The Algorithmic Authoritarianism Hypothesis: AI, Power, and the Decline of Liberal Democracy

This essay advances what I call the Algorithmic Authoritarianism Hypothesis: that artificial intelligence (AI) and its digital infrastructure do not create authoritarianism from nothing but radically accelerate its social, psychological, and institutional preconditions. Drawing upon Hannah Arendt’s phenomenology of loneliness, Michel Foucault’s analysis of disciplinary power, Gilles Deleuze’s “societies of control,” Byung-Chul Han’s psychopolitics, and Karl Marx’s theory of alienation, the essay interprets the current democratic erosion—especially in the United States—as a technologically mediated return of twentieth-century totalitarian tendencies. The argument integrates philosophical inquiry with empirical evidence of political backsliding, inequality, and digital surveillance. The result is a framework for understanding how AI-driven governance transforms classical domination into predictive modulation, producing a soft totalitarianism that feels voluntary while undermining the very conditions of human freedom.