may deposit on an anode of the lithium ion batteries under certain conditions driving a charging operation of the lithium ion batteries. This effect is widely known as lithium plating, and the lithium plating may result in degradation of the lithium ion battery. The present disclosure is generally related to establishing dynamic parameters for charging operations to limit lithium plating on the anode of the lithium ion battery.

SUMMARY

A summary of certain embodiments disclosed herein is set forth below. It should be understood that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of these certain embodiments and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, this disclosure may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below.

The present disclosure relates to a battery system. The battery system includes a lithium ion battery that couples to an electrical system. The battery system also includes a battery management system that electrically couples to the lithium ion battery and controls one or more recharge parameters of the lithium ion battery. Additionally, the battery management system monitors one or more parameters of the lithium ion battery. Further, the battery management system controls the recharge parameters of the lithium ion battery based on at least one lithium plating model and the monitored parameters. Furthermore, the at least one lithium plating model indicates a relationship between the one or more parameters of the lithium ion battery and a likelihood of lithium plating occurring in the lithium ion battery.

The present disclosure also relates to a method to control a charging operation of a lithium ion battery. The method includes measuring one or more parameters of the lithium ion battery during the charging operation. Additionally, the method includes determining a likelihood of lithium plating at an anode based on at least one model relating to the likelihood of lithium plating at the anode of the lithium ion battery. Further, the at least one model indicates a relationship between the one or more parameters of the lithium ion battery and the likelihood of lithium plating. Furthermore, the method includes controlling the charging operation of the lithium ion battery based on the likelihood of lithium plating at the anode.

The present disclosure also relates to a battery module for use in a vehicle. The battery module includes a housing, a first terminal, and a second terminal. The battery module also includes a first battery disposed in the housing and coupled to the first terminal and the second terminal. Further, the battery module includes a second battery disposed in the housing, electrically coupled in parallel with the first battery, and electrically coupled to the first terminal and the second terminal. Furthermore, the battery module includes a battery management system that monitors one or more parameters of a charging operation of the battery module, and the battery management system controls the charging operation of the second battery based on an indication of a likelihood of lithium plating generated by at least one lithium plating model of the second battery.

DRAWINGS

Various aspects of this disclosure may be better understood upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is perspective view of a vehicle (an xEV) having a battery system contributing all or a portion of the power for the vehicle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach;

FIG. 2 is a cutaway schematic view of the xEV of FIG. 1 in the form of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a lithium ion battery system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach;

FIG. 4 is a cutaway view of a lithium ion battery with a spiral wound cell structure, in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach;

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram describing a method for reducing the likelihood of lithium plating on an anode of a battery based on an electrochemical model of the battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach; and

FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram describing a method for controlling charging operations of a battery to reduce lithium plating on an anode of the battery based on a predictive model and/or an empirical model of lithium plating on the anode of the batter, in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more specific embodiments will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features of an actual implementation are described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.

The battery systems described herein may be used to provide power to various types of electric vehicles (xEVs) and other high voltage energy storage/expending applications (e.g., electrical grid power storage systems). Such battery systems may include one or more battery modules, each battery module having a number of battery cells (e.g., lithium-ion (Li-ion) electrochemical cells) arranged and electrically interconnected to provide particular voltages and/or currents useful to power, for example, one or more components of an xEV. As another example, battery modules in accordance with present embodiments may be incorporated with or provide power to stationary power systems (e.g., non-automotive systems).

Based on the advantages over traditional gas-power vehicles, manufactures, which generally produce traditional gas-powered vehicles, may desire to utilize improved vehicle technologies (e.g., regenerative braking technology) within their vehicle lines. Often, these manufacturers may utilize one of their traditional vehicle platforms as a starting point. Accordingly, since traditional gas-powered vehicles are designed to utilize 1.2 volt battery systems, a 12 volt lithium ion battery may be used to supplement a 12 volt lead-acid battery. More specifically, the 12 volt lithium ion battery may be used to more efficiently capture electrical energy generated during regenerative braking and subsequently supply electrical energy to power the vehicle's electrical system.

As advancements occur with vehicle technologies, high voltage electrical devices may also be included in the vehicle's electrical system. For example, the lithium ion battery may supply electrical energy to an electric motor in a mild-hybrid vehicle. Often, these high voltage electrical devices utilize voltage greater than 12 volts, for example, up to 48 volts. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the output voltage of a 12 volt lithium ion battery may be boosted using a DC-DC converter to supply power to the high voltage devices. Additionally or alternatively, a 48 volt lithium ion battery may be used to supplement a 12 volt lead-acid battery. More specifically, the 48 volt lithium ion battery may be used to more efficiently capture electrical energy generated during regenerative braking and subsequently supply electrical energy to power the high voltage devices.

Thus, the design choice regarding whether to utilize a 12 volt lithium ion battery or a 48 volt lithium ion battery may depend directly on the electrical devices included in a particular vehicle. Nevertheless, although the voltage characteristics may differ, the operational principles of a 12 volt lithium ion battery and a 48 volt lithium ion battery are generally similar. More specifically, as described above, both may be used to capture electrical energy during regenerative braking and subsequently supply electrical energy to power electrical devices in the vehicle.

Accordingly, to simplify the following discussion, the present techniques will be described in relation to a battery system with a 12 volt lithium ion battery and a 12 volt lead-acid battery. However, one of ordinary skill in art is able to adapt the present techniques to other battery systems, such as a battery system with a 48 volt lithium ion battery and a 12 volt lead-acid battery.

The present disclosure relates to batteries and battery modules. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to charging control of lithium ion batteries. Particular embodiments are directed to lithium ion battery cells that may be used in vehicular contexts (e.g., hybrid electric vehicles) as well as other energy storage/expending applications (e.g., energy storage for an electrical grid).

More specifically, the present disclosure relates to limiting lithium plating at anodes of the lithium ion batteries. When a lithium ion battery charges, it may be advantageous to limit certain charge parameters to lessen the likelihood of lithium plating at the anodes of the lithium ion batteries. To reduce the likelihood of lithium plating while still maintaining an efficient charge rate, limits to various charge parameters may be dynamically altered to correspond to measured parameters (e.g., charge current, temperature, or state of charge of the lithium ion battery) presently experienced by the lithium ion battery, which may affect the lithium ion battery's propensity toward experiencing lithium plating.

With the preceding in mind, the present disclosure describes techniques for controlling charging operations of a battery system to prevent the lithium ion batteries from experiencing lithium plating on anodes of the lithium ion batteries. Traditionally, to combat lithium plating, lithium ion battery manufacturers have provided a current limit for charging operations of lithium ion batteries. However, these current limits are often overly conservative for the specific circumstances surrounding a lithium ion battery, which may result in inefficient charging operations by unnecessarily limiting charge current levels. In contrast, a battery management system described in the present disclosure may measure operating parameters of the lithium ion batteries and control the charging operations to avoid operating parameter values of the lithium ion batteries that may result in an increased likelihood of lithium plating on the anodes. More specifically, when a charge current of the lithium ion battery, a temperature of the lithium ion battery, or a state of charge of the lithium ion battery reaches a certain performance level that may increase the likelihood of lithium plating, the controller may control the charging operation to avoid the certain performance levels to reduce the likelihood of the lithium plating. Thus, the techniques described herein enable a lithium ion battery to experience increased reliability and performance.

To help illustrate, FIG. 1 i

RELATED APPLICATIONS

BACKGROUND

SUMMARY

DRAWINGS

Various aspects of this disclosure may be better understood upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is perspective view of a vehicle (an xEV) having a battery system contributing all or a portion of the power for the vehicle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach;

FIG. 2 is a cutaway schematic view of the xEV of FIG. 1 in the form of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a lithium ion battery system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach;

FIG. 4 is a cutaway view of a lithium ion battery with a spiral wound cell structure, in accordance with an embodiment of the present approach;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

To help illustrate, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a vehicle 10 , which may utilize a regenerative braking system. Although the following discussion is presented in relation to vehicles with regenerative braking systems, the techniques described herein are adaptable to other vehicles that capture/store electrical energy with a battery, which may include electric-powered and gas-powered vehicles.

As discussed above, it would be desirable for a battery system 12 to be largely compatible with traditional vehicle designs. Accordingly, the battery system 12 may be placed in a location in the vehicle 10 that would have housed a traditional battery system. For example, as illustrated, the vehicle 10 may include the battery system 12 positioned similarly to a lead-acid battery of a typical combustion-engine vehicle (e.g., under the hood of the vehicle 10 ). Furthermore, as will be described in more detail below, the battery system 12 may be positioned to facilitate managing temperature of the battery system 12 . For example, in some embodiments, positioning a battery system 12 under the hood of the vehicle 10 may enable an air duct to channel airflow over the battery system 12 and cool the battery system 12 .

A more detailed view of the battery system 12 is described in FIG. 2 . As depicted, the battery system 12 includes an energy storage component 14 coupled to an ignition system 16 , an alternator 18 , a vehicle console 20 , and optionally to an electric motor 22 . Generally, the energy storage component 14 may capture/store electrical energy generated in the vehicle 10 and output electrical energy to power electrical devices in the vehicle 10 .

In other words, the battery system 12 may supply power to components of the vehicle's electrical system, which may include radiator cooling fans, climate control systems, electric power steering systems, active suspension systems, auto park systems, electric oil pumps, electric super/turbochargers, electric water pumps, heated windscreen/defrosters, window lift motors, vanity lights, tire pressure monitoring systems, sunroof motor controls, power seats, alarm systems, infotainment systems, navigation features, lane departure warning systems, electric parking brakes, external lights, or any combination thereof. Illustratively, in the depicted embodiment, the energy storage component 14 supplies power to the vehicle console 20 and the ignition system 16 , which may be used to start (e.g., crank) an internal combustion engine 24 .

Additionally, the energy storage component 14 may capture electrical energy generated by the alternator 18 and/or the electric motor 22 . In some embodiments, the alternator 18 may generate electrical energy while the internal combustion engine 24 is running. More specifically, the alternator 18 may convert the mechanical energy produced by the rotation of the internal combustion engine 24 into electrical energy. Additionally or alternatively, when the vehicle 10 includes an electric motor 22 , the electric motor 22 may generate electrical energy by converting mechanical energy produced by the movement of the vehicle 10 (e.g., rotation of the wheels) into electrical energy. Thus, in some embodiments, the energy storage component 14 may capture electrical energy generated by the alternator 18 and/or the electric motor 22 during regenerative braking. As such, the alternator 18 and/or the electric motor 22 are generally referred to herein as a regenerative braking system.

To facilitate capturing and supplying electric energy, the energy storage component 14 may be electrically coupled to the vehicle's electric system via a bus 26 . For example, the bus 26 may enable the energy storage component 14 to receive electrical energy generated by the alternator 18 and/or the electric motor 22 . Additionally, the bus 26 may enable the energy storage component 14 to output electrical energy to the ignition system 16 and/or the vehicle console 20 . Accordingly, when a 12 volt battery system 12 is used, the bus 26 may carry electrical power typically between 8-18 volts.

Additionally, as depicted, the energy storage component 14 may include multiple battery modules. For example, in the depicted embodiment, the energy storage component 14 includes a lead acid (e.g., a first) battery module 28 in accordance with present embodiments, and a lithium ion (e.g., a second) battery module 30 , where each battery module

28 , 30 includes one or more battery cells. In other embodiments, the energy storage component 14 may include any number of battery modules. Additionally, although the first battery module 28 and the second battery module 30 are depicted adjacent to one another, they may be positioned in different areas around the vehicle. For example, the second battery module 30 may be positioned in or about the interior of the vehicle 10 while the first battery module 28 may be positioned under the hood of the vehicle 10 .

In some embodiments, the energy storage component 14 may include multiple battery modules to utilize multiple different battery chemistries. For example, the first battery module 28 may utilize a lead-acid battery chemistry and the second battery module 30 may utilize a lithium ion battery chemistry. In such an embodiment, the performance of the battery system 12 may be improved since the lithium ion battery chemistry generally has a higher coulombic efficiency and/or a higher power charge acceptance rate (e.g., higher maximum charge current or charge voltage) than the lead-acid battery chemistry. As such, the capture, storage, and/or distribution efficiency of the battery system 12 may be improved.

To facilitate supply of power from the battery system 12 to the various components in the vehicle's electrical system (e.g., HVAC system and vehicle console 20 ), the energy storage component 14 (i.e., battery module) includes a first terminal 32 and a second terminal 34 . In some embodiments, the second terminal 34 may provide a ground connection and the first terminal 32 may provide a positive voltage ranging between 7-18 volts. A more detailed view of an embodiment of the second battery module 30 of the energy storage component 14 illustrating the above listed components is depicted in FIG. 3 .

As previously noted, the energy storage component 14 may have dimensions comparable to those of a typical lead-acid battery to limit modifications to the vehicle 10 design to accommodate the battery system 12 . For example, the energy storage component 14 may be of similar dimensions to an H6 battery, which may be approximately 13.9 inchesÃ6.8 inchesÃ7.5 inches. As depicted, the energy storage component 14 may be included within a single continuous housing. In other embodiments, the energy storage component 14 may include multiple housings coupled together (e.g., a first housing including the first battery 28 and a second housing including the second battery 30 ). In still other embodiments, as mentioned above, the energy storage component 14 may include the first battery module 28 located under the hood of the vehicle 10 , and the second battery module 30 may be located within the interior of the vehicle 10 .

The energy storage component 14 may include the first terminal 32 , the second terminal 34 , a first battery (e.g., a lead acid battery) 28 , a second battery 30 (e.g., a lithium ion battery), and a battery management system 36 . As used herein, the battery management system 36 generally refers to control components that control operation of the battery system 12 , such as relays within the battery module or switches in the alternator 18 . Additionally, the battery management system 36 may be disposed within the energy storage component 14 , or the battery management system 36 may be remote to the energy storage component 14 , as depicted in FIG. 2 . The operation of the energy storage component 14 may be controlled by the battery management system 36 . For example, the battery management system 36 may regulate an amount of electrical energy captured/supplied by each battery module 28 or 30 (e.g., to de-rate and re-rate the battery system 12 ), perform load balancing between the battery modules

28 , 30 , control charging and discharging of the battery modules 28 , 30 (e.g., via relays or DC/DC converters), determine a state of charge of each battery module

28 , 30 and/or the entire energy storage component 14 , activate an active cooling mechanism, activate a short circuit protection system, and the like.

Accordingly, the battery management system 36 may include a memory 38 and a processor 40 programmed to execute control algorithms for performing such tasks. More specifically, the processor 40 may include one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), one or more general purpose processors, or any combination thereof. Additionally, the memory 38 may include volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), and/or non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), optical drives, hard disc drives, or solid-state drives. In some embodiments, the battery management system 36 may include portions of a vehicle control unit (VCU) and/or a separate battery control module. Additionally, as depicted, the battery management system 36 may be included separate from the energy storage component 14 , such as a standalone module. In other embodiments, the battery management system 36 may be included within the energy storage component 14 .

Further, the battery management system 36 may interact with sensors coupled to the energy storage component 14 . For example, the battery management system 36 may receive a temperature indication from a temperature sensor 42 coupled to the energy storage component 14 . The battery management system 36 may also measure current and voltage applied to or withdrawn from the energy storage component 14 .

Additionally, as depicted in FIG. 2 , the first battery 28 and the second battery 30 are connected in parallel across the first terminal 32 and the second terminal 34 to enable charging and discharging of the batteries. As described above, the battery terminals

32 and 34 may output the power stored in the energy storage component 14 to provide power to the vehicle's electrical system. Further, the battery terminals

32 and 34 may also input power to the energy storage component 14 to enable the first battery 28 and the second battery 30 to charge, for example, when the alternator 18 generates electrical power through regenerative braking.

To provide more detail as to the energy storage component 14 , FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic view of components of the second battery 30 . As mentioned above in the discussion of FIG. 2 , the second battery 30 may utilize a lithium ion chemistry. Accordingly, the second battery 30 is illustrated as a lithium ion battery in FIG. 3 . The second battery 30 may include the first terminal 32 coupled at an anode 44 and the second terminal 34 coupled at a cathode 46 . Additionally, the anode 44 may be made from carbon (e.g., graphite), silicon, silicon dioxide, or any other suitable material. Further, the cathode 46 may be made from cobalt, manganese, nickel-cobalt manganese, aluminum, or any other suitable material. The anode 44 and the cathode 46 may be separated by a separator 48 . The separator 48 may be a polypropylene or polyethylene material that provides electrical separation between the anode 44 and the cathode 46 while allowing charged lithium ions 52 to pass through in an unobstructed manner.

During a charging operation of the second battery 30 , an electric current 49 is applied to the second terminal 34 toward the cathode 46 . The charging operation may use power generated by the internal combustion engine 24 or power generated by regenerative braking to recharge the second battery 30 . Further, as the electric current 49 flows toward the second terminal 34 , electrons 50 flow toward the first terminal 32 and the anode 44 . In this manner, the electrons 50 entering the anode 44 attract the positively charged lithium ions 52 in such a manner that drives the lithium ions 52 from the cathode 46 , through the separator 48 , and to the anode 44 along a path 54 . As the lithium ions 52 travel to the anode 44 along the path 54 , a state of charge of the second battery 30 also increases.

To control charging of the second battery 30 , the battery management system 36 may receive inputs from sensors and may control application of power from the alternator 18 to the cathode 46 . For example, under certain conditions, lithium plating may occur on the

CLAIMS

Claims ( 15 )

The invention claimed is:

1. A battery module for use in a vehicle, comprising:

a housing;

a first terminal and a second terminal;

a first battery disposed in the housing and configured to couple to the first terminal and the second terminal;

a second battery disposed in the housing, electrically coupled in parallel with the first battery, and configured to electrically couple to the first terminal and the second terminal;

a battery management system configured to monitor one or more parameters of a charging operation of the battery module, and to control the charging operation of the second battery based on a plurality of lithium plating models and one or more monitored parameters, wherein the plurality of lithium plating models is indicative of a relationship between the one or more parameters and a likelihood of lithium plating occurring in the second battery, and wherein the plurality of lithium plating models comprises a physical model and an empirical model related to lithium plating at an anode of the second battery, and wherein the battery management system is configured to:

monitor the one or more parameters of the second battery;

receive a temperature associated with the second battery from one or more temperature sensors coupled to the second battery;

determine which of the physical model, the empirical model, or both to use as a trigger to control the charging operation of the second battery based on the received temperature in view of the one or more parameters; and

control the charging operation of the second battery based on the trigger, the plurality of lithium plating models, and the one or more monitored parameters.

2. The battery module of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of lithium plating models comprises an electrochemical model of the second battery, wherein the electrochemical model estimates a voltage between a separator and the anode of the second battery.

3. The battery module of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of lithium plating models comprises a predictive model of the second battery, and wherein the predictive model of the second battery comprises the physical model that relates observed physical characteristics of the second battery to the likelihood of lithium plating in the second battery and the empirical model of the second battery that relates measured parameters of the second battery over time to the likelihood of lithium plating in the second battery.

4. The battery module of claim 1 , wherein the battery management system is configured to control the charging operation by reducing a charge current applied to the second battery by an electric motor.

5. The battery module of claim 1 , wherein the charging operation is configured to use power generated through regenerative breaking to charge the first battery and the second battery.

6. A battery module for use in a vehicle, comprising:

a housing;

a first terminal and a second terminal;

a battery disposed in the housing and configured to couple to the first terminal and the second terminal; and

a battery management system configured to monitor one or more parameters of a charging operation of the battery module, and to control the charging operation of the battery based on a plurality of models and one or more monitored parameters, wherein the plurality of models is indicative of a relationship between the one or more parameters and a likelihood of a deposition at an anode of the battery, and wherein the battery management system is configured to:

monitor the one or more parameters of the battery;

receive a temperature associated with the battery;

determine one or more of the plurality of models to use as a trigger to control the charging operation of the battery based on the received temperature in view of the one or more parameters; and

control the charging operation of the battery based on the trigger, the one or more of the plurality of models, and the one or more monitored parameters.

7. The battery module of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of models comprises an electrochemical model of the battery, wherein the electrochemical model estimates a voltage between a separator and the anode of the battery.

8. The battery module of claim 6 , wherein the battery management system is configured to control the charging operation by reducing a charge current applied to the battery by an electric motor.

9. The battery module of claim 6 , further comprising a second battery disposed in the housing, electrically coupled in parallel with the battery, and configured to electrically couple to the first terminal and the second terminal.

10. The battery module of claim 9 , wherein the charging operation is configured to use power generated through regenerative breaking to charge the battery and the second battery.

11. The battery module of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of models comprises a physical model and an empirical model related to the deposition at an anode of the battery.

12. The battery module of claim 11 , wherein the battery management system is configured to determine which of the physical model, the empirical model, or both to use as a trigger to control the charging operation of the battery based on the received temperature in view of the one or more parameters.

13. The battery module of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of models comprises a predictive model of the battery, and wherein the predictive model of the battery comprises the physical model that relates observed physical characteristics of the battery to the likelihood of the deposition in the battery and the empirical model of the battery that relates measured parameters of the battery over time to the likelihood of the deposition in the battery.

14. The battery module of claim 6 , wherein the battery management system is configured for the receiving the temperature associated with the battery from one or more temperature sensors coupled to the battery.

15. The battery module of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of models are lithium plating models, and the deposition is lithium plating.

US18/111,399

2016-01-06

2023-02-17

Battery module lithium plating reduction

Active

US12286030B2

( en )

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number

Priority Date

Filing Date

Title

US18/111,399

US12286030B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2023-02-17

Battery module lithium plating reduction

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number

Priority Date

Filing Date

Title

US14/989,578

US10183588B2

( en )

2016-01-06

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US16/252,967

US10730401B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2019-01-21

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US16/983,620

US11584255B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2020-08-03

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US18/111,399

US12286030B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2023-02-17

Battery module lithium plating reduction

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number

Title

Priority Date

Filing Date

US16/983,620

Division

US11584255B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2020-08-03

Battery module lithium plating reduction

Publications (2)

Publication Number

Publication Date

US20230191943A1

US20230191943A1 ( en )

2023-06-22

US12286030B2

true

US12286030B2 ( en )

2025-04-29

Family

ID=56853800

Family Applications (4)

Application Number

Title

Priority Date

Filing Date

US14/989,578

Active

2036-12-03

US10183588B2

( en )

2016-01-06

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US16/252,967

Active

US10730401B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2019-01-21

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US16/983,620

Active

US11584255B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2020-08-03

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US18/111,399

Active

US12286030B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2023-02-17

Battery module lithium plating reduction

Family Applications Before (3)

Application Number

Title

Priority Date

Filing Date

US14/989,578

Active

2036-12-03

US10183588B2

( en )

2016-01-06

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US16/252,967

Active

US10730401B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2019-01-21

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US16/983,620

Active

US11584255B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2020-08-03

Battery module lithium plating reduction

Country Status (2)

Country

Link

( 4 )

US10183588B2

( en )

( 1 )

WO2017119926A1

( en )

Families Citing this family (29)

* Cited by examiner, â Cited by third party

Publication number

Priority date

Publication date

Assignee

Title

US11397215B2

( en )

2010-05-21

2022-07-26

Qnovo Inc.

Battery adaptive charging using battery physical phenomena

US12081057B2

( en )

2010-05-21

2024-09-03

Qnovo Inc.

Method and circuitry to adaptively charge a battery/cell

US10183588B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2019-01-22

Johnson Controls Technology Company

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US10137792B2

( en )

2016-01-20

2018-11-27

Ford Global Technologies, Llc

Vehicle control based on lithium plating detection in electrified vehicle battery

US11173775B2

( en )

2016-01-20

2021-11-16

Ford Global Technologies, Llc

Closed loop feedback control to mitigate lithium plating in electrified vehicle battery

US10330734B2

( en )

2017-07-18

2019-06-25

Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated

Detection and/or prediction of plating events in an energy storage device

US11237216B1

( en )

2017-08-15

2022-02-01

Qnovo Inc.

Method of detecting metal plating in intercalation cells

US10625627B2

( en )

2018-05-22

2020-04-21

Ford Global Technologies, Llc

Method of remedying lithium plating in a high voltage battery

US10481623B1

( en )

2018-12-17

2019-11-19

Chongqing Jinkang New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd.

Optimizing a temperature profile in a thermal management system of an electric vehicle

US20200210541A1

( en )

2018-12-31

2020-07-02

Chongqing Jinkang New Energy Vehicle, Ltd.

Detection of Lithium Plating Potential with Multi-Particle Reduced-Order Model

US10829004B1

( en )

2019-05-15

2020-11-10

Sf Motors, Inc.

Continuous derating fast charging method based on multiple particle reduced order model

US11159039B2

( en )

2019-06-29

2021-10-26

Intel Corporation

Apparatus and method for battery charging with lithium plating detection and battery degradation detection and separation

JP7276172B2

( en )

2020-01-23

2023-05-18

ãã¨ã¿èªåè»æ ªå¼ä¼ç¤¾

VEHICLE CONTROL DEVICE, METHOD, PROGRAM, AND VEHICLE

CN111400935B

( en )

2020-04-17

2022-11-04

æ¦æ±å¤§å¦

Method and system for parameter identification of third-order model of lithium battery based on likelihood function

JP7490921B2

( en )

2020-04-30

2024-05-28

ãã¢ã¦ã§ã¤ã»ãã¯ããã¸ã¼ãºã»ã«ã³ããã¼ã»ãªãããã

Method and apparatus for detecting lithium plating and for obtaining polarization ratio - Patents.com

EP4207536A4

( en )

2020-09-08

2023-11-29

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

LOW VOLTAGE BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM AND METHOD

KR20220128531A

( en )

2021-03-11

2022-09-21

íëìëì°¨ì£¼ìíì¬

Apparatus for controlling vehicle battery temperature and operating method therefor

CN113125965B

( en )

2021-04-01

2021-11-19

æ¸åå¤§å¦

Method, device and equipment for detecting lithium separation of battery and storage medium

TWI777546B

( en )

2021-05-06

2022-09-11

é³å¹¸è³

Auxiliary power system for electric vehicles

FR3134480A1

( en )

2022-04-06

2023-10-13

Psa Automobiles Sa

CHARGING SYSTEM FOR MOTOR VEHICLES WITHOUT LITHIUM PLATING, METHOD AND VEHICLE BASED ON SUCH A SYSTEM

US20230344262A1

( en )

2022-04-25

2023-10-26

Apple Inc.

System and method for variable discharging techniques of a battery cell

US12542450B2

( en )

2022-08-24

2026-02-03

GM Global Technology Operations LLC

Method and system for charging a battery

CN115510379B

( en )

2022-09-23

2023-06-02

ä¸æµ·ç«åçå¨è½ç§ææéå¬å¸

Ladder parameter identification method and device based on electrochemical model

US12447835B2

( en )

2022-11-10

2025-10-21

Patrick Industries, Inc.

Vehicle charging arrangement

CN116142026B

( en )

2023-02-27

2025-09-09

ä¸ä¸çµå¨è½¦ç§ææéå¬å¸

High-low voltage battery integrated power supply control method, device, equipment and operation machine

US12522105B2

( en )

2023-04-21

2026-01-13

Garrett Transportation I Inc.

Battery thermal controls for batteries used in electric vehicles and power wall applications

US12613286B2

( en )

2024-01-22

2026-04-28

Garrett Transportation I Inc.

System and method for battery parameter recharacterization

EP4631770A1

( en )

2024-04-10

2025-10-15

Automotive Cells Company SE

An assembly, in particular for a vehicle, comprising a lithium-ion battery and a battery managing system for monitoring a fast charge

US12224616B1

( en )

2024-04-17

2025-02-11

Eatron Technologies Limited

Systems and methods of dynamic adaptive fast charging in batteries to reduce lithium plating

Citations (26)

* Cited by examiner, â Cited by third party

Publication number

Priority date

Publication date

Assignee

Title

US5948569A

( en )

1997-07-21

1999-09-07

Duracell Inc.

Lithium ion electrochemical cell

US20080238357A1

( en )

2007-03-26

2008-10-02

Bourilkov Jordan T

Ultra fast battery charger with battery sensing

US20090276172A1

( en )

2006-09-04

2009-11-05

Yuji Nishi

Internal state estimating device for secondary battery and method for estimating internal state of secondary battery

JP2010140762A

( en )

2008-12-11

2010-06-24

Toyota Motor Corp

Determination device for determining lithium ion battery state

US20110012562A1

( en )

2009-07-17

2011-01-20

Tesla Motors, Inc.

Low temperature charging of li-ion cells

US8093903B2

( en )

2005-10-17

2012-01-10

Lifescan, Inc.

System and method of processing a current sample for calculating a glucose concentration

US20130015701A1

( en )

2010-04-01

2013-01-17

Dae-Kyo Lee

Apparatus and method for compensating power of power supply device in vehicle using high-capacitance capacitor

US20130119921A1

( en )

2011-11-14

2013-05-16

Auburn University

Rapid battery charging method and system

US8541122B2

( en )

2007-09-14

2013-09-24

A123 Systems Llc

Lithium rechargeable cell with reference electrode for state of health monitoring

US20130317771A1

( en )

2012-05-25

2013-11-28

GM Global Technology Operations LLC

Modeling changes in the state-of-charge open circuit voltage curve by using regressed parameters in a reduced order physics based model

US8624560B2

( en )

2008-04-11

2014-01-07

Apple Inc.

Controlling battery charging based on current, voltage and temperature

US20140062415A1

( en )

2012-08-30

2014-03-06

Texas Instruments Incorporated

Method and apparatus of charging the battery with globally minimized integral degradation possible for predefined charging duration

US20140084867A1

( en )

2012-09-24

2014-03-27

Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba

Secondary battery device and battery capacity estimation system

US8704489B2

( en )

2008-01-24

2014-04-22

Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha

Battery system, vehicle, and battery mounted device

US8754614B2

( en )

2009-07-17

2014-06-17

Tesla Motors, Inc.

Fast charging of battery using adjustable voltage control

US8836284B2

( en )

2010-05-17

2014-09-16

Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha

Device and method for calculating value of rechargeable battery

DE102013204527A1

( en )

2013-03-15

2014-09-18

Robert Bosch Gmbh

Battery cell device with lithium deposit safety function and method for monitoring a battery cell

JP2014207174A

( en )

2013-04-15

2014-10-30

æ¬ç°æç å·¥æ¥æ ªå¼ä¼ç¤¾

Method for manufacturing lithium ion battery

US8907674B2

( en )

2010-06-07

2014-12-09

Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha

System and method for determining degradation of rechargeable lithium ion battery

US8975897B2

( en )

2010-06-07

2015-03-10

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

State-of-charge estimating apparatus

US20150180249A1

( en )

2013-12-19

2015-06-25

Byung-chul Jeon

Charging circuits, charging systems, and wireless power reception devices including the same

US20150224845A1

( en )

2013-03-15

2015-08-13

Levant Power Corporation

Active vehicle suspension system

US20160023563A1

( en )

2014-07-28

2016-01-28

Ec Power, Llc

Systems and methods for fast charging batteries at low temperatures

US20170070061A1

( en )

2015-09-09

2017-03-09

Texas Instruments Incorporated

Methods and Apparatus for Optimal Fast Battery Charging

US20170358945A1

( en )

2014-01-28

2017-12-14

Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp., Ltd.

Terminal and battery charging control device and method thereof

US10183588B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2019-01-22

Johnson Controls Technology Company

Battery module lithium plating reduction

2016

2016-01-06

US14/989,578

patent/US10183588B2/en

active

Active

2016-08-01

PCT/US2016/045026

patent/WO2017119926A1/en

not_active

Ceased

2019

2019-01-21

US16/252,967

patent/US10730401B2/en

active

Active

2020

2020-08-03

US16/983,620

patent/US11584255B2/en

active

Active

2023

2023-02-17

US18/111,399

patent/US12286030B2/en

active

Active

Patent Citations (27)

* Cited by examiner, â Cited by third party

Publication number

Priority date

Publication date

Assignee

Title

US5948569A

( en )

1997-07-21

1999-09-07

Duracell Inc.

Lithium ion electrochemical cell

US8093903B2

( en )

2005-10-17

2012-01-10

Lifescan, Inc.

System and method of processing a current sample for calculating a glucose concentration

US20090276172A1

( en )

2006-09-04

2009-11-05

Yuji Nishi

Internal state estimating device for secondary battery and method for estimating internal state of secondary battery

US20080238357A1

( en )

2007-03-26

2008-10-02

Bourilkov Jordan T

Ultra fast battery charger with battery sensing

US8541122B2

( en )

2007-09-14

2013-09-24

A123 Systems Llc

Lithium rechargeable cell with reference electrode for state of health monitoring

US8704489B2

( en )

2008-01-24

2014-04-22

Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha

Battery system, vehicle, and battery mounted device

US8624560B2

( en )

2008-04-11

2014-01-07

Apple Inc.

Controlling battery charging based on current, voltage and temperature

JP2010140762A

( en )

2008-12-11

2010-06-24

Toyota Motor Corp

Determination device for determining lithium ion battery state

US20110012562A1

( en )

2009-07-17

2011-01-20

Tesla Motors, Inc.

Low temperature charging of li-ion cells

US8754614B2

( en )

2009-07-17

2014-06-17

Tesla Motors, Inc.

Fast charging of battery using adjustable voltage control

US20130015701A1

( en )

2010-04-01

2013-01-17

Dae-Kyo Lee

Apparatus and method for compensating power of power supply device in vehicle using high-capacitance capacitor

US8836284B2

( en )

2010-05-17

2014-09-16

Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha

Device and method for calculating value of rechargeable battery

US8907674B2

( en )

2010-06-07

2014-12-09

Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha

System and method for determining degradation of rechargeable lithium ion battery

US8975897B2

( en )

2010-06-07

2015-03-10

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

State-of-charge estimating apparatus

US20130119921A1

( en )

2011-11-14

2013-05-16

Auburn University

Rapid battery charging method and system

US20130317771A1

( en )

2012-05-25

2013-11-28

GM Global Technology Operations LLC

Modeling changes in the state-of-charge open circuit voltage curve by using regressed parameters in a reduced order physics based model

US20140062415A1

( en )

2012-08-30

2014-03-06

Texas Instruments Incorporated

Method and apparatus of charging the battery with globally minimized integral degradation possible for predefined charging duration

US20140084867A1

( en )

2012-09-24

2014-03-27

Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba

Secondary battery device and battery capacity estimation system

DE102013204527A1

( en )

2013-03-15

2014-09-18

Robert Bosch Gmbh

Battery cell device with lithium deposit safety function and method for monitoring a battery cell

US20150224845A1

( en )

2013-03-15

2015-08-13

Levant Power Corporation

Active vehicle suspension system

JP2014207174A

( en )

2013-04-15

2014-10-30

æ¬ç°æç å·¥æ¥æ ªå¼ä¼ç¤¾

Method for manufacturing lithium ion battery

US20150180249A1

( en )

2013-12-19

2015-06-25

Byung-chul Jeon

Charging circuits, charging systems, and wireless power reception devices including the same

US20170358945A1

( en )

2014-01-28

2017-12-14

Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp., Ltd.

Terminal and battery charging control device and method thereof

US20160023563A1

( en )

2014-07-28

2016-01-28

Ec Power, Llc

Systems and methods for fast charging batteries at low temperatures

US20170070061A1

( en )

2015-09-09

2017-03-09

Texas Instruments Incorporated

Methods and Apparatus for Optimal Fast Battery Charging

US10183588B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2019-01-22

Johnson Controls Technology Company

Battery module lithium plating reduction

US10730401B2

( en )

2016-01-06

2020-08-04

Cps Technology Holdings Llc

Battery module lithium plating reduction

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, â Cited by third party

Title

Karen E. Thomas, John Newman; " Thermal Modeling of Porous Insertion Electrodes "; Journal of the Electrochemical Society; 150(2); p. A176-A192; 2003.

Long Cai, Ralph E. White; " Reduction of Model Order Based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Lithium-Ion Battery Simulations "; Journal of the Electrochemical Society; 156(3) pp. A154-A161; 2009.

PCT/US2016/045026 International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 31, 2016.

Roger D. Perkins, Alfred V. Randall, Xiangchun Zhang, Gregory L. Plett; Controls oriented reduced order modeling of lithium deposition on overcharge; Journal of Power Sources; 209pp. 318-325; 2012.

Xiaosong Hu; Shengbo Li; Huei Peng; " A comparative study of equivalent circuit models for Li-ion batteries "; Journal of Power Sources; 198pp. 359-367; 2012.

Also Published As

Publication number

Publication date

US20230191943A1

( en )

2023-06-22

WO2017119926A1

( en )

2017-07-13

US10730401B2

( en )

2020-08-04

US20200361339A1

( en )

2020-11-19

US10183588B2

( en )

2019-01-22

US11584255B2

( en )

2023-02-21

US20190152341A1

( en )

2019-05-23

US20170190262A1

( en )

2017-07-06

Battery module lithium plating reduction — Cps Technology Holdings Llc (US12286030B2)

Related documents