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Mathematical wrinkles for teachers and private learners ..

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

FOR TEACHEES AND PRIVATE LEARNERS coN&idwirtar OF • ••* '

KNOTTY PROBLEMS; MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS; RULES OF MENSURA- TION; SHORT METHODS; HELPS, TABLES, ETC.

BY

SAMUEL I. JONES

PR0FSS80B OF MATHEMATICS IK THE OUNTBR BIBLICAL AND LITEBABT COLLEGE, OUNTEB, TEXAS

PRICE $1.65, NET

PUBLISHED BY

SAMUEL L JONES

GUNTER, TEXAS

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Copyright, 1912, By SAMUEL I. JONES.

All rights reserved.

NcriDoolr i^reaa

J. 8. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.

Norwood, Masa., U.S.A.

" Albert Smith, in one of his amusing novels, describes a woman who was convinced that she suffered from ' cob- wigs on the brain.* This may be a very rare complaint, but in a more metaphorical sense, many of us are very apt to suffer from mental cobwebs, and there is nothing equal to the solving of puzzles and problems for sweeping them away. They keep the brain alert, stimulate the imagination, and develop the reasoning faculties. And not only are they useful in this indirect way, but they often directly help us by teaching us some little tricks and 'wrinkles* that can be applied in the affairs of life at the most unexpected times, and in the most unexpected

wavs."

H. E. DUDENEY.

Ill

«00773

CONTENTS

CHAPTBB PAOB

I. Arithmetical Problems 1

II. Algebuaic Problems ........ 25

III. Geometrical Exercises 33

IV. Miscellaneods Problems 48

V. Mathematical Recreations 68

VL ExAMiNATiox Questions 113

Vn. Answers and Solutions 163

VIII. Short Methods 228

IX. Quotations on Mathematics 245

X. Mensuration 258

XI. Miscellaneous Helps 285

Xn. Tables 304

PREFACE

The following pages contain many mathematical problems, puzzles, and amusements of past and present times. They have a long and interesting history and are part of the inher- itance of the school.

This book is intended to be a helpful companion to teachers, and to impart to students a knowledge of the application of mathematical principles, which cannot be obtained from text- books.

The present-day teacher has little time for the selection of suitable problems for supplementary work. This book is de- signed to meet the requirements of teachers who feel such extra assignments essential to thorough work. Whatever text is used, the necessity for a work of this kind is felt from the fact that fresh problems produce interest and stimulate inves- tigation.

Originality is not claimed for all of the problems, but for many of them. They have been compiled from various sources. The author's aim has been to select problems not only instruc- tive, but also interesting and amusing.

The rules of Mensuration and Short Methods have been included because of their usefulness. On account of the vari- ous helps placed in this book, it will serve as a handbook of mathematics to both teachers and pupils.

The solutions to only part of the problems are given. In some cases solutions of considerable length are given, but at other times only the answers are given. Had the full solu- tions and proofs been given in every case, either half the prob- lems would have had to be omitted, or the size of the book greatly increased.

vU

viii PREFACE

The author acknowledges his indebtedness to many friends for helpful suggestions. Specially is he under obligation to the late Dr. G-. B. M. Zerr, Philadelphia, Pa., for critically reading the manuscript. A few of his solutions published in the lead- ing Mathematical Journals have been used on account of their beauty and simplicity. He is indebted to Dr. H. Y. Benedict and Mr. J. W. Calhoun, of the University of Texas, for read- ing the manuscript and offering many valuable suggestions and criticisms. He is very thankful to Dr. George Bruce Hal- sted, head of the department of mathematics of the Colorado State Teachers' College at Greeley, for criticising the Defini- tions, Historical Notes, and Classifications. He is also specially indebted to Professor Dow Martin, of the Biblical and Lit- erary College of Gunter, Texas, for reading and correcting the proof-sheets.

Any correction or suggestion relating to these problems and solutions will be most thankfully received.

It is hoped that this small volume may produce higher and more noble results in awakening a real love and interest among the great body of teachers and students for the study of math- ematics, "the oldest and the noblest, the grandest and the most profound, of all sciences."

SAMUEL I. JONES.

GuNTEB, . Texas.

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS

1.* Between 3 and 4 o'clock I looked at my watch and noticed the minute hand between 5 and 6 ; within two hours I looked again and found that the hour and minute hands had exchanged places. What time was it when I looked the second time ?

2.* A tree 120 feet high was broken in a storm, so that the top struck the ground 40 feet from the foot of the tree. How long was tlie part of the tree that was broken over ?

3. How many acres does a square tract of land contain, which sells for $80 an acre, and is paid for by the number of silver dollars that will lie upon its boundary ?

4.* The area of a rectangular field is 30 acres, and its diag- onal is 100 rods. Find its length and breadth.

5.* Suppose two candles, one of which will burn in 4 hours and the other in 6 hours, are lighted at once. How soon will one be four times the length of the other ?

6.* While a log 2 feet in circumference and 10 feet long rolls 200 feet down a mountain side, a lizard on the top of the log goes from one end to the other, always remaining on top. How far did the lizard move ?

7. How many calves at $3.50, sheep at $1.50, and lambs at $ .60 per head, can be bought for $ 100, the total number bought being 100 ?

• Problems denoted by (•) are algebraic or geometrical. They are placed here because arithmetical solutions are often demanded.

1

2 mathemat,ica;l wrinkles

8. A, mar. yfills to his- wife-i of. his estate, and the remain- ing I to ^iS'SOrr, if'SL4ch siie^ji'ld" be ^born ; but | of it to the wife and the other i to the daughter, if such should be born. After his death twins are born, a son and a daughter. How should the estate be divided so as to satisfy the will ?

9. What is the value of 4^^ , when n = 0?

10. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. On the middle line of one of the smaller side Avails and 1 foot from the ceiling is a spider. On the middle line of the oppo- site wall and 11 feet from the ceiling is a fly. The fly being paralyzed by fear remains still until the spider catches it by crawling the shortest route. How far did the spider crawl ?

11. I found $10; what was my gain per cent?

12.* A conical glass is 4 inches high and 6 inches across at the top. A marble is within the glass, and water is poured in till the marble is just immersed. If the amount of water poured in is ^ the contents of the glass, what is the diameter of the marble ?

13. A banker discounts a note at 9 % per annum, thereby getting 10 % per annum interest. How long does the note run ?

14. In extracting the square root of a perfect power the last complete dividend was found to be 1225. What was the power ?

15.* Mr. Smith has a lawn the dimensions of which are to each other as 3 to 2. If he should increase each dimension one foot, the lawn would cover 651 square feet of land. What are the dimensions of the lawn ?

16. A merchant marked his goods to gain 80 %, but on ac- count of using an incorrect yardstick, gained only 40 %. Find the length of the measure.

ARtTHMETICAL PROBLEMS 3

17.* The area of a triangle is 24,276 square feet, and its sides are in proportion to the numbers 13, 14, and 15. Find the length of each side.

18. Between 2 and 3 o'clock, I mistook the minute hand for the hour hand, and consequently thought the time 55 min- utes earlier than it was. What was the correct time ?

19. A slate including the frame is 9 inches wide and 12 inches long. The area of the frame is \ of the whole area, or J of the area inside the frame. What is the width of the frame ?

20. If 6 acres of grass, together with what grows on the 6 acres during the time of grazing, keep 16 oxen 12 weeks, and 9 acres keep 26 oxen 9 weeks, how many oxen will 15 acres keep 10 weeks, the grass growing uniformly all the time ?

21. A boy on a sled at the top of a hill 200 feet long, slides down and runs half as far up another hill. He sways back and forth, each time going ^ as far as he came. How far will he have traveled by the time he comes to a halt ?

22. 3 + 3x3-3-3-3=?

23. 2h-2--2--2--2x2x 2x2-i-0x 2=?

24. 3^3-^3^3x3x3x0x 3= ?

25. A fly can crawl around the base of a cubical block in 4 minutes. How long will it take it to crawl from a lower corner to the opposite upper corner?

26. A squirrel goes spirally up a cylindrical post, making a circuit in each 4 feet. How many feet does it travel if the post is 16 feet high and 3 feet in circumference ?

27. If the cloth for a suit of clothes for a man weighing 216 pounds costs $ 16, what will be the cost of enough cloth of the same quality for a man of similar form weighing 512 pounds ?

28. A ball 12 feet in diameter when placed in a cubic room touches the floor, ceiling, and walls. What must be the diam-

4 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

eter of 8 smaller balls, which, will touch this ball and the faces of the given cube ?

29. At what time between 3 and 4 o'clock is the minute hand the same distance from 8 as the hour hand is from 12 ?

30.* By cutting from a cubical block enough to make each dimension 2 inches shorter it is found that its solidity has been decreased 39,368 cubic inches. Find a side of the original cube.

31. A number increased by its cube is 592,788. Find the number.

32.* The difterence of two numbers is 40 ; the difference of their squares is 4800. What are the numbers ?

33. A man can row upstream in 3 hours and back again in 2 hours. Determine the distance, the rate of the current being 1 mile per hour.

34. A rented a farm from B, agreeing to give B i of all the produce. During the year A used 90 bushels of the corn raised, and at settlement first gave B 20 bushels to balance the 90 bushels and then divided the remainder as if neither had received any. How much did B lose ? x

35. A certain number increased by its square is equal to 13,340. Find the number.

36.* The cube root of a certain number is 10 times the fourth root. Find the number.

37. A number divided by one more than itself gives a quotient yL. What is the number ?

38. What do I pay for goods sold at a discount of 50, 25, and 100 % off, the list price being $ 50 ?

39. If an article had cost ^ less, the rate of loss would have been ^ less. Find the rate of loss.

40. A merchant having been asked for his lowest prices on shoes, replied, " I give a certain per cent off for cash, the same

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 5

per cent off the cash price tu ministers, and the same per cent off the price to ministers to widows." The price to widows is l^f of the marked price. What per cent does he give off for cash?

41. If James had $40 more money he could buy 20 acres of land, or with $ 80 less he could buy only 10 acres. How much money has he and what is the value of an acre ?

42. What is the least number of gallons of wine, expressed by a whole number, that will exactly fill, without waste, bottles containing either j, |, ^, or | gallons ?

43. I sold a house and gained a certain per cent on my in- vestment. Had it cost me 20 % less, I should have gained 30 % more. What per cent did I gain ?

44. Goods marked to be sold at 50 and 10 % discount were disposed of by an ignorant salesman at 60 % from the list price. What was the loss on cash sales amounting to S 15,000?

45. I paid $ 10 cash for a bill of goods. What was the list price, if I received a discount of 50, 25, 20, and 10 % off ?

46. My clock gains 10 minutes an hour. It is right at 4 P.M. What is the correct time when the clock shows mid- night of the same day ?

47. Two men working together can saw 5 cords of wood per day, or they can split 8 cords of wood when sawed. How many cords must they saw that they may be occupied the rest of the day in splitting it ?

48. A grocery merchant sells goods at 80 % profit and takes eggs in trade at market price. If 2 eggs in each dozen are bad, find his per cent gain.

49. A hollow sphere whose diameter is 6 inches weighs | as much as a solid sphere of the same material and diameter. How thick is the shell ?

50. If a bin will hold 20 bushels of wheat, how many bushels of apples will it hold ?

6 MATHEMATICAL WRmKLES

51. What per cent in advance of the cost must a merchant mark his goods so that after allowing 5 % of his sales for bad debts, and an average credit of 6 months, and 7 % of the cost of the goods for his expenses, he may make a clear gain of 12-1- ^ Qf lY^Q f^^.g^ cQs^ Qf ^\^Q goods, money being worth 6 % ?

52. A teacher in giving out the dividend 84,245,000 was mis- understood by his pupils, who reversed the order of the figures in millions period. The quotient obtained was 36,000 too small. What was the divisor ?

53. Three men bought a grindstone 20 inches in diameter. How much of the diameter must each grind off so as to share the stone equally, making an allowance of 4 inches waste for the aperture ?

54. James is 30 years old and John is 3 years old. In how many years will James be 5 times as old as John ?

55. A merchant sold a piano at a gain of 40 %. Had it cost him $400 more, he would have lost 40 %. What did it cost him?

56. A steamer goes 20 miles an hour dow^nstream, and 15 miles an hour upstream. If it is 5 hours longer in coming up than in going down, how far did it go ?

57. A and B together can do a piece of work in 24 days. If A can do only | as much as B, how long will it take each of them to do the work ?

58. The sum of two numbers is 80 ; the difference of their squares is 1600. What are the numbers ?

59. When a man sells goods at a price from which he re- ceived a discount of 33 J- %, what is his gain per cent ?

60. 6-6--6 + 6x2-2=?

61. 3--3--3^3--3--i--i--i--i=?

62. How much water will dilute 5 gallons of alcohol 90 % strong to 30 % ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS ' 7

63. I bought a house and lot for $ 1000, to be paid for in 5 equal payments, interest at 10%, payable annually ; payments to be cash, 1, 2, 3, and 4 years from date of purchase. What was the amount of each payment ?

64. I buy United States 4% bonds at 106, and sell them in 10 years at 102. What is my rate of income ?

65. If a melon 20 inches in diameter is worth 20 cents, what is one 30 inches in diameter worth ?

66. The difference between the true discount and the bank discount of a note due in 90 days at 6 %, is $.90. What is the face of the note ?

67. A writing desk cost a merchant $ 20. At what price must it be marked so that the marked price may be reduced 40 % and still 50 % be gained ?

68. A man agreed to work 12 days for $ 18 and his board, but he was to pay $1 a day for his board for every day he was idle. He received $8 for his work. How many days did he work ?

69. A druggist, by selling 10 pounds of sulphur for a certain sum, gained 50%. If the cost of sulphur advances 20% in the wholesale mai-ket, what per cent will the druggist now gain by selling 7^ pounds for the same sum ?

70.* The head of a fish is 9 inches long. The tail is as long as the head and .V of the body, and the body is as long as the head and tail. What is the length of the fish ?

71. In a corner of a bin I pour some grain which extends up the wall 8 feet, and whose base is measured by a circular line 10 feet distant from the corner. How many bushels in the pile ?

72. A substance is weighed from both arms of a false bal- ance, and its apparent weights are 4 pounds and 16 pounds. Find its true weight.

8 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

73. When wheat is worth $.90 a bushel, a baker's loaf weighs 9 ounces. How many ounces should it weigh when wheat is worth $ .72 a bushel ?

74. The difference between the interest of $ 700 and $ 300 for the same time at 6 % is $ 84. Find the time.

75. What is the price of 10 % stocks that yield a profit equal to that of 5 % bonds bought at 80 ?

76. If I sell oranges at 8 cents a dozen, I lose 30 cents ; but if I sell them at 10 cents a dozen, I gain 12 cents. How many have I, and what did they cost me ?

77. If a man can swim across a circular lake in 20 minutes, how long will it take him to ride twice around it at twice his former rate ?

78. If f of the time past noon, plus 4 hours, equals f of the time to midnight plus 3 hours, what is the time ?

79. A horse steps more than 30 and less than 50 inches at each step. If he takes an exact number of steps in walking 259 inches and an exact number in walking 407 inches, what is the length of his step ?

80. I sold two horses for $ 200. I gained 10 % on the first and 20 % on the second. How much did each cost if the sec- ond cost $ 20 more than the first ?

81. A thief is 27 steps ahead of an officer, and takes 8 steps while the officer takes 5 ; but 2 of the officer's steps are equal to 5 of the thief's. In how many steps can the officer catch him ?

82. A tree is 60 feet high, which is f of f of the length of its shadow diminished by 20 feet. Eequired the length of its shadow.

83. What time is it if | of the time past noon is equal ta ■^ of the time to midnight ?

84. Between 2 and 3 o'clock the minute and hour hands of a clock are together. What time is it ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 9

85. Which weighs the more, a pound of feathers or a pound of gold ?

86. Four pedestrians whose, rates are as the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8, start from the same point to walk in the same direc- tion ai'ound a circular tract 100 yards in circumference. How far has each gone when they are next together ?

87. If 2 miles of fence will inclose a square of 160 acres, how large a square will 3 miles of fence inclose ?

88. I bought a hojse for $ 90, sold it fon $ 100, and soon repurchased it for $ 80. How much did I make by trading ?

89. Considering the earth 8000, and the sun 800,000 miles in diameter, how many earths would it take to equal the sun ?

90. A merchant marks his goods to sell at an advance of 25%, and sells a book for $2.25, and allows the customer 10 % oif from the marked price. What did the book cost the

merchant "/

91. A merchant gives a discount of 10%, but uses a yard measure .72 of an inch too short. What rate of discount would allow him the same amount of gain if the measure were cor- rect?

92.* A merchant at one straight cut took off a segment of a cheese which weighed 2 pounds, and had \ of the circumfer- ence. W^hat was the weight of the whole cheese ?

93. What is the shortest distance that a fiy will have to go, crawling from one of the lower corners of the room to the op- posite upper corner — the room being 20 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 10 high ?

94. I buy goods at 50 % off and sell them at 40 and 10 % off. What is my per cent profit ?

95. A farmer goes to a store and says : " Give me as much money as I have and I will spend ten dollars with you." It is given him, and the farmer repeats the operation to a second,

10 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

and a third store, and has no money left. What did he have in the beginning ?

96. A book and a pen cost $1.20; the book cost $1 more than the pen. What was the cost of each ?

97. A dealer asked 30% profit, but sold for 10 % less than he asked. What per cent did he gain ?

98. Suppose we leave the Pacific coast at sunrise, on Sep- tember 28, and cross the Pacific Ocean fast enough to have sun- rise all the way over to Manila, where it is sunrise September 29. How do you account for the lost day ?

99. A man was asked whether he had a score of sheep. He replied, " No, but if I had as many more, half as many more, and two sheep and a half, I should have a score." How many had he ?

100. What part of threepence is a third of twopence ?

101. Three boys met a servant maid carrying apples to market. The first took half of what she had, but returned to her 10 ; the second took J, but returned 2 ; and the third took away half those she had left, but returned 1. She then had 12 apples. How many had she at first ?

102. A person having about him a certain number of German coins, said, "If the third, fourth, and sixth of them were added together, they would make 54." How many did he have ?

103. If a log starts from the source of a river on Friday, and floats 80 miles down the stream during the day, but comes back 40 miles during the night with the return tide, on what day of the week will it reach the mouth of the river, which is 300 miles long ?

104. 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0=?

105. One gentleman meeting another and inquiring the time past 12 o'clock, received for an answer, " One third of the time from now to midnight." What time in the afternoon was it ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 11

106. A said to B, " Give me $ 100, and then I shall have as much as you." B said to A, " Give me $ 100, and then I shall have twice as much as you." How many dollars had each ?

107. At the rate of 4 miles per hour, a raft floats past the lantliiig at 8 A.M.; the down-going steamer, at the rate of 16 miles per hour, passes the landing at 4 p.m. What time is it when the steamer overtakes the raft ?

108. A bought a horse for $ 80 and sold it to B at a certain rate per cent of gain. B sold it to C at the same rate per cent of gain. C paid $105.80 for the horse. What price did B pay, and what was the rate per cent of gain ?

109. The sum of two numbers is 582 and their difference is 218. What are the numbers ?

110. What are the contents and inside surface of a cubical box whose longest inside measurement is 2 feet ?

111. Three persons engaged in a trade with a joint capital of S 9000. A's capital was in trade 5 months, B's 2 months, and C's 1 month A's share of the gain was S 450, B's $ 270, and C's $ 180. What was the capital of each ?

112. A man was hired for a year for $ 100 and a suit of clothes, but at the end of 8 months he left and received his clothes and $ 60 in money. What was the value of the suit of clothes ?

1 13. A note for $ 100 was due on September 1, but on August 11, the maker proposed to pay as much in advance as would allow him 60 days after September 1, to pay the balance. How much did he pay August 11, money being worth 6 % ?

114. If I rent a house at $18 a month, payable monthly in advance, what amount of cash payable at the beginning of the year will pay the year's rent, interest at 5 % ?

115. If a house rents for $20 a month, payable at the close of each month, what amount is due if not paid till the end of year, interest at 6 % ?

12 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

116. A merchant sold a lease of $480 a year, payable quar- terly, having 8 years and 9 months to rim, for $ 2500. Did he gain or lose, and how much, interest at 8%, payable semi- annually ?

117. A box of oranges weighed 64 pounds by the grocer's scales, but being placed in the other scale of the balance, it weighed only 30 pounds. What was the true weight of the box of oranges ?

118. If a ball 5 inches in diameter weighs 8 pounds, what will be the weight of a similar ball 10 inches in diameter ?

119. A, B, and C dine on 8 loaves of bread. A furnishes 5 loaves, B 3 loaves, and C pays the others 8 cents for his share. How must A and B divide the money ?

120. A boy being asked how many fish he had, replied, " 11 fish are 7 more than -| of the number." How many had he ?

121. I have two lamps, one of 4-candle power, and one of 9-candle power. If the former is 30 feet distant, how far away must I place the latter to give me the same amount of light?

122. A merchant bought 90 boxes of lemons for $265, pay- ing $ 3.50 for first quality and $ 3 for second quality. How many boxes of each kind did he buy ?

123. A vessel after sailing due north and due east on alter- nate days, is found to be 16V2 miles northeast of the starting place. What distance has it sailed ?

124. Two teachers work together ; for 10 days' work of the first and 8 days' work of the second they receive $28, and for 5 days' work of the first and 11 days' work of the second they receive $21. What is each man's daily wages?

125. A hind wheel of a carriage 4 feet 6 inches high re- volved 720 times in going a certain distance. How many revolutions did the fore wheel make, which was 4 feet high ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 13

126. A farmer carried some eggs to market, for which he received $ 2.56, receiving as many cents a dozen as there were dozen. How many dozen were there ?

127. Three men, A, B, and C, ai-e to mow a circular meadow containing 9 acres. A is to receive $3, B S4, and C$5 for his work. What width must each man mow ?

128. If the diameter of a cannon ball is 100 times that of a bullet, how many bullets will it take to equal the cannon ball?

129. A man sells a cow and a horse for $ 120. He sells the horse for $100 more than the cow. What did he sell each for?

130. If a man 5J feet tall weighs 166.375 pounds, how much will a man 6 feet tall of similar proportions weigh ?

131. Having sold a house and lot at 4 % commission, I in- vest the net proceeds in merchandise after deducting my com- mission of 2% for buying. My whole commission is $50. For how much did I sell the house and lot ?

132. A teacher agreed to teach a 10-weeks school for $ 100 and his board. At the end of the term, on account of 3 weeks' absence caused by sickness, he received only $58. What was his board per week ?

133. In buying a bill of goods, I am offered my choice of 50, 25, and 5 % discount, or 5, 25, and 50 % discount. Which is better?

134. The product of two numbers exceeds their difference by their sum. Find one of the numbers.

135. Twice the sum of two numbers plus twice their differ- ence is 80. What is the greater number ?

136. One half the sum of two numbers exceeds one half their difference by 60. What is the smaller number?

137. What per cent is gained by sellir^g 13 ounces of coffee for a pound ?

14 MATHEMATICAL WKIKKLES

138. If I sell I of an acre of land for what an acre cost me, what per cent do I gain ?

139. I sold a horse for $ 200, losing 20 % ; I bought another and sold it at a gain of 25 % ; I neither gained nor lost on the two. What was the cost of each ?

140. At the time of marriage a wife's age was f of the age of her husband, and 24 years after marriage her age was \^ of the age of her husband. How old was each at the time of marriage ?

141. How much water is there in a mixture of 50 gallons of wine and water, worth $ 2 per gallon, if 50 gallons of the wine costs $250?

142. A Texas farmer keeps 2100 cows on his farm. For every 3 cows he plows 1 acre of ground and for every 7 cows he pastures 2 acres of land. How many acres are in his farm?

143. The divisor is 6 times the quotient. Find the quotient.

144. When gold was worth 25 % more than paper money, what was the value in gold of a dollar bill ?

145. I bought 15 yards of ribbon, and sold 10 of them for what I paid for all, and the remainder at cost. I gained $ .25 by the transaction. What did the ribbon cost me ?

146. If a ball of yarn 6 inches in diameter makes one pair of gloves, how many similar pairs will a ball 12 inches in diameter make ?

147. At what time between 4 and 5 o'clock do the hour and minute hands of a clock coincide ?

148. At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock do the hour and minute hands of a clock coincide ?

149. At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock are the hour and minute hands of the clock at right angles ?

150. At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock are the hands of a clock exactly opposite each other ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 15

151. From 200 hundredths take 15 tenths.

152. Find the sum of 2324 thousandths and 24,325 hun- dredths.

153. A lady at her marriage had her husband agree that if at his death they should have only a daughter, she should have J of his estate ; and if they should have only a son, she should have |. They had a son and a daughter. How much should each receive, if the estate was worth $ 23,375 ?

154. A crew can row 24 miles downstream in 3 hours, but requires 4 hours to row back. What is the rate of the current?

155. What minuend is 80 greater than the subtrahend, which is 20 greater than the remainder ?

156. The G. C. D. of two numbers is 60 and the L. C. M. is 720. Find the product of the numbers.

157. In extracting the cube root of a perfect power the oper- ator found the last complete dividend to be 132,867. Find the power.

158. A merchant marks his goods at an advance of 25 % on cost. After selling J of the goods, he finds that some of the goods on hand are damaged so as to be worthless ; he marks the salable goods at an advance of 10 % on the marked price and finds in the end that he has made 20 % on cost. What part of the goods was damaged ?

159. A king has a horse shod and agrees to pay 1 cent for driving the first nail, 2 cents for the second, 4 cents for the third, doubling each time. What will the shoeing with 32 nails cost?

160. I sold a book at a loss of 25 %. Had it cost me $1 more, my loss would have been 40%. Find its cost.

161. At noon the three hands — hour, minute, and second — of a clock are together. At what time will they first be to- gether again?

16 MATHEMATICAL WKINKi.ES

162. A train is traveling from one station to another. After traveling an hour it breaks down and is delayed for an hour. It then proceeds at f of its former speed, and arrives 3 hours late. Had it gone 50 miles farther before the breakdown, it would have arrived 1 hour and 20 minutes sooner. Find the rate of the train and the distance between the stations.

163. If a cocoanut 4 inches in diameter is worth 5 cents, what is the worth of one 6 inches in diameter ?

164. Prove that the product of the G.C.D. and L.C.M. of two numbers is equal to the product of the numbers.

165. Sum to infinity the series l + Y+i + B'+ **••

166. Find the sum of 1 + i + i + 2V + • • • to infinity.

167. Find the sum of 4 -f- 0.4 -{- 0.04 + ... to infinity.

168. What is the distance passed through by a ball before it comes to rest, if it falls from a height of 100 feet and re- bounds half the distance at each fall ?

169. Two trains start at the same time, ouq from Jackson- ville to Savannah, the other from Savannah to Jacksonville. If they arrive at destinations 1 hour and 4 hours after passing, what are their relative rates of running ?

170. If sound travels at the rate of 1090 feet per second, how far distant is a thundercloud when the sound of the thun- der follows the flash of lightning after 10 seconds ?

171. The G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of two numbers between 100 and 200 are respectively 4 and 4620. Find the numbers.

172. What three equal successive discounts are equivalent to a single discount of 58.8 % ?

173. How much will the product of two numbers be in- creased by increasing each of the numbers by 1 ?

174. I can beat James 4 yards in a race of 100 yards, and James can beat John 10 yards in a race of 200 yards. How many yards can I beat John in a race of 500 yards ?

a:^thmetical problems 17

175. Three ladies own a ball of yarn G inches in diameter. What portion of the diameter must each wind off in order to divide the yarn equally among them ?

176. Demonstrate the following : If the greater of two num- bers is divided by the less, and the less is divided by the remainder, and this process is continued till there is no re- mainder, the last divisor will be the greatest common divisor.

177. Find the volume of a rectangular piece of ice 8 feet long, 7 feet wide, and floating in water, with 2.4 inches of its thickness above water, the specific gravity of ice being .9.

178. Two trains, 400 and 200 feet long respectively, are moving with uniform velocities on parallel rails; when they move in opposite directions they pass each other in 5 seconds, but when they move in the same direction, the faster train passes the other in 15 seconds. Find the rate per hour at which each train moves.

179. A boy is running on a horizontal plane directly towards the foot of a tree 50 feet in height. When he is 100 feet from the foot of the tree, how much faster is he approaching it than the top ?

180. Express 77,610 in the duodecimal scale. 181.* In what scale is 6 times 7 expressed by 110?

182. Express Adam's age at his death in the binary scale.

183. Add 3152e, 4204e, 3241e, SlOSg.

184. Subtract 12,3125 from 23,024^.

185. Multiply 62,453; by 325;.

186. Divide 2,034,431, by 234,.

187. Extract the square root of 170».

188* Extract the cube root of 3I2O4.

189. How many trees can be set out upon a space 100 feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 10 feet ?

18 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

190. How many stakes can be driven down upon a space 12 feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 1 foot?

191. Multiply 789,627 by 834, beginning at the left to multiply.

192. Two fifths of a mixture of wine and water is wine ; but if 10 gallons of water be added to it, then only -^-^ of the mix- ture will be wine. How many gallons of each liquid is in the mixture ?

193. Simplify 10 4- —

1 + -1

1 +

1-i

194. 15,600 is the product of three consecutive numbers. What are they ?

195. Find a number which is as much greater than 1042 as it is less than 1236.

196. Multiply 729,038 by 105,357 using only 3 multipliers.

197. What is the smallest number to be subtracted from 10,697 to make the result a perfect cube ?

198. I wish to reach a certain place at a certain time ; if I walk at the rate of 4 miles an hour, I shall be 10 minutes late, but if I walk 5 miles an hour, I shall be 20 minutes too soon. How far have I to walk ?

199. A wineglass is half full of wine, and another twice the size is \ full. They are then filled up with water, and the contents mixed. What part of the mixture is wine, and what part water ?

200. A cork globe 2 feet in diameter, whose specific gravity is -Jg, is hollowed out and filled with lead whose specific gravity is 10. What must be the thickness of the shell of cork so that it will sink just even with the surface of the water?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 19

201. What temperature will result from mixing 100 pounds of ice at 14° F. with 80 pounds of steam at 270° F. ?

202. It is 1800 miles from A to C, and the " Sunset Flyer " annihilates the distance in 50 hours. She averages 30 miles an hour from A to B, and 55 miles an hour from B to C. Locate B.

203. A square and its circumscribing circle revolve about the diagonal of the square as an axis. Compare the volumes and surfaces of the solids generated, the diagonal being 6 feet.

204. The aggregate area of two square fields is 8J acres. The side of the second is 10 rods longer than that of the first. Ascertain the length of the first.

205. How high above the earth's surface (radius 4000 miles) would a pound weight weigh but one ounce avoirdupois by a scale indicator, corrected for change of elasticity by tem- perature ?

206. On a west-bound freight train a man is running east- ward at the rate of 6 miles an hour, and likewise a man runs in the same direction 8 miles an hour on a train going east. If the trains pass while running 36 and 22 miles an hour, re- spectively, how many miles apart are the men at the end of one minute from the moment they pass each other ?

207. A drawer made of inch boards is 8 inches wide, 6 inches deep, and slides horizontally. How far must it be drawn out to put into it a book 4 inches wide and 9 inches long?

208. The dividend is 4352, the remainder 17, which is the G.C. D. of the quotient and divisor, whose difference you may find.

209. B paid S9 more than true discount by borrowing money at a bank for one year at 12 % . Find the face of the note.

20 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

210. How many feet of inch lumber in a wagon tongue 10 feet long, 4 inches square at one end and 2 inches by 3 inches at the other end ?

211. How many inch balls can be put in a box which meas- ures inside 10 inches square and 5 inches deep ?

212. If the posts of a wire fence around a rectangular field twice as long as wide were set 16 feet apart instead of 12 feet, it would save 66 posts. How many acres in the field ?

213. If gold is 19.3 times as heavy as water and copper 8.89 as heavy, how many times as heavy is a coin composed of 11 parts of gold and 1 part of copper ?

214. A ball falls 15 feet and bounces back 5 feet. How far will it bound before it comes to rest ?

215. A borrows $500 from a building and loan association and agrees to pay $9.50 per month for 72 months, the first payment to be made at the end of the first month. What rate of interest does he pay ? The association claims to charge only 8 % (the legal rate in Alabama). How can the per cent be figured out ?

216. A rope 50 feet long is fastened to two stakes, driven 40 feet apart. A calf is fastened to a ring which moves freely on this rope. Over what area can the calf graze ?

217. A metal dog made of gold and silver weighs 8.75 ounces. Its specific gravity is 14.625, that of gold 19.25, and that of silver 10.5. Find the number of ounces of gold in it.

218. By drilling an inch hole through a cubical block of wood parallel to the faces of the block, -J^ of the wood was cut away. What were the dimensions of the block ?

219. Find two numbers whose G. CD. is 24, and L. C. M.

288.

220. Find the greatest number that will divide 364, 414, and 539, and leave the same remainder in each case.

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 21

221. Had an article cost me 8% less, the number of per cent gain would have been 10 % more. What was the gain ?

222. At what time between 3 and 4 o'clock will the minute hand be as far from 12 on the left side of the dial plate as the hour hand is from 12 on the right side ?

223. A ball whose specific gravity is 3| measures a foot in diameter. Find the diameter of another ball of the same weight but with a specific gravity of 2J^.

224. A owes $ 2500 due in two years. He pays $ 500 cash and gives a note payable in 8 months, for the balance. Find the face of the note, money being worth 6 %.

225. A man bought a horse for $201, giving his note due in 30 days. He at once sold the horse, taking a note for $224.40, due in 4 months. What was his rate of gain at the time of the sale, interest 6 % ?

226. The minute hand and the hour hand coincide every 65 minutes. Does the clock gain or lose, and how much ?

227. A ball weighing 970 ounces, weighs in water 892 ounces, and in alcohol 910 ounces. What is the specific gravity of alcohol ?

228. A steamer moves through 8° of longitude daily in ply- ing to and fro across the Atlantic. How long is it from one noon to the next ?

229. A, B and C raise 165 acres of grain. A owns 100 acres of the land and B 65 acres. C pays the others $110 rent. How must A and B divide this money if the grain is shared equally ?

230. A silver cup is a hemisphere filled with wine worth $1.20 a quart. The value of the cup is 2 dimes for every square inch of internal surface, and the cup is worth just as much as the wine. What is the value of the cup ?

231. A ball 12 inches in diameter is rolled around a circular room 12 feet in diameter in such a way that it always touches

22 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

both wall and floor. How many revolutions does the ball make in rolling once around the room ?

232. A man desires to purchase eggs at 5 cents, 1 cent, and ^ cent, respectively, in such numbers that he will obtain 100 eggs for a dollar. How many solutions in rational inte- gers ?

233. How many board feet in a piece of lumber, 2 inches square at one end and at the other end 1 inch by 12 inches, if the ends are parallel ?

234. How many board feet in the above piece of lumber if it is 24 feet long ?

235. Is anything expressed by .^ ? If so, what ?

236. A man bequeathed to his son all the land he could in- close in the form of a right-angled triangle with 2 miles of fence, the base of the triangle to be 128 rods. How many acres did he get?

237. The distance around a rectangular field is 140 rods, and the diagonal is 50 rods. Find its length, breadth, and area.

238. The specific gravity of ice being .918 and of sea water 1.03, find the volume of an iceberg floating with 700 cubic yards above water.

239. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. At one end of the room, 3 feet from the floor, and midway from the sides, is a spider. At the other end, 9 feet from the floor, and midway from the sides, is a fly. Determine the shortest path by way of the floor, ends, sides, and ceiling, the spider can take to capture the fly.

240. A and B are engaged in buying hogs, each paying out of his individual funds for hogs purchased by him, and each retaining as his individual funds the money received from sales made by him. They now wish to form a partnership to cover

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 23

all past transactions and to share equally in the settlement for sales and purchases, and also to be equally interested in hogs which they have on hand unsold. The following data given :

A has paid for hogs $1183.35, and received from sales of hogs $434.35. '

B has paid for hogs $241.55, and received from sales of hogs $619.00.

Invoice of hogs on hand at this time $511.35.

How much does A owe B, or B owe A, so that they will have shared equally in payments and receipts, and be equally inter- ested in the hogs on hand ?

241. The hour, minute, and second hands of a clock turn on the same center. At what time after 12 o'clock is the hour hand midway between the other two ? The second hand mid- way between the other two? The minute hand midway be- tween the other two ?

242. My agent sold pork at a commission of 7%. The pro- ceeds being increased by $6.20, I ordered him to buy cattle at a commission of 3J%. Cattle now declined in price 33 J %, and I found my total loss, including commissions, to be exactly $1002.20. Find the value of the pork.

243. A owes $900, due December 10, but he makes two equi- table payments, one September 8 and the other January 10. Find each payment.

244. A man, dying, left an estate of $23,480 to his three sons, aged 15, 13, and 11 years, to be so divided that each share placed at interest shall amount to the same sum as the sons, respectively, become 21 years of age. What was each son's share, money being worth 5 % ?

245. A man spent $ 100 in buying two kinds of silk at $ 4.50 and $4.00 a yard; by selling it at $4.25 per yard he gained 2 ojo • How many yards of each did he buy ?

24 MATHEMATICAL WKIKKLES

246. A lady being asked the time of day replied, "It is between 4 and 5 o'clock, and the hour and minute hands are together." What was the time ?

247. Three men A, B, and C can do a piece of work in 60 days. After working together 10 days, A withdraws and B and C work together at the same rate for 20 days, then B with- draws and C completes the work in 96 days, working i longer each day. Working at his former rate, C alone could do the work in 222 days. Find how long it would take A and B each separately to do the work.

248. In a class there are twice as many girls as boys. Each girl makes a bow to every other girl, to every boy, and to the teacher. Each boy makes a bow to every other boy, to every girl, and to the teacher. In all there are 900 bows made. How many boys are in the class ?

249. A boy weighing 96 pounds is seated on one end of a see- saw 16 feet long, and a boy weighing 120 pounds is seated on the other end. Find the distance of each boy from the point of support, the lengths of the two arms of the plank being inversely proportional to the weights at their ends.

250. Two men are on opposite sides of the center of the earth. Find the shortest distance that each will be required to go in order to exchange places, provided they travel different routes and so travel as to enjoy each other's company for 500 miles of the distance. (Radius of earth = 4000 miles.)

251. A conical wine glass 2 inches in diameter and 3 inches deep is ^ full of water. What is the depth of the water ?

252. A hollow sphere 8 inches in diameter is filled with water. How many hollow cones, each 8 inches in altitude, and 8 inches in diameter at the base, can be filled with the water in the sphere ?

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS

1. I am now twice as old as you were when I was your age. When you are as old as I now am, the sum of our ages will be 100. What are our ages ?

2. A starts from Gunter to Denton, and at the same time B starts from Denton to Gunter ; A reaches Denton 32 hours, and B reaches Gunter 60 hours, after they meet on the way. In how many hours do they make the journey?

3. At what time between 10 and 11 o'clock is the second hand of a clock one minute space nearer to the hour hand than it is to the minute hand?

4. In walking along a street on which electric cars are running at equal intervals from both ends, I observe that I am overtaken by a car every 12 minutes, and that I meet one every 4 minutes. What are the relative rates of myself and tjie cars, and at what intervals of time do the cars start ?

6. What are eggs per dozen when 2 less in a shilling's worth raise the price one penny per dozen?

6. Two men agree to build a walk 100 yards in length for S200. They divide the work so that one man should receive 60 cents more per yard than the other. How many yards does each man build, if he receives $100?

7. Two boats start from opposite sides of a river at the same instant, and throughout the journeys to be described maintain their respective speed. They pass one another at a point just 720 yards from the left shore. Continuing on their respective journeys, they reach opposite banks, where each boat remains 10 minutes and then proceeds on its return trip.

26 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

This time the boats meet at a point 400 yards from the right shore. What is the width of the river ?

8. How many acres does a square tract of land contain, which sells for $ 160 an acre, and is paid for by the number of silver dollars that will lie upon its boundary ?

9. Two girls, 4 feet apart, walk side by side around a circular park. How far does each walk if the sum of their distances is 1 mile ?

10. How many acres are there in a field, the number of rails used in fencing the field equaling the number of acres — each rail being 11 feet long and the fence 4 rails high ?

11. Three men are going to make a journey of 40 miles. The first can walk at the rate of 1 mile per hour, the second walks at the rate of 2 miles per hour, and the third goes in a buggy at the rate of 8 miles per hour. The third takes the first with him and carries him to such a point as will allow the third time to drive back to meet the second, and carry him the remaining part of the 40 miles, so as all may arrive at the same time. How long will it require to make the journey ?

12. Two trains, 400 and 200 feet long respectively, are mov- ing with uniform velocities on parallel rails ; when they move in opposite directions, they pass each other in 5 seconds, but when they move in the same direction, the faster train passes the other in 15 seconds. Find the rate per hour at which each train moves.

13. How many minutes is it until 6 o'clock, if 50 minutes ago it was 4 times as many minutes past 3 o'clock?

14. A man bought a gun for a certain price. Now, if he sells it for $ 9, he will lose as much per cent as the gun cost. Required the cost of the gun.

15. In a nest were a certain number of eggs; if I had brought 1 egg that I didn't bring, I should have brought | of

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 27

thera, and if I had left 2 eggs that I did bring, I should have brought half of them. How many eggs were in the nest?

16. A man sold a lot for $ 144. The number of dollars the lot cost was the same as the number of per cent profit. What did the lot cost ?

17. What is the side of a cube which contains as many cubic inches as there are square inches in its surface ?

18. What is the length of one edge of that cube which con- tains as many solid units as there are linear units in the diag- onal through the opposite corners ?

19. The sum, the product, and the difference of the squares of two numbers are all equal. Find the numbers.

20. Upon inquiring the time of day, a gentleman was in- formed that the hour and minute hands were together between 4 and 5. What was the time of day ?

21. An officer wishing to arrange his men in a solid square, found by his first arrangement that he had 39 men over. He then increased the number of men on a side by 1, and found 50 men were needed to complete the square. How many men did he have ?

22. A young lady being asked what she paid for her eggs, replied, "Three dozen cost as many cents as I can buy eggs for 36 cents." What was the price per dozen ?

23. A cube is formed out of a lot of cubical blocks, 1 foot each, and it is found by using 448 more another cube is formed, the edge of which is 8 feet. What was the length of an edge of the original cube ?

24. Find two numbers whose product is equal to the differ- ence of their squares, and the sum of their squares equal to the difference of their cubes.

25. A young lady being asked her age, answered, " If you add the square root of my age to | of my age, the sum will be 10." Required her age.

28 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

26. There is a fish whose head is 9 inches long ; the tail is as long as the head and | the body ; and the body is as long as the head and the tail together. What is the length of the fish?

27. I bought 2 horses for S 80 ; I sold them for $ 80 apiece, the gain on the one being 20 % more than on the other. What was the cost of each ?

28. A man has a square lot upon which he wishes to build a house facing the street, with a driveway around the other three sides. He wants the house to cover the same amount of land as the driveway. How wide shall he make the driveway, the lot being 100 feet each way ?

29. An officer can form his men into a hollow square 4 deep, and also into a hollow square 6 deep ; the front in the latter formation contains 12 men fewer than in the former formation. Find the number of men.

30. How must a line 12 inches long be divided into two parts so that the rectangle of the whole line and one part shall equal the square on the other side ?

31. Two miners, B and C, have the same monthly wages. B is employed 7 months in the year, and his annual expenses are $350; C is employed 5 months in the year, and his annual expenses are $250. In 5 years B saves the same amount that C saves in 7 years. What were the monthly wages of each?

32.

Simplify: '^ , : •

33.

Find the value of x in the equation :

2(l + ^') = (l + a;)^

34.

Solve the equation :

iB* + 4 m^x —m* — 0.

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 29

Solve the following equations :

36. r^ + 3/=ll, 39. Vx+V2/ = 5,

36. x'-y^f-^x, 4Q x-hy = 13,

^ + y = Kx-fy ^_^^_^g^

«^- ^ + 3/ = 10, ,, a- + a:y + 2r' = 39,

yVa;=12. ar^4-a:z + z2 = i9,

38. x^4-r = 13, y2^y2-f-z* = 49. y + X2/ = 9.

42. 5t/(a;« + l)-3ar'(2/«+l)=0, 15y«(ar^4-l)-x(/ + l)=0.

43. A farmer being asked how many acres he had, replied, " My land is square. I have plowed just 2 rods wide around, and have plowed just \ my land." How many acres has he ?

44. From a 10-gallon keg of wine a man filled a jug. He then filled the keg with water, and repeated the operation a second time, when he found the keg contained equal amounts of water and wine. Find the capacity of the jug.

45. If a certain number is divided by 32, the remainder is 25 ; if divided by 25, the remainder is 19 ; and if divided by 19, the remainder is 11. What is the number?

46. If Dr. A loses 3 patients out of 7 ; Dr. B, 4 out of 13 ; and Dr. C, 5 out of 19 ; what chance has a sick man for his life, who is dosed by the three doctors for the same disease ?

47. Said Robin to Richard, " If ever I come

To the age that you are, brother mine, Our ages united would amount to the sum

Of years making ninety-nine." Said Richard to Robin, " That's certain, and if it be fair

For us to look forward so far, I then shall be double the age that you were,

When I was the age that you are."

30 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

48. A tells the truth 2 times out of 3, B 6 times out of 7, and C 4 times out of 5. What is the probability of the truth of an assertion that A and B affirm and C denies ?

49. A plank 16 feet long with a weight of 196 pounds, on one end balances across a fulcrum placed 1 foot from the 196-pound weight. What is the weight of the plank ?

50. A man desires to purchase eggs at 5 cents, 1 cent, and ■i- cent, respectively, in such numbers that he will obtain 100 eggs for a dollar. How many solutions in rational integers ?

51. Ann's brother started to school. On the first day the teacher asked him his age. He replied, " When I was born, Ann was ^ the age of mother and is now ^ as old as father, and I am J of mother's age. In 4 years I shall be i as old as father." How old is Ann's brother ?

52. Solve for x :

Om+6 Qm-1 Q(n+1)*

^6 ^ _J_ !_» i.y ^ ,21^-^-n . 32-1-^-1).

53. My wife was born ,,

lL(f)UL 2^^' 2«-ijL(2 . 3 . 3K e^ijl

What was her age August 10, 1904 ?

Note. — Problems 54-67, inclusive, are from Bowser's "College Al- gebra."

54. Express with positive exponents

■V(a + &)'x(a + 6)-t. 55. Extract the square root of

6-f.2V2 + 2V3-|-2V6. 66. Extract the square root of

54.V10- V6- Vi5.

57. Solve a;~^ + a;~^ = 6.

xy =2*.

61.

x^ + y^ = 14a^/,

x-{-y = a.

62.

m'<^)'-^-

xy — x — y — bAi.

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 31

58. Solve a;^-|-x^ = 1056.

69. Solve -Jt— {a^-h^)x= -^ -.

60. Solve the following :

6(a^ + y* + 2^) = 13(0; ^- 2/ -h 2) = *fL,

63. a? + y{xy-l) = 0, f-x(xy + l) = 0.

65. (x^-hl)y = (f-¥l)^y {f^l)x=9(x^ + l)f,

66. A offers to run three times round a course while B runs twice round, but A gets only 150 yards of his third round fin- ished when B wins. A then offers to run four times round to B three times, and now quickens his pace so that he runs 4 yards in the time he formerly ran 3 yards. B also quickens his so that he runs 9 yards in the time he formerly ran 8 yards, but in the second round falls off to his original pace in the first race, and in the third round goes only 9 yards for 10 he went in the first race, and accordingly this time A wins by 180 yards. Determine the length of the course.

67. On the ground are placed n stones ; the distance between the first and second is 1 yard, between the second and third 3 yards, between the third and fourth 5 yards, and so on. How far will a person have to travel who shall bring them one by one to a basket placed at the first stone ?

68. Sionius and his wife Lionius sip from the same bowl filled with milk. Lionius sips during f of the time which Sionius would take to empty the bowl ; then Lionius stops and

32 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

hands it to Sionius to finish. If both had sipped together, the bowl would have been emptied 6 minutes sooner, and Lionius would have received | of the milk which Sionius sipped after receiving the bowl from Lionius. In what time would Sionius and Lionius sipping together empty the bowl ?

69. Once, in classic days, Silenus lay asleep, a goatskin filled with wine near him. Dionysius passing by, profited by seizing the skin, and drinking for | of that time in which Silenus alone could have emptied said skin. At this point Si- lenus awoke, and seeing what was happening, snatched away the precious skin, and finished it.

Now, had both started together, and drunk simultaneously, they would have consumed the wine skin in 2 hours less time. And, in this case, Dionysius' share would have been J as much as Silenus did secure, by waking and snatching the skin. In what time would either one of them alone finish the goatskin ?

70. Three regiments move north as follows : B is 20 miles east of A ; C is 20 miles south of B, and each marches 20 miles between the hours of 5 a.m. and 3 p.m. A horseman with a message from C starts at 5 a.m. and rides north till he overtakes B, then sets a straight course for the point at which he calculates to overtake A, then sets a straight course for the next point at which he will again overtake B, then rides south to the point where he first overtook B, reaching that point at the same time as C, namely, 3 p.m. What uniform rate of travel enabled the messenger to do this ?

71. Three men and a boy agree to gather the apples in an orchard for $ 50. The boy can shake the apples in the same time that the men can pick them, but any one of the men can shake them 25 % faster than the other two men and boy can pick them. Find the amount due each.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES

1. Construct a trapezoid having given the sum of the parallel sides, the sum of the diagonals, and the angle formed by the diagonals.

2. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to each, and inclose a space between the three arcs equal to 200 square feet, find the diameter of each circle.

3. An iron rod of a certain length stands against the side of a house ; if it is pulled out 4 feet at the bottom, the top moves down the side of the house a distance equal to ^ the rod. Find the length of the rod.

4. A circle whose area is 1809.561 square feet is described upon the perpendicular of a right triangle as a diameter. From the point where the circumference cuts the hypotenuse a tangent to the circle is drawn, which cuts the base. If the shortest distance from the point of intersection of the tangent with the base to the perpendicular is 18 feet, what is the length of the hypotenuse?

5. The number of cubic inches contained by two equal opposite spherical segments, together with the number of cubic inches contained by the cylinder included between these segments, is 600. If this be J of the number of cubic inches contained by the whole sphere, find the height of the cylinder.

6. The sum of the sides of a right-angled triangle is 200 feet. What is its area, the hypotenuse being 4 times the per- pendicular let fall upon it from the right angle ?

33

34 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

7. In a right-angled triangle the hypotenuse is 100 feet, and a line bisecting the right angle and terminating in the hypotenuse is 14.142 feet. Eind the length of each of the other two sides.

8. Two posts, one of which is 24, and the other 16 feet high are 100 feet apart. What is the length of a rope just long enough to touch the ground between them, the ends of the rope being fastened to the top of each post?

9. A ladder 30 feet long leans against a perpendicular wall at an angle of 30°. How far will its middle point move, pro- vided the top moves down the wall until it reaches the ground ?

10. A man owns a piece of land in the form of a right- angled triangle. The sum of the sides about the right angle is 70 feet and their difference equals the length of a line parallel to the shorter side, dividing the triangle into two equal parts. Determine the length of the shorter side.

11. Required the greatest right triangle which can be con- structed upon a given line as hypotenuse.

12. A man has a lot the shape of which is an equilateral triangle, with an area of 60 square rods. How long a rope will be required to graze his horse over ^ the lot, provided he ties the rope to a corner post?

13. An iron ball 3 inches in diameter weighs 8 pounds. Eind the weight of an iron shell 3 inches thick, whose external diameter is 30 inches.

14. Eind the altitude of the maximum cylinder that can be inscribed in a cone whose altitude is 9 feet and whose base is 6 feet.

15. Construct a plane triangle having given the base, the vertical angle, and the bisector of the vertical angle.

16. How much of the earth's surface would a man see if he WQre rg^ised, to the height of the diameter above it ?

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 35

17. To what height must a man be raised above the earth in order that he may see \ of its surface ?

18. What part of the surface of a sphere 20 feet in diameter is illuminated by a lamp 100 feet from the surface of the sphere ?

19. If the earth is assumed to be a sphere of 4000 miles radius, how far at sea can a lighthouse 110 feet high be seen ?

20. Determine the sides of an equilateral triangle, having given the lengths of the three perpendiculars drawn from any point within to the sides.

21. Find the number of cubic inches of water that a bowl will hold, whose shape is that of a spherical segment, 10 inches in height, the diameter of the top being 40 inches.

22. Find the side of the lai-gest cube that can be cut from a globe 24 inches in diameter.

23. Which is the greater — 3 solid inches, or 3 inches solid ?

24. Three men living 60 miles from one another wish to dig a well that will be the same distance from each of their homes. Where must they dig the well ?

25. Bisect a given quadrilateral by a straight line drawn through a vertex.

26. One arm of a right triangle is 30 feet and the perpen- dicular from the vertex of the right triangle to the hypotenuse is 24 feet. Find the area of the triangle.

27. Three chords, lengths 6, 8, and 10, just go around in a semicircle. Find the radius of the circle.

28. A cone, a half globe, and a cylinder, of the same base and altitude, are as 1 : 2 : 3.

29. Two sides of a triangle are 3 feet and 8 feet, respec- tively, and inclose an angle of 60°. Find the third side.

36 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

30. A rectangular garden is 40 feet by 60 feet. It is sur- rounded by a road of uniform width, the area of which is equal to the area of the field. Find the width of the road.

31. The sum of the two crescents made by describing semi- circles outward on the two sides of a right triangle and a semi- circle toward them on the hypotenuse, is equivalent to the right triangle.

32. Prove that the circle through the middle points of the sides of a triangle passes through the feet of the perpendicu- lars from the opposite vertices, and through the middle points of the segments of the perpendiculars included between their point of intersection and the vertices.

33. What is the volume of the frustum of a sphere, the radius of whose upper base is 3 feet and lower base 4 feet, and altitude 1 foot ?

34. If a circle rolls on the inside of a fixed circle of double the radius, find the length of the path that any fixed point in the circumference of the moving circle will trace out.

35. Find the diameter of a circle inscribed in a triangle whose sides are 6, 8, and 10 feet, respectively.

36. Find the diameter of a circle circumscribed about a triangle whose sides are 6, 8, and 10 feet, respectively.

37. What is the area of an equilateral triangle whose sides are 100 inches ?

38. What is the area of a tetragon (square) whose sides are 100 inches ?

39. What is the area of a regular pentagon whose sides are 100 inches ?

40. What is the area of a regular hexagon whose sides are 10 feet?

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 37

41. What is the area of a regular heptagon whose sides are 10 feet ?

42. What is the area of a regular octagon whose sides are 10 feet ?

43. What is the area of a regular nonagon whose sides are 10 feet ?

44. What is the area of a regular decagon whose sides are 10 feet ?

45. What is the area of a regular undecagon whose sides are 10 feet?

46. What is the area of a regular dodecagon whose sides are 10 feet?

47. Find the side of an inscribed square of a triangle whose base is 10 feet and altitude 4 feet.

48. Find the diameter of a circle of which the height of an arc is 6 inches and the chord of half the arc is 10 inches.

49. Find the height of an arc, when the chord of the arc is 10 inches and the radius of the circle is 8 inches.

50. Find the chord of half an arc, when the chord of the arc is 20 feet and the height of the arc is 2 feet.

51. Find the chord of half an arc, when the chord of the arc is 10 inches and the radius of the circle is 8 inches.

52. Find the side of a circumscribed polygon, when the side of a similar inscribed polygon is 10 feet and the radius of the circle is 30 feet.

53. A log 10 feet long, 2 feet in diameter at one end and 3 feet at the other, is rolled along till the larger end describes a circle. Find the diameter of the circle.

54. At the extremities of the diameter of a circular park stand two electric light posts, one 12 feet high and the other 18 feet high. What points on the circumference of the park

38 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

are equidistant from the tops of the posts, the diameter of the park being 100 feet ?

55. What is the circumference of the largest circular ring that can be put in a cubical box whose edge is 4 feet ?

56. What is the side of the largest square that can be in- scribed in a semicircle whose diameter is 2Vo feet?

57. What is the volume of the largest cube that can be inscribed in a hemisphere whose diameter is 3 feet ?

58. In a triangle whose base is 30 inches and altitude 18 inches a square is inscribed. Find its area.

59. Two equal circles of 10-inch radii are described so that the center of each is on the circumference of the other. Find the area of the curvilinear figure intercepted between the two circumferences.

60. Two equal circles of 8-inch radii intersect so that their common chord is equal to their radius. Find the area of the curvilinear figure intercepted between the two cir- cumferences.

61. Find the area of a zone whose altitude is 4 feet on a sphere whose radius is 10 feet.

62. Find the volume of a segment of a sphere whose altitude is 1 foot and the radius of the base 2 feet.

63. Mr. Brown has a plank of uniform thickness 10 feet long, 12 inches wide at one end and 5 inches at the other. How far from the large end must it be cut straight across so that the two parts shall be equal ?

64. Having given the lesser segment of a straight line divided in extreme and mean ratio, to construct the whole line.

65. Find the volume of a spherical shell whose two surfaces are 64 tt and 36 tt.

66. To construct a triangle having given the three medians.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 39

67. Two sides of a quadrilateral lot run east 216 feet and north 63 feet. If the other two sides measure 135 and 180 feet, respectively, what is its area in square yards ?

68. If the perimeter of a right triangle is 240 rods and the radius of the inscribed circle 20 rods, what are the sides ?

69. On a hillside which slopes 11 feet in 61 feet of its length, stands an upright pole. If this pole should break at a certain point and fall up hill, the top would strike the ground 61 feet from the base of the pole ; but if it should fall down hill, its top would strike the ground 4S^ feet from the base of the pole. Find the length of the pole.

70. A house and barn are 25 rods apart. The house is 12 rods and the barn 5 rods from a brook running in a straight line. What is the shortest distance one must walk from the house

to get a pail of water from the brook and carry it to the barn ?

71. Construct geometrically the square root of any number, n.

72. Construct a triangle having given the base, the median upon the base, and the difference between the base angles.

73. A man owning a rectangular field 300 feet by 600 feet, wishes to lay out driveways of equal width having the diago- nals of the field as center lines, and such that the area of the driveways shall be J of the area of the field. Determine the width of the driveways.

74. Two ladders 14 feet apart at their base touch each other at the top. Each is inclined the same, and a round 10 feet up on either side is as far from the top as it is from the base of the other ladder. Get the length of the ladders.

uouse^

""""'•^

Bam

1

Brook

iO

40 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

75. A tree 123 feet high breaks off a certain distance up, and the moment the top strikes a stump 15 feet high the broken part points to a spot 108 feet from the base of the tree. Find the length of the part broken off.

76. Divide a triangle into three equivalent parts by lines drawn from a point P within the triangle.

77. From a point P without a circumference, to draw a secant which is bisected by the circumference.

78. To construct a triangle having given the three feet of the altitudes.

79. If from any point in the circumference of a circle per- pendiculars be dropped upon the sides of an inscribed triangle (produced, if necessary), the feet of the perpendiculars are in a straight line.

80. Inside a square 10-acre lot a cow was tethered to the fence at a point 1 rod from the corner by a rope just long enough to allow her to graze over an acre of ground. How long was the rope ?

81. From any point P in the bisector of the angle A in a triangle ABCy perpendiculars PA\ PB\ PC are drawn to the three sides. Prove PA' and JB'C" intersect in the median from A.

82. If the bisectors of two angles of a triangle are equal, the triangle is isosceles.

83. In a right triangle the bisector of the right angle also bisects the angle between the perpendicular and the median from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse.

84. Find the locus of a point the sum or the difference of whose distances from two fixed straight lines is given.

85. The bisector of an angle of a triangle is less than half the sum of the sides containing the angle.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 41

86. The difference between the acute angles of a right triangle is equal to the angle between the median and the perpendicu- lar drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse.

87. A hollow rubber ball is 2 inches in diameter and the rubber is -^jr inch thick. How much rubber would be used in the manufacture of 1000 such balls ?

88. Having given two concentric circles, draw a chord of the larger circle, which shall be divided into three equal parts by the circumference of the smaller circle.

89. The distances from a point to the three nearest corners of a square are 1 inch, 2 inches, and 2J inches. Construct the square.

90. Draw a chord of given length through a given point, within or without a given circle.

91. Find the greatest segment of a line 10 inches long, when it is divided in extreme and mean ratio.

92. In a quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 10, BC = 17, CD = 13, DA = 20, and AC = 21. Find the diagonal BD.

93. To divide a trapezoid into two similar trapezoids by a line parallel to the base.

94. From a given point in a circumference, to draw a chord that is bisected by a given chord.

95. In a given line AB, to find a point C such that AC: BC

= 1 : V2:

96. From a given rectangle to cut off a similar rectangle by a line parallel to one of its sides.

97. Find the locus of a point in space the ratio of whose distances from two given points is constant.

98. Find the locus of a point whose distance from a fixed straight line is in a given ratio to its distance from a fixed plane perpendicular to that line.

42 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

99. Any point in the bisector of a spherical angle is equally distant from the sides of the angle.

100. If any number of lines in space meet in a point, the feet of the perpendiculars drawn to these lines from another point lie on the surface of a sphere.

101. If the angles at the vertex of a triangular pyramid are right angles, and the lateral edges are equal, prove that the sum of the perpendiculars on the lateral faces from any point in the base is constant.

102. A plane bisecting two opposite edges of a regular tetraedron divides the tetraedron into two equal polyedrons.

103. The volume of a truncated triangular prism is equal to the product of the lower base by the perpendicular on the lower base from the intersection of the medians of the upper base.

104. The point of intersection of the perpendiculars erected at the middle of each side of a triangle, the point of intersec- tion of the three medians, and the point of intersection of the three perpendiculars from the vertices to the opposite sides are in a straight line ; and the distance of the first point from the second is half the distance of the second from the third.

105. Three circles are tangent externally at the points A, B, and C, and the chords AB and AC are produced to cut the circle BC at D and E. Prove that DE is a diameter.

106. A cylindrical bucket without a top is 6 inches in cir- cumference and 4 inches high. On the inside of the vessel 1 inch from the top is a drop of honey, and on the opposite side of the vessel 1 inch from the bottom, on the outside, is a fly. How far will the fly have to go to reach the honey ?

107. P is any point on the circumcircle of an equilateral triangle ABC; AP, BP meet BC, CA respectively in X, Y. Prove BX - AY is constant.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 43

108. Find the locus of all points from which two unequal circles subtend equal angles.

109. Show that any two perpendicular lines terminated by the opposite sides of a square are equal to one another, and by this property show how to escribe a square to a given quadri- lateral.

110. If the incircle passes through the centroid of the tri- angle, find the relation between the sides a, 6, and c.

111. If through a point O within a triangle ^BC parallels EFy GHy IK to the sides be drawn, the sum of the rectangles of their segments is equal to the rectangle contained by the segments of any chord of the circumscribing circle passing through 0.

112. If two chords intersect at right angles within a circle, the sum of the squares on their segments equals the square on the diameter.

113. If from a point A^ without a circle, two secants, ACD and AGKy are drawn, the chords C/iTand DG intersect on the chord of contact of the tangents from the point A to the circle.

114. If from a given point without a given circle any num- ber of secants are drawn, the chords joining the points of intersection of the secants with the circle all cross on the same straight line.

115. To draw a tangent from a given external point to a given circle by means of a ruler only.

116. Of all polygons constructed with the same given sides, the cyclic polygon is the maximum.

117. The square on the side of a regular inscribed pentagon is equal to the square on the side of a regular inscribed hexa- gon, plus the square on the side of a regular inscribed decagon.

118. The area of an inscribed regular dodecagon is three times the square of the radius of the circle.

44 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES -

119. The square of the side of an inscribed equilateral tri- angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the sides of an inscribed square and inscribed regular hexagon.

120. Construct a circumference equal to three times a given circumference.

121. Construct a circle equivalent to three times a given circle.

122. If ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral, and if we describe any circle passing through the points A and B, another through B and C, a third through G and D, and a fourth through D and A ; these circles intersect successively in four other points, E, F, G, H, forming another cyclic quadrilateral.

123. Construct a triangle, given the altitude, the median, and the angle bisector, all from the same vertex.

124. Prove that the circumcircle of a triangle bisects each of the six segments determined by the incenter and the three excenters of the triangle.

125. If A, B, G are three collinear points, and if K is any other point, prove that the circumcenters of the triangles KBG, KCA, and KAB are concyclic with K.

126. If the diameter of a circle be divided into any number

of segments, and circumferences be de- scribed upon these segments as diameters, the sum of these circumferences is equal to the circumference of the original circle.

127. I own a square garden as shown in the above diagram. Within the garden stands a tree 30 feet, 40 feet, and 50 feet

respectively from three successive corners. How much land

have 1 ?

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES

45

The Famous Nine-Point Circle.

128. (a) If a circle be described about the pedal triangle of any triangle, it will pass through the middle points of the lints drawn from the orthocenter to the vertices of the triangle, and through the middle points of the sides of the triangle, in all, through nine points.

(6) The center of the nine-point circle is the middle point of the line joining the orthocenter and the center of the circum- circle of the triangle.

(c) The radius of the nine-point circle is half the radius of the circumcircle of the triangle.

(d) The centroid of the triangle also lies on the line join- ing the orthocenter

and the center of yl

the circumcircle of \ / ;

the triangle, and \ / I

divides it in the \ X j

ratio of 2:1. \ ^,^^^,^ j

(e) The sides of \ -- - ^ the pedal triangle intersect the sides of the given tri- /^ angle in the radi- i a'< cal axis of the cir- \ cumscribing and nine-point circles.

(/) The nine- point circle is tan- gent to the in- \ / scribed and es- "'v /

cribed circles of \ ^-- ^-^

the triangle.

Let ABD be any triangle, A\ B\ D\ the projections of the vertices on the opposite sides; //, «/, K, the mid-points of OAy

/

\

•Y --'

>>

A

II

^-,

O

^

/ \

;

K 1

46 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

OB, OD, respectively, 0 being the orthocenter. Let L, M, N" be the mid-points of the sides. Join F, E, and D. The A A'B'D' is called the pedal triangle. The nine points A', N, K, D', H, B', J, L, M are concyclic ; and the circle through them is the nine- point circle of the triangle.

For the proofs of these theorems, see "Finkel's Mathematical Solution Book " and the monograph, " Some Noteworthy Prop- erties of the Triangle and Its Circles," by Dr. W. H. Bruce, president of the North Texas State Normal School, Denton.

129. If from any point in either side of a right triangle, a line is drawn perpendicular to the hypotenuse, the product of the segments of the hypotenuse is equal to the product of the segments of the side plus the square of the perpendicular.

130. A, B, and C are fixed points. Describe a square with one vertex at A, so that the sides opposite to A pass through B and G.

131. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, prove that the cen- ters of the circles inscribed in triangles ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB are the vertices of a rectangle.

132. A round hole one foot in diameter is cut through a sphere 20 inches in diameter. Find the volume of the part remaining, the axes of the hole passing through the center of the sphere.

133. Given the incenter, circumcenter, and one excenter of a triangle, construct it.

134. Divide the triangle whose sides are 7, 15, 20 into two equivalent parts by a radius of the circumcircle.

135. Construct a triangle, given its altitude and the radii of the inscribed and circumscribed circles.

136. In the semicircle ABCD express the diameter AD in terms of the chords AB, BC, and CD.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 47

137. On one side of an equilateral triangle describe out- wardly a semicircle. Trisect the arc and join the points of division with the vertex of the triangle. Find the ratio of the segments of the diameter.

138. If a, 6, c are the sides of a triangle, and 5 (a^ -\-b^-\-c^ = G {ab + bc -\- ac), show that the incircle passes through the centroid of the triangle.

139. If through the vertices of any inscribed polygon tan- gents are drawn forming a circumscribed polygon, the con- tinued product of the perpendiculars from any point in the circle on the sides of the inscribed polygon is equal to the con- tinued product of the perpendiculars from the same point on the sides of the circumscribed polygon.

140. A lot 100 feet long and 60 feet wide has a walk ex- tending from one corner halfway around it, and occupying one third of the area. Required the width of the walk. A geometrical construction is desired.

141. Construct a triangle, having given the vertical angle, the sum of the tlfiree sides, and the perpendicular.

142. Prove that the dihedral angle of a regular octahedron is the supplement of the dihedral angle of a regular tetrahedron.

143. Given the three diagonals of an inscriptible quadrilat- eral, to construct the quadrilateral.

144. Pis a point on the minor arc AB of the circumcircle of the regular hexagon ABCDEF; prove that PE + PD = PA 4- P5 + PC 4- PF.

145. In a right triangle the hypotenuse is 17 and the diam- eter of the inscribed circle 6. Another equal circle is described touching the base produced and the hypotenuse ; how far apart are the centers of the two circles ?

146. Two equal circular discs are to be cut out of a rectan- gular piece of paper, 9 inches long and 8 inches wide. What is the greatest possible diameter of the discs ?

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

1. A seed is planted. Suppose at the end of 2 years it produces a seed, and one each year thereafter ; each of these when 2 years old produces a seed yearly. All the seeds produced do likewise. How many seeds will be produced in 20 years ?

2. If a 4-inch auger hole be bored diagonally through a 12- inch cube, what will be the volume displaced, the axis of the auger hole coinciding with the diagonal of the cube ?

3. I have a circular orchard 110 yards in diameter. How many trees can be set in it so that no two shall be within 16 feet of each other, and no tree within 5 feet of the fence ?

4. What is the convex surface and voluifte of a cylindric ungula whose least length is 5 feet, greatest length 13 feet, the radius of the base being 1^- feet ?

5. AYhat is the length of the arc whose chord is 16 feet and height 6 feet ?

6. Find the area of a sector, having given the chord of the arc equal to 16 feet, and the height of the arc equal to 6 feet.

7. What is the area of a segment whose base is 6 feet and height 2 feet ?

8. Find the volume of an iron rod 2 inches in diameter and 10 feet from end to end containing a loop whose inner diameter is 4 inches.

9. What is the area of a circular zone, one side of which is 30 inches and the other 40 inches, and the distance between them 10 inches ?

48

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 49

10. The shell of a hollow iron ball is 4 inches thick, and contains \ of the number of cubic inches in the whole ball. Find the diameter of the ball.

11. A rope 60 feet long wraps around two trees 6 feet and 10 feet in diameter, respectively, and crosses between them. Find the distance between their centers.

12. On the tire of a wheel 4 feet in diameter is a black spot. How far does the spot move while the wheel makes 4 revolutions ?

13. A fly lights on the spoke of a carriage wheel 4 feet in diameter, 1 foot up from the ground. How far will the fly have traveled when the wheel has made 2 revolutions on a level plane?

14. An eagle and a sparrow are in the air ; the eagle is 100 feet above the sparrow. If the sparrow flies straight forward in a horizontal line, and the eagle flies twice as fast directly towards the sparrow, how far will each fly before the sparrow is caught ?

15. A cow is tethered to the corner of a barn 25 feet square, by a rope 100 feet long. How many square feet can she graze ?

16. A solid cube weighs 300 pounds. If a power is applied at an angle of 45° at an upper edge of the cube, how many foot pounds will be required to overturn the cube ?

17. A tree 110 feet high, standing by the side of a stream 100 feet wide, is broken by a storm ; the fallen part is unde- tached from the stump, and its top rests 10 feet above the water and points directly to the opposite shore. How high is the stump ?

18. At the edge of a circular lake 1 acre in area stands a tree. What length of rope, tied to this tree, will allow a horse to graze upon \ of an acre ?

50 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

19. A horse is tied to a stake in the circumference of a 6-acre field. How long must the rope be to allow him to graze over just 1 acre inside the field ?

20. What is the longest piece of carpet 3 feet wide, cut square at the ends, that can be put in a room 16 feet by 20 feet ?

21. The fore wheel and the hind wheel of a carriage are 12 feet and 15 feet in circumference, respectively; a rivet in the tire of each is observed to be up when the carriage starts. How far will each rivet have moved when they are next up together ?

22. A log 40 inches in diameter is to be sawed by four men. What part of the diameter must each man saw to do ^ of the work ?

23. What is the length of a chord cutting off the fourth part of a circle whose radius is 10 feet ?

24. Find the length of a chord cutting off the third part of a circle whose diameter is 40 feet.

25. A tree 80 feet high was broken in a storm so that the top struck the ground 40 feet from the foot of the tree. If the tree remained in contact, what was the length of the path through which the top of the tree passed in falling to the ground ?

26. By boring through the center of a wooden ball, with an auger 4 inches in diameter, i of the solid contents of the ball is displaced. Eind the diameter of the ball.

27. Find the diameter of an auger that will displace i of the solid contents of a ball 5 feet in diameter, by boring through its center.

28. Three horses are tethered each to a rope 42 feet in length to the corners of an equilateral triangle whose side is 80 feet. Over how many square feet can each graze, provided they are at no time upon the same ground ?

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 51

29. How many acres of water can a man see, standing on a ship, with his eyes just 14 feet above the water, when there is no land in sight ?

30. In a farmer's pasture is located a triangular house, the length of each side being 10 yards. The farmer wishing to graze his horse finds that stakes are not plentiful and decides to tie the rope to one corner of the house. If the rope is long enough to allow the horse to graze 30 yards from the corner of the house, over how much ground can the horse graze ?

31. Three men wish to carry each J of an 8-foot log of uni- form size and density. Where must the hand stick be placed so tliat the one at the end of the log and the others at the ends of the stick shall each carry equal weights ?

32. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to each, and inclose a space between the three arcs equal to 100 square inches, find their radius.

33. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to each, with a radius of 10 inches, find the area of the space inclosed between the three arcs.

34. If 4 acres pasture 40 sheep 4 weeks, and 8 acres pasture 66 sheep 10 weeks, how many sheep will 20 acres pasture 50 weeks, the grass growing uniformly all the time ?

35. A rabbit 60 yards due east of a hound is running due south 20 feet per second ; the hound gives chase at the rate of 25 feet per second. How far will each run before the rabbit is caught ?

36. How many fruit trees can be set out upon a space 100 feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 10 feet ?

37. How many stakes can be driven down upon a space 12 feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 1 foot?

52 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

38. The sum of the sides of a triangle is 100. The angle at A is double that at B, and the angle at B is double that at C. Find the sides.

39. A conical glass 4 inches in diameter and 6 inches in altitude, is filled with water. How much water will run out if it be turned through an angle of 45° ?

40. At what latitude is the circumference of a parallel half that of the equator, regarding the earth a perfect sphere ?

41. The difference between the circumscribed and inscribed squares of a circle is 72. What is the area of the circle ?

42. A drawer made of inch boards is 8 inches wide, 6 inches deep, and slides horizontally. How far must it be drawn out to put into it a book 4 inches thick, 6 inches wide, and 9 inches long ?

43. With what velocity must a pail of water be whirled over the head to prevent the water from falling out, the radius of the circle of revolution being 4 feet ?

44. Two hunters killed a deer, and wishing to ascertain its weight they placed a rail across a fence so that it balanced with one on each end. They then exchanged places, and the lighter man taking the deer in his lap, the rail again balanced. Find the weight of the deer, the hunters' weights being 160 and 200 pounds.

45. At each corner of a square pasture whose sides are 100 feet a cow is tied with a rope 100 feet long. What is the area of the part common to the four cows ?

46. Find the volume generated by the revolution of a circle 10 feet in diameter about a tangent.

47. Find the volume generated by revolving a semicircle 20 inches in diameter about a tangent parallel to its diam- eter.

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 63

48. A circle of 10 inches radius, with an inscribed regular hexagon, revolves about an axis of rotation 20 inches distant from its center and parallel to a side of the hexagon. Find the difference in area of the generated surfaces.

49. Find the difference in the volumes of the two generated solids.

50. An equilateral triangle rotates about an axis without it, parallel to, and at a distance 10 inches from one of its sides. Find the surface thus generated, a side of the triangle being 4 inches.

61. A rectangle whose sides are 6 inches and 18 inches is revolved about an axis through one of its vertices, and parallel to a diagonal. Find the surface thus generated.

52. Find the surface of a square ring described by a square foot revolving round an axis parallel to one of its sides and 4 feet distant.

53. Find the volume generated by an ellipse whose axes are 40 inches and 60 inches, revolving about an axis in its own plane whose distance from the center of the ellipse is 100 inches.

54. AVhat power acting horizontally at the center of a wheel 4^ feet in diameter and weighing 270 pounds, will draw it over a cylindrical log 6 inches in diameter, lying on a horizontal plane ?

55. Find the volume generated by the revolution of a circle 2 feet in diameter about a tangent.

56. Find the surface generated by the revolution of a circle 2 feet in diameter about a tangent.

57. Find the surface and volume of a cylindric ring, the diameter of the inner circumference being 12 inches and the diameter of the cross section 16 inches.

54 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

58. Eind the surface and volume of the segment of the same cylindric ring, if a plane is passed perpendicular to its axis, and at a distance of -4 inches from the center.

59. A galvanized cistern is 8 feet in diameter at the top, 10 feet at the bottom, and 10 feet deep. A plane passes from the top on one side to the bottom on the other side. What is the volume of the part contained between this plane and the base?

60. A wineglass in the form of a frustum of a cone is

4 inches in diameter at the top, 2 inches at the bottom, and

5 inches deep. If, when full of water, it is tipped just so that the raised edge at the bottom is visible, what is the volume of the water remaining in the glass ?

61. To what depth will a sphere of cork, 2 feet in diameter, sink in water, the specific gravity of cork being .25 ?

62. The diameter of two equal circular cylinders, intersecting at right angles, is 3 feet. What is the surface common to both?

63. In digging a well 4 feet in diameter, I come to a log 4 feet in diameter lying directly across the entire well. What was the contents of the part of the log removed ?

64. What is the volume of a solid formed by two cylindric rings 2 inches in diameter, whose axes intersect at right angles

and whose inner diameters are 10 inches ?

65. Find the area of a circular lune or crescent ABCD; the chord ^0=10 feet; the height EB = S feet ; and the height ED =2 feet.

66. Find the circumference of an ellipse, the transverse and conjugate diameters being 80 inches and 80 inches.

67. The axes of an ellipse are 60 inches and 20 inches. What is the difference in area between the ellipse and a circle having a diameter equal to the conjugate axis ?

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 55

68. What is the area of a parabola whose base, or double ordinate, is 30 inches and whose altitude, or height, is 20 inches ?

69. What is the area of a cycloid generated by a circle whose radius is 6 feet ?

70. Two men, A and B, started from the same point at the same time ; A traveled southeast for 10 hours, and at the rate of 10 miles per hour, and B traveled due south for the same time, going 6 miles per hour; they turned and traveled directly towards each other at the same rates respectively, till they met. How far did each man travel ?

71. In front of a house stand two pine trees of unequal height; from the bottom of the second to the top of the first a rope 80 feet in length is stretched, and from the bottom of the first to the top of the second a rope 100 feet in length is stretched. If these ropes cross 10 feet above the ground, find the distance between the trees.

72. To trisect any angle.

73. A grocer has a platform balance the ratio of whose arms is 9 to 10. If he sells 20 pounds of merchandise to one man, weighing it on the right-hand pan, and 20 pounds to another man, weighing it on the left-hand pan, what per cent does he gain or lose by the two transactions ?

74. A and B carry a fish weighing 54 pounds hung between them from the middle of a 10-foot oar. One end of the oar rests on A's shoulder, but the other end is pushed 1 foot be- yond B's shoulder. What part of the weight does each carry ?

75. A half-ounce bullet is fired with a velocity of 1400 feet per second from a gun weighing 7 pounds. Find the velocity in feet per second with which the gun begins to recoil, and the mean force in pounds' weight that must be exerted to bring it to rest in 4 inches.

56 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

76. A bullet fired with a velocity of 1000 feet per second penetrates a block of wood to a depth of 12 inches. If it were fired through a plank of the same wood, 2 inches thick, what would be its velocity on emergence, assuming the resistance of the wood to the bullet to be constant ?

77.* A horse is tied to one corner of a rectangular barn 30 by 40 feet. What is the surface over which the horse can range if the rope with which he is tied is 80 feet long ?

78.* How many acres are there in a circular tract of land, containing as many acres as there are boards in the fence inclosing it, the fence being 5 boards high, the boards 8 feet long, and bending to the arc of a circle ?

79.* A thread passes spirally around a cylinder 10 feet high and 1 foot in diameter. How far will a mouse travel in unwind- ing the thread if the distance between the coils is 1 foot ?

80. A string is wound spirally 100 times around a cone 100 feet in diameter at the base. Through what distance will a duck swim in unwinding the string, keeping it taut at all times, the cone standing on its base at right angles to the sur- face of the water ?

81.* After making a circular excavation 10 feet deep and 6 feet in diameter, it was found necessary to move the center 3 feet to one side, the new excavation being made in the form of a right cone having its base 6 feet in diameter and its apex in the surface of the ground. Required the total amount of earth removed.

82.* A 20-foot pole stands plump against a perpendicular wall. A cat starts to climb the pole, but for each foot it ascends, the pole slides one foot from the wall ; so that when the top of the pole is reached, the pole is on the ground at right angles to the wall. Required the distance through which the cat moved.

* These problems are from *' Finkel's Solution Book."

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 57

83. A tree 96 feet high was broken by the wind in such a manner that the top struck the ground 36 feet from the foot of the tree. If the parts remained connected at the place of breaking, forming with the ground a right triangle, how high was the stump ?

84. The distance around a rectangular field is 140 rods, and the diagonal is 50 rods. Find its length, breadth, and area.

85. The area of a rectangular field is 30 acres, and its diag- onal is 100 rods. FiQd its length and breadth.

86. Two trees of equal height stand upon the same level plane, 60 feet apart and perpendicular to the plane. One of them is broken off close to the ground by the wind, and in fall- ing it lodges against the other tree, its top striking 20 feet below the top of the other. Find the height of the trees.

87. A square field contains 10 acres. From a point in one side, 10 rods from the corner, a line is drawn to the opposite side cutting off 6J acres. How long is the line ?

88. Find the edge of the largest hollow cube, having the shell three inches in thickness, that can be made from a board 42J feet long, 2 feet wide, and 3 inches thick.

89. A circular farm has two roads crossing it at right angles 40 rods from the center, the roads being 60 and 70 rods re- spectively, within the limits of the farm. Find the area of the farm.

90. The longest straight line that can be stretched in a cir- cular track is 200 feet in length. Find the area of the track.

91. From the two acute angles of a right triangle lines are drawn to the middle points of the opposite sides ; their respec- tive lengths are V73 and V52 feet. Find the sides of the triangle.

92. A wheel of uniform thickness, 4 feet in diameter, stands in the mud 1 foot deep. What fraction of the wheel is out of the mud ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

1. Mary is 24 years old. She is twice as old as Ann was when Mary was as old as Ann is now. How old is Ann ?

2. There is a great big turkey that weighs 10 pounds and a half of its weight besides. What is its weight?

3. With 6 matches form 4 equilateral triangles, the side of each being equal to the length of a match.

4. One tumbler is half full of wine, another is half full of water. From the first tumbler a teaspoonful of wine is taken out and poured into the tumbler containing the water. A teaspoonful of the mixture in the second tumbler is then trans- ferred to the first tumbler. As the result of this double trans- action is the quantity of wine removed from the first tumbler greater or less than the quantity of water removed from the second tumbler ?

5. (i) Take any number; (ii) reverse the digits; (iii) find the difference between the number formed in (ii) and the given number; (iv) multiply this difference by any number you please ; (v) cross out any digit except a naught ; (vi) give me the sum of the remaining digits, and I will give you the figure struck out.

6. (i) Take any number; (ii) add the digits; (iii) sub- tract the sum of the digits from the given number ; (iv) cross out any digit except a naught; (v) give me the sum of the remaining digits, and I will give you the figure struck out.

58

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

59

7. Given a plank 12 inches square, required to cover a hole in a floor 9 inches by 16 inches, cutting the plank into only two pieces.

8. Place four 9's in such a manner that they will exactly equal 100.

9. The square is 8 inches by 8 inches. By forming the latter figure out of the four parts of the square it is found to be

_i

II/__-__

r w iO <?•!

-1 -±.-^1

% .-' ■_

^^^

p------^ --

^--^

5 inches by 13 inches and contains 65 square inches, does the other inch come from ?

Where

10. A teamster brought 5 pieces of chain of 3 links each to a blacksmith, and asked the cost of making them into one piece of chain. The blacksmith replied, "I charge 2 cents to cut a link and 2 cents to weld a link." The teamster remarked that as it would require 4 cuts and 4 welds the charge would be 16 cents. "No, you are mistaken," said the blacksmith, " I figure it but 12 cents." Who was right ?

11. The Hake and the Hound

A hare is 10 rods before a hound, and the hound can run 10 rods while the hare runs 1 rod. Prove that the hound will never catch the hare.

Proof. — When the hound runs 10 rods the hare has gone 1 rod. When the hound goes the 1 rod the hare has run ^-^ of a rod, and when the hound has run the ^ oi q. rod the hare

60 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

has run y^^ of a rod, and so on. Therefore, the hare is always a fraction of a rod ahead of the hound, and hence the hound will never catch the hare.

12. To prove that 1 equals 2.

Let X = 1.

Then x^ = x.

x^ — 1 = X — 1. Factoring, (x -\- l)(x — 1) = x — 1.

Dividing, a; -f- 1 = 1,

But x = l. Therefore 1=2.

13. A Young Lady to Her Lover —

I ask you, sir, to plant a grove

To show that I'm your lady love. This grove though small must be composed

Of twenty-five trees in twelve straight rows. In each row five trees you must place

Or you shall never see my face.

14. In going from A to B, through mistake I take the road going via (7, which is nearer A than B and is 12 miles to the

left of the road I should have traveled. After reaching B I find that I have traveled 35 miles. Find the distances from A to B, A to C, and C to B, each being an integer.

15. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. On the middle line of one of the smaller side walls and 1 foot from the ceiling is a fly. On the middle line of the opposite wall and 1 foot from the floor is a spider. The fly being paralyzed by fear remains still until the spider catches it by crawling the shortest route. How far did the spider crawl ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 61

16. A train 1 mile long starts from the station at Glady. The engine leaves the station and the conductor waits until the caboose comes, when he jumps on the caboose and walks for- ward over the train. When the engine reaches the next station, Oxley, 4 miles distant from Glady, the conductor steps off the engine. How far does the conductor ride and how far does he walk ?

17. Zeno's Paradoxes on Motion

(a) Since an arrow cannot move where it is not, and since also it cannot move where it is (in the space it exactly fills), it follows that it cannot move at all.

(6) The idea of motion is inconceivable, for what moves must reach the middle of its course before it reaches the end. Hence the assumption of motion presupposes another motion, and that in turn another, and so ad infinitum.

18. I have only $2 when approached by a friend whom I owe $2. The friend asks for what I owe him, so I give him the $2 and remark that it is all my money. My friend sympathizing with me in my poverty, hands me back a dollar and says, " I will mark your account paid." What per cent did I gain by the transaction ?

19. What Were Our Ages When Married?

When first the marriage knot was tied between my wife

and me. Her age did mine as far exceed, as three plus three does three ; But when three years and half three years we man and wife

had been. Our ages were in ratio then as twelve is to thirteen.

112 yd.

20. Find the value of the above lot at $ 1 per square yard.

62 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

21. How much dirt is there in a hole the dimensions of which are an inch ?

22. Which is correct to say, Five and six are twelve, or to say, Five and six is twelve ?

23. Three men, A, B, and C, wish to divide $60 among themselves so as to receive a third, fourth, and fifth, respec- tively. How much should each receive ?

24. A, B, and C are in partnership. They own 17 sheep. They wish to divide them, — one to get ^, one to get -|, and the other to get ^. How can this be done without killing a sheep ?

25. If 6 cats eat 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many cats will it take to eat 100 rats in 100 minutes ?

26. A man who owned a piece of land in the form of a square, decided to divide it among his wife and four sons, so as to give his wife \ in the shape of a square in one corner and to give the remaining | to his sons. He divided the land so that each son received the same amount of land and the four pieces were similar. How did he divide it ?

27. A philosopher had a window a yard square, and it let in too much light. He blocked up one half of it, and still had a square window a yard high and a yard wide. Show how he did it.

28. Why does it take no more pickets to build a fence down a hill and up another than in a straight line from top to top, no matter how deep the gully ?

29. A room with eight corners had a cat in each corner, seven cats before each cat, and a cat on every cat's tail. How many cats were in the room ?

30. (i) Take any number of three unequal digits; (ii) re- verse the order of the digits; (iii) subtract the number so formed from the original number ; (iv) give me the last digit of the difference, and I will give you the difference.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 63

31. Select any two numbers, each of which is less than 10. (i) choose either of them and multiply it by 5 ; (ii) add 7 to the result; (iii) double this result; (iv) to this add the other number ; (v) give me the result, and I will give you the numbers originally selected, and also tell you which one you multiplied by 5.

32. (i) Take any number of three unequal digits, in which the first and last differ by not less than 2; (ii) form a new number by reversing the order of the digits ; (iii) take the dif- ference between these two numbers ; (iv) form another num- ber by reversing the order of the digits in this difference; find the sum of the results in (iii) and (iv). The sum will be 1089.

33. Write down a number of three or more figures, divide by 9, and name the remainder; erase one figure of the number, divide by 9, and tell me the remainder, and 1 will tell you what figure you erased.

34. Let a person write down a number greater than 1 and not exceeding 10; to this I will add a number not exceeding 10, alternately with him ; and, although he has the advantage in putting down the first number, I will reach the even hundred first.

35. A boy bought a pair of boots for $ 2 and gave a S 10 bill in payment. The merchant had a friend change the bill, and gave the boy his change. The boy left the city with the boots and the $8. The friend returned the bill, saying it was a counterfeit, and the merchant had to give him good money for it. What was the merchant's loss ?

36. A man having a fox, a goose, and a peck of corn is desirous of crossing a river. He can take but one at a time. The fox will kill the goose and the goose will eat the corn if they are left together. How can he get them safely across ?

64 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

37. Suppose a hole to be cut through the earth, and a ball dropped into this hole, what would be the behavior of the ball* and where would it come to rest and how ?

38. A man died leaving his wife and four children a piece of land as shown in the figure. The wife is to have J in the shape of a tri- angle. The children's parts are to be similar, and equal in size. How must the land be divided ?

39. With what four weights can you weigh any number of pounds from 1 to 40 ?

40. Can you plant 19 trees in 9 rows with 5 trees to the row ?

41. Do figures ever lie ?

42. Can you multiply feet by feet and get square feet ?

43. A hunter walked around a tree to kill a squirrel ; the squirrel kept behind the tree from the hunter. Did he go around the squirrel ?

44. A Fallacy.

Let a; be a quantity which satisfies the equation

e^ = — 1.

Squaring both sides, e'^'^ = 1.

.-. 2x' = 0.

.\x = 0.

But e'^ = - 1 and e« = 1. .'.-1 = 1.

45. I have $10,000. If I spend half of this sum to-day and half of the remainder each day following, in how many days will I have no money ?

46. In the diagram, DEF is a railroad with two sidings, DBA and FCA, connected at A. The portion of the rails at A which

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

65

is common to the two sidings is long enough to permit of a single car like P or Q, running in or out of it ; but it is too

HZI

short to contain the whole of an engine like Ji. Hence if an engine runs up one siding, such as DBA, it must come back the same way.

Car No. 1 is placed at B, car No. 2 is placed at C, and an engine is placed at E.

By the use of the engine interchange the cars, without allowing any flying shunts.

12 3 4 47. Given twelve coins arranged as in the figure. Can you move them so as to have

^ ^ five on a side instead of four, not being

allowed to introduce other coins or to de-

11 6 , .

• • stroy the given square?

• • • • 48. ^ and B have an 8-gallon cask of wine

and wish to divide it into two equal parts. The only measures they have are a 5-gallon cask and a 3-gallon cask. How can they di- vide it?

49. I bought a horse for $90, sold it for $ 100, and soon rep\ir- chased it for $80. How much did I make by trading ?

60. Stick six pins in the dots so that no two are connected by a straight line.

I

66 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

51. Let X and y be two unequal numbers, and let z be their arithmetical mean.

Then, x -\-y = 2z.

••• (« ■i-y)(^-y) = 2 z{x - y). .'. x^— ?/ = 2xz — 2yz.

,-. x?-2

xz =

f-2yz.

.*.

ar^

-2xz^

z' =

f-2yz-\-z\

.'.(X-',

zf =

(y-zf.

.'. X-

■■ z = . x =

y-z.

y-

52. To prove —

1:

= 1.

First solution :

a^ -a^'

.-.(-

— a

= a.

.*.

-1

= 1.

Second solution ;

(-

-V

= 1.

•

•.21og(.

-1) -1

= log 1 = 0.

But

e« =

= 1. .-.

-1

= 1.

53. With the seven digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 0, express three numbers whose sum is 82, each digit being used only once, and the use of the usual notations for fractions being allowed.

54. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express numbers whose sum is unity, each digit being used only once.

55. With the nine digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, express four numbers whose sum is 100, each digit being used only once.

56. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express zero, each digit being used only once.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 67

57. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express three numbers whose sum is 2^, each digit being used only once.

58. In the accompanying diagram the letters stand for various towns and the lines indicate the only possible paths by which a person may travel.

Show how a person may start from any town and go to every other town once, and only once, and return to the initial town.

59. Anoarisalever of what class?

60. A man hires a livery team to drive from ^ to C via B and return for $3. At< By midway between A and C, he takes a passenger to C and back to B. What should he charge the passenger?

61. Put down the figures from 1 to 9, leaving out the 8, thus :

12345679 Select any one of the figures, multiply it by 9, then multiply the whole row by that product. Tell me what your answer is, and I will tell you what number you selected.

62. Say to one person :

" Think of a number less than 10 ; double it; add 16; divide by 2; subtract your first number, and your answer is 8."

Say to another :

"Think of a number less than 10; double it; add 9; divide by 2 ; subtract your first number, and your answer is 4^."

You can go on indefinitely, giving these mental exercises, no two alike, to each one in a large audience, and announce the answer as quickly as they get it themselves. The secret is this : the final answer is always half the number you tell them to add.

68 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

63. If a hen and a half laid an egg and a half in a day and a half, how many eggs would 7 hens lay at the same rate in 6 days ?

64. What is the shortest distance that a fly will have to go, crawling from one of the lower corners of a room to the op- posite upper corner, the room being 20 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 10 feet high?

65. If a man charges $2 for sawing a cord of wood 3 feet long into 3 pieces, what should he charge for sawing a cord of wood 6 feet long into pieces the same length ?

66. Three boys having 10, 30, and 50 apples visit a city and sell them at the same rate and receive the same amount for them. How much do they receive for the apples and at what rate do they sell them ?

67. When a boy see-saws on the long end of a plank he bal- ances against 16 bricks, but if he sits on the shorter arm of the plank and places the bricks on the other end he balances against just 11. Find the boy's weight if a brick weighs equal to a three-quarter brick and three quarters of a pound.

68. A switch to a single-track railroad is just long enough to clear a train of 19 cars and a locomotive. How can two trains of 19 cars and a locomotive each, going in opposite directions, pass each other, if a third train of equal length stands on the switch, without dividing a train ?

69. A boy was sent to a spring with a 5 and a 3 quart measure to procure exactly 4 quarts of water. How did he measure it ?

70. What is the greatest number which will divide 27, 48, 90, and 174 and leave the same remainder in each case ?

71. There is in the floor of a granary a hole 2 feet in width and 15 feet in length. How can it be entirely covered with a board 3 feet wide and 10 feet long, by cutting the board only once?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 69

72. What part of J square yard is ^ yard square ?

73. Can you take 1 from 19 and get 20 ?

74. If an egg weighs 8 ounces and half an egg, what' does an egg and a half weigh ?

76. How would you arrange the figures 8, 6, and 1 so that the whole number formed will be divisible by 6 ?

76. What three figures multiplied by 4 will make precisely 5?

77. Mr. Jackson owns a square farm the area of which is 20 acres; near each corner stands a large tree which is upon a neighbor's land. How may he add to his farm so as to have a square farm containing 40 acres and still not own the land upon which the trees stand ?

78. A gentleman rented a farm, and contracted to give a landlord J of the produce; but prior to the dividing of the corn, the tenant used 45 bushels. When the general division was made, it was proposed to give to the landlord 18 bushels of the heap, in lieu of his share of the 45 bushels which the tenant had used, and then to begin and divide the remainder as though none had been used. Would the method have been correct ?

79. What is the difference between half a dozen dozen, and six dozen dozen ?

80. What is the difference between twice twenty-five and twice five and twenty ?

81. 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0 = ?

82. If you were required to sell apples by the cubic inch, how would you find the exact number of cubic inches in a dozen dozen ?

83. A man who has only two rows of corn hires A and B to hoe them. A hoes three hills on B's row and then begins on his own row. B finishes his row and hoes six hills on A's row,

70 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

when they find the work is finished. Whifch man 'hoes the more and how much more, the rows containing the same number of hills ?

84. Two ducks before a duck, two ducks behind a duck, and a duck in the middle, are how many ducks ?

85. Can you write 30 with 3 equal figures ?

86. Add 1 to 9 and make it 20.

87. Twenty-one ears of corn are in a hollow stump. How long will it take a squirrel to carry them all out if he carries out 3 ears a day ?

88. In the bottom of a well 45 feet in depth there was a frog who commenced traveling toward the top. In his journey he ascended 3 feet every day, but fell back 2 feet every night. In how many days did he get out of the well ?

89. How many quarter-inch blocks will it take to fill an inch hole ?

90. Cut a piece of cardboard 121 inches long by 2 inches wide into 4 pieces in such a manner as to form a perfect square, without waste.

91. A man and his wife, each weighing 150 pounds, with two sons, each weighing 75 pounds, have to cross a river in a boat which is capable of carrying only 150 pounds' weight. How will they get across ?

92. Two men laid a wager as to which could eat the more oysters; one ate ninety-nine, and the other a hundred and won. How many did both together eat ?

93. Thrice naught is naught, what is the third of infinity ?

94. If \ of 20 is 4, what will i of 10 be ?

95. If the third of 6 be 3, what must the fourth of 20 be ?

96. Write 24 with 3 equal figures, neither of them being 8.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 71

97. If you cut 30 yards of cloth into one-yard pieces, and cut 1 yard every day, how long will it take ?

98. What number is that when multiplied by 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, G3, 72, 81, and 99 gives a product in which the first and last figures are the same as those in the multiplier, and when multiplied by 9, and 90, gives a product in which the last figures are the same as those of the multiplier ?

99. Three market women, having severally 10, 30, and 50 oranges, sold them at the same rate, and received the same amount of money. What were the rates and the amounts each received ?

100. Suppose a steamer in rapid motion and on its deck a man jumping. Can he jump farther by leaping the way the boat is moving, or in the opposite direction ?

101. After killing a certain number of cattle, it was found that twenty fore feet remained. How many head were killed ?

102. Can you write 27 with two equal figures ?

103. AVhen is a number divisible by 9 ?

104. Find the figure that may be placed anywhere in, or before, or after, the number 302,011, and make it divisible by 9.

105. In a lot where there are some horses and grooms, can be counted 82 feet and 26 heads. How many horses and grooms are in the lot ?

106. If a herring and a half cost a penny and a half, how much will 11 herring cost?

107. What number is it when divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, there is a remainder of 1, but when divided by 7, there is no remainder?

108. A cord passing over a pulley hung to a pair of cotton scales, suspended from a beam, has a 150-pound weight fas- tened to one end and the other fastened to an immovable iron

72

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

stake. How much will the scales register? How much more will they register if a 100-pound weight is hung to a loop in the cord halfway between the pulley and the stake ?

109. Why can a fat man swim more easily than a lean one?

110. A rifle ball thrown against a board standing edgewise

will knock it down ; the same bullet fired at the board will pass through it without disturb- ing its position. Why is this?

111. Can you mark seven numbers by moving on a straight line from one number to another, as in the figure, marking the number you move to? Do not start twice from the same number.

112. The sum of four figures in value will be About seven thousand nine hundred and three ; But when they are halved, you'll find very fair, The sum will be nothing, in truth, I declare.

113. A fisherman, being asked the depth of a lake, replied: " This pole when standing on the bottom reaches one foot out of the water, but if the top is moved through an arc of 30°, it becomes level with the surface of the water." How deep is the lake ?

114. What is the shape of a square inch ? Of an inch square ?

115. What integer added to itself is greater than its square ?

116. What number added to itself is equal to its square?

117. What number is it that can be multiplied by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and no new figures appear in the results?

118. 3 + 3-3 + 3x3-3-3x0 = ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 73

119. Write any number of yards, feet, and inches. Reverse this and subtract from the original. Reverse the remainder and add to the remainder. The sum will in every case be 12 yards, 1 foot, 11 inches. The number of inches first written should not exceed the number of yards.

120. The Numbers 37 and 73

When the number 37 is multiplied by each of the figures of arithmetical progression, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, all the products which result from it are composed of three repeti- tions of the same figure ; and the sum of those figures is equal to that by which you multiplied the 37.

37 37 37 37 37

3 6 9 12 15

111

222

333

444

555

37

37

37

37

18

21

24

27

666

777

888

999

If the number 73 be multiplied by each of the numbers of arithmetical progression, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, the six products which result from this multiplication are terminated by one of the nine different figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. These figures will be found in the reverse order to that of the progression.

121. Arrange the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 so their sum will be 100.

122. Arrange the first sixteen digits in a square so that they may count 34 in every straight line.

123. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a triangle so as to count 20 in every straight line.

124. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a circle, using one in the center, so as to count 15 in every straight line.

74

MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

125. Arrange the figures 1 to 19, inclusive, in a circle, using one in the center, so as to count 30 in every straight line.

126. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a triangle, so as to count 17 in every straight line.

127. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a square so as to count 15 in every straight line.

128.

25

6

7

24

3

4

10

17

12

22

5

15

13

11

21

8

14

9

16

18

23

20

19

2

1

A Bordered Magic Square I 129. " If you multiply the number of Jacob's sons by the

number of times which the Israelites compassed Jericho, and add to the product the number of measures of barley which Boaz gave Kuth, divide this by the number of Haman's sons, subtract the number of each kind of clean beasts that went into the ark, multiply by the number of men that went to seek Elijah after he was taken to heaven; subtract from this Joseph's age at the time he stood before Pharaoh, add the number of stones in David's bag when he killed Goliath; subtract the number of furlongs that Bethany was distant from Jerusalem, divide by the number of anchors cast out when Paul was shipwrecked, subtract the number of persons saved in the ark, and the answer will be the number of pupils in my Sunday-school class." How many pupils are in the class ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 76

130. Magic Age Table

1

2

4

8

16

32

3

3

5

9

17

33

5

6

6

10

18

34

7

7

7

11

19

35

9

10

12

12

20

36

11

11

13

13

21

37

13

14

14

14

22

38

15

15

15

15

23

39

17

18

20

24

24

40

19

19

21

25

25

41

21

22

22

26

26

42

23

23

23

27

27

43

25

26

28

28

28

44

27

27

29

29

29

45

29

30

30

30

30

46

31

31

31

31

31

47

33

34

36

40

48

48

35

35

37

41

49

49

37

38

38

42

50

50

39

39

39

43

51

51

41

42

44

44

52

52

43

43

45

45

53

53

45

46

46

46

54

54

47

47

47

47

55

55

49

50

52

56

56

56

61

51

53

57

57

57

63

54

54

58

58

58

55

55

55

59

59

59

67

58

60

60

60

60

69

59

61

61

61

61

61

62

62

62

62

62

63

as

63

63

63

63

Key to Table. — Add together the figures at the top of each column in which the age is found, and the sum will be the age sought. Example : Hand the table to a lady and request her to tell you in which column or columns her age is found ; if she says the first, fourth, and fifth, you can say it is 25 by mentally adding together the first figures of those three col- umns, and so on for any age up to 63.

76 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

131. How TO Tell a Person's Age

Let the person whose age is to be discovered do the figuring. Suppose, for example, if it is a girl, that her age is 16, and that she was born in May. Let her put down the number of the month in which she was born and proceed as follows :

Number of month 5

Multiply by 2 10

Add 5 15

Multiply by 50 750

Then add her age, 16 766

Then subtract 365, leaving .... 401 Then add 115 516

She then announces the result, 516, whereupon she may be informed that her age is 16, and May, or the fifth month, is the month of her birth. The two figures to the right in the result will always indicate the age, and the remaining figure or figures the month in which her birthday comes.

132. A, B, and C were a mile at sea when a rifle was fired on shore. A heard the report, B saw the smoke, and C saw the bullet strike the water near them. Who first knew of the discharge of the rifle ?

133. A Queer Trick of Figures

Put down the number of your living brothers. Double the number. . Add 3. Multiply the result by 5. Add the number of your living sisters. Multiply the result by 10. Add the number of dead brothers and sisters. Subtract 150 from the result.

The right-hand figure will be the number of deaths. The middle figure will be the number of living sisters. The left-hand figure will be the number of living brothers.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 77

134. Find perfect square numbers, each containing all the 10 digits, under the following conditions :

(1) The least square possible.

(2) The greatest square containing no repeated digit.

(3) The least square which, when reversed, is still a square.

(4) The least square which is unaltered by reversal.

135. A house and a barn are 20 rods apart; the house is 10 rods and the barn 6 rods from a straight brook. What is the length of the shortest path by which one can go from the house to the brook and take water to the barn ?

136. A and B dig a ditch for $10; A can dig as fast as B can shovel out the dirt, and B can dig twice as fast as A can shovel. How should they divide the $ 10 ?

137. Three Series of Remarkable Numbers

1x9 plus 1 = 10

12x9 plus 2 = 110

123x9 plus 3 = 1110

1234x9 plus 4 = 11110

12345x9 plus 5 = 111110

123456x9 plus 6 = 1111110

1234567 X 9 plus 7 = 11111110

12346678 x 9 plus 8 = 111111110

123456789 x 9 plus 9 = 1111111110

1x9 plus 2 = 11

12x9 plus 3 = 111

123x9 plus 4 = 1111

1234x9 plus 5 = 11111

12345x9 plus 6 = 111111

123456 X 9 plus 7 = 1111111

1234567 X 9 plus 8 = 11111111

12345678 X 9 plus 9 = 111111111

123456789 x 9 plus 10= 1111111111

T8 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

1x8 plus 1 = 9

12 X 8 plus 2 = 98

123 X 8 plus 3 = 987

1234 X 8 plus 4 = 9876

12345 X 8 plus 5 = 98765

123456x8 plus 6 = 987654

1234567 X 8 plus 7 = 9876543

12345678 x 8 plus 8 = 98765432

123456789 x 8 plus 9 = 987654321

138. At 10 A.M. a train leaves London for Edinburgh run- ning at 50 miles an hour. At the same time another train leaves Edinburgh for London, traveling at 40 miles an hour. Which train is nearer London when they meet ?

139. The asterisks in the incomplete sum printed below indicate missing figures. Find all the missing figures.

1*32271

52*4

63**74

88*47

305417

2*3547*

4,107,303

140. Determine the missing digits in the following sum in multiplication :

1*46 *5 6730 107*8

114,410

141. In a long division sum the dividend is 529,565, and the successive remainders from the first to the last are 246, 222, and 542. Find the divisor and the quotient.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 79

142. The sura of two numbers consisting of the same three digits in reverse order is 1170, and their difference is divisible by 8. Find the numbers.

143. A girl was given a number to multiply by 409, but she placed the first figure of her product by 4 below the second figure from the right instead of below the third. Her answer was wrong by 328,320. Find the multiplicand.

144. I have a board 1| inches thick, whose surface contains 49f square feet. Find the edge of a cubical box made of it.

145. Write one billion by the Roman notation.

146. Each of two sons inherit 30 %, and each of two daugh- ters 20%, of a parallelogrammatic plantation, containing 100 acres, and having an open ditch on its long diagonal. The four divisions are to corner somewhere in the ditch, and each is to have a side of the plantation in its boundary. Locate this common corner.

147. Why is the difference between any common number of three digits and one containing the same digits in reversed order, always divisible by 9, 11, and the difference of the ex- treme digits ?

148. Required with six 9*s to express the number 100.

149. The Lucky Number

Many persons have what they consider a " lucky " number. Show such a person the row of figures subjoined :

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 (consisting of the numerals from 1 to 9 inclusive, with the 8 only omitted), and inquire what is his lucky or favorite num- ber. He names any number he pleases from 1 to 9, say 7. You reply that, as he is fond of sevens, he shall have plenty of them, and accordingly proceed to multiply the series above

80 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

given by such a number that the resulting product consists of sevens only.

Required to find (for each number that may be selected) the multiplier which will produce the above result.

150. Eather and son are aged 71 and 34 respectively. At what age was the father three times the age of his son ? and at what age will the latter have reached half his father's age ?

151. There is a number consisting of two digits ; the num- ber itself is equal to five times the sum of its digits, and if 9 be added to the number, the position of its digits is re- versed. What is the number ?

152. The Expunged Numerals

Given the sum following :

111 333 555

777 999

Required, to strike out nine of the above figures, so that the total of the remaining figures shall be 1111.

153. A Grayson County widower married a Denton County wddow ; each had children. Ten years later a domestic tornado prevailed in the back yard in which the present family of a dozen children were involved. Mother to father : " Your chil- dren and my children are picking at our children." If the parents now have each nine children of their own, how many came into the family in these ten years ?

154. Some of the numbers differing from their logarithms only in the position of the decimal point.

log 1.3712885742 = .13712885742

log 237.5812087593 = 2.375812087593

log 3550.2601815865 = 3.5502601815865

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 81

155. Consecutive numbers whose squares have the same digits :

132 = 169 157- = 24649 913^ = 833569 1 42 = 196 158^ = 24964 914=-' = 835396

156. To arrange the ten digits additively so as to make 100.

157. Express the numbers from 1 to 30 inclusive by using for each number four 4's.

158. Invert the figures of any three-place number; divide the difference between the original number and the inverted number by 9; and you may read the quotient forward or backward.

159. Write a number of three or more places, divide by 9, and tell me the remainder ; erase one figure, not zero, divide the resulting number by 9, tell me the remainder, and I will tell you the figure erased.

160. Can a fraction whose numerator is less than its de- nominator be equal to a fraction whose numerator is greater than its denominator?

161. Show why 8 must be a factor of the product of any two consecutive even numbers.

162. A and B take a job of digging potatoes for $ 5. B can pick up as fast as A digs, but if B digs and A picks them, B must begin digging ^ day before A begins picking, in order that each may complete his work at the same time. How shall they divide the money ?

163. A and B are employed to dig a ditch 100 rods long for $ 200. A is to get $ 1.75 per rod and B $2.25 per rod. How much will each have to dig so as to be entitled to an equal share of the money ?

164. If an egg balances with three quarters of an egg and three quarters of an ounce, find the weight of an egg.

82 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

165. A farmer had six pieces of chain of 5 links each, which he wanted made into an endless piece of 30 links. If it costs a cent to cut a link and costs a cent to weld it, what did it cost him ?

166. A vessel of water full to the brim weighs 20 pounds. A 5-pound live fish is put into the vessel. Has the weight of the vessel of water been increased or diminished ?

167. What is the most economical form of a tank designed to hold 1000 cubic inches ?

168. "Johnnie, my boy," said a successful merchant to his little son, " it is not what we pay for things, but what we get for them that makes good business. I gained ten per cent on that fine suit of clothes, while if I had bought it ten per cent cheaper and sold it for twenty per cent profit, it would have brought a quarter of a dollar less money. Now, what did I get for that suit ? "

— From " Our Puzzle Magazine."

169. While discussing practical ways and means with his good wife. Farmer Jones said : " Now, Maria, if we should sell off seventy-five chickens as I propose, our stock of feed would last just twenty days longer, while if we should buy a hundred extra fowl, as you suggest, we would run out of chicken feed fifteen days sooner." How many chickens had they ?

— From "Our Puzzle Magazine."

170. Suppose that a bird weighing 1 ounce flies into a box with only one small opening, and without resting continues to fly round and round in the box ; does it increase or lessen the weight of the box ?

171. John can weed a row of potatoes while James digs three ; but James can weed a row while John digs a row. If they get $ 10 for their work, how should it be divided between them?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 83

172. The Watch Trick

The following is a well-knowu way of indicating on a watch dial an hour selected by a person. The hour is tapped by a pencil beginning at VII and proceeding backwards round the dial to VI, V, IV, etc., and the person who selected the number counts the taps, reckoning from the hour selected. Thus, if he selected VIII, he would reckon the first tap as the 9th; then the 20th tap as reckoned by him will be on the hour chosen.

It is obvious that the first seven taps are immaterial, but the eighth tap must be on XII.

173. What is a third and a half of a third of 10 ?

174. (i) Write down a number thought of; (ii) add or subtract any number you wish ; (iii) multiply, or divide by any number you wish ; (iv) multiply by any multiple of 9 ; (v) cross out any digit except a naught ; (vi) give me the sum of the remaining digits, and I will give you the figure struck out.

175. A banker going home to dinner saw a $ 10 bill on the curbstone. He picked it up, noted the number, and went home to dinner. While at home his wife said that the butcher had sent a bill amounting to $10. The only money he had was the bill he had found, which he gave to her, and she paid the butcher. The butcher paid it to a farmer for a calf, the far- mer paid it to the merchant, who in turn paid it to a washer- woman, and she, owing the bank a note of $10 went to the bank and paid the note. The banker recognized the bill as the one he had found, and which to that time had paid S 50 worth of debt. On careful examination he discovered that the bill was counterfeit. Now what was lost in the transaction, and by whom ?

176. What is the difference between a mile square and a square mile ?

84 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

177. A Multiplication Trick

Here is a little trick in multiplication that may amuse you. Ask a friend to write down the numbers 12345G79, omitting the number 8. Then tell him to select any one figure from the list, multiply it by 9, and with the answer to this sum mul- tiply the whole list — thus assuming that he selects either the figure 4 or 6.

Select 4 X 9 = 36. Select 6 x 9 = 54.

12345679 12345679

36 54

74074074 ^ 49382716

37037037 * 61728395

444444444 66666666Q

You see the answer of the sum is composed of figures similar to the one selected.

178. Cook was within 10 miles of the north, pole and Peary was also within 10 miles of the pole, but 20 miles from Cook. What direction was Peary from Cook ? Suppose Peary threw a ball at Cook and hit him. In what direction did the ball go?

179. A man has 12 pieces of chain of 3 links each. He takes them to a blacksmith to unite them into one circular or endless chain. If it costs 2 cents to cut a link and 2 cents to weld a link, what should the blacksmith charge for the job ?

180. Take 2 pennies, face np wards on a table and edges in contact. Suppose that one is fixed and that the other rolls on it without slipping, making one complete revolution round it and returning to its initial position. How many revolutions round its own center has the rolling coin made ?

181. From six you take nine ; And from nine you take ten ; Then from forty take fifty, And six will remain.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 85

182. A room is 30 feet loug, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. At one end of the room, 3 feet from the floor, and midway from the sides, is a spider. At the other end, 9 feet from the floor, and midway from the sides, is a fly. Determine the shortest path the spider can take to capture the fly by crawling.

183. A Geometrical Paradox

A stick is broken at random into 3 pieces. It is possible to put them together into the shape of a triangle provided the length of the longest piece is less than the sum of the other 2 pieces ; that is, provided the length of the longest piece is less than half the length of the stick. But the probability that a fragment of a stick shall be half the original length of the stick is \. Hence the probability that a triangle can be con- structed out of the 3 pieces into which the stick is broken is.^.

184. A Geometrical Fallacy

Proposition. — All triangles are isosceles.

Given, any triangle ABC.

To prove triangle ABC is isosceles.

Proof. — Draw ME perpendicular to AB at the mid-point of AB', and draw CO, the bisector of the angle* C, in- tersecting the line ME in O.

Draw the perpendiculars, OF and OX, to the sides AC and BC, respectively.

Then 0N= OF.

.-. CF=: CN.

Join A and 0 ; also join 0 and B.

Then AO = BO.

.'. the triangles AOF smd OB^Vare congruent.

(Being right triangles having AO = BO and 0F=: ON.)

.'. AF=BN.

.-. AF+FC= CN+NB, or AC == BC

86 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

185. Three men robbed a gentleman of a vase containing 24 ounces of balsam. While running away they met in a forest with a glass seller, of whom in a great hurry they pur- chased three vessels. On reaching a place of safety they wished to divide the booty, but they found that their vessels contained 5, 11, and 13 ounces respectively. How could they divide the balsam into equal portions ?

186. A man bets — th of his money on an even chance (say tossing heads or tails with a coin) ; he repeats this again and

again, each time betting — th of all the money then in his

m

possession. If, finally, the number of times he has won is

equal to the number of times he has lost, has he gained or lost

by the transaction ?

187. What like fractions of a pound, of a shilling, and of a penny, when added together, make exactly a pound ?

188. Required to subtract 45 from 45 in such a manner that there shall be a remainder of 45.

189. Any prime number, which, divided by 4, leaves a re- mainder 1 is the sum of two perfect squares.

Below is given a list of all prime numbers below 400 which, being divided by 4, leave a remainder of 1 :

5 = 4 + 1 = 22 + 12 97 = 81 + 16 = 92 + 42

13 = 9 + 4 = 32 + 22 101 = 100 + 1 = 10' + 1'.

17 = 16 + 1 = 42 + 12 109 = 100 + 9 = 102 + 32

29 = 25 + 4 = 52 + 22 113 = 64 + 49 = 82 + 72

37 = 36 -f- 1 = 62 + 12 137 = 121 + 16 = II2 + 42

41 = 25 + 16 = 52 + 42 149 = 100 + 49 = IO2 + 72

53 = 49 + 4 = 72 + 22 157 = 121 -f- 36 = II2 + 62

61 = 36 4- 25 = 62 + 52 173 = 169 + 4 = I32 + 22

73 = 64 -f 9 = 82 + 32 181 = 100 -f 81 = IO2 + 9^

89=64 + 25 = 82-1-52 193 = 144 + 49 = 122 + 72

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 87

197 = 196 -h 1 = 14» + 1* 313 = 169 + 144 = 13^ + 12^

229 = 225 -h 4 = 15* 4- 2« 317 = 196 4 121 = 14=^ 4- H*

233 = 169 4-64 = 13^ + 82 337 = 256 + 81 = 16* + 9*

241 = 225 4- 16 = 15^ 4- 4» 349 = 324 + 25 = 18^ + 5'

257 = 256 4- 1 = 16' 4- 1* 353 = 289 -h 64 = 17^ 4- 8'

269 = 169 + 100 = 132 4- 102 373 = 324 + 49 = 18' 4- 7^

277 = 196 -f 81 = 142 4. 9=^ 389 = 289 + 100 = 17' 4- 10«

281 = 256 4- 25 = 16' 4. 5» 397 = 361 4- 36 = 19' 4- 6» 293 = 289 4-4 = 172 + 2'

190. Any number, less the sum of its digits, is divisible by 9.

Proof. Let a represent the units, b the tens, c the hundreds, d the thousands, and so on.

Then, a units = a units = 0 + a units

h tens = 10 6 units = 9 6+6 units

c hundreds = 100 c units = 99 c + c units

d thousands = 1000 d units = 999 d-j-d units

The number = 999 d+99 c+9 6+a+6+c+d units The sum of the digits =a+6+c+d units. Subtracting, we liave a remainder of 999 (i + 99 c+9 6.

Since 999 d+99c+96isa multiple of 9, it is divisible by 9.

191. Two persons were born Jan. 1, 1830, and both died Jan. 1, 1885 ; yet one lived 10 days longer than the other. Explain how this could be possible.

192. Two men are 20 miles apart. They walk in the same direction, at the same rate of speed, for the same length of time ; they are then 30 miles apart. Show three ways in which this could be possible.

193. Two men start from the same place at the same time and go in the same direction for the same length of time at the same rate of speed. When they have gone ^ the journey they find they are about 8000 miles apart, yet they complete their journeys at the same time. How is this possible ?

88 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

194. Every direction is soutli except up and down. Where am I?

195. A boy plants a grain of corn 5 inches under the soil. The first night it sprouts and grows ^ the distance, and con- tinues to grow i- the remaining distance each night following. How long before it will come up ?

196. Sterling Jones, a heavy boy, weighs 20 pounds plus { of his own weight, plus i of his own weight, plus j\ of his own weight ... to infinity. W^hat is his weight ?

197. Express the number 10 by using five 9's in 4 different ways.

198. The Paradox of Tristram Shaxdy

Tristram Shandy took 2 years writing the history of the first 2 days of his life, and lamented that, at this rate, material would accumulate faster than he could deal with it, so that he could never come to an end, however long he lived. But had he lived long enough, and not wearied of his task, then, even if his life had continued as eventfuUy as it began, no part of his biography would remain unwritten. For if he wrote the events of the first day in the first year, he would write the events of the nth day in the wth year, hence in time the events of any assigned day would be written, and therefore no part of his biography would remain unwritten.

— From Ball's " Mathematical Recreations and Essays."

199. Swift's Biological Difficulty

Great fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite 'em.

And little fleas have lesser fleas, and so ad infinitum.

And the great fleas themselves, in turn, have greater fleas to

go on; While these have greater still, and greater still, and so on.

— De Morgan.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 89

200. A couple of dice are thrown. The thrower is invited to double the points of one of the dice (whichever he pleases), add 5 to the result, multiply by 5, and add the points of the second die. He states the total, when any one knowing the secret can instantly name the points of the two dice. How is it done ?

201. Three dice are thrown. The thrower is asked to mul- tiply the points of the first die by 2, add 5 to the result, mul- tiply by 5, add the points of the second die, multiply the total by 10, and add the points of the third die. He states the total. Name the points of the three dice.

202. A man has 21 casks. Seven are full of wine ; 7 half full, and 7 empty. How can he divide them, without transferring any portion of the liquid from cask to cask, among his three sons, — Sam, John, and James, — so that each shall have an equal quantity of wine and also an equal number of casks ?

203. Three beautiful ladies have for husbands three men, who are as jealous as they are young, handsome, and gallant. The party are traveling, and find on the bank of a river, over which they have to pass, a small boat which can hold no more than two persons. How can they cross, it being agreed that no woman shall be left in the society of a man unless her hus- band is present ?

204. A certain number is divisible into four parts, in such manner that the first is 500 times, the second 400 times, and the third 40 times as much as the last and smallest part. What is the number and what are the several parts?

206. What is the smallest number which, divided by 2, will give a remainder of 1; divided by 3, a remainder of 2; di- vided by 4, a remainder of 3; divided by 5, a remainder of 4; divided by 6, a remainder of 5 ; divided by 7, a remainder of 6 ; divided by 8, a remainder of 7 ; divided by 9, a remainder of 8 ; and divided by 10, a remainder of 9 ?

- V,

90 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

206. Given, five squares of paper or cardboard, alike in size. Required, so to cut them that by rearrangement of the pieces you can form one large square.

207. Given a board 3 feet long and 1 foot wide. Required to cover a hole 2 feet by 1 foot 6 inches, by not cutting the board into more than two pieces.

208. Given a board 15 inches long and 3 inches wide. How is it possible to cut it so that the pieces when rearranged shall form a perfect square ?

209. Place the numbers 1 to 19 inclusive on the sides of the six equilateral triangles which form a regular hexagon, so that the sum on every side will be the same.

210. 15 Christians and 15 Turks, being at sea in one and the same ship in a terrible storm, and the pilot declaring a neces- sity of casting one half of those persons into the sea, that the rest might be saved; they all agreed that the persons to be cast away should be set out by lot after this manner, viz., the 30 persons should be placed in a round form like a ring, and then beginning to count at one of the passengers, and pro- ceeding circularly, every ninth person should be cast into the sea, until of the 30 persons there remained only 15. The question is, how those 30 persons should be placed, that the lot might infallibly fall upon the 15 Turks and not upon any of the 15 Christians.

211. Some Very Old Problems

Heap, its seventh, its whole, it makes 19. — From Ahmes, Collection of Problems, made in Egypt between 3400 B.C. and 1700 b.c.

212. The numbers from 1 to 80 admit of being formed about a point as common center into four pentagons, such that each side of the first pentagon from within contains two num

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 91

bers, each side of the second pentagon four numbers, each of the third six numbers, and each side of the fourth, outermost pentagon eight numbers. The sum of the numbers of each side of the second pentagon is 122, the sum of those of each side of the third pentagon is 248, and that of those of eacli side of the fourth pentagon 254. Furthermore, the sum of any four corner numbers lying in the same straight line with the center, is also the same; namely, 92.

26 54

81 49

16

10 80

86 44

76 9

70 72

60 16 32

71 66

65 25 65 27

45 37 2

61 24

11 a^ 14

20 ^ n

^ 56 69 43

63

35 21 64 48

69 73

67 58

6 62 23 79

75 67

77 19 22 63 18 ®

41 38

46 S3

12 39 68 74 42 13 61 28

4 29 34 7 78 47 52 3

— From " Essays and Recreations " by Schubert.

92 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

213. A mule and a donkey were walking along, laden with corn. The mule says to the donkey, "If you gave me one measure, I should carry twice as much as you. If I gave you one, we should both carry equal burdens." Tell me their bur- dens, O most learned master of geometry.

— A riddle attributed to Euclid. From " Palatine Anthology,"

300 A.D.

214. What part of the day has disappeared if the time left is twice two thirds of the time passed away ?

— " Palatine Anthology," 300 a.d.

215. The square root of half the number of bees in a swarm has flown out upon a jessamine bush, |^ of the whole swarm has remained behind ; one female bee flies about a male that is buzzing within a lotus flower into which he was allured in the night by its sweet odor, but is now imprisoned in it. Tell me the number of bees.

— From " Lilavati," a Chapter in Bhaskara's great work, written

in 1150 A.D.

216. Find the keyword in the following problem in "Letter Division."

CPN)AOUIERT(PCAAU

cpy

PIUI PUCN

RRIE RNAN

REER RNAN

RIRT

RCUK EUT

Note. — For other problems of this kind, see " Div-A-Let," by W. H. Vail, Newark, N. J.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

93

217. Demochares has lived a fourth of his life as a boy; a fifth as a youth ; a third as a man ; and has spent 13 years in his dotage. How old is he ?

— From a collection of questions by Metrodorus, 310 a.d.

218. Beautiful maiden with beaming eyes, tell me, as thou understandest the right method of inversion, which is tlie num- ber which multiplied by 3, then increased by } of the product, divided by 7, diminished by ^ of the quotient, multiplied by itself, diminished by 52, the square root extracted, addition of 8, and division by 10, gives the number 2 ?

— From "Lilavati."

219. Given a piece of cardboard in the form of a Greek or equal-armed cross, as shown in the figure. Required, by two straight cuts, so to divide it that the pieces when reunited shall form a square.

220. To show geometrically that 1 = 0.

First Solution. Take a square that is 8 units on a side, and cut it into three parts, A, B, and C, as shown in the left-hand figure. Fib these parts together as in the right-hand figure.

Now the square is 8 units on a side, and therefore contains 64 small squares, while the rectangle is 9 units long and 7 units wide, and therefore contains 63 small squares.

Each of the figures are made up of -4, B, and G.

94

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

In the square In the rectangle

^ + 5 + 0 = 64.

.-.64 = 63. (Things equal to the same thing are equal to each other.)

.'.1 = 0. (By subtracting 63 from each side of the equation.)

Second Solution. Take a square that is 8 units on a side, and cut it into three parts, A, B, and (7, as shown in the right- hand figure. Eit these parts together as in the left-hand figure.

Now the square is 8 units on a side, and therefore contains 64 small squares, while the rectangle is 13 units long and 5 units wide, and therefore con- tains Q>b small squares.

Each of the figures are made up of A, B, and O.

In the rectangle A -{- B -{- C = 65. In the square A -\- B -\- C = 64:. .-. 65 = 64. .-. 1 = 0.

""

"1

■"

*"

7

y

\^

y

8

y

A

^

,^

1

l<<

^

y

n

^

±

-L

L.

13

221. To prove that 1

Let Then and

Note. — If a = 1, 1

= 200. a = 6 = 10.

. •.! = «» -1-61 .-. 1 = 10^ + 102. .-. 1 = 200. if a = 2, 1 = 8 ; if a = 3, 1 = 18 ; etc.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

95

* 222. To prove that 1 = 2000.

Let a = 6 = 10.

Then a^ - h^ = 0,

and a« - 6« = 0.

(Things equal to the same things are equal to each other.)

.-. l = ci3-f-6^ (Dividing by a' — 6^)

.-. 1 = W + 10».

.-. 1 = 2000.

Note. — If a = 1, 1 = 2; if a = 2, 1 = 16; if a = 3, 1 = 54; etc. Also many other problems may be made similar to problems Nos. 221 and 222.

223.

Another Geometrical Fallacy

To prove that it is possible to let fall two perpendiculars to a line from an external point.

Take two intersecting circles with centers 0 and 0'. Let one point of intersection be P, and draw the diameters PJfandPxV.

Draw MN cutting the circumferences at A and B. Then draw PA and PB.

Since Z PBM is inscribed in a semicircle, it is a right angle. Also since /.PAN is inscribed in a semicircle, it is a right angle.

.'.PA and PB are both ± to MN.

224. Given three or more integers, as 30, 24, and 16; re- quired to find their greatest integral divisor that will leave the same remainder.

• The exposing of fallacies has been left to the student. They should be studied in every High School and College..

96 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

225. To Prove that You are as Old as Methuselah

Proof :

Let

X = Methuselah's age.

Let

y = your age.

Let

s = the sum.

Then

x-\-y = s.

... (x-\-y)(x-y)=s(x-y).

. • . x^ — y^ = sx— sy.

.'. x^— sx — y^ — sy.

s- s^ 4 4

■■■('-S"-(-iJ-

s s

.-. x = y.

226. How many shoes would it take for the people of a town if one third of them had but one foot and one half the remainder went barefoot ?

227. The Spider and the Four Gnats

On a suspended piece of glass 10 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 4 inches high is a spider and four gnats. The spider is on one end ^ inch from the bottom and midway between the sides. The gnats are on the other end. Three of them are \ inch, I inch, and 1 inch, respectively, from the top and mid- way between the sides. The fourth is 1|^ inches from the top and on an edge.

Determine the shortest path possible, by way of the six faces of the piece of glass, for the spider to catch the four gnats and return to the place from which he started.

228. What difference would there be in the weight of a per- fectly air-tight bird cage, depending on whether the bird were sitting on the perch or flying about ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

97

A- V

229. To prove that part of a line equals the whole line. Take a triangle ABC^ and draw CP ± to AB.

From C draw CX, making Z Ar\ = /-B.

Then A ABC and ACX are ^. similar.

.-. A ABC'. A ACX=BC': CX\ Furthermore, A ABC'. A ACX^^AB.AX. .'.BC^.CT^AB.AX, WJ':AB = ~CT'.AX.

W^AC^+A^-^AB'AP, ~CX'' = AC''-^AT-2AX'AP, 2AB'AP_~AC'-^AX*-2AX'AP

or

But and

AC*-^Aff

or

or

AC'

AB

AB -\-AB-2AP

AX

AX + AX-2AP.

iB-'^^'-AX ^^'

AC'-AB'AX^AC^-ABAX AB AX

..\AB = AX. — From Wentworth and Smith's " Geometry/

230. To prove that part of an angle equals the whole angle. Take a square ABCD, and draw MM'P, the ± bisector of CD. Then MM'P is also the ± bisector of AB.

From B draw any line BX equal to AB. -^X Draw DX and bisect it by the ± NP. Since '/ DX intersects CD, Js to these lines cannot be / parallel, and must meet as at P. ^ Draw PA, PD, PC, PX, and PB.

Since MP is the ± bisector of CD, PD = PC

p

98 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Similarly, PA = PB, and PD = PX. ..PX=PD=Pa

But BX=BC by construction, and PB is common to A PBX and P5(7.

.'.A PBX is congruent to A PBC, and Z X5P = Z CBP. .'. the whole Z XBP equals the part, Z (7J5P.

— From Wentworth and Smith's '^ Geometry."

231. The Four-color Map Problem

Not more than four colors are necessary in order to color a map of a country, divided into districts, in such a way that no two contiguous districts shall be of the same color.

Probably the following argument, though not a formal dem- onstration, will satisfy the reader that the result is true.

Let A, B, C be three contiguous districts, and let X be any other district contiguous with all of them. Then X must lie either wholly outside the external boundary of the area ABO or wholly inside the internal boundary ; that is, it must occupy a position either like X or like X'. In either case every re- maining occupied area in the figure is inclosed by the boun- daries of not more than three districts; hence there is no possible way of drawing another area Y which shall be contiguous with A, B, C, and X. In other words, it is possible to draw on a plane four areas which are con- tiguous, but it is not possible to draw five such areas.

If A, B, C are not contiguous, each with the other, or if X is not contiguous with A B, and C, it is not necessary to color them all differently, and thus the most unfavora- ble case IS that already treated. Moreover, any of the above areas may diminish to a point and finally disappear without affecting the argument.

That we may require at least four colors is obvious from.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

%

the above diagram, since in that case the areas Aj B, C, and X would have to be colored differently.

A proof of the proposition involves difficulties of a high order, which as yet have baffled all attempts to surmount them. — From Ball's " Mathematical Recreations."

232. RoMEO AND Juliet

On a checker board are located two snails. They are Romeo and Juliet. Juliet is on her balcony waiting the arrival of her lover, but Romeo has been dining and forgets, for the life of him, the number of her house. The squares represent sixty-four houses, and the amorous swain visits every house once and only once before reaching his beloved.

Now make him do this with the fewest possible turnings. The snail can move up, down, and across the board and through the diagonals. Mark his track.

— From " Canterbury Puzzles."

233. Find the exact dimensions of two cubes the sum of whose volumes will be exactly 17 cubic inches. Of course the cubes may be of different sizes.

234. I have two balls whose circumferences are respectively 1 foot and 2 feet. Find the circumferences of two other balla different in size whose combined volumes will exactly equal the combined volumes of the given balls.

235. Can the number 11,111,111,111,111,111 be divided by any other integer except itself and unity ?

■^

Vik-

100

MATHEMATICAL WKIKKLES

236. My friend owns a house containing 16 rooms as indicated in the diagram.

While visiting him one day, he said to me, " Can you enter at the door A and pass out at the door B and enter every one of the 16 rooms once and only once ? " Show how I might have done this.

237. Given a plank contain- ing 169 square inches as shown below.

Show how a hole 13 inches square may be covered by cutting the plank into three pieces.

238. Given a piece of cloth in the shape of an equilateral tri- angle. Required to cut it into four pieces that may be put together and form a perfect square.

239. A Shokt Method of Multiplication

^a^ampZe. —Multiply 41,096 by 83.

The answer is found to be 3,410,968 by inspection. It will be observed that the answer is found by placing the last figure of the multiplier before the number and the first after it. Also if we prefix to 41,096 the number 41,095,890, repeated any num- ber of times, the result may always be multiplied by 83 in this peculiar manner.

8 multiplied by 86 = 688.

Also to multiply 1,639,344,262,295,081,967,213,114,754,098,- 360,655,737,704,918,032,787 by 71, all you have to do is to place another 1 at the beginning and another 7 at the end.

MATHEMATICAL ^T^CiSliXTIONS

101

♦ 240. The SquaI^k fAh%j^*)y' ' " ' ,

To prove that the diagonal of any square field equals the sum of any two sides.

100 rd

Fia. 1.

FiQ. 2.

Fig. 3.

Given the square field ABCD with a side equal to 100 rods. The distance from Aio C along two sides is 200 rods.

Now in Fig. 1 the distance from Ato C along t;he diagonal path is 200 rods. In Fig. 2 the steps are -smaller, yet the di- agonal path is 200 rods long. In Fig. 3 the steps are very small, yet the distance must be 200 rods and would yet be if we needed a microscope to detect the steps. In this way we may go on straightening out the zigzag path until we ulti- mately reach a perfect straight line, and it therefore follows that the diagonal of a square equals the sum of any two sides. Can you expose the fallacy ?

241. Given a rectangular block of wood 8 inches by 4 inches by 3J inches. Required to cut it into similar blocks 2\ inches by IJ inches by 1\ inches with the least possible waste. How many blocks can be had ?

A Time Problem

242. A man Who carries a watch in which the hour, minute, and second hands turn upon the same center was asked the time of day. He replied, " The three hands are at equal dis- tances from one another and the hour hand is exactly 20- minute spaces ahead of the minute hand." Can you tell the time?

• See footnote, page 95.

102 MATBEMATICAL WRINKLES

-' ' Tnti: 'Tj^ze Planter

243. Are you a practical tree planter? If so, you are requested, (a) to show how sixteen trees may be planted in twelve straight rows, with four trees in every row, (b) to show how sixteen trees may be planted in fifteen straight rows, with four trees in every row.

244. Five persons can be seated in six different ways around a table in such a manner that any one person is seated only once between the same two persons. Show the manner of seating.

245. Seven persons may be seated in fifteen different ways around a table in such a manner that any one person is seated only once between the same two persons. Show the ways in which they might be seated.

246. On his morning stroll, Mr. Busybody encountered a laborer digging a hole. ^' How deep is that hole ? " he asked. " Guess," replied the workingman, who stood in the hole. " My height is exactly five feet and ten inches."

" How much deeper are you going ? "

"I am going twice as deep," rejoined the laborer, "and then my head will be twice as far below ground as it now is above ground."

Mr. Busybody wants to know how deep that hole will be when finished.

247. One night three men. A, B, and C, stole a bag of apples and hid them in a barn over night, intending to meet in the morning to divide them equally. Some time before morning A went to the barn, divided the apples into three equal shares and had one apple too many, which he threw away. A took one share and put the others back into the bag. Soon after B came and did exactly as A had done. Then came C, who re- peated what A and B had done before him. In the morning the three met, saying nothing of what they had done during

MATHEMATICAL KECREATIONS

103

the night. The remaining apples were divided into three equal shares, with still one apple too many. How many apples were there in the bag at the beginning ?

248. The following diagram represents a section of a rail- way track with a siding. Eight cars are standing on the main

line in the order 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and an engine is standing on the side track. The siding will hold five cars, or four cars and the engine. The main line will hold only the eight cars and the engine. Also when all the cars and the engine are on the • main line, only the one occupying the place of 8 can be moved on the siding. With 8 at the extremity, as shown, there is just room to pass 7 on the siding. The cars can be moved without the aid of the engine.

You are required to reverse the order of the cars on the main line so that they will be numbered 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ; and to do this by means which will involve as few transfer- ences of the engine, or a car to or from the siding as are possible.

249.

The Mysterious Addition

To express the sum of five numbers, having given only the first.

Have a person write a number, say 55,369. Subtract two from the number, and place it before the remainder, giving 255,367, which is the sum of the numbers to be added. Each

104 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

number is to contain the same number of figures as kk oqq the first. _ 3g|4g^

After the first number is expressed have the per- g-i ^o* son write the second, say 38,465. Then write the 03 461 third yourself, using such figures in the number, rrn koq that if added to the figures in the number above — j^- — will make nine. Have the person write the fourth ^i^^,obi number. Then write the fifth yourself in the same way as the third. These numbers added will give the required sum,

250. At the close of four and a half months' hard work, the ladies of a certain Dorcas Society were so delighted with the completion of a beautiful silk patchwork quilt for the dear curate that everybody kissed everybody else, except, of course, the bashful young man himself, who kissed only his sisters, whom he had called for, to escort home. There were just a gross of osculations altogether. How much longer would the ladies have taken over their needlework task if the sisters of the curate referred to had played lawn tennis instead of at- tending the meetings? Of* course we must assume that the ladies attended regularly, and I am sure that they all worked equally well. A mutual kiss counts two osculations.

— From " Canterbury Puzzles."

251. The Arithmetical Triangle

This name has been given to a contrivance said to have originated or to have been perfected by the famous Pascal. 1

2

1

3

3

1

4

6

4

1

5

10

10

5

1

6

15

20

15

6

1

7

21

35

35

21

7 1

8

28

56

70

56

28 8

etc.

etc.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 105

This peculiar series of numbers is thus formed : Write do^vn the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., as far as you please, in a vertical row. On the right hand of 2 place 1, add them together, and place 3 under the 1 ; then 3 added to 3 = 6, which place under the 3 ; 4 and 6 are 10, which place under the 6, and so on, as far as you wish. This is the second vertical row, and the third is formed from the second in a similar way.

This triangle has the property of informing us, without the trouble of calculation, how many combinations can be made, taking any number at a time, out of a larger number.

Suppose the question were that just given ; how many selec- tions can be made of 3 at a time, out of 8 ?

On the horizontal row commencing with 8, look for the third number ; this is 56, which is the answer.

252. Twelve nests are in a circle. In each nest is only one egg. Required to begin at any nest, always going in the same direction, and pick up an egg, pass it over two other eggs, and place it in the next nest. This process is to be continued until six eggs have been removed and then six of the nests should contain two eggs each, and the other six should be empty. Show how this can be done by making the fewest possible revolutions around the nests.

253. A man in a city skyscraper, in a time of fire, made his escape by descending on a rope. He was 300 feet above the ground and had a rope only 150 feet long and 1^ inches in diameter. Show how he made his escape without jumping from the window or dropping from the end of the rope.

254. A German farmer while visiting town bought a cask of wine containing 100 pints of pure wine. After reaching home he hid the cask in his barn thinking no one would find it. While away from home his neighbor found the cask and drew out 30 pints. Each time he drew out a pint he replaced it with a pint of pure water before drawing the next pint. How much wine was stolen ?

106

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

255. While out fishing on a lake in a small boat I found myself without oars. I was two miles from shore. I had nothing to use to row the boat. Besides this there was no current to help me, for the water was perfectly smooth. I had nothing in the boat but a heavy trot-line one inch in diameter and six large fish. I could not swim and had no way of securing assistance. Was it possible for me to reach the shore under such circumstances ? If so, how ?

256. C's age at A's birth was 5i times B's age and now is equal to the sum of xV's age and B's age. If A were 3 years younger or B 4 years older, A's age would be | of B's age. Find the ages of A, B, and C. (Solve by arithmetic.)

257. What is the smallest sum of money in pounds, shil- lings, pence, and farthings that can be expressed by using each

of the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, once and once only ?

258. A Eeversible Magic Square

The digits 0, 1, 2, 6, and 8, when turned upside down, can be read, 0, 1, 7, 9, and 8. It will be observed that this square when turned upside down is still magic.

259. To prove that part of an angle equals the whole angle.

Take a right triangle ABO and construct upon the hypote- nuse BC an equilateral triangle BCD, as shown.

On CD lay off OP equal to CA.

Through X, the mid-point of AB, draw PX to meet CB pro- duced at Q. Draw QA.

Draw the ± bisectors of QA and QP, as YO and ZO. These

29

IZ

61

Z2

Zl

62

19

2Z

12

21

ZZ

69

6Z

Z9

22

II

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 107

must meet at some point O because they are ± to two inter- secting lines.

Draw OQ, OA, OP, and OC.

Since O is on the ± bisector of QA, .'. OQ = OA,

Similarly OQ=OP, and .'. OA = OP.

But CA = CP, by construction, and CO = CO.

.-. A AOC is congruent to A POC, and Z ^CO = Z PCO.

260. Another Triangle Fallacy

To prove that the sum of two sides of a triangle is equal to the third side.

Let ABC be a triangle. -^ ^ ^ -,Z>

Complete the parallelo- gram and divide the diag- ^^ ^iv\"'""/ /

onal AC into n equal parts. / /____N<C.

Through the points of divi- / /^' ^\

sion draw n — 1 lines parallel ^ ' -^ ^

to AB. Similarly, draw n — 1 lines parallel to BC. AB will be divided into 7i equal parts. Also BC will be divided into n equal parts. The parallelo- gram is now divided into n^ equal and similar parallelograms.

Note. — The diagram is drawn for n = 3.

Taking the small parallelograms of which the segments of AC are diagonals, we have

AB + BC=AM+ EF-\- GH+ ME -{■ FG -\- HC.

A similar relation is true, however large n may be. Now let n increase indefinitely. Then the lines AM, ME, EF, etc., will get smaller and smaller. Finally the points MFH will ap- proach indefinitely near the line AC, and ultimately will lie on it. When this is the case the sum of AM and ME will be equal to AE, and similarly for the other similar pairs of lines.

Hence, AM-^ME^-EF+FO + On-\-HC:=^AE^EO-\-GC,

01 AB-\-BC=Aa

108 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

The Fourth Dimension

Geometry as studied in the schools is divided into two parts, Plane Geometry, or Geometry of Two Dimensions, and Solid Geometry, or Geometry of Three Dimensions. These divisions naturally suggest an infinite number of divisions. Consider- ing space as an aggregate of points, the line is a one-dimen- sional space, a plane is a two-dimensional space, and a solid is a three-dimensional space. To fix exactly the position of a point on a line, it is only necessary to have one number giving its distance from some fixed point. To fix exactly the position of a point in a plane, it is necessary to start from a known point and measure in two given perpendicular directions. To fix exactly the position of a point in a solid, it is necessary to start from a known point and measure in three perpendicular directions.

Thus to locate a man traveling north from a given place it is necessary to know only the distance traveled. To locate a man traveling on the sea it is necessary to have two measure- ments given — his latitude and longitude. To locate a man traveling in the air it is necessary to have three measurements given — his latitude, longitude, and his distance above or below the sea level.

The question now arises : Why may there not be a space of four dimensions and thus a geometry of four dimensions in which the exact position of a point may be determined by measuring in four perpendicular directions ? This question is one which we cannot escape. Paul may have had the fourth dimension in mind, when, speaking of spiritual life, he said, " That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith, that ye being rooted and grounded in love, may be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height " (Eph. 3 : 17, 18) ; or when he wrote, " I knew a man whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell, how that he was caught up into paradise and heard unspeakable words "

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 109

(2 Cor. 12 : 2, 3). What did John mean when he " was in the spirit viewing the Heavenly Jerusalem " and said, " The city lieth foursquare" (Rev. 21: 16)? Was Christ's transfigured body a four-dimensional body? Was his resurrected body which appeared in the midst of a closed room a four-dimen- sional body ? Was the ascension a like disappearance ?

Although these questions cannot be answered by man, we are certain that the term fourth-dimensional came to us from a firm believer in spiritual life. We can neither prove nor deny its existence. If a physical fourth dimension exists, a three-dimensional body would never know it, nor would we have any way of finding out.

If we connect all points of our space, a three-dimensional space, with an assumed point outside of it, then the aggregate of all the points of the connecting lines constitutes a four- dimensional space, or hyperspace. As a moving point gener- ates a line, as a line moving outside itself generates a surface, as a surface moving outside itself generates a solid, just so a solid moving outside of our space would generate a hypersolid, or portion of hyperspace. Hyperspace itself may be conceived as generated by our entire space moving in a direction not con- tained in itself, just as our space may be generated by the similar motion of an unlimited plane.

Has hyperspace a real, physical existence? If so, our uni- verse must have a small thickness in the fourth dimension ; otherwise, as the geometrical plane is assumed to be without thickness, our world, too, would be a mere abstraction (as, indeed, some idealistic philosophers have maintained), that is, nothing but a shadow cast by a more real fourth-dimensional world.

Of what use is the conception of hyperspace? It is of importance to the mathematician. The notion of such a geometry as a logical system of theorems involved in a set of axioms is important to the student. It gives a deeper insight into geometry. The conception of space to which these geo-

110 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

metries apply is of great assistance in the application of geome- try to the other mathematics. Especially is it of importance because of the parallelism between algebra and geometry. It has very appropriately been called the playground of mathe- matics. It is not only of importance to the mathematician, but is also of much importance to the philosopher, psycholo- gist, and scientist in general. It is a question of interest to every person.

The geometry of two dimensions is more extensive than the geometry of one dimension. Also the geometry of three dimensions is more extensive than the geometry of two di- mensions, yet nearly everything in the solid is more or less analogous to something in the plane. Just so geometry of four dimensions would be still more extensive than geometry of three dimensions, yet very closely related to it. For example, the circle studied in a geometry of one dimension has very few properties, while studied in a geometry of two dimensions has a center, radii, chords, tangents, etc., and studied in a geometry of three dimensions has further numerous geometrical relations with the sphere, cone, cylinder, etc.

Let us conceive of a space of but one dimension. A being in such a space would be limited to a straight line, which he would conceive as extending infinitely in both directions. If you were a point and lived on a straight line you would be a one-dimensional man. You could not move in two-dimensional space, but could think about it. If you were in two-dimen- sional space you would never know it. You could move back- ward and forward only. You could not look up or down, nor from side to side. You could see only the back of the man's head in front of you. You could never turn around and talk to a man behind you. If you encountered another being, neither could pass the other.

Conceive of a world of but two dimensions inhabited by two-dimensional beings. Such a world would lie in a single plane, having length and breadth, but no thickness. The in-

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 111

habitants of this region might be thought of as the shadows of three-dimensional beings. By a miracle one of these beings becomes endowed with a knowledge of three dimensions. He could then do marvelous things in the eyes of his neighbors. He could disappear and reappear at will. The strongest prison could not hold him. By moving out of the plane in which he lives he could look down into the dwellings and even into the insides of his neighbors. He would then be a god in the pres- ence of the inhabitants of flatland, or shadowland.

If you lived on a surface, you would be a two-dimensional man. You would have no thickness. You could slide around like quicksilver. You would be a flat man and could not understand how a third dimension could possibly exist. You could pass your neighbors. You would be living in a three- dimensional world and never know it. You could pass through a three-dimensional being and never know it. You could pass through a brick wall and never see it. You could not move in three-dimensional space, but could think of it. Only a square or circle would be necessary to imprison you. You could see all around you but could not look down or up. If imprisoned, a being in our space by lifting could liberate you and, to your friends, you would have made a miraculous escape. If you should attempt to imprison a three-dimensional criminal in your two-dimensional jail, he would escape by stepping over the walls of your prison and you would never realize how he eluded you.

Now, if there be a four-dimensional world, our three-dimen- sional space must lie in its midst. All people would then be three-dimensional shadows of four-dimensional beings. We could only become endowed with four-dimensional knowledge or become four-dimensional beings b}' supernatural means. We could move in a four-dimensional being, and not understand how such a thing is possible. If there be such a thing as a four-dimensional being, it would perhaps assist us in under- standing the following scripture, " That they should seek the

112 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us : for in him we live, and move, and have our being" (Acts 17 : 27, 28).

If you were a four-dimensional creature, no three-dimen- sional prison would hold you, and we should never know how you made your escape. You could take money from a locked safe without opening the- door. You could place a plum within a potato without breaking the peeling. You could fill a completely inclosed vessel. You could turn a hollow rubber ball inside out. You could remove the contents of an egg without puncturing the shell, or drink the wine from a bottle without drawing the cork.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

ARITHMETIC

Teachers' Examination Questions. — Texas

1. Write the analysis of each of the following :

(a) A boy has 75 cents, with which he can buy 5 melons. Find the average price of a melon. '

(6) A boy has 75 cents, with which he buys melons at the average price of 5 cents each. How many melons does he buy?

2. A trader bought a plantation at $ 14 per acre, and sold it for $ 15,824, gaining $ 2 per acre. Find the cost.

3. Find the product of the smallest prime number greater than 153, and the greatest composite odd number less than 230.

4. From the sum of 29f and 42|, take the difference of 20J and 10^.

5. The product of two factors is ^ ; one of the factors is |. Find the other.

6. What per cent is gained by buying wheat at 62J cents per bushel and selling at 67^ cents ?

7. In a proportion the inverse ratio of the first term to the second term is 3^; the fourth term is 160. Find the third term.

8. Give solution and analysis : Find the present worth and true discount of a note for $ 135.75, due 1 year 8 months 15 days hence, money being worth 8 %.

113

114 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

9. What may X offer for a house which pays $ 895 rent per year that he may receive 8 % interest on the investment ?

10. Reduce to lowest terms : .66|; .125; .371

Teachers' Examination Questions. — Ohio

1. Define aliquot part, mean proportional, maker of a note, denominate number.

2. (a) Give the table of liquid measure ; of dry measure. (5) How many cubic inches in a dry quart? in a liquid

quart ?

3. A man bought a lot 8 rods square at the rate of $ 1000 an acre. He fenced it in at an average cost of .35 cents a yard. He then sold the lot through an agent for $ 750, pay- ing 2i cfo commission. Find the man's profit.

4. (a) What is meant by " paying by check " ?

(h) Suppose that you sell to Charles Ray a horse for $ 250 and agree to give him 5 % off for cash. You receive in payment his check for the amount on some bank of which you know. Write the check, supplying the necessary details, but using a fictitious name.

(c) How could this check be transferred to another person so that the money could be drawn only on his order ?

5. (a) A man wishes to build a house 28 feet by 32 feet. He needs four sills, each 6 inches by 8 inches, to put under the walls. How much will they cost at $ 18 per M ?

(Jb) How many feet of siding are necessary for this house, supposing it to be 18 feet high, the siding being 5 inches wide and laid 4 inches to the weather, no allowance being made for gables, doors, or windows ?

6. (a) A certain district contains taxable property valued at $ 150,000. The board of education has built a schoolhouse

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 115

costing $1800. What will the schoolhouse cost a taxpayer whose property is valued at $ 4800 ?

(6) Express a tax rate of one mill as a rate per cent.

7. Write a rule for finding (a) the area of a circle when the radius is given; (b) the surface of a sphere when the radius is given ; (c) the volume of a pyramid.

8. A father gave his son his promissory note for $ 225, due when the son became 21 years old. The rate of interest was 6%, and when the note became due, the principal and inter- est together amounted to $303.75. How old was the son when the note was given ?

State Certificate. — Kentucky

1. Given the dividend, quotient, and remainder, how may the divisor be found ? If 10 apples be divided equally among five boys, which of the terms in the division are concrete and which abstract ?

2. What term is the base (a) in commission ? (b) in in- surance? (c) in profit and lass? (d) in interest? (e) in discount ?

3. At 6 o'clock A.M. the thermometer indicated 20° above zero; at 12 o'clock M., 5° above zero; at 6 o'clock p.m., 7° be- low zero. Find the average temperature from the three ob- servations. Explain the process.

4. The sum of two numbers is 147J, and their difference 83^. What are the numbers ?

5. If equal sums be put at interest for 1 year 12 days, at 5J f/o and 7 % per annum, the difference in interest received on the two principals will be $ 7.65. Find the sum invested in each case.

6. Wheat is worth 90 cents per bushel, and a field yields 21 bushels per acre, at a cost of $ 16.75 per acre for cultivation.

116 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

If the cost of cultivation be increased 20%, and the yield be thereby increased 30 %, what is the net gain per acre?

7. The longitude of Pensacola, Fla., is 87° 15' West. Find the difference between standard time and local (Meridian) time in that city.

8. The proceeds of a 3 months' note discounted at bank at 6 % per annum, the day it was made, were $ 400. Find the face of the note.

^9. A contractor in building two residences finds that the number of mechanics employed on the first is to the num- ber employed on the second as 7:4, the weekly wages paid individuals on the first to those on the second as 8 : 7, and the time each mechanic was employed on the first to that on the second as 5 : 12. Find the relative cost of labor on the two buildings.

10. How many trees planted 33 feet apart will be required to cover 10 acres in the shape of a rectangle 20 rods wide, if no allowance is made for space beyond the outside rows ?

State Examination. — Michigan

1. (a) 9 is a factor of a number if it is a factor of the sum of its digits, and not otherwise. Prove.

(6) At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock are the minute and hour hands at right angles to each other ?

2. In a circle 1 mile in diameter three circles are inscribed, tangent to one another and touching the larger circumference. What is the area of the space inclosed by the three circles ?

3. Which would be the better investment and how much better for a capital of $5000: Baltimore & Ohio Eailroad stock quoted at 127|, brokerage ^ %, paying semiannual divi- dends of 3^ % and the balance in a savings bank paying 3 %, or the whole in a 6 % mortgage ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 117

4. Write a concrete problem involving cube root and solve in full as you would require your pupils to solve.

5. Discuss briefly as to the advisability of teaching in the grades : metric system, compound proportion, equations, cube root, geometrical constructions, partnership, longitude and time.

6. A train weighing 126 tons rests on an incline and is kept from moving down by a force 1500 pounds. What is the grade?

7. Change 4321 from scale of 10 to scale of 8 and explain.

8. Find the ratio of the side of a cube to the radius of a sphere if the volume of the cube is twice that of the sphere.

9. Discuss and illustrate graphic arithmetic.

10. The marbles in a box can be divided exactly into groups of 17, but when divided into groups of 16, 18, or 24, 9 remain in each case. How many marbles are there ?

County Examination. — Texas

1. Two thirds of A's money equal | of B's. If they put their money together, what part of the whole will A own ?

2. S 600.00 Dallas, Texas, Jan. 15, 1904. For value received I promise to pay David Dooley, or order,

on demand, six hundred dollars, with interest at 8 % per annum.

What amount will pay the above note Aug. 20, 1904, at exact interest ?

3. If you double the rate and time, what must be done to the principal, that the interest be unchanged? How many terms are involved in interest ? At what rate must any prin- cipal be placed to make 5 times itself in 3 years ?

4. A is in 40° W. longitude. When it is 3 a.m. at A, where must 5 be in order that it may be 10 i'.m. ?

118 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

5. If 16 men hoe 200 acres of cotton in 15 days of 8 hours each, how many boys can hoe 150 acres in 12 days of 6 hours each; provided, that while working a boy can do only -J as much as a man, and that the boys are idle ^ of the time ?

6. A miller charges ^ toll for grinding corn. How many bushels, pecks, and quarts must a man take to mill in order that he may obtain 13 bushels of meal ?

7. The solid contents of a cube and of a sphere are each 3,048,625 cubic inches. Which has the greater surface, and how much greater ?

8. The ice on a circular lake is 1^ feet thick. If the lake is 1000 yards in circumference, how many cubic feet of ice on the lake ?

9. I bought two houses for $ 1800, paying 25 % more for one than for the other. I sold the cheaper house at a profit of 20 %, and the higher priced house at a loss of 16| %. How many dollars did I gain or lose ? What was my gain or loss per cent ?

10. A bookseller buys a book whose catalogue price is $ 4 at a discount of 25 %, 20 %, and 8^ %, and sells it at 10 % above the catalogue price. What per cent profit does he make ?

Commercial Arithmetic. — Indiana

1. Illustrate checking residts by 9's and ll's.

2. A farmer wishes to construct a square granary 18 feet on each side that will hold 800 stricken bushels. Find the depth of the bin by the approximate rule.

3. Illustrate a calculation table.

4. A man had 6 acres of land ; to one party he sold a piece 25 rods by 20 rods, and to another party 140 square rods. What per cent of the field remained unsold ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 119

5. Define the following: Discount series^ gross pricey net price,

6. Make a copy of a bill of goods showing the purchase of four articles, one article at a discount of 5 % ; the second article, 10 % ; the third article, 15 % ; the fourth article, 20 %.

7. Illustrate a cost key and also a selling key.

8. A note for $ 1600, dated Jan. 1, 1906, bearing interest at 6 %, had payments indorsed upon it as follows : March 1, 1906, $ 250 ; July 1, 1906, $ 25 ; Sept. 1, 1906, $ 515 ; Nov. 1, 1906, $ 175. How much was due upon the note at final settlement, April 1, 1907 ?

State Certificate. — Ohio

1. The sum of two numbers is 546, their G. C. D. is 21, and the difference of the other two factors is 8. Find the numbers.

2. At what two times between 4 and 5 o^clock are the min- ute and hour hands of a clock equally distant from 4 ?

3. Certain employees, having a 9-hour day, strike because of a proposed reduction of 10 % in wages. They resume work at the same wages, but have a longer day. If the increase in time is (to the firm) equivalent to the proposed cut of 10 %, by what per cent are the hours increased ?

4. A dealer sells an article at a gain of 10 % ; had he paid for it 16 I % less, and sold it for 7 cents less, he would have gained 25%. End the cost.

5. A man agrees to pay S 6000 for a lot in three equal pay- ments, including 6 % interest on unpaid money. What is the yearly payment ?

6. A lady buys 20 yards of cloth for $ 20; for some she pays \ oi a. dollar a yard, for some | of a dollar a yard, and for the remainder $4 a yard. How many yards of each kind did she buy, provided she bought a whole number of yards of each ?

120 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

7. A board is 6 inches wide at one end and 18 inches wide at the other end. If it is 16 feet long, how far from the shorter end must it be cut, parallel to the ends, to divide it into two equal parts?

8. A man has a square tract of land which contains as many acres as it requires rails to build a fence around it. If the fence is four rails high, and the rails are 12 feet long, how many acres are in the field ?

9. Pure ground mustard contains 35 % of oil. A sample of mustard is adulterated with wheat flour. The per cent of oil found in a sample is 15. Find the per cent of wheat flour in the mixture, allowing 2 % of oil to exist naturally in wheat flour.

10. The true discount of a certain sum for one year is {^ of the interest. Find the rate.

Teachers' Examination. — Missouri

1. A dealer bought, two horses at the same price. He sold one, at a profit of 20 %, for $102. The other he sold at a loss of 10 %. How much did he receive for the latter?

2. A rectangular aquarium is 32 inches long, 24 inches wide, and 16 inches deep. How many goldfish may be kept in it, allowing 1 gallon of water per fish?

3. A man left St. Louis and traveled until his watch was 1 hour and 3 minutes slow. How many degrees had he traveled and in what direction ?

4. The base of a triangular field is 360 yards, and the altitude is 615 feet. How many acres does it contain ?

5. Two metal spheres of the same material weigh 1000 pounds and 64 pounds respectively. The radius of the second is 1 foot. Find the radius of the first.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 121

6. A dealer sold an automobile for $1000, receiving $400 iu cash and a note for the rest, due in 3 years, interest 6%, payable semiannually. How much interest was paid on the note?

7. Which is the better investment and how much, 5% bonds at 110 or 6 % bonds at 118?

8. Name some subjects given in arithmetic that you think might be properly omitted. Give reasons for your answer.

9. What must be invested in railroad 4^% bonds at 91|% to yield an annual income of $ 1350, brokerage at |^ % ?

10. Analyze: ^ of the price paid for a cow was f of the cost of a horse. The horse cost $99 more than the cow. • Find the cost of each.

State Examination. — New York

1. What rate per cent of profit will a man make by paying $17.10 for an article, with discounts of 20 %, 10 %, and 5 % from the list price, if he sells it at the list price ?

2. Find (a) the ratio of the areas of two similar rectangles, the length of one being 36 rods and that of the other 90 rods; (6) the ratio of the volumes of two similar spheres, the di- ameter of one being 6 feet and that of the other 8 feet. State the principle applied in each case.

3. A tank to hold 100 barrels can be only 5 feet wide and 4J feet deep. What is the required length ?

4. If to alcohol which cost $ 1.25 a quart 20 % of its volume of water is added, what will be the rate per cent of profit if the mixture is sold at $ 1.40 a quart?

6. If a certain fraction is increased by J of itself, the result multiplied by ^ and the product divided by ^, the reciprocal of the result will be 4^^. Find the fraction.

122 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

6. Using the mercantile rule, find the amount due May 18, 1907, on a note for $ 650, given Nov. 30, 1903, on which the following payments have been indorsed : Jan. 12, 1905, $ 225 ; April 23, 1906, $ 250. (Use legal rate of interest.)

7. Determine the number of rods around a square field, the diagonal of which is 340 rods.

8. A man has an income of $ 1925 for an investment in United States Steel stock paying 7 %, purchased at 107, bro- kerage I". How does this income compare with that of the same sum invested in a real estate mortgage paying 5 % ?

9. If $ 260 placed at interest for 1 year 6 months and 20 days at 6 % produces $ 24.27 interest, what sum placed at interest for 11 months and 24 days at 7 % will produce $20 interest ? (Solve by proportion.)

10. With no allowance for waste, how many feet of lumber, board measure, will it take to make a watering trough 18 feet long, 2^ feet wide, and 20 inches deep, outside measurements, with lumber 1^ inches thick ?

County Examination. — Ohio

1. Explain the meaning of the following: notation, com- posite number f insurance premium, commission merchant, trade discount.

2. If A cuts 21 cords of wood in 7i hours, and B 3^ cords in 8J hours, how long will it take the two together to cut enough wood to make a pile 170 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 6 feet high ?

3. (a) In the expression " 3 % stock at 75,'' explain fully what is meant. (6) Make and solve a problem to show clearly the difference between true discount and bank discount.

4. A person owns $15,000 bank stock paying 5 %, which he sells. He invests the proceeds in 6 % stock at 120, his

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 123

income being increased $ 60. Find the price at which he sold the first stock.

5. The side of a square inscribed in a circle is 10 feet. Find both the diameter and area of the circle.

6. A miner sold 2 pounds of gold dust at $ 220 a pound avoirdupois, and the broker sold it at $ 16 per ounce Troy. Did he gain or lose, and how much ?

7. Write a rule for finding the area of a rectangle, and illus- trate by a diagram that children can understand.

8. A man owns a house valued at $ 1500, land valued at $ 2100, and has $ 1500 in a savings bank. If he owes $ 900 and the tax rate is 18 mills, what is the amount of his tax ?

County Examination. — Texas

1. There are two general methods of performing subtrac- tion. Explain the method you use and justify its use.

2. Explain as you would to a class that a fraction may be considered a problem in division.

3. How was the length of the meter determined? The weight of the gram ? The capacity of the liter ?

4. Nine men can do a work in 8J days. How many days may 3 men remain away and yet finish the work in the same time by bringing 5 more with them ? r

5. How many square inches in one face of a cube which contains 2,571,353 cubic inches ?

6. Find the sum whose true discount by simple interest for 4 years is $ 25 more at 6 % than at 4 % per annum.

7. Find the length of a minute-hand whose extreme point moves 4 inches in 3 minutes 28 seconds.

124 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

8. A, B, and C dine on 8 loaves of bread ; A furnishes 5 loaves ; B, 3 loaves ; and C pays 8 cents for his share. How must A and B divide the money ?

9. Bought bonds at 12% premium and sold them at a loss of 12i %. At what discount were they sold ?

10. (a) At what discount should 7% bonds be bought to make 8 % on the investment ?

(6) At what premium should 8 % bonds be bought to realize 6|% on the investment?

Training Class Certificate. — New York

1. Distinguish between the simple and the local value of a figure. How much greater is the local value of 8 in the fourth order of units than in the second decimal place ?

2. A student paid -J- of his yearly allowance for books and y^Q- of the remainder for clothes ; he paid $ 20 more for clothes than for books. What was his yearly allowance ?

3. The earth removed in excavating a cellar 33 feet wide and 55 feet long, to a depth of 6 feet, is used to raise the sur- face of a lot containing i of an acre. How much is the surface of the lot raised ?

4. It is 9 A.M. at a place 18° 30' east of New York. What is the time at a place 46° 15' west of New York ? Give a model explanation.

5. The net proceeds of a shipment of 500 tons of hay was $ 6790 after a commission of 3 % had been deducted. What was the selling price per ton ?

6. If 46% of the enrollment of a school is boys and there are 162 girls, how many boys are enrolled ? Analyze.

7. Give a clear explanation of the process of finding, by factoring, the lowest common multiple of 78, 195, 117.

8. Describe a lesson to develop the table of square measure.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 125

For Second Grade Certificate. — Michigan

1. (a) What is the least number by which |, ^^, and f can be multiplied to give, in each case, an integer for a product?

(6) Divide some number selected by yourself into integral parts having the ratios of |, }, and 3, respectively.

2. (a) What is the volume in cubic inches of a body that weighs 10 pounds in air and 8 pounds in water ?

(b) The specific gravity of cork is .24, of gold is 19.36. How much gold can be kept from sinking by a cubic foot of cork ?

3. A can do as much work in a day as B in 1^ days. If A can do a piece of work in 12 days, how long for them to do the work together ?

4. Sold two horses at S 120 each. On one I lost 25 %, on the other I gained enough to retrieve this loss. What per cent did I gain?

5. When a certain number is divided by 45 there is a re- mainder of 30. What would be the remainder if the number were divided by 9 ?

6. Give the following tables, using proper abbreviations: linear measure, square measure, liquid measure, and avoirdu- pois weight.

7. Mr. Charles Brown has a note for $ 250 at 6 % interest per annum, running two years, which was given in Detroit 15J months ago to John R. Clark and by Clark prope;*ly indorsed to Brown. Draw the note, making proper indorsement and find the interest due to-day.

8. Analyze: Ten per cent of a consignment of eggs were broken. At what per cent advance must the remainder be sold to realize a gain of 25 % ?

9. Formulate and solve an example in both simple and com- pound proportion.

126 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

10. Illustrate in a township the following described parcel of land and find its value at $ 12.50 per acre : N. i of N. E. J of S. E. I, sec. 16.

11. Define (a) multiple, (b) factor, (c) cancellation, (d) deci- mal fraction, (e) abstract number, (/) ratio, (g) percentage, (h) per cent.

12. Give principles upon which the following operations are based : (a) reducing fractions to lower terms, (h) reducing fractions to a common denominator, (c) pointing off in multi- plication of decimals, {d) dividing percentage by rate to find the base.

13. At $2.50 per rod what will it cost to fence a square field containing 10 acres?

14. A jobber retails at a gain of 25% and discounts this price at 20% and 10% for cash. What per cent are his profits on cash sales ?

Advanced Arithmetic. — New York

1. State three principles of the Roman notation and illus- trate each. Mention two common uses of this system and two advantages that the Arabic system has over the Roman.

2. Subtract 6589 from 14,523 and prove the correctness of your result by the method of (a) casting out 9's, (b) summing up the digits (unitate method).

3. Using the contracted method, find the product of .134567 and 8.4032 correct to four places of decimals.

4. If 18 men can do a piece of work in 24 days, in how many days can 27 men do the work ? Solve by (a) analysis, (6) proportion.

5. If the price of milk rises from 6 cents to 9 cents a quart, what per cent is the advance? If the price falls from 9 cents to 6 cents, what per cent is the fall ? Explain in full.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 127

6. A boat travels 15 miles downstream in 2Ji- hours ; the boat's rate of travel in still water is 4 J miles au hour. In what time can the boat return ? Write analysis in full.

7. A grocer has defective scales which indicate ^ ounce less to the pound than the true weight. What is the value of the tea that he sells for $ 16.64 ? Write analysis in full.

8. The exact interest on a debt for a given number of days and at a given rate is $9.25. What would be the interest on the same debt for the same time and at the same rate if com- puted by the 6 % method ? Explain.

Teachers' Examination. — Indiana

1. Bought 240 barrels of apples at $1.75 a barrel ; lost 40 barrels through frost. At what price a barrel must I sell the remainder to gain 25 % on the money invested ?

2. Find cost of stone wall 4 rods long, 6 feet high, and 2 feet thick, at 60 ^ a square foot.

3. Simplify the following:

3i + 2^-H^1.375.

4. A resident of the city, giving up his lease on a house at $30 per month, bought a lot at S 1200 and built a house costing $ 2400. Taxes per year are $ 56.70 ; cost of insurance $ 10, and cost of repairs S 25. Allowing interest at 6 % on the amount in the property, how much does he save annually by owning his own property ?

5. After wheeling 12^ miles, a boy found he had traveled 83^ % of the distance he had intended to go. How long a ride did he expect to take ?

6. The wheels of a locomotive are 15 feet 6 inches in cir- cumference and make 8 revolutions a second. How long does it take it to run 100 miles ?

128 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

7. Central Park, New York, contains 879 acres, and the new- reservoir in the Park contains 107 acres. What per cent of the park does the reservoir cover ?

8. Find the interest on $ 1150 for 1 year 3 months and 17 days at 6%.

County Examination. — Texas

1. Three boys had 169 apples which they shared in the ratio of ^, ^, and ^. How many did each receive ?

2. What is the difference in area between a half of a foot square and half of a square foot ?

3. A man living in Galveston- observed that his clock, cor- rect by sun time, was 19 minutes slower than the depot clock, correct by standard time, 90th meridian. Eind longitude of Galveston.

4. A merchant bought cloth at $1.15 per meter and sold it by the yard at a profit of 20 % . How much did he get per yard?

5. The distance from Austin to San Antonio is 152,064 varas. Find the distance in miles.

6. A merchant paid $1323 for goods, and the discounts were 25 %, 121 %, and 10 %. Find the list price.

7. An agent sells 1200 barrels of apples at $4.50 a barrel and charges 2^% commission. After deducting his commis- sion of 8 % for buying, he invests the net proceeds in cotton. What is his entire commission ?

8. How much must be invested, if stock 20 % below par yield a 6 % income of $ 390 ?

9. How large a draft, payable in 30 days after sight, can be bought for $ 352.62, exchange li % discount, and interest at 6 % ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 129

10. A grocer has a false balance which gives 14^ ounces to the pound. What does he gain by the cheat in selling sugar for $258.56?

11. What would be the cost of 10 planks each 18 feet long, 15 inches wide, 2 inches thick, at $40 per thousand board feet?

For State Certificate. — Ohio

1. A and B run a race, their rates of running being as 17 to 18. A runs 2J miles in 16 minutes 48 seconds, and B the whole distance in 34 minutes. What is the distance run ?

2. The surface of the six equal faces of a cube is 1350 square inches. What is the length of the diagonal of the cube ?

3. A man bought 5 % stock at 109^, and 4J % pike stock at 1074 , brokerage in each case ^ % ; the former cost him $ 200 less than the latter, but yielded the same income. Find the cost of the pike stock.

4. A, B, and C start together and walk around a circle in the same direction. It takes A -^ hours, B | hours, C |-f hours to walk once around the circle. How many times will each go around the circle before they will all be together at the starting point ?

6. I hold two notes, each due in two years, the aggregate face value of which is S 1020. By discounting both at 5 %, one by bank, the other by true discount, the proceeds will be $ 923. Find face of bank note.

6. The hour and the minute hands of a watch are together at 12 o'clock. When are they together again ?

7. How many cannon balls 12 inches in diameter can be put into a cubical vessel 4 feet on a side ; and how many gal- lons of wine will it contain after it is filled with the balls, allowing the balls to be hollow, the hollow being 6 inches in diameter, and the opening leading tq it containing 1 cubic inch ?

130 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

8. An agent sold a house at 2 % commission. He invested the proceeds in city lots at 3 % commission. His commissions amounted to $ 350. For what was the house sold ?

For State Certificate. — Tennessee

1. What is the difference between common and decimal fractions ?

2. Multiply one tenth by twenty-five ten-thousandths, di- vide the product by five millionth s, and subtract nine tenths from the quotient.

3. When it is 10 o'clock a.m. at Berlin, 13° 23' 43" E., what is the time at Boston, 71° 3' 30" W. ?

4. A, B, and C can together mow a field in 25 days ; A can mow it alone in 70 days, and B in 80 days. In what time can C mow it alone ?

5. How many gallons of water will a cistern 5 feet in diam- eter and 10 feet in depth hold ?

6. A merchant sold a watch for $ 40 and lost 20 % . With the $40 he bought another watch, which he sold at a gain of 20 % . What was the merchant's gain or loss by the transac- tions ?

7. Find the annual interest on $ 560 for 4 years 3 months and 18 days.

8. If 1800 men have provisions to last 41 months, at the rate of 1 pound 4 ounces a day to each, how long will five times as much last 3500 men, at the rate of 12 ounces a day to each man? (Solve by proportion.)

9. What will it cost, at 90 cents per yard, to carpet a room 19 X 14^ feet, strips running lengthwise, with carpeting | yard wide ?

10. How many posts, placing them 8 feet apart, will be required to fence a square field containing 16 acres ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 131

State Examination. — Ohio

1. What fraction is | of its reciprocal ?

2. The hands of a clock coincide every 66 minutes. How much does the clock gain or lose in one hour ?

3. Wishing to know the height of a certain steeple, I meas- ured the shadow of the same on a horizontal plane 27|^ feet. I then erected a 10-foot pole on the same plane and it cast a shadow 2| feet. What was the height of the steeple ?

4. A offered me a bill of sugar for $1800 on 6 months' credit, or for the present worth of that sum for cash. I ac- cepted the latter offer and obtained the money at a bank for the same time at 6 %. Did I lose or gain and how much ?

5. A stone was thrown into an empty cylindrical vessel, which was then tilled with water ; when the stone was taken out, the water fell 4.75 inches. What was the volume of the stone, the diameter of the vessel being 9 inches ?

6. A passenger train leaves a certain station at 2 o'clock, to go to the end of the road, 120 miles, and travels at the rate of 25 miles an hour. At what time must a freight train which travels at the rate of 15 miles in 50 minutes, have left, so as not to be overtaken by the passenger train ?

7. A owns a house which rents for $ 1450, and the tax on which is 2|% on a valuation of $8500. He sells for $ 15,300 and invests in stock at 90 that pays 7 % dividends. Is his yearly income increased or diminished, and how much ?

8. The distance between the centers of two wheels is 12 feet. If their radii are 7 feet and 1 foot, find the length of the belting necessary for one to run the other.

For State Certificate. — Tennessee

1. State the difference between common and decimal frac- tions.

132 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

2. Approximately the longitude of Carthage is 10 degrees 15 minutes and 20 seconds east, while that of Colon is 79 degrees 25 minutes and 30 seconds west. When it is 9 o'clock A.M. at Carthage, what is the hour at Colon ?

3. 87 % of 961 is 29 % of what number ?

4. Make formulae for each case of percentage.

5. A boy had two goats which he sold for $6 each. What did they cost him if he gained 20 % on one and lost 20 % on the other ?

6. Write a negotiable promissory note ; a draft ; a check.

7. Find the annual interest on $760 at 5 per cent for 4 years 5 months 18 days.

How long must $84.80 be put on interest at 5^% to amount to $102.29?

8. Divide 65 into parts proportional to ^, ^, and \.

9. If a mow of hay 32 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 16 feet high lasts 8 horses 20 weeks, how many weeks will a mow of hay 28 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 12 feet high last 5 horses?

10. Two trees, 80 and 120 feet high, respectively, are 30 yards apart. What is the distance between their tops ?

Teachers' Examination. — Ohio

1. Find the decimal which when added to the difference of ^^ and 0.002775 produces the square of 0.215.

2. A can do a piece of work in 2 hours, B in 21 hours, and C in 3i hours. How much of the work can they do in 20 minutes, all working together ?

3. Find the principal that will amount to $131.88 in 2 years 11 months 15 days at 6 %.

4. Write an example in trade discount and give solution.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 133

5. Sold an invoice of books at a loss of 16J%. Had I paid $400 less, my gain would have been 25%. What was the selling price ?

6. A's money added to | of B's, which is to A^s as 2 is to 3, being put on interest for 6 years at 4 % amounts to $744. How much money has each ?

7. I received $ 4850 and a consignment of 2000 barrels of flour which I sold at $7.50 a barrel and invested the net proceeds and cash in cotton. How much did I invest in cotton, my commission being 3% for selling and 1^% for buying, and the expenses for storage and freight S350?

8. What should be paid for a 6 % stock that 8 % may be realized on the investment ?

9. When do the hour and minute hand of a watch coincide between 8 and 9 o'clock ?

10. A bushel measure and a peck measure are of the same shape. Find the ratio of their heights.

For County Superintendent. — Tennessee

1. A man has 1\ miles to go ; after he has gone

i + ^xH-l fxlj-hl

of a mile, how far has he yet to go ?

2. Simplify: (0.08J4- 1.2i)-5-(0.006J x 0.016).

3. Reduce 2 pecks 3 quarts 1.2 pints to the decimal of a bushel.

4. A man sold two horses for $ 200 each. On one he made 50 % of the cost, and on the other he lost 50 %. Did he make or lose by these sales, and how much ?

5. A merchant sends his agent $ 10,246.50 with which to buy flour. After deducting his commission of 3^ %, how many barrels of flour at $ 5.50 a barrel can be purchased ?

134 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

6. A note of $ 850 with interest payable annually at 5 % was paid 3 years 3 months 18 days after date, and no interest had previously been paid. What was the amount due ?

7. What is the exact interest on $ 600 at 5 % for 90 days ?

8. If 4 men can dig a ditch 72 rods long, 5 feet wide, and 2 feet deep in 12 days, how many men can dig a ditch 120 rods long 6 feet wide 1 foot 6 inches deep in 9 days ?

9. Find the cube root of 28.094464.

10. A man receives $ 630 as his annual dividend from 7 % stock. How many shares of $100 each does he hold.

Teachers' Examination. — Georgia

1. What is a Unit? A Number? A pure, or abstract, Number ? What is an Integer ?

2. At what time should Wentworth's Elementary Arith- metic be taken up ? What kind of training ought the child to have had as an introduction to book work ?

3. What powers ought to receive special training before book work is begun ?

4. Give suggestions of lessons intended to train (a) the eye, (b) the ear, (c) the touch. Would any good purposes be served by having arithmetic lessons relate generally to the community and its life ? Why ?

5. Change the following numbers in Roman Notation into Arabic Notation :

DXLVI, MCDXCII, CCIV, MDCCCCXI, DCXL

6. Define the following: a Prime Number; a Composite Number ; Factor ; Multiple ; Least Common Multiple.

7. A farmer who owned f of an acre of land sold f of his share at the rate of $300 an acre. How much did he get for it?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 135

8. What is Ratio ? Proportion ? The Washington Monu- ment casts a shadow 223 feet 6^ inches when a post 3 feet high casts a shadow 14.5 inches. What is the height of the monu- ment?

9. A man bought 20 acres of land at $50.25 an acre. He sold i of an acre to B, 8| acres to C, and the remainder to D. If he received $65 an acre from B and C, and $60 an acre from D, how much did he gain ?

10. James McKnight bought from James Laird, Charleston, S.C., as follows :

40 joists 2 X 6, 18 feet long, at $ 25 per M. 16 beams 6 x 9, 20 feet long, at $30 per M. 72 scantling 2 x 4, 12 feet long, at $ 24 per M. 240 boards 1 x 10, 12 feet long, at $ 18 per M. 24 planks 2 x 14, 16 feet long, at $17.50 per M. Make out complete bill, and find amount due Laird.

For County Certificate. — Louisiana

1. Find the difference between IJ x 2| and 0.019 of 220.

2. Express ratio of 25| yards to 14} rods in three different ways : first, as a common fraction in its lowest terms ; second, as a decimal fraction ; and, third, a rate per cent.

3. On November 21, 1908, Henry Brown loaned to Peter White on his note for 2 years at 8 per cent, $500.

Write the note. Payments on the note were made as follows :

Jan. 1, 1909 $200

Sept. 15, 1909 125

What was due at maturity of note ?

4. A real estate dealer asked for a farm 25 per cent more than it cost. He finally took 15 per cent less than the asking price and gained $ 1000. What was his asking price ? (Ana- lyze.)

136 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

5. If 4 men dig a trench in 15 days of 10 hours each, in how many days of 8 hours each can 5 men perform the same work ? (Analyze.)

6. What will be the cost of a pile of wood 20 feet x 14 feet X 12 feet at $3.50 a cord?

7. A, B, and C enter into partnership. A puts in $500 for 5 months, B puts in $1000 for 8 months, and C $1500 for 2 years. They gain $1200. What is the share of each ?

Teachers' Certificate. — Florida

1. A man having 100 fowls sold J of them to E and | of the remainder to F. What was the value of what remained, if they were worth 26 cents apiece ?

2. What is the exact value of /^3 + 2i - f of f + - V 4^ ?

3. A man sold 8 bushels 3 pecks 4 quarts of cranberries at $3|- a bushel, and took his pay in flour at 3^ cents a pound. How many barrels of flour did he receive ?

4. The difference in time between London and New York is 4 hours 55 minutes 37f seconds. What is their difference in longitude ?

5. How much less would it cost to make a brick sidewalk 41 feet wide and 260 feet long, at $ 1.08 a square yard, than to lay a stone walk of the same dimensions, at 22 cents a square foot?

6. A merchant marked cloth at 25 % advance on the cost. The goods being damaged, he was obliged to take off 20 % of the marked price, selling it at $1 per yard. What was the cost?

7. What is the duty on 18 pieces of Brussels carpeting, of 60 yards each, invoiced at 45 cents per yard, the specific duty being 38 cents per yard, and the ad valorem duty 35 % ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 137

8. If 9 men can mow 75 acres of grass in 6 days of 8 J hours each, in how many days of 8 hours each can 15 men mow 198 acres ?

9. A merchant bought a bill of goods amounting to $3257 on a credit of 3 months, but was offered a discount of 2^ % for cash. How much would he have gained by paying cash, money being worth 7 % ?

10. How many cubic feet are there in a spherical body whose diameter is 25 feet ?

Teachers' Examination. — California

Orcd Arithmetic

*

1. I sold a horse for S 60 and thereby lost J of the cost. What should I have sold it for to gain ^ of the cost ?

2. If to a certain number ^ of itself and J of itself be added, the sum will be 66. Find the number.

3. A bicyclist rode 27 miles in 2 hours 15 minutes. What was the rate in miles per hour ?

4. What is the squai'e of 3^? Answer to be a mixed number.

5. Write equivalent common fractions for the following decimals : .87^, .62^, .06^.

6. A, B, and C enter into partnership. A puts in $ 400 for 1 year; B $300 for 2 years; C $200 for 4 years; they gain $720. What is the share of each ?

7. Sold 24 boxes of apples at $1.50 a box, and bought cloth with the proceeds at $ .75 a yard. How many yards did I buy ?

8. ^hatpercentof 51iis 174?

9. A field containing 3200 square rods is just twice as long as it is wide. What are its dimensions ?

10. 3-!-ixi + 2J-6i8 J of what number?

138 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

For State Certificate. — Washington

1. Analyze: A has 20% more money than B, who has 25 % more than C. A has $80 more than C. How much has each ?

2. Analyze: A can do a piece of work in 13 days, B in 18 days, and C in 20 days. After all have worked 4 days, how long will it take C, working alone, to finish ?

3. If the proceeds of a sale of 20 tons of potatoes, allow- ing 4% commission, was $432, at what price per hundred- weight were they sold?

4. Goods marked to be sold at 35 % profit, were sold at a discount of 20 % from marked price ; the gain was $ 192. AVhat was the marked price?

5. What is the capacity in liters of a tank 4 meters 6 deci- meters long, 3 meters 2 decimeters wide, 2 meters 5 decimeters deep ? What is the capacity in kiloliters ?

6. Principal $ 675 ; time 1 year 6 months. Find amount and write the note in full, making it negotiable by indorsement.

7. Find one edge of a cube whose volume is 2515.456 cubic inches.

8. If 24 men in 15 days of 12 hours each dig a trench 300 rods long, 5 yards wide, and 6 feet deep, in how many days of 10 hours each can 45 men dig a trench 125 rods long, 5 yards wide, and 8 feet deep ? (Solve by proportion.)

9. (a) Find f of 3 miles 64 rods 3 yards 2 feet 8 inches. (6) Express .45 mile in integers of lower denominations.

10. Find the number of board feet in four pieces 10" x 2' x 16', two pieces 10" x 8" x 32', and one piece 12" x 12" x 40'.

11. Find the volume of the largest square prism that can be cut from a cylinder 4 feet in diameter, 12 feet long.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 139

For State Certificate. — Washington

1. Analyze : A horse cost one fourth more than a carriage ; the horse was sold for 20 % more than cost, and the carriage for 20% less than cost. Both together sold for $368. What was the cost of each ?

2. Analyze : At what time between 8 and 9 o'clock are the hands of a watch together ?

3. When it is 6 p.m. at St. Paul 95° 4' 55" west, it is 33 minutes 54 seconds after 1 a.m. next day at Constantinople. What is the longitude of Constantinople ?

4. Find the proceeds of note of S825, drawing interest at 7 % per annum, given April 25, 1908, due 6 months after date, discounted July 13 at 8 % per annum.

5. What annual income is derived from $8475 invested in 5^ % bonds bought at 113 ?

6. (a) What number is 40 % more than 850 ?

(6) 1050 is how many per cent more than 630 ? (c) What number is 20 % less than 800 ? {d) 600 is 25 % less than what number ? (e) 900 is how many per cent less than 1200 ?

7. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 115, its altitude is 92. What is its base ? What is its area?

8. The dimensions of a rectangular solid are 24 inches, 20J inches, and 12 inches. Find its area and volume. Find the edge of a cube of equal volume.

9. Find the area in hectares of a field 30 dekameters in length, 20 dekameters in width.

10. If the freight on 30 head of cattle, each weighing 1400 pounds, for a distance of 160 miles, is $ 112, what should be the freight on 36 head, each weighing 1800 pounds, for a dis- tance of 140 miles ? (Solve by proportion.)

140 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

For State Certificate. — Oregon

1. A well at Madison, Wisconsin, furnishes enough water to irrigate 110 acres of land 2 inches deep, every 10 minutes. At this rate how many acres can it cover to the depth of 1 inch every day ?

2. A dealer bought two horses at the same price. He sold one at a profit of 20 % for $ 102. The other he sold at a loss of 10%. How much did he receive for the latter?

3. (a) Find the interest on S 625.20 for 6 months 9 days at 5 % . (b) Some 4-foot wood is piled 5 feet high. The pile is 2 rods long. How many cords are there ?

4. Find the discount and proceeds of the following note: Face, $175. Time, four months without grace. Eate, 6%.

5. An agent has $590 to invest after deducting his com- mission of 2 % on the money invested. What amount does he invest ?

6. The distance around a square farm is 3 miles 240 rods. Find the length of each side ; the area in acres.

7. Allowing 231 cubic inches to the gallon, how many gal- lons in a watering trough that is 6 feet long and 16 inches wide, the ratio of its depth to its width being 3:4?

8. A boy in a grocery store receives $ 8 a week. He spends 20% of it for board, 20% of the remainder for clothes, and $2 in other ways. If he saves the rest, how much will he save in a year ?

9. (By proportion.) When 2 men can mow 16 acres of grass in 10 days, working 8 hours a day, how many men would it take to mow 27 acres in 9 days, working 10 hours a day?

10. How long must a pile of wood be to contain 10 steres, if it is 3.5 meters high and 3.8 meters wide ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 141

11. The diagonal of one face of a cube is V162 inches. Find the surface and the volume of the cube.

12. What will it cost to gild a ball 25 inches in diameter at $13.50 a square foot?

Examination for Teachers' Certificate. — Pennsylvania

1. The longitude of Washington, D.C., is 77° 03' 06" west. Tokyo is 139° 44' 30" east. When it is 6 o'clock p.m. in Washington, Feb. 10, what is the time in Tokyo ?

2. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide are required to cover a floor 20 feet long and 15 feet wide, allowing 5^ yards for matching?

3. On March 9, 1908, John Doe bought a house from Richard Roe for $6000; 20% of the price was paid immedi- ately and a 6-niouths note bearing 6% interest, given for the remainder. The note was discounted at bank April 9. Write the note and find the discount.

4. Three contractors, A, B, and C, did work for which they received $1500. A furnished 12 men 24 days; B, 20 men 12 days ; and C, 18 men 20 days. What is the share of each ?

6. How far is it between the tops of two trees which are 80 feet apart, if their heights are 40 feet and 100 feet respec- tively ?

6. The weight of a ball 4 inches in diameter was 8 pounds ; \ of the diameter was turned off. How many cubic inches were turned oft", and what was its weight then ?

Teachers' Examination. — Washington

1 A boy, after doing f of a piece of work in 30 days, is assisted by his father, with whom he completes the work in 6 days. How long would it have taken each to do the work alone ? (Analyze in full.)

142 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

2. A fruit dealer bought oranges at the rate of 40 for $1, and sold them at 50 cents per dozen. Find gain per cent. He also bought apples at the rate of 5 for 2 cents and sold them at 8 cents per dozen. How many must he buy and sell in order to gain $2? (Analyze in full.)

3. A farmer finds that a bin 8 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches wide, and 5 feet deep holds about 112 bushels. How many bushels may be contained in a bin 50 % longer, twice as wide, and 50 % as deep ?

4. A man who owns a quarter section of coal land claims that he has a bed of coal 6 feet thick covering the entire quarter. If so, how many tons of coal has he, allowing 40 cubic feet to the ton ?

5. The steeple of a certain church is a pyramid 28 feet in slant height and stands upon a base 14 feet square. Find cost of painting it at 10 cents per square yard.

6. A certain city bought two horses for the fire depart- ment, but finding them unfit for the work, sold them for $300 each, thus gaining 20 % on one, and losing 20 % on the other. Did the city gain or lose, and how much ?

7. A rectangular lot contains one acre and has a street frontage of 120 feet. How deep is the lot and how many yards of fence are required to inclose it ?

8. The hour hand of a clock is 4 inches long. Over what area does it pass upon the dial during a school day ; that is, from 9 A.M. to 4 p.m.?

9. Our most expensive battleship, the Connecticut, cost $ 6,000,000, and the Louisiana 97| % as much. This was 117 % of the cost of the Vermont, which cost \ more than the Kansas. Find total cost of this division of our fleet.

10. The cruiser Olympia is 21^9 % faster than the battleship Oregon, which is a 19-knot vessel. If each runs at full speed.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 143

how much can the former gain upon the latter in going from Tacoma to Seattle, the distance being 23 knots ?

11. A swimming tank is 40 meters long and 15 meters wide. When filled to an average depth of 2 meters, how many liters of water does it contain ? Find weight of the water in kilo- grams.

For State Certificate. — Colorado

1. A man bought a lot for $1200, and built a house for $1980. He insured the house for | of its value at f %. The house burned and the lot was sold for $ 1328. How much was the gain or loss?

2. At what price must you mark a hat costing $1.50 so you can discount the price 20 % and still make 12 % ?

3. In a school J of the pupils study grammar, | arithmetic, J geography, and the remainder, which is 39, write. How many pupils in the school ?

4. (a) How many yards of brussels carpet J yard wide will cover a floor 24 feet 9 inches long and 17^ feet wide, if the strips run lengthwise and the matching of the figure requires that 6 inches be turned under ? (6) What will the carpet cost at S1.65 per yard?

5. When 5 % bonds are quoted at 104, what sum must be invested to yield an annual income of $ 800 ?

6. If 14 persons spend $1120 in 8 months, at the same rate, what will 9 of the same persons spend in 5 months ?

7. $500.00 Denver, Colo., May 12, 1908. Ninety days after date, I promise to pay to the order of

Charles Taylor, Five Hundred Dollars, at the Central National Bank. Value received.

John J. Smith.

Discounted May 26, 1908. Find the proceeds. Rate 6 %.

144 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

8. How many square feet of surface in a stovepipe 16 feet

long and 7 inches in diameter ?

9. A, B, and C can do a piece of work in 10 days, and B and C can do it in 18 days. In what time can A do it alone ?

10. How many board feet in 16 pieces of lumber, each being 14 feet long, 16 inches wide, and li inches thick ?

11. The specific gravity of sand is 3^. How much will a cubic yard of sand weigh ?

State Examination. — Maine

1. What are fractions ? What names are given to the terms of a fraction ? Why are they so named ? What is the value of a fraction ?

2. Why is it necessary to teach L. C. M. and G. C. D. before teaching fractions ? What two things must be taught before teaching L. C. M. and G. C. D. ? Find the L. C. M. and G. C. D. of 9, 12, and 54.

3. Add five-sixths, two-fifths, and four-fifteenths. State the four steps taken and give reasons for each.

4. Change 5 shillings and 8 pence to the decimal of a pound. Write the tables of Long and Liquid measures as used to-day. How many cords in a pile of wood 18 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 5i feet high ? Write and solve a problem in Reduction descending.

5. A sold B a farm for $ 2400, which was 20 % more than it cost him, and took B's note for that amount due in 6 months without interest. If he had that note discounted at a Maine bank, what was his actual gain and what per cent did he gain ? Write the note taken. What did A have to do before the bank would discount the note ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 145

For State Certificate. — California

1. I pay $275 for a lot and build on.it a house costing $1720, which my agent rents for $25 a month, charging 5 % commission. What per cent do I make on the money in- vested?

2. A house valued at $1200 had been insured for | of its value for 3 years at 1 % per annum. During the third year it was destroyed by fire. What was the actual loss to the owner, no allowance being made for interest?

3. A man purchased goods for $ 10,500 to be paid in 3 equal installments, without interest ; the first in 3 months, the sec- ond in 4 months, the third in 8 months. How much cash will pay the debt, money being worth 7 % ?

4. The surface of a sphere is the same as that of a cube, the edge of which is 12 inches. Find the volume of each.

5. Subtract 10^ from 15 J, divide the remainder by |, add .625 to the quotient, multiply this sum by 16J, and add 66^^ to the product.

6. A square field contains 10 acres. What will it cost to fence it at $ 1.25 per rod ?

7. The longitude of Cincinnati is 84 degrees 26 minutes W., and that of San Francisco 122 degrees 26 minutes 15 seconds W. When it is noon at Cincinnati, what time is it in San Francisco ?

8. How many pencils 7 inches long can be made from a block of red cedar 7 inches by lOJ inches by 2J inches, if the block is sawed into strips 3^ inches wide and ^ inches thick, each strip making the halves of 6 pencils ?

9. A man bought a horse for $ 72, and sold it for 25 % more than cost, and 10 % less than he asked for it. What did he ask for it ?

146 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

10. A person purchased two lots of land for $200 each, and sold one at 40 % more than cost, and the other at 20 % less than cost, and took a promissory note for the amount of the proceeds of the sale, bearing 8 % interest for 2 years com- pounded annually. At maturity he collected the note. What per cent of profit was the amount of the note on the original sum invested in the lots.

State Examination. — Oklahoma

1. How do you teach the carrying of tens in addition ?

2. Illustrate by a drawing of a dial plate that the time past noon plus the time to midnight equals 12 hours.

3. Explain the process of multiplying a fraction by a fraction.

4. Explain the placing of the decimal point in multiplica- tion and division of decimals.

5. Present your method of teaching interest.

6. Factor 1225, 1448, 2356.

7. Illustrate three ways of finding the G. C. D.

8. Find the annual interest on $ 500 for 5 years 5 months and 5 days at 6 % .

9. The list price of goods is $90. I buy for 20 and 10 off. Find cost to me.

10. The diagonal of a square field is 75 rods. What would be the diagonal of another square field whose area is four times as great ? Illustrate.

11. At 66 cents a bushel, what is the value of the wheat which fills a bin 6 feet long and 5 feet square at the ends ?

12. The boundaries of a square and circle are each 40 feet. Which has the greater area and how much ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 147

For Third Grade Certificate. — Rhode Island

1. Explain the fact that multiplying the numerator of a fraction or dividing the denominator by a whole number in- creases the value of the fraction.

2. Simplify the fraction ("if + 5 of ^^ h- 2^.

3. Coffee bought for 20 cents per pound shrinks 8J%. For how much per pound must I sell it to gain 10 %?

4. Two men are working 8 hours and 10 hours per day at the same daily wages. After working 3 days, each works 1 hour per day more for 3 days. If the amount paid for the whole work is $ 20.28, what should each receive ?

5. Three kinds of tea costing 68 cents, 86 cents and 96 cents a pound are mixed in equal quantities and sold for 90 cents a pound. Find the gain per cent.

6. If a square lot contains 640 acres of land, how many rods of fence will be required to inclose it ?

7. The population of a town in 1890 was 12,298, a decrease otS^fo of the census of 1880 ; in 1880 there was an increase of 7^ % of the census of 1870. What was the population in 1870?

8. Telegraph poles are usually placed 88 yards apart. Show that if a passenger in a railway train counts the number of poles passed in 3 minutes, this number will express the rate of the train in miles per hour.

9. A gives B a note for $ 100, payable in 60 days. If B has the note discounted at a bank at 6 % 2 weeks afterward, how much money will he receive ?

10. (a) If the price of land is $ 3000 per acre, what would a lot 60 feet by 100 feet cost ? (6) What would be the cost of a similar lot 50 feet long at double the price ?

148 MATHEMATICAL WHmKLES

JuxiOR Matriculation. — Ontario

1. Express as a decimal :

/2^ 8.8 \ . /1.74 ^ \_5 (, 6.3 0.0625J • Vl2.2i V 6'

2. Use contracted methods to find :

(a) 1250 (1.05)^, correct to two decimal places ; (&) 1 -=- 0.4342945, correct to four decimal places.

3. How much money deposited in a bank will amount to $ 1500 in 1 year, the bank paying 3 % per annum, compounded quarterly ?

4. A man has a choice of insuring his house for | of its value at li %, or for ^ of its value at 1\%. By what per cent of the value of the house is one premium greater than the other ?

5. What is the value of the goods handled in each of the following cases :

(a) An agent receives $2450 to invest in goods after re- taining his commission of 2^%?

(6) An agent remits to his firm $2450, the proceeds of a sale for which he retains his commission of 2^ % ?

6. A man has an annual income of $1785 from an invest- ment in 10|^ % stock which is quoted at 137. What would his income be if he had his money out at 7 % interest ?

7. What must a Canadian company pay for a draft to can- cel a debt of £ 2430 in London, Eng., exchange being quoted at 8^?

8. The base of a prism of height 125 inches is a parallelo- gram with a diagonal 104 inches and two sides 45 inches and 85 inches. Find the volume.

9. Find (a) the total surface, (5) the volume, of a block of wood 18 inches square and 3 inches thick, with a circular hole of 14 inches diameter through its center.

EXAMINATION QCJESTIONS 149

State Examination. — North Dakota

1. Define commission, interest, exchange, annuity.

2. A boy who bought 20% as many marbles as he had, found that he then had 60. How many had he at first ?

3. According to the metric system what is the unit of capacity, of weight, of surface measurements ?

4. What must be the length of a plot of ground, if the breadth is 18| feet, that its area may contain 56 square yards ?

5. What must be the price paid for 5 % stock so that it may yield the same rate of income as 4| % stock at 96 ?

6. A merchaht sold a coat for $15.40 and gained 20%. How much would he have gained if he had sold it for $ 16.50 ?

7. What is the depth of a cubical cistern which contains 2744 cubic feet ? What will it cost to plaster the sides and bottom at $ .35 per square yard ?

8. A village must raise $ 8795 by taxation. The assessed valuation is $989,387, and there are 670 persons subject to a poll tax of $1 each. A's property is assessed at $10,000 and he is a resident of the village. What amount will he pay in taxes ?

9. A bridge is 6 rods long and 18 feet wide. What is the cost of flooring this bridge with 3-inch plank at $ 22.50 per M.?

10. A has I more money than B, and together they have $510. How much has each ? Give work in full.

For Teachers' Certificate. — Iowa

1. On a map constructed on a scale of y^TrJ^^n^ the dis- tance from Detroit to Chicago is 11.29 inches. How many miles between these cities ?

2. W^hat principal will yield $62,50 interest in 1 year 3 months at 4 % ?

150 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

3. Define : concrete number, interest, gram, date line, cord foot.

4. (a) Divide SJ - | X A by 21i + J, + 4^ x 5.

(6) What decimal part of a bushel is 2 pecks 4 quarts?

5. What is the area of the circle inscribed in a square whose area is 196 square inches ? Of the square inscribed in this circle ?

6. A collector has a $500 note placed in his hands with power to compromise; he accepts 75 cents on a dollar and charges 5 % of the sum collected, and 25 cents for a draft. What are the net proceeds ?

7. What is the difference between local time and standard time at Chicago, the longitude of Chicago being 87 degrees 36 minutes and 42 seconds west ?

8. Which is the better discount, 10%, 12%, 5%, or 15%, 6 %, 6 % ? What three equal rates of discount are equivalent to the latter ?

9. A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces, and in freez- ing expands -^ of itself in length, breadth, and thickness. Eind the weight of a cubic foot of ice.

10. When a Boston draft for $ 35,000 can be bought in New Orleans for $34,930, is exchange at a premium, at par, or at a discount ? What is the rate ?

Teachers' State Examination. — Iowa

1. Define : composite number, concrete number, least com- mon multiple of two or more numbers, rectangle, trapezoid, common fraction, decimal fraction.

2. (a) Express in Roman notation : 723, 1909, 1776, 2499, 31,749.

(b) Express in words : .0276, 100.001, 101, .00047.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 151

3. Reduce 44 rods 5 feet 6 inches to the decimal part of a mile.

4. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide will be needed to carpet a room 13 feet by 17 feet if the waste in matching is 6 inches on a strip ?

5. If goods are bought at 20 and 10 % off and sold at list price, what per cent of profit is made ?

6. A note for $ 580 dated March 16, 1909, and due in one year at 6 % interest, was discounted at a bank 3 months later at 8 % . Find the proceeds.

7. A water tank is 16 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 2^ feet high. How many barrels will it hold ? How many bushels ?

8. Find the number of acres within a circular race track whose circumference is | of a mile.

9. A tax of $52,000 is to be raised in a city whose assessed property valuation is $1,830,000. Find the tax rate. If A's property is assessed at $16,000, how much does he pay for his taxes ?

10. A factory valued at $50,000 was insured for J of its value at J% premium. Find the annual premium.

11. Find the diagonal of a field that is a half mile long and contains 120 acres. How many rods of fence will be needed to inclose this field ?

For State Certificate. — South Carolina

1. Divide 7.601825 by 347.512, multiply quotient by .05, to the product add 3.45, and from sum subtract 2.115.

2. Simplify (3i + 4i-5i x f)^(3J).

3. Find the weight in tons of the water in a dock 24 feet deep and covering j\ of an acre, given that a cubic foot of water weighs 62^ pounds.

152 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

4. Find the simple interest on $2000 for 2 years 9 months 18 days at 7%.

5. How many men are required to cultivate a field of 7|- acres in 5^ days of 10 hours each ? Given that each man com- pletes 77 square yards in 9 hours.

6. On a map made on a scale of 6 inches to a mile, a rect- angular field is represented by a space 1 inch long and J inch broad. How many acres are there in the field ?

7. At what rate per cent will $2250 amount to $2565 in 4 years at simple interest?

8. If the wholesale dealer makes a profit of 25 % and the retail dealer a profit of 40%, what is the cost of an article which is sold at retail for $ 18 ?

9. What fraction of 39 gallons is 3 bushels and 3 pints ? If a gallon contains 231 cubic inches and a bushel contains 2150.4 cubic inches, answer as a common fraction in its lowest terms.

State Examination. — Virginia

1. (a) A fruit dealer bought oranges at the rate of 40 for $1, and sold them at 50 cents per dozen. Find gain per cent. (6) He also bought apples at the rate of 5 for 2 cents, and sold them at 8 cents per dozen. How many must he buy and sell in order to gain $2? (Analyze in full.)

2. The steeple of a certain church is a pyramid 28 feet in slant height, and stands upon a base 14 feet square. Find cost of painting it at 10 cents per square yard.

3. A certain city bought two horses for the fire department, but finding them unfit for the work, sold them for $ 300 each : thus gaining 20 per cent on one, and losing 20 per cent on the other. Did the city gain or lose, and how much? (Show work.)

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 153

4. A rectangular lot contains one acre and has a street frontage of 120 feet. How deep is the lot and how many yards of fence are required to inclose it ?

5. (a) What is 16^% of 900? (b) 98 is what per cent of 2450? (c) 128 is 32% of what number? (d) 1350 is 25% more than what number? (e) 765 is 10% less than what number ?

6. Find the interest and n\aturity value of a note of $600 for 3 years 3 months 24 days at 6 %.

7. (a) Write a negotiable promissory note, using the above data, (b) Make out a bill containing four items of merchan- dise, and acknowledge payment.

8. A man sold his farm and invested the money at 6% interest. In one year he spent ^ of his income traveling, ^ for a library, and saved $ 100. Kequired, selling price of farm. (Analyze in full.)

9. A wagon loaded with hay weighed 43 hundredweight and GS pounds. The wagon was afterwards found to weigh 9 hundredweight and 98 pounds. Required, value of hay at $ 10 per ton.

10. What is the net amount of a bill of S 800, after allow- ing successive discounts of 25 %, 10 %, and 5 % ?

Second Class Professional. — Ontario

1. Write an article on Arithmetic in Public Schools, under the following headings :

(a) Purpose of teaching Arithmetic ; (6) Correlation with other subjects ; (c) Place and value of Oral Arithmetic.

2. Outline a lesson plan for teaching " 8 " (Numbers 1-7 are supposed to be known). What facts would you teach before proceeding to " 9 " ?

154 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

3. Assuming that your class know how to multiply by a one digit number, show how you would teach the multiplication of 234 by 23.

4. How would you make clear to a class the principles in- volved in the ordinary method of finding the G. C. M. of such numbers as 2449 and 2573 ?

5. Mention the topics of all the previous lessons in frac- tions which you would require to teach as a preparation for a lesson on the multiplication of -f- by f. Outline your plan for this lesson.

6. Solve, as you would for your pupils, the following :

(a) Find the square root of 272-^5-.

(6) A man has $ 6250 6 % stock and sells it at 80. With the proceeds he buys a house on which he pays insurance at J% per annum on 4- of its value, and taxes at 20 mills on the dollar on $4500 assessment, and in addition a water rate of $11 per annum. If he rents the house, what monthly rent should he charge that his annual income may be the same as that derived from the stock ?

(c) An agent sells 1000 barrels of flour at $5.50 a barrel, and charges 2^% commission; expenses for freight, etc., are $500. With the net proceeds he buys sugar at 6\ cents a pound, charging 2i % commission. How much sugar does he buy?

(d) A ditch has to be made 360 feet long, 8 feet wide at the top, and 2 feet wide at the bottom ; the angle of the slope at each side being 45°. Find the number of cubic yards to be excavated.

For State Certificate. — North Dakota

1. Define Arithmetic, numeration, compound number, inter- est, per cent.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 155

2. A farmer sold a horse for $ 80 and lost 20 % of its cost. He then bought a horse for $80 and afterward sold it at a gain of 20%. How much did he gain or lose on the two transactions ?

3. Multiply the sum of } and ^ by their product and reduce the result to a decimal.

4. Explain the difference between a common and a decimal fraction.

5. The product of three numbers is 420, and two of the numbers are 5 and 7. Find the third number.

6. Find the value of (J + ^) x -^ + (^^ -f f X 3).

7. How many acres in a strip of land 80 rods long and 14 rods wide?

8. C and D together own 921 acres of land, of which C owns 420 acres. C's land equals what fractional part of D's ? D's land is what per cent of the whole ?

9. What will be the cost of the wood that can be piled in a shed 20 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 8 feet high, at $4.75 per cord?

10. The longitude of Constantinople is 28° 59' E. When it is noon in Greenwich, what is the time in Constantinople ?

Teachers' Certificate. — Arkansas

1. A man bought a horse and paid J of the price in cash. One year later he paid J of what remained, and the two pay- ments amounted to S 1530. What was the price of the horse ?

2. A having lost 25 % of his capital is worth as much as B, who has just gained 15% on his capital; B's capital was originally $5000. What was A's capital ?

3. A square field contains 131 acres 65 square rods. What will it cost to fence it at 62i cents a rod ?

156 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

4. The width of a river is 100 yards and it averages 5 feet in depth. Find the number of cubic feet of water which flows past a given point in one minute if the average rate of the stream is 2|- miles per hour.

5. A man bought oranges at the rate of 3 for 2 cents, and an equal number at the rate of 4 for 3 cents. He sold them at the rate of 2 for 5 cents and gained $4.30. How many- oranges did he buy ?

6. A man divided $ 500 among his three sons, so that the second had -f as much as the first, and the third f as much as the second. How much did each receive ?

7. A clock is set at 12 o'clock Monday noon, and on Tuesday morning at 9 o'clock it had lost 3 minutes. What will be the correct time when it strikes 3 o'clock the next Friday afternoon ?

8. Find the interest on $9430 for 2 years 5 months 7 days at 5%, using the method which you believe best adapted for class use in teaching interest.

9. The catalogue price of a book is $ 3. If I buy it at a discount of 40% and sell it at 20% below catalogue price, what is my gain per cent ?

10. A and B together have $ 153 ; f of A's money equals f of B's. How much has each? (Write full analysis.)

Ontario Examination Questions. — University Matriculation

1. From 1870 to 1880, the population of a town increased 30 % ; from 1880 to 1890 it decreased 30 %. The population in 1870 exceeded tiiat in 1890 by 2781. Find the population in 1880.

2. (a) A man borrows $ 12,000 for a year at 8 % and loans it at 2 % per quarter year, compounding interest at the end

EXAMIKATION QUESTIONS 157

of each quarter. How much money will he have made at the end of the year ?

(b) A borrows from B a sum of money and agrees to pay him by three annual payments of $200 each. If money is worth 5 % per annum, compound interest, find the sum bor- rowed.

3. A commission merchant received 500 barrels of flour, which he sold at S5 a barrel, charging 2% commission; he was instructed to invest the net proceeds, deducting a purchase commission of 2 %, in tea. Find the value of the tea bought, and the total commission.

4. A man holds $ 15,600 stock worth 60 ; to transfer to 4 % stock at 78 will increase his annual income $ 12 ; he effects the transfer, but not until each stock has increased 2 in price. Find the increase of his income.

5. A merchant marks his goods at an advance of 25 % on cost. After selling \ of the goods, he finds that some of the goods in hand are damaged so as to be worthless; he marks the salable goods at an advance of 10 % on the marked price and finds in the end that he has made 20 % on cost. What part of the goods was damaged ?

6. A grocer, by selling 12 pounds of sugar for a certain sum, gained 20 %. If sugar advances 10 % in the wholesale market, what per cent will the grocer now gain by selling 10 pounds for the same sum ?

7. A note made June 1, at 3 months, was discounted imme- diately at 8 % per annum, and produced $ 357.40. What was the face of the note ?

8. ^Vhat rate per cent per annum, compounded half-yearly, is equivalent to 6 % per annum, compounded yearly ?

9. Two candles are of equal length. The one is consumed uniformly in 4 hours, and the other in 6 hours. If the candles

158 MATHEMATICAL WRIKKLES

are lighted at the same time, when will one be three times as long as the other ?

10. Calculate the number of acres in the surface of the earth, considering the earth a sphere of 8000 miles diameter.

State Examixation. — Ohio

1. I have three pitchers holding respectively IJ, 2}, and S^ pints. How many times can I fill each from the smallest keg that will hold enough to fill each pitcher an exact number of times ?

2. Bought 20 yards cloth, li yards wide, at $ 2 per yard. The cloth shrunk 20 % in length, and 25 % in width. At what price per yard must I now sell the cloth so as to gain 20 % ?

3. Bought 6 % railroad stock at 109i-, brokerage i- %. AVhat must the same stock bring 6 years later to pay me 8 % in- terest ?

4. A and B form a partnership. A contributes $ 7000, and is to have | of the profits ; B contributes $ 8000, and is to have ^ of the profits ; each partner is to receive or pay interest at 6 % per annum for any excess or deficit in his share of capital. At the end of the first year the profits are $ 1800. Required worth of each share.

5. How many shares of stock at 40 % must A buy, who has bought 120 shares at 74 %, 150 shares at 68 %, and 130 shares at 54 %, so that he may sell the whole at 60 %, and gain 20 % ?

6. A laborer agreed to build a fence on the following condi- tions : for the first rod he was to have 6 cents, with an increase of 4 cents on each successive rod; the last rod came to 226 cents. How many rods did he build ?

7. A wins 9 games of chess of 15 when playing against B, and 16 out of 25 when playing against C. At that rate, how many games out of 118 should C win when playing against B ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 159

8. B agreed to work 40 days at S 2 per day, and board ; but he agreed to pay $ 1 a day for board each day that he was idle. How many days was he idle, if he received $ 44 for his work during the 40 days ?

Quarterly Examination. — Gunter Bible College

1. Define insurance, arithmetical progression, geometrical progression, and arithmetical complement.

2. What is the distance passed through by a ball before it comes to rest, if it falls from a height of 40 feet and rebounds half the distance at each fall ?

3. A merchant adds 33^ % to the cost price of his goods, and gives his customers a discount of 10 %. What profit does he make?

4. What is the difference between the simple and compound interest on $750 for 2 years 7 months, at 5 % ?

6. If the duty on linen collars and cuffs is 40 cents per dozen and 20 %, what is the duty on 10 dozen collars at 75 cents a dozen, and 10 pairs of cuffs at 25 cents a pair?

6. The capital stock of a company is $1,000,000, J of which is preferred, entitled to a 7 % dividend, and the rest common. If $47,500 is distributed in dividends, what rate of dividend is paid on the common stock?

7. Find the bank discount and proceeds of a 90-day note for $ 1500 at 6 % interest, dated Aug. 10, and discounted Sept. 1, at 7 %.

8. On Jan. 1, 1908, I borrowed $2000 at 10% interest, paying S300 every 3 months. I paid the debt in full Jan. 1, 1909. AVhat did I pay by the United States rule?

9. Solve No. 8, by the Merchant's rule. Which method is '^^tte^ for the debtor ? Which for the creditor ?

160 MATHEMATICAL WRI]^KLES

10. Given log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 5 = 0.6990.

(a) Find log 3^ x 51

(6) Find the number of digits in 30^.

Examination. Arithmetic A. — Gunter Bible College

1. Define arithmetic, bank discount, specific gravity, involution, commercial discount, and ratio.

2. What is the difference in area between a square whose diagonal is 1 foot and a circle whose diameter is 1 foot?

3. In a lot of eggs 7 of the largest, or 10 of the smallest, weigh a pound. When the largest are worth 15 cents a dozen, what are the smallest worth ?

4. My wife's age plus mine equals 76 years, and | of her age minus 2 years equals ^ of my age plus 2 years. Find the age of each.

5. The diameter of one cannon ball is 2J times that of another, which weighs 27 pounds. What is the larger ball worth at 1 cent a pound ?

6. Bought apples at SS a barrel. Half of them rotted. At what price must I sell the remainder in order to gain 33^ % on the amount bought ?

7. Extract the cube root of 926,859,375.

8. A uniform rod 2 feet long weighs 1 pound. What weight must be hung at one end in order that the rod may balance on a point 3 inches from that end ?

9. In any year show that the same days of the month in March and November fall on the same day of the week.

10. In a liter jar are placed 1 kilogram of lead and 1 kilo- gram of copper. What volume of water is necessary to fill the jar, the specific gravity of lead and copper being respectively 11.3 and 8.9?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 161

11. Bought land at $60 an acre. How much must I ask an acre that I may deduct 25 % from my asking price, and yet make 20 % of the purchase price ?

Advanced Arithmetic. — Gunter Bible College

1. (a) Define arithmetical complement, bank discount, an equation, specific gravity, tariff.

(6) Prove (do not merely illustrate) that to divide by a frac- tion one may multiply by the divisor inverted.

2. A man wishing to sell a horse and a cow asked three times as much for the horse as for the cow; but finding no purchaser, reduced the price of the horse 20 %, and the price of the cow 10 %, and sold both for $ 165. How much did he get for the cow ?

3. How many acres are in a square the diagonal of which is 20 rods more than a side ?

4. (a) Extract the sixth root of 1,073,741,824

(P) Simplify pi4±l^±pq.

5. I sold a book at a loss of 25 %. Had it cost me $1 more, my loss would have been 40 %. Find its cost.

6. (a) Change 200332 in the quinary scale to an equiva- lent number in the decimal scale.

(b) Sum to infinity the series I + Y + i+i+ "*•

7. If 100 grams of rock salt are dissolved in 1 liter of water without increasing its volume, what will be the specific gravity of the solution ?

8. (a) If a ball of yarn 4 inches in diameter makes one pair of gloves, how many similar pairs will a ball 8 inches in diameter make ?

(6) What must be paid for 6 % bonds to realize an income of 8 % on the investment ?

162 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

9. Find the difference between the annual interest and compound interest of $ 6000 for 3 years 6 months at 10 %.

10. An article cost S 6. At what price must it be marked so that the marked price may be reduced 22 % and still 30 % be gained ?

11. At what two times between 3 and 4 o'clock are the hour and minute hands of a clock equally distant from 12 ?

For State Certificate. — New Jersey

Commercial Arithmetic

1. Bought of Brown & Company the following bill of lum- ber: 8750 feet of boards at $31,331 per M. feet; 5750 shingles at $5.25 per M. ; 2860 laths at $2.87i per M. ; 520 joists, 20 feet long, 16 inches wide, and S^ inches thick, at $15 per M. feet. Find the amount of the bill.

2. Find the sale price of a Brussels carpet 27 inches wide at $ 1.60 per yard for a room 15 feet long and 13^ feet wide if the strips run lengthwise.

3. Which will cost the more and how much, to lay a brick sidewalk 260 feet long and 4i feet wide, estimating 8 bricks for each square foot of pavement at $ 12 per M., or to lay a flagstone walk at 22 cents per square foot ?

4. How much will it cost to build two abutments for a bridge each 18 feet long at top and bottom, 12 feet wide at bottom and eight (8) feet wide at top and 11 feet high at $ 4.50 a perch for labor and stone ?

5. Three men engaged in business. A furnished $6000 of capital; B $9600, and C $6400. They made a gain of $4800 and then sold out the business for $30,000. What was each one's share of gain ?

6. What must I pay for a draft on Chicago for $475, pay- able 30 days after date, ^ % premium, interest at 6 % ?

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS

1. (a) Let f = distance the minute hand is ahead of the hour hand ; V = distance the minute hand moves while the hour hand travels f ; ^' = distance both travel = 120 spaces ; J = -jig. of 120 spaces = 4-j^ spaces ; |^ = 2 times 4y\ spaces = ^A spaces, the number of spaces the minute hand is in advance of the hour hand.

ih) Let f = distance the hour hand has moved past 3 ^ = distance the minute hand moved during the same time ; Jiyt = 15 minutes + 9^ minutes + f ; ^ = 24y\ minutes ; ^ = •^ of 24^ minutes = |J^ minutes ; ^ = 24 times f ^ minutes = 26|ft^ minutes, past 3.

(c) Since the hands changed places, the minute hand fell short 9^ minutes of going 2 hours. Therefore it was 26y®^ minutes past 3 when I first looked, and 120 minutes — 9^ minutes later = 17^2^ minutes past 5, when I looked the second time. Ana.

2. The broken part of the tree, resting with the upper end on the ground and the other end attached to the stump, forms the hypotenuse of a right triangle, of which the base is 40 feet, and the altitude is the stump of the tree. The height of the tree may be found by the following rule, based on a demonstra- tion in Geometry : From the square of the height subtract the square of the base, and divide the difference by twice the height. The height in this case is the height of the tree and not the height of the stump. Therefore (120^ - 40^) -5- (120 X 2)

163

164

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

= 53^, height of the stump. Then 120 feet - 531 feet = 66| feet, Ans.

3. The total number of dollars = 80 times the number of acres ; or 20 times the number of acres = the number of dollars on one side of the boundary. One dollar is 1^ inches in dia- meter ; hence f of 20 times, or 30 times, the number of acres = the number of inches on one side ; f times the number of acres = the number of feet on one side. Therefore (f times the number of acres)^ -h 43,560, or 5 times the square of the number of acres -=- 34,848, = the number of acres ; 5 times the square of the number of acres = 34,848 times the number of acres ; or, 34,848 -?- 5 = 6969.6, the number of acres in the field, Ans.

4. Let ABOD represent the rectangular field. Now sup- pose four such fields arranged in the form of a square by plac-

H A B ing the short side of one against the

long side of another, inclosing the square DEFG, as shown in figure.

(J Draw the diagonals AC, CK, KI, and lA. It may be readily shown that ACKI is a square ; and since a diagonal is 100 rods, the area of the square ACKI = 10,000 square rods. One of the triangles, as ACB, has

' an area of 15 acres, or 2400 square

/ ^

/ E

\^

F 1

K

J

rods. Hence the combined area of the 4 outer triangles = 4 X 2400= 9600 square rods. Adding this result to the area of the square ACKI, we have 19,600 square rods = the area of the square HBLJ. Hence, BL = Vl9,600 = 140 rods.

Now from the area of the square ACKI, subtract the area of the four inner triangles, and we have the area of the square DGFEz^^OO square rods. Hence (?i^ = V400 = 20 rods. Therefore, BC = (140 - 20) -- 2 = 60 rods, and AB = 60 + 20 = 80 rods, Ans.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

165

6. Let A and O be the points the candles burn to, when No. 2 is 4 times No. 1. If CD be used as a unit of measure, AB will be equal to 4 such units.

Now, if the candles be allowed to burn until CD is consumed, \ of a unit of AB will burn, leaving 3^ units. Since the candles have been burning 4 hours, the 3J units re- maining in No. 2 will be consumed in one hour if they continue to burn. Then 5 x 3 J units = 16 units, the handle No. i. number of units in each candle. ^o. i bums in 4 hours. Then since 16 units of No. 1 burn ^^- ^ ^""""^ ^" ' ^^«"''«- in 4 hours, 16 units of No. 1, or the part consumed, is burned in II of 4 hours = 3} hours, Arts.

6. The distance the lizard moves is the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs are 200 feet and 10 feet.

^ns. = 200.25 feet.

n

Candle No. 2.

$1

$3.50

\

2

16

1.50

2

2

2

.50

2

2

10

2

80

2

16 calves. 2 sheep.

_82 lambs. 100 number of head Another answer is 10, 20, and 70.

8. The daughter's share = daughter's share. The wife's share = 2 daughter's share. The son's share = 4 daughter's share.

D.'s H- W.'s -f S.'s = 7 times daughter's share. *. 7 times daughter's share = the estate.

.*. daughter's share = | of the estate,

wife's share = ^ of the estate,

and son's share = ^ of the estate.

9. 64.

166 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

10. The distance AB is the hypotenuse of the right triangle

ABC= V(32)2 _^ (24)2 ^ 40 ^^^^^

End 1^

Ceiling

i

j

Side-wall

1 1

\

End

('

Floor

11. GC %.

12. First, let us find the volume of the largest ball that j^ E C could be placed in the given cone and also

the amount of water required to cover it. Let AC in the diagram represent the diameter of the mouth of the glass, BE = 4 inches, the altitude, and OZ>=the ra- dius of the largest marble which could be covered in the glass.

Area of A ABC = area of 3 A of which OD is the altitude. Area of A ABC = 12. Hence one half the radius of the largest marble = 12 h- (5+5 -f 6) = |.

The diameter of the largest ball which could be covered in the glass = 3.

= 12 7r.

. •. V of cone ABC = - iri^h = ^ 3 3

V of largest marble = - ird? = — . 6 2

3.2 TT ^ = amount of water it takes to cover the largest

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 167

marble. Now, the water which would cover the largest marble is to the water covering the required marble as the largest marble is to the required marble.

.'. a; = 2.433 inches, Ans.

13. The discount is yj^ of the face of the note. The interest is 10 % of the proceeds.

Hence, 10 % of the proceeds = 9 % of the face. jIj^ of the proceeds = ^ of yf^ = -j-A^ of the face. {%% of the proceeds = 100 x -j-J^^ = ^^%% of the face, jj jj _ ^o^<^ — ^Y^^ = ^^ of the face, which is the discount for the required time.

.-. the time is ^ -i- yj^ = IJ years = 400 days.

14. Since it was a perfect power, the right-hand period must have been 25, and the last figure of the root must have been 5. Hence the last trial divisor was 1225 -*- 5 = 245. Then by the rule for extracting the square root, we know 5 to have been annexed to 24, which must have been double the root already found. That portion of the root, then, must have been ^ of 24 = 12. The entire root was 125. Therefore the power was 125^=15,625, Ans.

15. The length of the lawn is f of its width, and if J of it be taken off by a line parallel to the end, a square will be left, the side of which is the width of the lawn. The area of the lawn = f the area of the square. If the dimensions of the lawn be increased 1 ft., its area will be equivalent to the area of f of the square -ff of a strip 1 foot wide-|-|^ of a strip 1 foot wide + a square with an area of 1 square foot = 651 square feet. Area of f of the square -+- f of a strip 1 foot wide = 650 square feet. Taking J of this quantity, we have the square + 1 of a strip 1 foot wide = J of 650 square feet = 62,400 square inches. But | of a strip 1 foot wide = a strip of the

168 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

same length | of a foot wide = two strips the same length |- of a foot wide, or 10 inches wide.

Now, if we place these two strips on adjacent sides of the square and also a square containing 100 square inches at the corner, we will have a new square the area of which = 62,400 square inches + 100 square inches = 62,500 square inches. A side of this square = 250 inches. Therefore the width of the lawn = 250 inches — 10 inches = 240 inches, or 20 feet, and the length = 30 ft., Ans.

16. Let 100 % = cost. -

180 % = marked price.

140 % = selling price.

.-. i|-2. = 1|- = length in yards.

17. The area of a triangle whose sides are 13, 14, and 15 feet may be found by the rule : " Add the three sides together and take half the sum; from the half sum subtract each side separately ; multiply the half sum and the remainders together and extract the square root of the product.''

13 feet -f 14 feet + 15 feet = 42 feet = sum of sides, i of 42 feet = half sum of sides. 21 feet - 13 feet = 8 feet. 21 feet - 14 feet = 7 feet. 21 feet - 15 feet = 6 feet.

7056 = product of the half sum and the three remainders.

•\/7056 = 84 square feet, area of triangle with sides 13, 14, and 15 feet.

Area of given triangle is 24,276 square feet.

The problem now becomes merely a comparison of areas, the larger triangle having sides in the same proportion as the smaller. Similar surfaces are to each other as the squares of their like dimensions, therefore, 84 : 24,276 : : 13^ : the square of the corresponding side. Or, V24,276 x 169 -- 84 = 221, length of the corresponding side.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 169

Similarly with 14 and 15 we find the other corresponding sides = 238 and 255. Aiis. 221, 238, and 255.

18. Since my mistake was 55 minutes, the hands must have been 5 minute spaces apart. At 2 o'clock they were 10 spaces apart, hence the minute hand had gained 5 spaces. It gained 55 spaces in 1 hour, hence to gain 5 spaces requires -jij- of an hour, or 5^\ minutes. Therefore, it was 5^ minutes past 2 o'clock, Ans.

19. The area of the whole slate = 108 square inches. The area of the frame = ^^ of 108 square inches = 27 square inches. Now, suppose 4 slates so placed as to form a square 9 + 12, or 21 inches, on a side. The whole area of this square = 441 square inches. 441 square inches — 4 x 27 square inches = 108 square inches, the area of the frames of the four slates = 338 square inches, the area of a square formed by the four slates without frames.

V338 square inches = 18.242 inches, a side of the square. Then since 21 inches includes 4 widths of the frame, 21 inches — 18.242 inches = 4 times the width of the frame.

Therefore the frame is .6895 inch wide.

20. 6 acres + 72* grdwths keep 16 oxen 12 weeks, or 1 ox for 192 weeks.

3 acres + 36 growths keep 16 oxen 6 weeks, or 1 ox for 96 weeks.

Adding the above, we have,

9 acres -h 108 growths keep 16 oxen 18 weeks, or 1 ox for 288 weeks.

9 acres + 81 growths keeps 26 oxen 9 weeks, or 1 ox 234 weeks.

Subtracting, 27 growths keep 1 ox 288 weeks — 234 weeks, or 54 weeks.

.*. 1 growth keeps 1 ox 2 weeks.

.•. IpO growths keep 1 ox 300 weeks.

• A growth is the weekly growth on one acre.

170 MATHEMATICAL WBINKLES

Also, 72 growths keep 1 ox 144 weeks.

Then, 6 acres keep 1 ox 192 weeks — 144 weeks, or 48 weeks. 6 acres keep 1 ox 48 weeks, 1 acre keeps 1 ox 8 weeks. 15 acres keep 1 ox 120 weeks.

.-. 15 acres + 150 growths keep 1 ox 120 weeks + 300 weeks, or 420 weeks.

Hence the number of oxen required is 420 ^ 10 = 42, Ans.

21. 400.

22. Precedence is given to the signs X and ^ over the signs + and — ; hence the operations of multiplication and division should always be performed before addition and subtraction. Ans. = 8.

23. 00 . 24. 0. 25. 2.236 minutes. 26. 20 feet. 27. 28.44+.

28. The distance from the extreme point of the given ball to the corner is to the distance of the nearest point of the given ball from the corner, as the diamfeter of the given ball is to the diameter of the required ball.

12 feet = an edge of the cube. Then V3 x 144 = 20.7846, the distance from a lower to the opposite upper corner of the room. 20.7846 — 12 = twice the distance from the given ball to the corner. 4.3923 = the distance of the nearest point of the given ball from the corner. Then, the distance from the extreme point of the ball to the corner = 20.7846 - 4.3923 = 16.3923. .-. 16.3923 feet : 4.3923 feet : : 12 feet : (3.215 feet), Ayis.

29. Let I = number of minutes past 3 o'clock. 40 — |- = distance the minute hand is from 8.

y\ = number of minute spaces the hour hand is from 3.

15 4- y\ = distance the hour hand is from 12. But since the minute hand is the same distance from 8 that the hour hand is from 12, then

40— 24_-IK_|_ 2

.-. I, or 11 = 23yL minute past 3 o'clock, Ans.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 171

30. Since an edge of the given cube differs from an edge of the original cube by 2 inches, the difference in the solidity of the cubes will be the solidity of 7 blocks 2 inches thick — a corner cube, 3 narrow blocks, and 3 square blocks. The con- tents of these 7 solids = 39,368 cubic inches. By taking away the 8 cubic inches, the number of cubic inches in the corner cube, there remains 39,360 cubic inches, the solidity of the 3 narrow blocks and 3 square blocks. Then 1 square block and 1 narrow block contain 13,120 cubic inches.

Now, since these blocks are 2 inches in thickness, the sum of the areas of 1 face in each of the 2 = 6560 square inches. That is, the area of a square and a rectangle 2 inches in width = 6560 square inches. This rectangle is equivalent to 2 rect- angles of equal length and 1 inch wide. Now, if we place these rectangles on adjacent sides of the square and also add a square 1 square inch in area to complete the square, we will have a square = 6561 square inches. A side of this square = V6561 = 81 inches = an edge of the original cube after the reduction, increased by 1 inch.

.-. an edge of the original cube = 82 inches, Aiis.

31. The required number is the remainder left after sub- tracting the largest cube. In extracting the cube root of 592,788 we find 84 to be a side of the largest cube, and 84 to be the remainder. .-. 84 is the required number, Ans,

32. 80; 40.

33. In 1 hour A can row upstream J of the distance. In 1 hour A can row downstream | of the distance. ^ — i = J, or twice the distance the stream flows in 1 hour. Hence, the stream flows -^ of the distance in 1 hour. ^ of the distance = 1 mile. .*. the distance = 12 miles, Ans.

34. B's share = i(90 4- 20) = 22 ; 22 - 20 = 2, the loss.

35. The required number is the remainder left after sub- tracting the largest square. In extracting the square root of

172 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

13,340 we find 115 to be the whole mimber of the root and 115 the remainder. .-. 115 is the required number, Ans.

36. v^number = 10 Vnumber. Raising to the 12th power, (number)* = 10^^ (number)^ Dividing by (number)^, we have the number = 10^^ ^ 1,000,000,000,000.

37. -^. 38. 0. 39. 66|%.

40. This problem may be solved by Geometrical Progres- sion. I = ar""'^. I = Iff, the last term, a = 1, the first term, w = 4, the number of terms.

.•.|A| = r«,andr = |. .-.1-1 = 1, or 121%.

41. $200; $12. 42. 30. 43. 20%. 44. $750. 45. $37,037. 46. 10: 40 o'clock. 47. 3iij cords.

48. Let 100 % = cost of goods.

180 % = marked price of goods, iof 180% =30%, loss. . 180 % - 30 % = 150 % = selling price. 150 % - 100 % = 50 %, gain, Ans.

49. ^i : -^ : : 6 : (5.738), the diameter of the inside sphere. 6 inches — 5.738 inches = .262 inch, twice the thickness of the shell. .*. .131 inch = the thickness of the shell.

50. The number of bushels of apples = | of 20 bushels = 16 bushels.

51. Let 100 % = present worth of sales.

103 % of present worth of sales = 95 % of sales. 1 % of present worth of sales = ^% % of sales. 100 % of present worth of sales = ^2^o% % of sales. ... 9232^4_ ^^ of sales = 1191% of cost of goods. 1 % of sales = 1.29if J % of cost of goods. 100 % of sales = 129if ^ % of cost of goods. /. 29|f J % = the per cent advance of the cost.

^^•90

[ 0 All 2

190 a|i

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 173

52. J84,245,000 - 48,245,000 = 36,000,000.

36,000,000 H- 36,000 = 1000, the divisor, Ans.

53. 1.754 inches; 2.246 inches; 4 inches.

54. 3| years. 56. 300 miles.

56. $300. 57. 60 days ; 40 days.

58. 1600 -^ 80 = 20, the difference of the two numbers. The sum -h the difference = twice the greater number. Hence, 80 -f 20 = 100 = twice the greater number.

.-. 50 = the greater number, and 30 = the smaller number.

59. 50%. 60. 15. 61. 3.

10 5 10 gallons of water, Ans.

63. Solve by means of Progression :

Let P =■ principle ; r= rate of interest ; n= number of years ; A = amount of each payment. Then

.^r.P(l-f r)V (l + r)*-l Since one amount is paid at the beginning of the year, the principal less that amount will be the money to reckon as the new principal for the term of 4 years.

$1000-^=(P-^).

(1+rr-l (1+tV)*-1

^tV($1000-^)(1.4641). .4641 Clearing of fractions,

$.4641 A=r^{$U64.1 - 1.4641 A). 6.1051^= $146.41.

.♦.^=$239.81, Ans.

64. 3^%. 65. $.67^.

174 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

66. The true discount on $lis $!-($ 1-^1.015) = $.014/^0^. The bank discount on $ 1 is $ .015.

Then $ .015 - $ .014^\\\ = mOj\\\, the difference. $ .90 ^ .000y2^ = $ 4060, the face of the note, Ans.

67. $50. 73. 11^ ounces.

68. 8 days. 74. 3|- years.

69. 66|%. 75. $160.

70. 6 feet. 76. 25 dozen ; 92 cents.

71. 168.298+ bushels. 77. 62.832 minutes.

72. 8 pounds. 78. 5-^j hours.

79. 37 inches.

80. $76.52, first; $ 96.52, second.

81. 30 steps. 82 104 feet.

83. 27^ minutes after 5 o'clock.

84. lOif minutes past 2 o'clock.

85. A pound of feathers.

86. 600; 1200; 1800; 2400 yards.

87. 360 acres. 88. $20. 89. 1,000,000. 90. $2.

91. Let 100 %= the marked price. He receives 100 % - 10 % = 90 % .

Since he uses a yard measure .72 of an inch too short, he gives only 35 2V inches for 1 yard. He sells 35 Jg^ inches for 90 fc of the marked price. Therefore he would sell 36 inches for 91^ % of the marked price.

.-. 100 % — 91fi % = 8489 %, the required discount.

92. 69.36286+ pounds. 95. $8.75.

93. 32feet+. 96. Book, $1.10; pen, $.10.

94. 8%. 97. 17%.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 175

98. Each new day begins at the 180th meridian, which was crossed in the Pacific Ocean before reaching Manila.

99. 7 sheep. 101. 40. 103. Friday. 100. f. 102. 72. 104. 0.

105. 3 P.M. 107. G:40 p.m.

106. A, S500; B, $700. 108. B paid $92; 15% gain.

109. The greater -f the less = 582. The greater — the less = 218.

.-. 2 times the less = 364, and the less = 182. The gi-eater = 400.

110. 2760.4288+ cubic inches; 1152 square inches.

111. A's, $90; B's, $135; G% $180.

112. $20.

113. August 11 was 21 days before the note was due. The use of any sum of money for 21 days, or -j^^^ of a month, at 6 % is equal to -j-J^ of it. Then, since he promised to pay such a sum that the use of it for 21 days was to equal the use of the sum unpaid for 2 months, y^ of the sum unpaid = y^yVrr of the sum paid. Hence the sum unpaid = -,^j^ of the sum paid .-. f^ of the sum paid + ^%\ of the sum paid = $ 100. .-. the sum paid = $ 74.07.

114. $212.12. 118. 64 pounds.

115. $246.60. 119. 7 cents to A ; 1 cent to B

116. $50 gain. 120. 10.

117. 43.817 pounds. 121. 45 feet.

122. 30 of first quality ; 16 of second quality.

123. 32 miles. 125. 810 revolutions.

124. $2; SI. 126. 16 dozen.

176 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

127. A, 2.87 rods; B, 4.72 rods; C, 13.82 rods.

128. 1,000,000. 134. 2.

129. Horse, $110; cow, $10. 135. 20.

130. 216 pounds. 136. 60.

131. $850. 137. 20%.

132. $4. 138. 20%.

133. They are the same. 139. First, $250; second, $200.

140. Husband's age, 24 years ; wife's age, 20 years.

141. 20 gallons of wine ; 30 gallons of water.

142. 1300. 143. 4. 144. $.80. 145. $.75. 146. 8.

147. 21-j9j- minutes past 4 o'clock.

148. lOif minutes past 2 o'clock.

149. 27^ minutes past 2 o'clock ; 3 o'clock.

150. 43^^ minutes past 2 o'clock.

151. .50. 152. 245.574.

153. Wife, $8500; son, $12,750; daughter, $2125.

154. 1 mile. 158. 9||%, or 9.69+.

155. 180. 159. $42,949,672.95.

156. 43,200. 160. $4.

157. 1,860,867. 161. Midnight.

162. 1 hour and 20 minutes is lost in going 50 miles.

.-. 80 minutes is lost in going 50 miles.

.-. 1 minute is lost in going | mile.

.-. 120 minutes is lost in going 75 miles.

.-. 2 hours is lost in going 75 miles.

But 2 hours is the entire time lost.

.*. the distance traveled after the breakdown is 75 miles.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 177

Again, the train at its original speed goes as far in 3 hours as it went in 5 hours at its speed after the breakdown, .-. in 3 hours at the original speed it goes 75 miles. .-. ill 1 hour at the original speed it goes 25 miles. .-. the length of the line is 75 miles +25 miles = 100 miles.

163. llj cents. 166. 1^. 168. 300 feet.

165. 2. 167. 4f 169. 2:1.

170. 2 miles 340 feet.

171. 132 and 140. 172. 20%. 173. By their sum.

174. James's speed = ^ of my speed. John's speed = -J^J of James's speed.

.-. James's speed = 1^ of (^ of my speed). .-. James's speed = ^4|, or ^ of my speed. .-. James's speed and my speed are in the ratio of 456 to 500. .-. in running 500 yards I beat James 500 yards — 456 yards = 44 yards, Ans.

175. First, .759 inch; second, 1.08+ inches ;, third, 4.16 + inches.

176. First Method. 1. Any remainder which exactly di- vides the previous divisor is a common divisor of the two given quantities.

2. The greatest common divisor will divide each remainder, and cannot be greater than any remainder.

3. Therefore, any remainder which exactly divides the pre- vious divisor is the greatest common divisor.

Second Method. 1. Each remainder is a number of times the greatest common divisor. For a number of times the greatest common divisor, subtracted from another number of times the greatest common divisor, leaves a number of times the greatest common divisor.

2. A remainder cannot exactly divide the previous divisor unless such remainder is once the greatest common divisor.

178 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

3. Hence, the remainder which exactly divides the previous divisor, is once the greatest common divisor.

177. 112 cubic feet.

178. In 5 seconds both trains travel 600 feet, .-.in 1 hour both trains travel Sl^ miles.

In 15 seconds the faster train gains 600 feet.

.-. in 1 hour the faster train gains 27^ miles.

Now, we have the sum of their rates = 81^^ miles and the difference of their rates = 27^ miles.

.-. rate of faster + rate of slower = 81^^ miles, and rate of faster — rate of slower = 27^ miles.

.-. 2 times rate of faster = 109 jij- miles.

.-. rate of faster == 54^^ miles.

Also, 2 times rate of slower = 54^^ miles.

.-. rate of slower == 27^^ miles.

179. 1.118 times.

185. 3042315V

180. SSte6.

186. 3424^.

181. Senary.

187. 139.

182. 1,110,100,010 years.

188. 124.

183. 221446.

189. 128.

184. 10212^.

190. 180.

191. 658,548,918.

192. 28 gallons wine ; 42

gallons water.

193. lOf

194. Since the numbers are consecutive, each r

the cube root of 15,600 ; in other words, the numbers must lie between 20 and 30. Now, 15,600 is divisible by 25, since it ends in two ciphers, hence 25 may be one of the numbers. By trial, we find that 624 would be the product of the other two, which themselves must end in 4 and 6 to give a product ending in 4. Ans. 24; 25; 26.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 179

195. Such a number must lie halfway between 1042 and 1236.

.-. 1236 — 1042 = 194, which divided by 2, gives 97. .-.1042 + 97 = 1139, Ans.

196. 76,809,256,566.

197. 49. The remainder left over after subtracting the largest cube is the number.

198. At 4 miles per hour = 1 mile in 15 minutes, and 5 miles per hour = 1 mile in 12 minutes.

.-. in going 1 mile there is a difference of 3 minutes, but the actual difference is 10 minutes + 5 minutes = 15 minutes. .-. 15 minutes -r- 3 minutes = 5. Ans. 5 miles.

199. i of small glass = i of total, and since the large glass is J of both, J of the large glass = J of total, and J -f J = ^ = wine.

.-. |-J = water. — From « Arithmetical Wrinkles."

200. When the ball just floats, its specific gravity is 1. Then by Allegation, we have

\10| 9 I 35 I' ^^ ^

^ of t ^ (12)» = Agf fi^ TT, and ^1[I|||^TTJ7) =5.52 inches, radius of ball, and 12 — 5.62, or 6.48, inches is the thickness of the shell. — From " The School Visitor."

201. 14° F. = - 10° C. and 270° F. = 132|° C. The specific heat of ice is .505, that of steam is .48, latent heat of fusion is 80, and that of evaporation is 537 ; then,

100(10 X .505 + 80 -f 100) = 18,505 heat units,

required to melt the ice and raise its temperature to 100° C.

There are 80 x 32| x .48 = 1237^ heat units given off in reducing the steam at 132|° C. to steam at 100° C.

There are (18,505-1237^)^537 = 32.16 pounds of steam

180 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

at 100° C. to be condensed to water at 100° C. The result would be 132.16 pounds of water at 100° C, and 80-32.16 = 47.84 pounds of steam at 100° C.

— From " The School Visitor."

202. If the average for the entire distance were 30 miles an hour, 50 X 30 or 1500 miles would be run, but this lacks 300 miles which must be made up running 55 miles per hour, or 25 miles an hour faster, taking 300 -^ 25, or 12 hours. Hence, the distance from 5 to C is 12 x 55, or 660 miles, and (50 — 12) times 30, gives 1140 miles from A to B,

— From " The School Visitor."

203. Volume of sphere = 2 times volume of double cone. Surface of sphere = V2 times surface of double cone.

204. 20 rods.

205. For bodies above the earth's surface, the weight varies inversely as the square of the distances from the center. Hence, to weigh yL as much as at the surface, the body must be Vl6 = 4 times as far from the center, or 16,000 miles, and the required height above the surface is 16,000 - 4000 = 12,000 miles.

206. 1 mile. 207. 7.2 inches. 208. 34.

209. The difference between the bank and the true discount is always the interest on the true discount. Hence S9 is 12% of the true discount, which is $ 75. The bank discount is $ 9 more, or S84, which is 12 % of the face of the note, and then $84 divided by .12 gives $ 700, the face.

210. By the prismoidal formula, the volume F is |- of (upper base + lower base + 4 times middle section) x length. Therefore F= i (4 x 4 -f 2 x 3 + 4 X 3 x 3J) x 120 -- 144 = 8f feet, Ans.

211. Place the box on its end and put in 11 rows of 5 and 4 balls, alternately, making a total of 50 balls in the first layer.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 181

Place the second layer in the hollows of the first, and it has 6 rows of 4 each and 5 rows of 5 each, making 49 balls in the second layer. In this manner 12 layers may be placed, making a total of (50 + 49) x 6 = 594 balls.

— From " The Ohio Teacher."

212. If the field were 48 feet wide, it would take one post less at each end and two less at each side, or 6 less ; but to make 66 less, the field must be 11 x 48 = 528 feet, or 32 rods wide, and 64 rods long ; area, 12.8 acres.

213. 17.584, specific gravity.

214. 7^ feet, the distance the ball bounds. 30 feet equals the whole distance the ball moves.

215. Let r = rate per month, 12 r = rate per annum, p = sum borrowed, n = number of payments, q = cash payment. Then, from algebra, we get

^ = 0^^> 9 = 9J, p=$500, n = 72.

••• to -Pr){^ - ry = q, and (19 - IQOO r)(l + r)" = 19. .-. r = .00911, and 12 r = .10932 = 10.932 %.

216. 1178.1 square feet. 218. 6.864+ inches.

217. 5JJJ ounces. 219. 72 and 96.

220. Since the numbers have a common factor plus the same remainder, if the numbers are subtracted from one another, the results will contain the common factor without the remainder, thus :

364 414 539

364 414

50 125

The largest number that will divide all of these numbers is 25, Ans.

221. I. Let S = selling price and (7= cost.

182 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

S — C

Then, S — C= gain and — = rate of gain.

O

Also, S — -f^-^ C = supposed gain, and

J§ 9 2 (J 1_0_0_ g Q

— gJ^J, — = ^^ „ = supposed rate of gain.

.-. S- 0=1^0, or 15%, ^ns. 11. A jSJiort Solution. 8 : 10 = 92 : 115. 115 - 100 = 15 % gain.

222. Let |- = distance the hour hand moves past 3 o'clock. ^ = distance the minute hand moves in the same time. Then -2^ + 1 = -^i = distance they both move.

But the distance they both move = 45 minutes. .-. -^ = 45 minutes.

1 = ^ of 45 minutes = l^f minutes. -2/- = 24 X l|f minutes = 41/^ minutes. .-. It is 41 j7^ minutes past 3 o'clock.

223. The weight of the first ball is 3| times an equal bulk of water, and that of the second is 2^^ times the equal bulk of water; hence, 3|- times the volume of the first equals 2^ times the volume of the second ball. But the volumes vary as the cubes of the diameters ; hence, the required diameter is,

d = -^"(3f -i- 210) =, 1^ feet, Ans.

224. The amount of $500 for 2 years at 6% is $560; $ 2500 — $ 560, or $ 1940, is the amount of the note, the pres- ent worth of which, for 24 - 8, or 16 months, is $ 1796.30.

225. The present worth of $201 for 30 days at 6% is $200; the present worth of $224.40 for 4 months at 6% is $220. Hence, the present rate of gain is (220 - 200) -- $200 = 10%, Ans,

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 183

226. If the 65 minutes be counted on the face of the same clock, then the problem would be impossible, for the hands must coincide every 65^-^ minutes as shown by its face, and it matters not if it runs fast or slow ; but if it is measured by true time it gains j\ of a minute in (yo minutes, or yY^ ^^ ^ minute per hour, Ans.

227. The loss of weight of an immersed body equals the weight of the fluid displaced. Hence 970 — 892 = 78 ounces, weight of water displaced, and 970 — 910 = 60 ounces weight of alcohol displaced. But as water is taken as the standard of comparison, the specific gravity of alcohol is 60 -r- 78 = ^§ = .769+, Ans.

228. The rate of the ship is J* per hour, while that of the sun is 15°. When they both move west, the sun gains 14|° ; but when the ship moves east the sun gains 15J°. Therefore since the sun must make a gain of 360° in each case, the time from noon to noon is 360° -5- 14| = 24^^ hours, west and 360° -5- 15 i° = 23^ hours east.

229. ^ of 165 acres = 65 acres, the amount of land each man should furnish.

100 acres — 55 acres = 45 acres, the number of acres A fur- nishes C.

65 acres — 55 acres = 10 acres, the number of acres B fur- nishes C.

Hence, ^ ot $ 110 = $90, the amount A should receive, and ^ of $ 110 = $ 20, the amount B should receive.

230. Let r be the internal radius of the cup ; and the volume of a quart of wine,' 57f inches. Then 240 ttt^ -t- (3 X 57J) = value of wine in cents.

Also 40 ttt* = value of cup in cents.

. A(\^ 2407rr» ••^^'^ = 3-^^-

.-. r = 28 J in. .-. 40 irr* = $ 1047.74, Ans.

184

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

231. 11 times.

232. Eleven integral solutions, as follows :

Average price = 1

SI

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

91

82

73

64

55

46

37

28

19

10

1

8

16

24

32

40

48

56

64

72

80

88

233. The volume is found by the prism oidal formula.

1 Z (2 X 2 4- 1 X 1 2 + 4 X f X V ) - 144 = ^ Z feet, or if I be the length in feet, the board measure is || of the length in feet.

234. l|i board feet.

, 235. Since .0^ == .05, .^ must be .5. 236. 96 acres.

7|- acres.

237. 40 rods ; 30 rods ;

238. A liter of ice weighs 918 grams and a liter of sea water weighs 1030 grams. Then 918 divided by 1.03 equals 891.262 cubic centimeters displaced by one liter of ice, and 1000 — 891.262 is 108.738 cubic centimeters above water. Now 108.738 divided by 1000 gives .108738 of the whole above water, and 700 divided by .108738 equals 6437.5 cubic yards, the volume of the iceberg.

Side-wall^^-^'^

1 Ei^d

s^

^-^

1

End

Floor

239. The distance SFis the hypotenuse of a right triangle = V(15)2 + (39)2 ^ 41.78+ ft.

240. $ 563.23 due A.

241. (a) The least time required is 59f| seconds past 12. (6) The least time required is 30y\^2T seconds past 12. (c) The least time required is 1^%V minutes past 12.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 185

242. S 2500.00.

243. S225 = first payment; $675 = second payment.

244. First, $8400; second, S7800; third, $7280.

245. 8 yards of first kind; 16 yards of second kind.

246. 21^ minutes past 4 o'clock.

247. A, 261^ days; B, 120 days.

248. 10. 251. 2 inches.

249. 7ifeet; 8| f eet. 252. 2 cones.

250. 13,066.4 miles.

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS

1. Let X = your age.

y = difference between our ages. Then a; -h y = my age.

and (x-^y)-\-(x-\-2y) = 100.

Solving, X = 33^ and x-}-y = 44 J.

2. A, 72 hours ; B, 90 hours.

3. Let the time be x minutes past 10 o'clock. We assume that at the beginning of every minute the second hand points at 12 on the dial. The distance of the second hand from the minute hand at the required time is 60 a; — a; = 59 a; ; and that of the second hand from the hour hand is

60 - 60 a; - (10 -^ tV x) = 50 - 60 X - -jJj a;.

.-. 59 x = 51 - 60 X 4- iV ^• Solving, x = y^:j^ minutes = 25| Jff seconds.

— From " American Mathematical Monthly."

186 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

4. Let s = distance between cars going in the same

direction. Let i = interval of time between cars going in the

same direction. Let X = rate of car.

Let y = rate of man.

Then, x — y = rate of approach when both travel in the same

direction. x-\-y = rate of approach when they travel in opposite

directions. By conditions of problem,

12(x-y)=^s = 4.{x + y). .'.x = 2y.

Also, ^ = ^ = ii^±l)=6.

X X

Therefore the interval between cars is 6 minutes, and my rate is half the speed of the cars.

— F.rom " School Science and Mathematics."

5. Let X = the number of eggs for a shilling.

Then - = the cost of one Qgg in shillings.

X

12

and — = the cost of one dozen in shillings.

X

12

But if X — 2 — the number of eggs for a shilling, then -

X — 2

would be the cost of one dozen in shillings.

12 12 1

.*. = -— (1 penny being y^ of a shilling).

X — 2 X 12

Solving, a; = 18 or — 16. Then if 18 eggs cost a shilling, 1

dozen will cost if of a shilling, or 8 pence, Ans.

6. Let X = amount per yard received by one. Then ic -j- 1 = amount per yard received by the other.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 187

Solving, «= 1.7808.

One builds 56.15 yards at $1.7808; other builds 43.85 yards at $2.2808, Ans.

7. 1760 yards, or 1 mile.

8. Let X = number of acres.

160 X = number of dollars for which the land sold. Then since 1^ inches = diameter of a dollar,

1^(160 x) = 240 X = perimeter of square in inches.

-y or 60 a: = length of one side of the square in inches.

4

-— ^, or 5 a; = length of one side of the square in feet. (5 xy = the number of square feet in the square.

= number of acres.

25 X*

• • 43560 "•

Solving,

x = 1742.4, ^715.

9. 2652.5+ feet

; 2627.4-^ feet.

10. Let

X

= one side of the square in feet.

Then

43560

= the number of acres.

16aj =

= the number of feet of boards in

the fence

16 X 11

= the number of boards in the fence.

a?

16x

**'

43560

11

Solving,

X:

= 63,360.

Then

X^

43560

= 92,160 acres, or 144 sections.

11. 10^

hours.

188 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

12. Let X = rate of faster train per hour in miles.

y = rate of slower train per hour in miles. In 5 seconds both trains travel 600 feet. .-. in one hour they travel 81^ miles, or

x + y = Sl^\. (1)

In seconds the fast train gains 600 feet.

.'. in one hour the fast train gains 27 ^^ miles, or

x-y=2T^. (2)

Solving, X = 54y6_, and y = 27 ^^y, Ayis.

13. Let X = number of minutes until 6 o'clock. Then 6 hours — x= time past noon.

3 hours -f- 4 a; = time past noon 50 minutes ago. .♦. 360 - .T = 180 + 4 a; + 50.

Solving,

X = 26, Ans,

14. Let

X = cost of the gun in dollars.

-— - = per cent of loss. lUU

Then

(^y.=ioss.

x' ^ 100

Solving,

a; = 90, or 10.

•••

$ 90, or $ 10 = the cost of the gun.

15. Let

X = number of eggs he brought.

Then

a; + 1 = 1 of them.

and

f (a; + 1) = number of eggs in the nest.

Also

a; — 2 = i of them.

and

2 (a; — 2) = number of eggs in the nest.

...2(x- 2) = 1(0^ + 1).

Solving,

aj = ll.

Then

2 (a; -2) = 18, Ans.

16. Let

X = cost of lot in dollars.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 189

X

100

= per cent of

gain.

)

100

= gain.

^ + 100 =

= 144.

Then

Solving, X = 80, or - 180. $ 80 = Arts.

17. 6 inches. 18. VS. 19. | ± jVS and J ± hV5.

20. 21 minutes 49^ seconds past 4 o'clock.

21. Let X = number of men in a side of the first square. Then xr = number of men in the first square,

and ic^ + 39 = number of men.

Also X -h 1 = number of men in a side of the second square

Then (x -f 1)^ = number of men in the second square, and (a; + 1)* — 60 = number of men.

... (x 4- 1)'- 50 = ar^-f 39.

Solving, x= 4A.

Then a:* 4- 39 = 1975, Ans.

22. 12 cents. 23. 4 feet.

24. iV5 and i(VE ± 5),

25. 16. 26. 6 feet.

27. Let X = cost of first horse.

80 — a; = cost of second horse. Then 80 — a; = gain on first horse.

and 80 — (80 — x) = gain on second horse. 80-a;

x

X

= rate of gain on first horse.

80 -a; 80 -X 1

= rate of gain on second horse.

80-a; X 5

Solving a; = 41.905,

and 80 -x = 38.005.

190 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

28. The lot is 100 feet x 100 feet = 10,000 square feet. The house and the driveway each covers 5000 square feet.

Let X = the width of the driveway. On each side of the lot it extends from front to rear 100 feet ; total, 200 x square feet. The house is 100 feet — 2 x feet ; the driveway behind the house is 100 feet — 2x feet long by x feet wide ; the total number of square feet is 100 x — 2 x^. The total number of square feet in the driveway (at sides of lot and rear of house) is 200 x + lOOx-2 x\

.'. - 2 a;2 4- 300 a? = 5000.

Solving, x = 19.1.

29. 672.

30. 7.416 inches from either end.

31. Their monthly wages may be any number of dollars. If they receive more than $ 50 a month they will each lay up the same sum. If they receive less than $50, they will be- come equally indebted.

32. 1

33. 2(l-}-x')=(l-j-xy.

2-\-2x^ = x^-j-4:x' + 6x'-{-4x + l. Transposing,

aj4_4^_6^_ 4.x -{-1 = 0. Adding 12 x^ to both sides,

x*-4.a^ + 6x^-4.x + l = 12x^ But x^-4:a^-\-6x'-4.x-\-l = (x-iy.

Then (x-iy-12x' = 0,

or (x^ -2x^iy-12x'=0.

Factoring,

(aj2_2a; + l-f 2cc-\/3)(ic2-2a^ + l-2a;V3) = 0. ... a^_ 2a; + l + 2a;\/3 = 0, and x'-2x-^l- 2 a;V3 =_ 0.

Solving, » = 1 - V3 ± V3 - 2 V3,

or 1 + V3 ± V3 + 2 V3.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 191

34. X* -^ 4: m^x — m* = 0. Factoring,

(a^ 4- mxy/2 - mV2 + m*)(aj* - mxy/2 + m'y/2 + m*) = 0. .-. x^ ^_ wa;V2 - w2V2 + m* = 0.

o I • w . mV2V2-l

Solving, x = =: ± —

V2 V2

35. a^ + 3/=ll. (1) y2-fx= 7. (2)

(3) y - 2 = 9 - ar^, from (1).

(4) / _ 4 = 3 - a:, from (2).

(5) 2/ - 2 = -^ ^, from (4) by dividing by y + 2.

' 2/ +^ y -^ ^

3 a;

•. 9 - ar^ =

2/ + 2 y + 2

a^ ^, by transposing.

2/ + 2 2/ + 2

Then

^"7+2"^V27T4) ='^"^rf2"^(,27T4j'

completing the square.

3 = x , extracting the square root.

22/ + 4 2^ + 4'

Then canceling, a; = 3,

and substituting, y = 2.

Note.— From Horner's method we find a; =- 2.803, 3.681,-3.778. Hence y = 3.131, - 1.849, - 3.283.

36. x = 2; 2/=l. 39. a: = 4; 2/ =9.

37. a; = 4; 2/ = 6. 40. a; = 4; y = 9.

38. a; = 2 ; 2/ = 3.

41. x = ±2, ±-^;2/ = ±5, ±-^;2 = ±3, ±-l3.

V7 Vi V7

42. 52/(a^ + l)-3ar3(2/» + l) = 0. (1)

15/(ar' + l)-x(2/« + l)=0. (2)

192 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

(3) lB(^^yl±l,iror.(2).

(5) 5(^-^^\ = s(y-^ ^\ from (4).

(6) 15('aj + ^') = 2/' + -3,from(3).

a;y SV 2/^

(8) 3(x + ±] = ^(/-fA), from(6).

^ (6).

adding (5) and (6) Then

\/^{x -\- -) = 2/ + -, extracting the cube root.

\ ^J y

But since y-{-- = 7?-\- —

y ^

Dividing by a; + - ? we have a;

a;" + 2 + ^ = •^+ 3, by adding + 3.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 193

* + - T= V \/5 + 3, by extracting the square root. Also ^ - - = ^y/'5 - 1, by subtracting 1.

••• ^ = i[V^5 + 3 4- Vs/5-1].

But y + l = (^^-^l)</5 = <^^ww+s. y- - y(v'r) . V</5 -f 3) 4-1 = 0.

y = iC^^ • Vs^/'s + 3 ± V</25(\/5 + 3)-4]. .-. 2/ = J [^5 . V^5 4.3 ± Vl + 3</25].

43. Let a; = number of feet in one side of the field. Then, x^-{x- mf = (x - 66)1

Solving X = 225.3356+ feet.

.-. he had 50776+ square feet, Ans,

44. 2.93+ gallons.

45. Let X be the least integral number that will satisfy the conditions ; then we shall have

a; = 39y4-25 = 252 + 19 = 19ri + ll; whence, z = y4--^y-\- ^%.

For integral values y must be 17, 42, 67, 92, 117, 142, 167, etc. Hence the value of y that will satisfy the last value of x in third line, is 167 ; then

a; = 39 y -h 25 = 25 2 + 19 = 19 n -h 11 = 5369.

— From " American Mathematical Monthly."

46. Dr. A saves f; Dr. B ^; and Dr. C |^. Hence, the chance for one who is dosed by all three is

47. Let a; = Richard's age and y Robin's age. Then 2x-y4-a; = 99,

and 2(2y-'X)=2x-y.

,\ x = 45 and y = 36.

194 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

48. If the assertion is true, A and B tell the truth and C is mistaken. The chance of this is

3" X Y X -g- — y 0^3".

If the assertion is not true, A and B are mistaken and C tells the truth. The chance of this is

1 V 1 V 4 — 4 -3 A y A 5- — y 0-3-.

Now, the assertion is true or it is not true, and 12 chances are in favor of its being true to 4 in favor of its being not true. Hence, the probability of its truth is if or |, Ans.

— From " The School Visitor."

49. Let X = weight of the plank, acting through its mid- point with lever arm 7, while the weight of 196 has the lever arm 1 ; the equation of moments is :

7x = 196. .-. X = 28.

50. Let X = number at 5 cents, y = number at 1 cent, z = number at | cent. Then

X -{- y -{- z = 100 = 5x-\-y-\-lz. Eliminating z we get the indeterminate equation, 9x-\-y=100.

.'. y = 100-9x.

This equation gives us eleven integral solutions, as follows :

aj = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.

y = 91, 82, 73, 64, 55, 46, 37, 28, 19, 10, 1.

z= S, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88.

51. 9f. 54. a + 5.

52. 6. 55. l + V2-f V3.

53. 17 years, 2 months, 2 days. 56. 1 + V| — V|. 57. x~i + x~^ = 6.

Solving for x'^, x-^ = -^± V6Ti = 2, or - 3. .-. a; 1 = 16, or 8L

.-. a? = yg-, or -gy.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 195

58. 64; (-33)1 62. x = Q, -^,

59. a, ~ 6. ' :y = 12, - 9.

60. « = !,}. ^

y = f,|. 63. a:=Vi(V2-l),

2= ±2. 1

61. x = ^(l±V3), ^2(V2-1)

id

|(i±-^), 64. x = fVio±yvg,

j, = |(lW3), y = |V2±|V5.

66. x = |[V-J/3 + 3+V-J/^_l],

66. 600 yards.

67. 5(„_l)(2n-l) yards. o

68. 6 minutes.

69. Silenus in 3 hours ; Dionysius in 6 hours.

70. Let X = time required to overtake B. He travels 20-|-2a;

20 -^ 2 3* miles. Hence — — — = his rate. Let y — time to go from

B to A. He travels 2 V(100 +/) miles. '^^^^^^'A = his

rate. After reaching B a second time he has left 10 — a: — 2 2/ hours to go 2 a; -}- 4 y miles.

. . ix-\-\y __ j^.g j.^^ Tg^^ j^^g ^.^^g ^g uniform. Hence 10-a;-22/ we get

20 + 2x^2V(100+^^„^g^^gy,^^^ (1)

196 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

20 4-2a; 2 a; 4-4?/ 9.0 ^?/^ ^r, /^s

-^ = 103^'°'^ ^ + 20^ = 50-102' (2)

li x = vy in (1), we get 5v^ — v = 5 ot v = 1.10499. .*. X = 1.10499 y. Substituting in (2) gives

14.41996 / + 10 2/ = 50, ovy = 1.54737. .-. X = 1.70983. Rate = ^ -f 2 = 13.69707 miles an hour.

X

From " The American Mathematical Monthly."

First Solution :

71. Let X = the part of a man's work the boy does.

k = the number of bushels of apples the man shakes off in a day.

kx = the number of bushels of apples the boy shakes off in a day.

-^ = the number of bushels of apples each man picks up in o

a day.

ka^

— - = the number of bushels of apples the boy picks up in a o

day.

. 2kx kx^ ^4:k

** 3 3 5 *

.'. x = 0.843909, about || or i^f. Boy's share of pay = $10,976; each man's share = $13.01.

Second Solution :

Suppose a man does x times as much work as a boy.

By the first condition,

Shaking the apples : picking them up = 1 : 3 a;.

By the second condition,

4 X Shaking the apples : picking them up = -— : 2 o^ + 1.

o

.-. 1 : 3 a; = — : 2 a; + 1, or 12 a;2 - 10 oj - 5 = 0. 5

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 197

.-. X = 1.185.

.'. The money is divided into parts proportional to 1, 1.185, 1.185, and 1.185.

.-. The boy receives $10.98 and each man receives $13.01. — From " School Science and Mathematics.**

GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS

1. Construct the AABCy whose base ^B= sum of parallel sides, Z C= angle between diagonals and where AC-\-CB = sum of diagonals.

Take the point E on AB^ such that CE=CB; from E draw EF parallel and equal to AC meeting CB in 0; join B and F. CFBE is the required trapezoid.

Proof: AE=CFy hence EB -\- CF — ^ly^n sum of parallel sides. Since EF = AC, EF-^ CB= given sum of parallel sides. And, finally, Z EOB = Z ACB.

2.

Let r = the radius of the three equal circles.

Then 2 r = the diameter.

(1) The area of a semicircle whose

radius is r = -— •

(2) The area of the A is ^ +200.

(3) But the area of the equilateral A is r* V3. .-. i?\/3 = ^+200.

Solving, r = 498.06 feet. Then 2 r = 996.12 feet

3. 6J feet. 4. 60 feet.

5. Let R = the radius of the sphere, and 2 h the altitude of the cylinder. Then R — h = the altitude of the segment of the

198 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

sphere, and ^(R^ — h^) is the radius of the base of the seg- ment and the radius of the cylinder. The volume of the 2 segments

= 2 [i 7r(JR - hf + i ,r(i2 - Ji) {R' - 7i2)],

and the volume of cylinder = 2 irh{R^ — h^).

.'. ^7r(R^ — h^) = the volume of the. segments, and the cylin- der = -|(| ttR^), by the conditions of the problem.

.■.3¥= RK .-. 1 7r{R^ - ^') = f 7r7i^ = 600, by the conditions of the problem.

3

.-. 2/i = 2V(225/7r).

6. 1012+ square feet. 11. An isoceles right triangle.

7. 99.379 feet; 11.119 feet. 12. 6.18 rods.

8. 108.046 feet. 13. 3904.

9. 15.708 feet. 14. 3 feet. 10. 13.4316 feet.

15. Upon the given base AB construct a circle whose segment ACB shall contain the given vertical angle. Through E, the mid-point of AB, draw EF perpendicular to AB, meeting the circumference at F. Join FB, and perpendicular to FB draw BG equal to ^ the given bisector of the vertical angle. With Q as center and BG as radius describe the circle BHL, and draw FGL. With F as center, FL as radius, describe a circle cutting the given circle in C Join FC, cutting AB in D. Then ABC is the triangle required.

In the triangles FCB and FBD, ZFCB = ZFBA, since arc ^F=arc FB ; also Z CFB is common, hence the triangles are similar, and FC:FB = FB:FD; but FL(=FC) : FB = FB : FH. Therefore FH= FB and HL = CD.

Hence in the triangle ABC, AB is the given base, Z ACB the given vertical angle, and CD the given bisector, and the tri- angle is satisfied in every condition.

— From " American Mathematical Monthly."

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 199

j

16. f 18. ^.

17. Height = radius. 19. 12.91 miles.

20. Let x = a. side of the equilateral triangle. Also a, 6, and c = the given distances from the point to the sides.

x^

(1) The area of the equilateral A = — V3.

(2) The area of the equilateral A = ^ (a -f- & -f c). .•.^V3 = ?(a + 6 + c). Solving, « = «±^.

21. 10341.1 cubic inches. 22. 16.9704.

23. Three inches solid is greater, for Three solid inches = 3 cubic inches. Three inches solid = 27 cubic inches.

24. Their homes will be the vertices of an equilateral tri- angle, and hence the well must be dug where the bisectors of the angles meet.

26. 600 square feet. 30. 10 feet.

27. 8.0558. 33. 39.79 cubic inches. 29. 7 feet.

34. Diameter of the fixed circle.

36. 4 feet. 44. 769.421 square feet.

36. 10 feet. 45. 936.564 square feet.

37. 4330.13 square inches. 46. 1119.615 square feet.

38. 10,000 square inches. 47. 2^ feet.

39. 17204.77 square inches. 48. 16| inches.

40. 259.81 square feet. 49. 1.755 inches.

41. 363.39 square feet. 50. 10.198 feet.

42. 482.84 square feet. 61. 10.863 inches.

43. 618.182 square feet. 62. 10.142 ft.

200

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

53. 331 feet.

54. 71.344 feet from smaller; 70,071 feet from larger.

55. 15.38756 feet.

56. 2 feet.

57. 1.84 cubic feet.

58. 126^^ square inches.

59. 122.84 square inches.

60. 11.66 square inches.

61. 251.328 square feet.

62. 6.8068 cubic feet.

63. 4.192 feet from large end.

65. 154.9856.

67. 2106 square yards.

68. 80=base; 60 = altitude.

69. 101 feet.

70. 29.41 rods. 73. 78.572 feet.

74. Let a = BC and AC, the ladders ; J57)=10; and JBi^=7; then ^Z)=a-10. Let X = BE ; then AE = 14 — a; ; and we have V(ED'' + EA') = a - 10. But ED' = 10^ -a;^ and EA" = (14 - xf. Hence V[102 -x^-^ (14 - xf] = a - 10.

Also, 7 : ic = a : 10, whence ic = 70 ^ a. Substituting and reducing,

a3_ 20 a^- 196 a + 1960 = 0;

.-. a = 24.72189 feet, Arts.

75. 78 feet. 80. 13.65 rods.

81. Let PA' and B'C intersect at K. Draw through K a line parallel to BC cutting AB at x and AC at y. A PB'C is isosceles ; therefore Z. B' = A C. The points P, K, y, B' are concyclic ; hence Z y = Z B'. The points P, x, C, K are con- cyclic ; hence Zx = Z C .'. Zx = Zy, and A Pxy is isosceles. Hence K is the mid-point of xy, since PK is perpendicular to xy. .: Kis on the median through A.

— From "School Science and Mathematics."

82. In A ABC let m be the bisector of the Z A, and n the bisector of Z B.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 201

Then,

2

m = V6 • c • s(« — a), and n = Va • c • « (s — 6).

See Schultze and Sevenoak's "Geometry," page J 58.

Vft • c • 8(s — a) = Va • c • s(.s — 6),

ft+c a+c

or b{8-a)^ai8-b) .^.

(6 + c)* (a + c)2 ^ ^

Replace s by .}(a + 6H-c), simplify, and factor, equation (1) becomes .

(6-a)[c»4-c2(6 4-a) + 3a6c + a6(6 + a)] = 0.

Since the second factor cannot be zero, b — a = 0, and a = b.

106. 5 inches.

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

1. 10,945.

2. 221.995 cubic inches. Solve by using the formula,

V= r*V3(Trc — 2 rV2), where e is the edge.

3. 367 trees. 4. 84.823 square feet; 63.617 cubic feet. 6. 21J feet. 6. 88f square feet. 7. 8f square feet. 8. 436.21 cubic inches. 9. 362.8167 square feet.

10. Let r = the radius of the ball. Then (?• — 4) will be the radius of the hollow sphere inclosed by the shell.

As the volumes of spheres are proportional to the cubes of their radii, the conditions of the problem require that

r» _(r - 4)»= i r», or f r» =(r - 4)».

4

.-. r = — = 55.79+ inches, Ans.

1— yi

^

202

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

ff""*^

\p

X

7 \

Fv-^

D

B

11. 15.29 feet. 12. 64 feet. 13. 18.62 feet.

14. The sparrow flies 66| feet, the eagle 133i feet.

15. Let AB=2o; ^(7=25 V2; OB = ^^2.

BK=100-25=:75', PO = -^BP'^-OW = -2/ VM. ^P=y(V34 + V2);

^^ = ^=|(Vi7 + i). AEPF= AE' = ^p(9 + Vrr).

ABCD = 25^ = 625, BEPFDC = ^1^(9 + Vrr - 2) = 3476 square feet. EK== 100 - ^^ = ¥(7 - Vi7). Area of segments PFH and P£'/f

= ^^ + 1(2 P^ X ^/i") = 3252 square feet.

Area AHLK= | tt x 100^ = 23,562 square feet. 23,562 + 3252 + 3476 = 30,290 square feet.

— From " The School Visitor.''

16. In order to overturn the cube it must be revolved on a lower edge until the center of mass is vertically over that edge, and this will require the lifting of the 300 pounds through a distance a{-\/2 — 1), a being the edge of the cube against gravity.

.-. the work done = 300 a(V2 - 1)= 124.26 a foot pounds.

Hence, the size of the cube cannot be left out of the

calculation.

— From " The American Mathematical Monthly."

17. 34.6785 feet. 18. 4.72 rods. 19. 7.92 rods. 20. 22.72 feet. 21. 76.394 feet.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 203

22. 11.9206; 8.0794; 8.0794; 11.9206.

23. 18.2948 feet. 27. 1.87+ feet.

24. 38.5704. 28. 889.337+

25. 124.905 feet. 29. 24,630.144 acres.

26. 11.817 inches. 30. 2765.45 square yards.

31. Two feet from the end of the log.

32. 249.03 inches. 34. 108 sheep.

33. 16.125 square inches.

35. The rabbit goes 133^ yards ; the hound goes 166J yards

36. 128. 43. 11.34 feet per second.

37. 180. 44. 90 pounds.

38. 19.8 ; 35.7 ; 44.6. 45. 350.163 square yards.

39. 16.2484 cubic inches. 46. 2467.4 cubic feet.

40. 60**. 47. 602.349 cubic inches.

41. 113.0976 square feet. 48. 355.88 square inches.

42. 7.2 inches. 49. 6830.47 cubic inches. 50. 842.044 square inches ; 404.318 cubic inches.

52. 125.6638 square feet; 31.4159 cubic feet.

53. 1,184,352.628 cubic inches.

54. Any force greater than 202J pounds will draw the wheel over the log.

55. 19.7392 cubic feet. 56. 39.4784 square feet.

57. 4421.58 square inches ; 17,686.32 cubic inches.

58. 1473.86 square inches ; 3457.92 cubic inches.

59. 372.30 cubic feet. 61. .596+ feet.

60. 27.12 cubic inches. 62. 36 square feet.

204 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

63. 42| cubic feet. 67. 628.32 square inches.

64. 226.2 cubic inches. 68. 400 square inches.

65. 7.61| square feet. 69. 339.29 square feet.

66. 189.8 inches. 70. A, 44.69828+ mi. ; B, 86.81897+ mi.

71. 79.119 feet.

72. Let X, or AOB be the given angle. With 0 as a center and any radius,

describe a circle.

Draw the secant AMN, making MN 1^ equal to the radius of the circle.

(This can be done only by using a graduated ruler.)

Join the points 0 and M. Then Z N= ^ Z X

Proof. Z MNO = Z MOK

Z AMO = Z N-^ Z M0N=2 xZN.

Z AMD = Z MAO.

ZN + ZMAO = ZX.

.'.ZN=\ZX.

For other solutions, see Ball's " Mathematical Recreations."

73. For 20 pounds on 10 arm, weight = ?5_^i5 = 22f .

20 X 9 For 20 pounds on 9 arm, weight = — — — = 18 •

22-| 4- 18 = 40f pounds or | pounds he loses. I - 40 = ^i^, -3-i^ of 100% = 1% he loses.

. — From " School Science and Mathematics."

74. Let X = pressure on B's shoulder.

The moments about A's shoulder are 5 x 54 down, and 9 x up.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 206

.'. 9a;= 5 x 54. .*. x = 30, weight on B's shoulder.

In like manner we may let x = the pressure on A's shoulder.

Then 9 x = 4 x 54. .-. a; = 24, weight on A's shoulder.

75. Since the momenta of the bullet and gun are equal in magnitude, 7 v = -^ » 1400, whence v = 6.26 foot seconds and

E = ^^ 7^A26^ = 4.3 = energy of recoil. 64.2 64.2 ^^

Also 1F= Fs. .'. 4.3 = -^F,OT F= 12.9 pounds.

76. Let w equal energy of ball, and v its velocity on emer- gence. Then w = 1000^ x — • Energy after passing through

n

plank is 1 1«= ^^ — •

.-. v* = | X 10002, or v = ^12.87 feet per second.

77. 16,956.1 square feet. 80. 68,948.77 feet.

78. 213,825.15 acres. 81. 337.5 cubic feet.

79. 989.96 feet. 82. 22.386 feet.

83. 41Jfeet.

84. 40 rd. = length ; 30 rd. = breadth ; 7^ acres = area.

85. 80 rd. = length ; 60 rd. = breadth.

86. 100 feet. 90. 31,416 square feet.

87. 50 rods. 91. 6 feet; 8 feet; 10 feet.

88. 48 inches. 92. .80449+.

89. 36.57 acres.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

1. Let X = difference between Mary and Ann's ages. Then 24 — a; = Ann's age.

Therefore 12 -ha; = 24 — a;, .-.a; = 6. .*. 24 — a; = 18, Ann's age.

2. 20 pounds.

3. Take the six matches and form a tetrahedron. This

206

MATHExMATICAL WEINKLES

tetrahedron will have four faces, each face being bounded by three matches which form an equilateral triangle.

4. The same. *

5. To find the digit crossed out subtract the remainder from the next highest multiple of nine.

6. To find the figure struck out subtract the remainder from the next highest multiple of nine.

7.

12 inches

4 in.

.s

CO

4 in.

{

.s

CO

4 in.

1

1

J

16 inches

8. 99|.

9. In forming the second figure from the four parts of the first the lines forming squares do not coincide exactly, thus seemingly forming &^.

10. The blacksmith was right, as he had to cut and weld only three links.

13.

14. 25; 15; 20. 18. oo %

15. 40 feet 19. 34|; 31f

16. Kides 3 : walks 1.

21. None.

20. There will be no lot, since the given dimensions will not make a triangle.

22. 5 and 6 are 11.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

207

23. A, $25.63; B, $19.15; C, $15.32.

24. They borrowed one sheep, which made 18. After divid- ing they had one left, which was returned to the owner.

25. Only 6 cats. 26.

1

Wi

fe'8

Pjirt

-

3

4

28. The pickets, standing vertically, are supposed to be uni- formly the same distance apart at the base ; practically there would be the same number as at the top of the elevation, if these pickets were extended downward to a common level.

29. 8 cats.

30. In each case the middle digit is 9 and the digit before it (if any) is equal to the difference between 9 and the last digit.

31. Subtract 14 from the result given, and obtain a number of two digits which are the numbers originally chosen. The digit in tens* place is the number that was multiplied by 5.

33. If the second remainder is less than the first, the figure erased is the difference between the remainders ; but if the second remainder is greater than the first, the figure erased equals 9, minus the difference of the remainders.

. 34. I make my additions so that the sums are respectively, 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78, and 89.

36. $8and the boots.

36. Take the goose over, return and take the corn over, bring the goose back, take the fox over, then return for the goose.

208

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

37. Gravity would cause the ball to descend toward the center of the earth with an increased velocity, but coming con- stantly to a point of less motion in the earth, it would soon scrape on the east side of the hole, until it passed the center, where it would be constantly passing points having a faster motion than the center; it would soon scrape on the opposite side ; the friction thus retarding the motion, it would pass and repass the center of the earth until it would finally come to rest at this point.

From " Curious Cobwebs."

38.

39. With a one, a three, a nine, and a twenty-seven pound weight. 40.

41. Sometimes, Mfcooorf^oro^occDo.

42. If so, by the same logic, you can multiply eggs by eggs and get square eggs, or multiply circles by circles and get square circles. It is impossible to multiply feet by feet for the principles of multiplication are — (1) The ihultiplier must be regarded as an abstract number. (2) The multiplicand and product must be like numbers.

43. No.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 209

45. I will always have mouey.

46. (i) B pushes P into A. (ii) E returns, pushes Q up to P in Af couples Q to P, draws them both out to F, and then pushes them toE. (ii i ) P is now uncoupled, the engine takes Q back to Af and leaves it there, (iv) The engine returns to P, pulls B back to C, and leaves it there, (v) The engine run- ning successively through F, D, and B, comes to A^ draws Q out, and leaves it at B.

— From Ball's " Mathematical Recreations."

47. Place 5 on 4, 2 on 1, 11 on 10, and 8 on 7.

48. Fill the 3-gallon cask and pour it into the 5. Fill it again and pour into the 5 until the 5 is full. There is now 1 gallon left in the 3. Pour back the 5 into the 8, and the one gallon left in the 3 into the 5. Then fill the 3 and pour into the 5, making 4 gallons in the 5-gallon cask, or one half of the 8 gallons.

49. $20.

63. 80.69 -f .74 4- .5. 54. fJI + f^.

55. 78 + 15 + \/9 + ^el- se. 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0=0.

67. gg-i-\/4x9 . 18 70^— 6~

58. Suppose he starts from F. Then he may take either of two routes.

(1) FBAUTPO NC DE JKLMQRS HGF.

(2) FBAUTS RKLMQPO NC DEJHGF.

Rule. The route from any town may he found by either of the folloicing ruleSy in which r denotes he is to take the road to the right, and I denotes that he is to take the road to the left.

(1) rrrlllrlrlrrrlllrlrl.

(2) lllrrrlrlrlllrrrlrlr.

59. Second class. The hand is the P, the boat the TT, and the water the F.

210

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

60. $.75 $75. 63. 28 eggs. 64. 32+ feet. 65. $2.50.

66. They sell 49, 28, and 7 at the rate of 7 for a cent ; then 1, 2, and 3 at 3 cents each ; hence each one receives 10 cents.

67. 39.79+ pounds. 69. See No. 48.

70. Answer, 21. It cannot be greater than the smallest number, 27 ; it cannot be 27, since the remainders would then be different. By dividing these numbers, one by another, 48 by 27, 90 by 48, 174 by 90, we find the remainders to be 21, 42, 84, the last two being multiples of the first. Now dividing the numbers by these remainders (21 and the multiples), 27 by 21, 48 by 42, 90 by 84, and 174 by 168, the next multiple of 21, we obtain a remainder which is the same in each case ; we therefore conclude that dividing all the numbers by 21 would give a like result.

71 10 feet

5 ft.

5 ft.

•=■

•r

72. |. 73. XIX. Take the 1 away and have XX.

74. 1^ pounds.

75. Invert the 6 to make it 9. The whole number may be either 918 or 198.

76. 1.25. / '\,

77. Tree./' ^v .Tree

Tree i

Land 20 acres

• Tree

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 211

78. The method would have been incorrect. The division would have been in favor of the tenant. The landlord would have received J of 45 bushels when he was entitled to I of the 45 bushels and also to J of the 18 bushels. In other words, he should have received | of (45 + 18), or 25^ bushels. The land- lord would have lost the difference between 25^ bushels and 18 bushels, or 7| bushels.

79. 792. 80. 20. 81. 0.

82. By immersing them in a vessel of water.

83. B hoes six the most. 84. 3. 85. 3' -}- 3.

86. IX = 9. Cross the I and make it XX.

87. 21 days, because two of the ears are his own.

88. 43 days. 89. 64 90.

5 1 io!ie«

!

', )nche«

^fr.

91. First, the two sons cross, then one returns. Second, the man crosses and the other son returns. Third, both sons cross, and then one returns. Fourth, the lady crosses and the other son returns. Fifth, the two sons cross.

92. 199. 93. Infinity. 94. 2§.

95. Tf 96. 38 - 3, or 22 + 2. 97. 29 days.

98. Ans, 987,654,321.

When multiplied by 18 = 17,777,777,778. When multiplied by 27 = 26,666,666,667. When multiplied by 36 = 35,555,565,556. When multiplied by 45 = 44,444,444,445. When multiplied by 54 = 53,333,333,334. WJien multiplied by 63 = 62,222,222,223. When multiplied by 72 = 71,111,111,112. When multiplied by 81 = 80,000,000,001.

212 MATHEMATICAL WEIXKLES

When multiplied by 99 = 97,777,777,779. When multiplied by 9 = 8,888,888,889. When multiplied by 90 = 88,888,888,890.

The same is true of higher multiples of nine. Thus,

108 X 987,654,321 = 106,666,666,668.

117 X 987,654,321 = 115,555,555,557.

99. Three cents for each seven and nine cents each for the remainder.

100. It will make no difference as long as he jumps on the deck. Should he jump off the boat, then the effect would be different.

101. 10. 102. 33.

103. When the figures added make nine or some multiple of nine.

104. 3 + 0 + 2 + 0-1-1+1=7. 9-7 = 2. Two is wanting to make a multiple of nine, therefore 2 placed anywhere in, or before, or after the number, will make it divisible by nine.

105. 11 grooms and 15 horses. 106. 11 cents. 107. 301. 108. 300 pounds; also 300 pounds.

109. Because muscles and bones are heavier than fat. The specific gravity of a fat man is therefore less than that of a lean one.

110. The ball which is thrown has time to impart its motion to the board ; but the one fired has not.

111. Move from 1 to 6, 4 to 1, 7 to 4, 2 to 7, 5 to 2, 8 to 5, and 3 to 8.

112. 8888, when halved equals 0000.

113. 4±2V3.

114. May have any shape ; square.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

213

115. 1 is the only integer. This is however true of any number between 0 and 2.

116.

2 + 2 = 2^, orO + 0 =

0\

117.

142,857.

118.

12.

121.

64

16

56

96i

25

89 + 1+3 + 7 = 100.

36

47

98

2

100

8

4

3

71

29

100

100

Many other solutions.

122.

G

10

3

15

11

7

14

2

16

4

9

5

1

13

8

12

123.

124.

125. Arrange the figures as in (12) except use such figures to place opposite each other that when added make 20. Use 10 at center.

126.

127.

8

1

6

8

6

T

4

9

2

129. 7.

132. B, C, and A respectively.

214 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

134. (1) 320432 = 1026753849.

(2) 990662 = 9814072356.

(3) (4) The least solutions which have been found of (3), (4) are identical :

101010101010101012 = 10203 ... 080908 ... 30201, but there are probably lower numbers suitable. If numbers beginning with zero were admissible, then much lower numbers would suffice, e. g., 01111111110^ = 001234567898765432100.

— From "Mathematical Reprint."

135. 25.3 rods.

136. Let a; = A's ability and?/ = B's ability. Since A can dig the ditch in the same time that B shovels the dirt, x:y = the labor required to dig it : the labor required to shovel the dirt.

And since B can dig twice as fast as A can shovel, ^y:x — the labor required to dig it : the labor required to shovel the dirt. .-. x:y = ^y:x. .\y = xV2 = lAUx.

A should receive -^— of $10, or of $10 = ——

x-\-y a; + 1.414 a; 2.414

of $ 10 = $ 4.14. B received $ 5.86.

138. This is a mere trick. When trains meet they must be at the same distance from a given point.

139. 0 is the only possible digit to satisfy the first addend total. 2 being " carried " to the second column, 2 is found to be the next missing number. The third column total must be either 23 or 33. On trial, the former is found to be wrong, and the only two numbers making 18, so as to give 33 as total of third line, are 9 and 9. Proceeding, we find that 9 is wanted in the fourth line, and in the sixth line two O's. Only these numbers will satisfy, and the answer is proved by adding.

140. The only number to satisfy the product by 5 is 3, and this being supplied the remaining numbers are easily found.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 215

The only possible numbers, in the multiplier are 3 and 8 ; of these we see that 8 is the one required. The third missing number is, of course, 6.

141. If the question be put down in skeleton, we shall be more readily able to supply the missing links.

)529566(***

XX

2466

2225 "642"

2244

1683

The last remainder being 542, we see that 2225 — 542, i.e. 1683, must be the last multiple of the divisor. Similarly, 2466 - 222 leaves 2244 as another multiple. The G. C. M. of 2244 and 1683 is 561, and this number is greater than the largest remainder (542), hence 561 is the divisor. The quo- tient, by division, will be found to be 943.

142. The middle digit remains unaltered, and since in add- ing the second digit is 7 (1 being carried), the second line total must be 17, and therefore 8 must be the middle digit. Again the first digit total must be 10, and the only possible addends are 9 and 1, 8 and 2, 7 and 3, 6 and 4, 5 and 5. By testing it will be seen that 9 and 1 are the only two numbers fulfilling conditions. Ans. 981 and 189.

143. Instead of multiplying by 409, she actually multiplied by 49, therefore her answer was short of the true answer by (409 — 49), i.e. 360, times the multiplicand, and we are told this was 328,320 ; 328,320 -«- 360 = 912, the multiplicand.

— From " Arithmetical Wrinkles.**

144. 3 ft.

145. (1) Webster^s Dictionary says that after the sign I3 for D, the character 3 (called the apostrophus) was repeated

216 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

one or more times, each repetition having the effect of multi- plying Iq by 10. To represent a number twice as great, C was repeated as many times before the stroke, I, as the 3 was given after it. Hence, one billion is written,

CCCCCCCioooOOOO (2) A bar placed over any number in the Eoman notation multiplies the original value by 1000 ; hence two bars placed over it would be a thousand times a thousand times its initial value, and M = 1000 x 1000 x 1000 = 1,000,000,000.

— From " The School Visitor."

146. Let AC locate the ditch and 0 the point required.

The triangles AOD and COB have equal altitudes, DG and BF', hence, their bases AO and DC must be to each other as their areas, or as 2 to 3,

and 0 may be -f of the distance from ^ to (7 or from C to A.

147. Let X, y, and z be the three digits. Then, (100x-\-10y -\-z)- (100 ;? 4- 10 2/ + a^) = 99 a? - 99 2. Consequently, the dif- ference for any set of three digits is 9 x 11 (a? — z).

The result is always 99 times the difference of the extreme digits.

148. 99||-.

149. Multiply the selected number by nine, and use the prod- uct as the multiplier for the larger number. It will be found that the result is in each case the " lucky " number, nine times repeated.

150. The father was three times the age of his son 15| years earlier, being then 6b\ while his son was 18|-. The son will have reached half his father's age in 3 years' time, being then 37, while his father will be 74.

151. 45.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 217

152. The asterisks indicate the figures to be expunged.

*11

33*

«**

77* *■**

iTTi

153. By the conditions there were twelve children in all and each has now nine, then each parent had three children when married, making six arrivals within ten years.

156. 50^

80H

49f*

19|

100

100

Many other solutions.

157.

1 = 44-^44.

16 = 4x4-4-h4.

2 = 4^4 + 4-j-4.

17 = 4x4-1-4-- 4.

3=(4-|-44-4)-i-4.

18 = 4h-.4 + 4-|-4.

4 = V(4x4x4-j-4).

19 = (4 -i- 4 -.4) -J- .4.

6 = V(4x4)+4-^4.

20 = 4h- .4 + 4^.4.

6 = 4^-.4-V(4x4).

21 = (4.4 + 4) + .4.

7 = 44-1-4-4.

22 = (4 + 4)-.4+V4.

8 = (4-f4)x (4-5-4).

23 = 4h-(.4x .4)- V4.

9 = 4-h4-h4-^-4.

24 = (4 + 4)-.4+4.

10 = 4--.4-f 4-4.

25 = (4 + 4+V4)--.4

11 =4-- .4-1-4-!- 4.

26 = 4x4 + 4-*- .4.

12 = 4x4-V(4x4.

27 = 4--(.4x.4)+V4.

13 = 44 -i-4-hV4.

28 = 44-4x4.

14 = 4^.4 + V(4x4).

29 = 4 -J- (.4 X. 4) +4.

15 = 44-^-4 + 4.

30=(4 + 4 + 4)-i-.4.

158. The figure that occurs in the quotient is the diiference between the first and last figures of the number taken.

218 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

159. The figure erased is the first remainder minus the second, or if the first is not greater than the second, then it is the first + 9 — the second.

— 2 4-4

160. Yes. For example = — — .

+ 5 - 10

161. Every even number contains 2 as a factor and e very- alternate even ntimber contains 4 as a factor ; hence, the prod- uct of any two consecutive even numbers is divisible by 8.

162. Indeterminate.

163. A gets seven ninths as much as B per rod ; hence to get equal money A must dig nine sevenths as much. Dividing 100 rods in proportion of 9 to 7, A must dig 56.25 rods and B 43.75 rods. For actual work each gets thus an equal sum, ^98.4375, and we may now infer that the balance of the money should be equally divided, giving each $ 100.

164. 3 ounces. 165., 10 cents.

166. There is no change in the weight, since the weight of the fish is the same as the weight of the water displaced.

167. A rectangular tank twice as wide as it is deep with a square base.

168. $13.75.

169. 300.

170. The bird is heavier than the air and supports itself by striking down upon the air. The increase in weight caused by these strokes would undoubtedly be the difference between the weight of the bird and the weight of its displacement of air.

171. Suppose John's rate^of work is w times James'. Then, by the first condition,

James' work : John's work : : 3 : w, and by the second condition,

James' work : John's work ::w:l. .*. 3 : w::w:l.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 219

Then w = V3, a mean proportional.

Then $10 must be divided between John and James in the ratio of 1 : V3, which makes John's share $3.66, and James' share S6.34.

173. 5.

174. Subtract from the higher multiple of 9.

176. A mile square can be no other shape than square; the expression names a surface of a certain specific size and shape. A square mile may be of any shape ; the expression names a unit of area, but does not prescribe any particular shape.

179. 36 cents.

180.

2.

181.

SIX

IX

XL

IX

X

L

s .

I

X

182.

41.78+ feet.

183. The correct answer is \. .

185. There are several solutions. The vessels can hold Their contents to begin with are First, make their contents Second, make their contents Third, make their contents • Fourth, make their contents Fifth, make their contents Last, make their contents

186. He lost.

OJA Let - be the required fraction.

187. — . y

^^ Then ? pounds + - shillinp + - pence = 1 pound.

One is as

follows :

24 oz. 13 (

oz.

11 oz.

5 oz.

24 0

0

0

0 8

11

5

16 8

0

0

16 0

8

0

3 13

8

0

3 8

8

6

8 8

8

0

220 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Reducing all to pence, we have,

240 X + 12 a; + X

= 240.

.•.253^ = 240.

y

Solving, ^ = ?^. "" y 253

188. The number 45 is the sum of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The puzzle is solved by arranging these in reverse order, and subtracting the original series from them, when the remainder will be found to consist of the same digits in a dif- ferent order, and therefore making the same total.

987654321 = 45

Thus, 123456789 = 45

864197532 = 45

191. One traveled ten times around the world, and the other remained at home, or both traveled around the earth in opposite directions, the sum of the two sets of circumnavi- gation amounting to ten.

192. (a) They start in a high latitude and on the same meridian, both going east or west, (h) They start in a high latitude, both on the same parallel and travel south (or if in a high southern latitude they would travel north), (c) They may start each ten miles from the north pole 180° of longitude apart, and each travels five miles south.

193. They travel from the North Pole to the South Pole, or from the South Pole to the North Pole.

194. Standing on the North Pole.

195. It will never come up.

196. 40 pounds.

197. (9|)^ 9||; §^; -^9^ + f

200. All that is necessary is to deduct 25 from the sum named. This will give a remainder of two figures, represent- ing the points of the two dice.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

221

201. Subtract 250 from the sum named. This will give a remainder of three figures, representing the points of the three dice.

202. I Solution. Sam and John each take 2 full casks, 2 empty casks, and 3 half-full casks ; and James, 3 full casks, 3 empty casks, and 1 half-full cask.

II Solution. Sam and John each take 3 full casks, 1 half- full cask, and three empty casks ; and James 1 full cask, 5 half-filled casks, and 1 empty cask.

204. This problem is susceptible of various answers, equally correct, according to the value assigned to the smallest part, or unit of measurement. If this unit of measurement be 1, the number will be 1 -f 40 -f- 400 + 500 = 941. If the unit be 2, the number will be 2 + 80 -|- 800 -f 1000 = 1882, and so on ad infinitum,

205. 2619.

206. Find the center of either side of a given square, and cut the card in a straight line from that point to one of the opposite corners, as shown in the small figure. Treat four of the five squares in this manner. Rearrange the eight segments

thus made with the uncut square in the center, as shown in the larger figure, and you will have a single perfect square.

— From "Mechanical Puzzles."

222 207.

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

15 inches

3 in.

yy'^Q> in.

^^Q, in.

208. Cut as indicated in first figure, and rearrange the pieces as shown in the second figure.

209

9 ..8 > 2 " JO

210. Count and mark every ninth one, marking it "Turk" until 15 are marked. Mark the remaining ones, " Christians."

211. 16|. 213. 7 and 5. 214. 10| hours. 217. 60. 215. 72. 218. 28. 216. PRECAUTION.

219. Divide tlie cross as indicated in the first figure and rearrange as shown in the latter.

\ \

\ rz 7 Ti

I -\ 1 ^"^^'-^ ''

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

223

224. Subtract the smallest number from each of the others. The G. CD. of the differences is the required divisor. An- swer, 2.

226. The number of shoes equals the number of persons.

227. 27.3083+ inches.

228. There would be no difference in the weight when the bird perched or flew. The air which supports the bird rests on the bottom of the cage. If the same cage had no top, the same would hold. If it had no bottom, there would still be no difference in weight. In this case the flight of the bird would tend to produce a vacuum just under the top, and the air above the cage would press downward with a force equal to the weight of the bird. If both top and bottom were removed, there would be a difference equal to the weight of the bird.

— From " School Science and Mathematics."

232.

rri

w$

^■"

^m

■^

^^^

^P

losm^

t

y

?

/,

A

/

aq-

7

/

/

/

#

/

A

V

/

/

/

/

: v.

i. ,

/

/

/

^

-^

V

/

z

/

1 1

233. 2||U|. inches and J^ff inches. (2itHf)' + (ttftt)' = 17.

234. Similar solids are to each other as the cubes of cor- responding lengths. Therefore the volumes of the balls are to

224

MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

each other as 1^ is to 2^ or as 1 to 8. By adding 1 to 8 we get 9. 9 is the sum of these two perfect cubes. We must now find two other numbers whose cubes added together make 9. These numbers must be fractionah They are lifffrg-fl-lf-J

fppt and 676702467503 fppj- iet!b ana 3 4 8 6TT6^8T6"6"0 ^^^^•

235. Yes. By 2,071,723 and 5,363,222,357.

T — I — r

^- + + + +[+

J I L

236. I entered the room C because I put my foot and part of my body in it, and I did not enter the other room twice, because after once going in I never left it until I made my exit at B. This is the only possible solution.

237.

AI^SWERS AND SOLUTIONS

225

238. Bisect AB at D and BC at E ; produce AE to F making EF equal to EB-, bisect AF at O and describe the arc AHF ; produce £5 to H, and J&fT is tlie length of the side of the required square; from E with distance EIIj describe the arc JIJ and make JK equal to BE ; now from the points D and K drop perpendiculars on EJ at L and 3f. If you have done this accu- rately, you will now have the required directions for the cuts.

241. 24. Keduce. the length of the block by half an inch. The small block constitutes the waste. Cut the other piece into three pieces each IJ inches thick. Each of these may then be cut into eight blocks.

242. There are eleven times in twelve hours when the hour hand is exactly twenty minute spaces ahead of the minute hand. If we start at four o'clock and keep on adding 1 hour 5 minutes 27^ seconds, we shall get all these eleven times, the last being 2 hours, 54 minutes, 32^ seconds past twelve. Another addition brings us back to four o'clock, but at this time the second hand is nearly twenty-two minute spaces be- hind the minute hand, and if we examine all our eleven times, we shall find that only in one case is the second hand the required distance. This time is 54 minutes, 32-j^ seconds past 2. ^

243. A

(6)

226 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

244. 1 — 2 — 3 — 4 — 5; 1 — 2 — 4 — 5—3; 1 — 3 — 2 — 5 — 4; 1—3 — 4— 2 — 5; 1—4 — 2 — 3 — 5; 1 — 4-3 — 5 — 2.

245. Let A, B, C, T>, E, F, and G represent the seven men. The way of arranging them is as follows : —

ABC

D E F G

A C D

B G E F

A D B

C F G E

A G B

F E C D

AFC

E G D B

A E D

G F B C

ACE

B G F D

A D G

C F E B

A B F

D E G C

A E F